1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to power distribution units.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional power distribution units (PDUs) are located in component racks to supply power to the various components in the racks. Typically, a PDU may be placed in a component rack in different positions to accommodate routing of power input cords to the PDU or to provide desired accessibility to the power outlets of the PDU. A conventional PDU can have a display to visually present performance data or other information about the PDU. Unfortunately, due to the different possibilities for positioning of the PDU, proper orientation of the display can be problematic. An incorrect display orientation can cause misinterpretation of the data being presented thereby leading to unintended equipment configurations and potential hazards.
An enhanced PDU with self-orienting display according to the present invention uses an orientation sensor in conjunction with a microprocessor to properly orient presentation of information by one or more displays of the enhanced PDU. Information displayed can relate to electrical current furnished to one or more power outlets of the enhanced PDU and/or information related to temperature, humidity or other conditions of the enhanced PDU.
In a typical data center and similar facilities, various pieces of equipment are often held in standard 19-inch racks. In order to get electrical power to the various pieces of equipment, a version of the enhanced PDU can be installed in the back of the rack. The enhanced PDU typically has multiple power output sockets and an input portion to receive one or more power input cables. For situations where the power input cables run along the floor, the input portion to receive the power input cables can be located in the face of the enhanced PDU.
For situations where the input power cables run under a false floor, the input portion of the enhanced PDU can be located at an end of the PDU. For situations where the input power cables run overhead in a conduit or false ceiling, the input portion can also be at the end of the PDU, which can be a same version as the under-floor version of the enhanced PDU installed in an inverted orientation. Furthermore, for a case where the input power cables run across the top of the rack; the same version of the enhanced PDU as one used for the power input cables running across the floor can be used in an inverted orientation. For versions of the enhanced PDUs for horizontal installation, it may be desirable to position the input portion on a left or right side of the enhanced PDU. Other versions of the enhanced PDU can be mounted into a component rack along with components to be powered by the enhanced PDU. Rack mount versions of the enhanced PDU can also be positioned on their sides.
Internally, versions of the enhanced PDU can have multiple power inputs whereas other versions of the enhanced PDU can have a single power input having multiple phases with different power output sockets being wired to different combinations of power inputs and/or phases. The input portion of the enhanced PDU can include circuit breakers or other protective devices. It can be desirable to balance a load imposed by various components across the available power supplied to the enhanced PDU by the various power input cables to reduce the likelihood of an overload condition.
To assist with load balancing, the enhanced PDU can display the total amount of current being drawn from each of the power input cables and phases supplied. The enhanced PDU can present this information on one or more displays mounted such as on a face of the enhanced PDU. The displays of the enhanced PDU are typically human-readable and present the information with a reduced likelihood of confusion due to orientation of the display. For instance, versions of the enhanced PDU can display the same information, such as contained in numerical figures, in an easily readable form regardless of whether the enhanced PDU is installed with an upright or an inverted orientation. In some versions of the enhanced PDU, the information to be displayed comes from current sensors attached to the power input lines.
Versions of the enhanced PDU use a low cost and low complexity display including two seven-segment light emitting diode (LED) displays. Each of the seven-segment LED displays has a decimal point. Readings below ten amps can be shown by the two seven-segment LED displays as digit-decimal point-digit whereas readings above ten amps can be displayed as digit-digit. The LED display on the left is installed upright whereas the LED display on the right is installed inverted. Consequently, both decimal points of the two LED displays are positioned in between the two seven segment digit portions of the LED displays with one decimal point being positioned near the bottom of the display and the other decimal point being position near the top of the display. Selective illumination of the LED segments and decimal points can show numerical information in either an upright or inverted orientation. For enhanced PDUs that can be installed one orientation perpendicular to another orientation rather than inverted relative to another orientation, a graphic LCD module where all the pixels can be turned on or off individually can be used to display information. A graphic LCD module can properly display the information in all four orthogonal orientations.
An orientation sensor combined with a microprocessor is included to determine the installed orientation of the enhanced PDU. For detecting an upright or an inverted orientation of the enhanced PDU, the orientation sensor can be as simple as a metal ball resting on two contacts in a plastic tube, or a mercury switch, which also completes a circuit between two contacts. In other implementations the orientation sensor is a conventional solid-state device. For versions of the enhanced PDU that can be installed in more than two orientations, the orientation sensor can be a two-axis solid-state sensor which is conventionally available. If a version of the orientation sensor is susceptible to vibration such as if the version is mechanically based, compensation is provided through the microprocessor by repeatedly sampling the orientation sensor input to the microprocessor with the microprocessor using a voting algorithm (such as two-thirds majority) to determine the PDU orientation.
