Patent Grant
10142065
The present application relates to wireless devices, including apparatuses, systems, and methods to determine which base station a user equipment will connect to.
Wireless communication systems are rapidly growing in usage. Additionally, there exist numerous different wireless communication technologies and standards. Some examples of wireless communication standards include GSM, UMTS (associated with, for example, WCDMA or TD-SCDMA air interfaces), LTE, LTE Advanced (LTE-A), HSPA, 3GPP2 CDMA2000 (e.g., 1×RTT, 1×EV-DO, HRPD, eHRPD), IEEE 802.11 (WLAN or Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), Bluetooth, and others.
Cellular communication technologies may be capable of providing a variety of services and may be used by a variety of applications.
Wireless communication systems generally employ a plurality of base stations that each provides a coverage area. A typical base station can transmit multiple data streams for broadcast, multicast, and/or unicast services, wherein a data stream may be a stream of data that can be of independent reception interest to a mobile device. A mobile device within the coverage area of such base station can be employed to receive one, more than one, or all the data streams carried by the composite stream. Likewise, a mobile device can transmit data to the base station or another mobile device.
With the proliferation of wireless communications, the use of multiple types of access nodes may be used across a wireless network or system. Such a network or system is referred to as a HetNet (or heterogeneous network). For example, a wireless system can include larger coverage wide area networks (macrocells, base stations, evolved Node Bs, etc.) that overlay one or more, smaller local area networks (access points, microcells, picocells, femtocells, etc.). HetNets can offer wireless coverage in an environment with a wide variety of wireless coverage zones, ranging from an open outdoor environment to office buildings, homes, underground areas, and combinations of these and others. In this way, a HetNet can be considered a network with complex interoperation between a macrocell, smaller cells, and in some cases WiFi network elements used together to provide a mosaic of coverage with mobile device handoff capability between network elements.
In general, a HetNet can be deployed to address one or more concerns, two of which are listed here for illustrative purposes only. First, a HetNet can help increase the coverage area of a typical, or stand-alone, cell. For example, HetNet deployment helps improve coverage in hard to reach areas within the network that cannot be easily or economically served by a macrocell deployment. Second, a HetNet can help increase the capacity of a typical cell. Wireless access network traffic may not be uniformly distributed throughout a network and there are generally areas within a wireless network deployment where subscribers are concentrated in small geographical area. An existing macrocell deployment may not be able to meet the capacity need of these densely subscribed areas. Such densely subscribed areas can be known as hotspots. In order to address the capacity need of hotspots, wireless operators are considering the dense deployment of small cells to meet the capacity need. The simultaneous deployment of small cells and macrocells in hotspot leads to HetNet deployment. Even though HetNet deployment helps solve capacity problems, it can introduce mobility and interference issues, to name a few.
Therefore, what are needed are techniques to help mitigate at least some of the mobility issues introduced by HetNet deployment.
Accordingly, improvements in the field would be desirable.
Embodiments are presented herein of apparatuses, systems, and methods for optimizing user equipment (UE) performance in HetNet poor coverage scenarios. The UE may be able to decide whether to override mobility parameters received from the network in order to choose to move into or stay in better radio frequency (RF) coverage.
In at least some embodiments, a UE may receive a mobility offset from a cellular network. The UE may perform measurement of the downlink (DL) channel of one or more base stations, such as a macro base station and/or a small cell base station. Based on the current quality of the DL channel and/or on the type of traffic between the UE and the base station (e.g., downlink versus uplink), the UE may determine whether it should use the macro base station or if it should instead use the small cell base station. If the UE decides to use the macro base station, the UE may report the DL measurement, thereby ignoring the received mobility offset. The UE may subsequently receive instructions to attach to the macro base station. If the UE decides to use the small base station, the UE may modify the DL measurement with the received mobility offset and report the modified DL measurement to the network. The UE may subsequently receive instructions to attach to the small base station.
The techniques described herein may be implemented in and/or used with a number of different types of devices, including but not limited to cellular base stations, mobile management entities (MMEs), and other cellular core network entities, as well as user equipment devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers, wearable computing devices, portable media players, and any of various other computing devices.
This Summary is intended to provide a brief overview of some of the subject matter described in this document. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the above-described features are merely examples and should not be construed to narrow the scope or spirit of the subject matter described herein in any way. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter described herein will become apparent from the following Detailed Description, Figures, and Claims.
A better understanding of the present subject matter can be obtained when the following detailed description of the embodiments is considered in conjunction with the following drawings.
While the features described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to be limiting to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.