An enhanced PDU 100 is shown in
In implementations of the enhanced PDU 100, the power input 102 can include a plurality of wires bundled together into a single electrical cable and a set of circuit breakers mounted on the face of a housing of the enhanced PDU connected so that the circuit breakers can shut off the supply of electrical power into the PDU when an overload condition is detected. In other implementations the power input 102 can include one or more individual electrical wires capable of transferring electrical power into the enhanced PDU 100 or can include a socket or plug mounted on the housing of the enhanced PDU to allow attachment of external electrical wiring or cable to permit the transfer of electrical power into the enhanced PDU.
The power input 102 can also include (a) one or more transformers for converting electrical power at one voltage to electrical power at an internal voltage suitable for distribution to the power output means, (b) one or more surge-suppression circuits that limit the flow of incoming electrical power, (c) one or more capacitive couplings that prevent any direct-current passing into the PDU, (d) one or more rectifiers or half-rectifiers that convert incoming alternating-current into direct-current, (e) one or more voltage regulators that condition the incoming electrical power to be at a specific voltage, (f) one or more switches that can shut off the supply of electrical power into the unit by manual control, (g) one or more relays that can shut off the supply of electrical power into the unit by remote control, and/or (h) one or more photosensitive devices, heat exchangers, or radiant power collectors conveying other forms of power into the unit and configured so that the power conveyed is converted into electrical power.
Implementations of the power output 104 can include a plurality of standard electrical sockets mounted on the housing 101 of the enhanced PDU. In other implementations, the power output 104 can include one or more plugs mounted on the housing of the enhanced PDU or can include one or more electrical wires or cables capable of conveying electrical power out of the enhanced PDU.
The power output 104 can also include (a) one or more transformers for converting electrical power at an internal voltage to electrical power at an external voltage suitable for supplying electrical power to external devices, (b) one or more surge-suppression circuits that limit the flow of outgoing electrical power, (c) one or more capacitive couplings that prevent any direct-current passing out of the unit, (d) one or more rectifiers or half-rectifiers that convert internal alternating-current into direct-current, (e) one or more voltage regulators that condition the outgoing electrical power to be at a specific voltage, (f) one or more switches that can shut off the electrical power exiting the unit by manual control, (g) one or more relays that can shut off the electrical power exiting the unit by remote control, and/or (h) one or more circuit breakers connected so that they can shut off the electrical power exiting the unit when an overload, ground fault, or arc fault condition is detected.
Typically one of the current sensors 112 can be used to monitor each phase of the power input 102. For instance, if the power input 102 has two separate power input cables coming from two separate power supply circuits, each of the two power supply circuits providing three phases of electrical power, there may be a total of six current sensors used to monitor electrical current from the power input. The information signals 110 from the orientation sensor 114 and the appropriate number of current sensors 112 are received by the microprocessor 108. Other information signals 110, such as from the temperature sensor 116 and the humidity sensor 118, can be received by the microprocessor 108 to be presented on one or more of the displays 120. The microprocessor 108 determines from the information signals 110 received the appropriate numeric and/or alphanumeric values and their proper orientation for presentation on the displays 120, and then transmits the information signals 119 accordingly resulting in the values being displayed in proper orientation on the displays.
Implementations can include the microprocessor 108 being incorporated with a selection of peripheral devices appropriate to performing the functions required of the microprocessor. These peripheral devices can include (a) an analog-to-digital converter for converting external analog signals to a digital form that can be processed by the microprocessor 108, (b) a diagnostic interface to aid software development, (c) a serial interface suitable for supporting RS-232 communications, (d) internal ram suitable for storing measurements and the results of internal computations, and/or (e) a plurality of input-output pins for communicating with other devices. The microprocessor 108 can be attached to a circuit board along with other electronic devices and connectors appropriate for performing required functions of the microprocessor 108. In other implementations a microcontroller or a simple programmable logic devices (PLDs) can be used instead of the microprocessor 108. In other implementations equivalent circuits can be implemented in a custom chip.
In implementations, typically, there is a plurality of the current sensors 102. Each of the current sensors 102 can have a transformer with a ratio such as one to one thousand. Each transformer can output an alternating current at a voltage suitable to be received by the microprocessor 108. This alternating current can be passed to an RMS-to-DC converter, which produces an analog direct-current voltage, which is passed to the analog-to-digital converter. The RMS-to-DC converters can be considered as part of the current sensors 102 even though they could reside on a circuit board holding the microprocessor 108.
Other implementations rectify each of the alternating currents output by the transformers and run the resulting signals through a high-pass filter to produce an analog direct-current voltage similar to that produced by the RMS-to-DC converters. Other implementations run the power input wires through a magnetic field and measure the electro-motive force produced, which yields the input current through known mathematical formulas.
Implementations of the orientation sensor 114 include a metal ball that rests or fails to rest on a set of four contacts at one end of a plastic tube; the assembly is fabricated as a single unit by a component vendor. Two of the contacts are connected to signal ground, and the other two contacts are connected to each other, to a pull-up circuit, and to an input pin on a microprocessor package. The issue of vibration causing intermittent connections is dealt with by having an integrator circuit between the orientation sensor 114 and the microprocessor 108 with the microprocessor sampling the information signal 110 from the orientation sensor through the integrator circuit and with voting logic (such as two-to-one majority) to determine orientation. Using this approach, if there is no clear winner, the orientation is assumed to be unchanged.
Other implementations of the orientation sensor 114 can include a mercury switch or can use solid-state devices such as inclinometers, accelerometers, or electrolytic tilt sensors. The solid-state devices all produce digital signals, which may be passed on as the information signal 110 from the orientation sensor 114 to the microprocessor 108. Other implementations of the orientation sensor 114 include other mechanical methods.
Implementations of the display 120 use one or more segmented readouts 122, shown in
With the arrangement of the two segmented readouts 122 of
As shown in
A first version of the enhanced PDU 100 is depicted in
For the case where the display 120 is the two segmented readouts 122 of
A second version of the enhanced PDU 100 is depicted in
The power output 104 of the second version of the enhanced PDU 100 includes receptacles 158a1, receptacles 158a2, receptacles 158a3, receptacles 158b1, receptacles 158b2, and receptacles 158b3. The receptacles 158a1 furnishes first phase power from the first power input cable 154a. The receptacles 158a2 furnishes second phase power from the first power input cable 154a. The receptacles 158a3 furnishes third phase power from the first power input cable 154a. The receptacles 158b1 furnishes first phase power from the second power input cable 154b. The receptacles 158b2 furnishes second phase power from the second power input cable 154b. The receptacles 158b3 furnishes third phase power from the second power input cable 154b.
For the case where the display 120 of the second version of the enhanced PDU 100 uses the matrix readouts 140 of
As above for the first version of the enhanced PDU 100, for the case of the second version of the enhanced PDU where the display 120 is the two segmented readouts 122 of
A third version of the enhanced PDU 100 is depicted in
As above for the second version of the enhanced PDU 100, for the case of the third version of the enhanced PDU where the display 120 is the two segmented readouts 122 of
The current setting of the selector switch 160a is indicated by status lights 162a. If the selector switch 160a has been set for the readout 159a to display electrical current levels for the first phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154a, the “A1” status light 162a will be lit. If the selector switch 160a has been set for the readout 159a to display electrical current levels for the second phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154a, the “A2” status light 162a will be lit. If the selector switch 160a has been set for the readout 159a to display electrical current levels for the third phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154a, the “A3” status light 162a will be lit.
Similarly the current setting of the selector switch 160b is indicated by status lights 162b. If the selector switch 160b has been set for the readout 159b to display electrical current levels for the first phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154b, the “B1” status light 162b will be lit. If the selector switch 160b has been set for the readout 159b to display electrical current levels for the second phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154b, the “B2” status light 162b will be lit. If the selector switch 160b has been set for the readout 159b to display electrical current levels for the third phase of the electrical power from the first power cable 154b, the “B3” status light 162b will be lit.
Operation of the two segmented readouts 122 of
In
In
In
Operation of the matrix readout 140 of
In
In
In
In
Accordingly, while the present invention has been described herein in detail in relation to several implementations, it is to be understood that this disclosure is only illustrative and exemplary of the present invention and is made merely for purposes of providing a full and enabling disclosure of the invention. The foregoing disclosure is not intended or to be construed to limit the present invention or otherwise to exclude any such other embodiments, adaptations, variations, modifications and equivalent arrangements, the present invention being limited only by the claims appended hereto and the equivalents thereof.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
2189676 | Pfohl | Feb 1940 | A |
2612597 | Sherrard | Sep 1952 | A |
3265888 | Adolphson Jr. | Aug 1966 | A |
4581705 | Gilker et al. | Apr 1986 | A |
4744044 | Stover et al. | May 1988 | A |
5189408 | Teicher | Feb 1993 | A |
5566098 | Lucente et al. | Oct 1996 | A |
5784285 | Tamaki et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5793627 | Caldes et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5883445 | Holman | Mar 1999 | A |
5971597 | Baldwin et al. | Oct 1999 | A |
5995400 | Park et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6109760 | Salatrik et al. | Aug 2000 | A |
6208325 | Reddy et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6441828 | Oba et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6497656 | Evans et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6512682 | Cohen et al. | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6553336 | Johnson et al. | Apr 2003 | B1 |
6567101 | Thomas | May 2003 | B1 |
6633823 | Bartone et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
6727868 | Matsui | Apr 2004 | B2 |
6741442 | McNally et al. | May 2004 | B1 |
6827602 | Greene et al. | Dec 2004 | B2 |
6857760 | Chien | Feb 2005 | B2 |
6906617 | Van der Meulen | Jun 2005 | B1 |
6940272 | Niv | Sep 2005 | B2 |
7004595 | Stoddard | Feb 2006 | B1 |
7011422 | Robertson et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7030868 | Clapper | Apr 2006 | B2 |
7036948 | Wyatt | May 2006 | B1 |
7046716 | Miao | May 2006 | B1 |
7086892 | Tanacan et al. | Aug 2006 | B2 |
7121707 | Currie et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
7141891 | McNally et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
7166930 | Young | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7168974 | Feldman et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7171461 | Ewing et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
7196900 | Ewing et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
7368830 | Cleveland et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
20020140675 | Ali et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
20030050737 | Osann, Jr. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
20030062990 | Schaeffer, Jr. et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
20030085870 | Hinckley | May 2003 | A1 |
20030136895 | Ogawa | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030161279 | Sherman | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20040034484 | Solomita, Jr. et al. | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040054905 | Reader | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040155722 | Pruchniak | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040164958 | Park | Aug 2004 | A1 |
20040263428 | Sudo | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050062715 | Tsuji et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
20050124209 | Currie et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
20050147071 | Karaoguz et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050156882 | Manchester | Jul 2005 | A1 |
20050185669 | Welborn et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050190281 | Lee et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050203987 | Ewing et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050212764 | Toba | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20050225914 | King | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050231474 | Su et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050243787 | Hong et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20060094461 | Hameed et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
20060259538 | Ewing et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20070076340 | Ewing et al. | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070081505 | Roberts | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070112939 | Wilson et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070130243 | Ewing et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070136453 | Ewing et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070140238 | Ewing et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070193866 | Eder et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070198748 | Ametsitsi | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20080019068 | Reynolds et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080082276 | Rivers et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080136261 | Mierta | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080225156 | Kim | Sep 2008 | A1 |
20080238404 | Ferguson | Oct 2008 | A1 |
20090115689 | Mitsutake | May 2009 | A1 |
20090119039 | Banister et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
20090141477 | Bhosale et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090153438 | Miller et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090192927 | Berg et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
20090210178 | Bieganski | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20090234512 | Ewing et al. | Sep 2009 | A1 |
20090285189 | Kim et al. | Nov 2009 | A1 |
20100070217 | Shimada et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100174419 | Brumfield et al. | Jul 2010 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
P2000-332866 | Nov 2000 | JP |
Entry |
---|
Installation Operation Guide, NSI Corporation, Wilsonville, Oregon. At least as early as Feb. 2, 2009. |
Installation and Operation Guide, NSI Professional Power, Software Revision 1.00, Version A, Mfg. Q2/95, and above, NSI Corporation, pp. 1-2. At least as early as Feb. 2, 2009. |
Master/Slave vs Peer-to-Peer Definition, Banner Engineering Corp., 2007. |
Graves, Michael, Computer Technology Encyclopedia: Quick Reference for Students and Professionals, 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning, p. 282. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20090262138 A1 | Oct 2009 | US |