Acronyms
The following acronyms are used in the present patent application:
UE: User Equipment
BS: Base Station
ENB: eNodeB (Base Station)
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
LTE: Long Term Evolution
CS: Circuit-switched
PS: Packet-switched
CSFB: Circuit-switched fallback
MME: Mobile Management Entity
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
RNC: Radio Network Controller
OAM: Operations, Administration, and Management
RRC: Radio Resource Control
MT: Mobile Terminating
MTRF: Mobile Terminating Roaming Forwarding
Terms
The following is a glossary of terms used in the present application:
Memory Medium—Any of various types of memory devices or storage devices. The term “memory medium” is intended to include an installation medium, e.g., a CD-ROM, floppy disks 104, or tape device; a computer system memory or random access memory such as DRAM, DDR RAM, SRAM, EDO RAM, Rambus RAM, etc.; a non-volatile memory such as a Flash, magnetic media, e.g., a hard drive, or optical storage; registers, or other similar types of memory elements, etc. The memory medium may include other types of memory as well or combinations thereof. In addition, the memory medium may be located in a first computer in which the programs are executed, or may be located in a second different computer which connects to the first computer over a network, such as the Internet. In the latter instance, the second computer may provide program instructions to the first computer for execution. The term “memory medium” may include two or more memory mediums which may reside in different locations, e.g., in different computers that are connected over a network.
Carrier Medium—a memory medium as described above, as well as a physical transmission medium, such as a bus, network, and/or other physical transmission medium that conveys signals such as electrical, electromagnetic, or digital signals.
Computer System—any of various types of computing or processing systems, including a personal computer system (PC), mainframe computer system, workstation, network appliance, Internet appliance, personal digital assistant (PDA), television system, grid computing system, or other device or combinations of devices. In general, the term “computer system” can be broadly defined to encompass any device (or combination of devices) having at least one processor that executes instructions from a memory medium.
User Equipment (UE) (or “UE Device”)—any of various types of computer systems or devices which performs wireless communications. Examples of UE devices include mobile telephones or smart phones (e.g., iPhone™, Android™-based phones), portable gaming devices (e.g., Nintendo DS™, PlayStation Portable™, Gameboy Advance™, iPhone™), laptops, PDAs, portable Internet devices, music players, data storage devices, wearable devices (e.g., smart watch, smart glasses), or other handheld devices, etc. In general, the term “UE” or “UE device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic, computing, and/or telecommunications device (or combination of devices) which is capable of wireless communication. UE devices may commonly be mobile or portable and easily transported by a user, though in some cases substantially stationary devices may also be configured to perform wireless communication.
Processing Element—refers to various elements or combinations of elements that are capable of performing a function in a device, such as a user equipment or a cellular network device. Processing elements may include, for example: processors and associated memory, portions or circuits of individual processor cores, entire processor cores, processor arrays, circuits such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), programmable hardware elements such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA), as well any of various combinations of the above.
Channel—a medium used to convey information from a sender (transmitter) to a receiver. It should be noted that since the definition of the term “channel” may differ according to different wireless protocols, the term “channel” as used herein should be considered as being used in a manner that is consistent with the standard of the type of device with reference to which the term is used. In some standards, channel widths may be variable (e.g., depending on device capability, band conditions, etc.). For example, LTE may support scalable channel bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz. In contrast, WLAN channels may be 22 MHz wide while Bluetooth channels may be 1 Mhz wide. Other protocols and standards may include different definitions of channels. Furthermore, some standards may define and use multiple types of channels, e.g., different channels for uplink or downlink and/or different channels for different uses such as data, control information, etc.
Automatically—refers to an action or operation performed by a computer system (e.g., software executed by the computer system) or device (e.g., circuitry, programmable hardware elements, ASICs, etc.), without user input directly specifying or performing the action or operation. Thus the term “automatically” is in contrast to an operation being manually performed or specified by the user, where the user provides input to directly perform the operation. An automatic procedure may be initiated by input provided by the user, but the subsequent actions that are performed “automatically” are not specified by the user, i.e., are not performed “manually,” where the user specifies each action to perform. For example, a user filling out an electronic form by selecting each field and providing input specifying information (e.g., by typing information, selecting check boxes, radio selections, etc.) is filling out the form manually, even though the computer system must update the form in response to the user actions. The form may be automatically filled out by the computer system where the computer system (e.g., software executing on the computer system) analyzes the fields of the form and fills in the form without any user input specifying the answers to the fields. As indicated above, the user may invoke the automatic filling of the form, but is not involved in the actual filling of the form (e.g., the user is not manually specifying answers to fields but rather they are being automatically completed). The present specification provides various examples of operations being automatically performed in response to actions the user has taken.
As shown, the example wireless cellular communication system includes a macro base station 102, which communicates over a transmission medium with one or more user devices 106A through 106N. Each of the user devices may be referred to herein as a “user equipment” (UE). Thus, the user devices 106 are referred to as UEs or UE devices.
The macro base station 102 may be a base transceiver station (BTS) or cell site, and may include hardware that enables wireless cellular communication with the UEs 106A through 106N. The macro base station 102 may also be equipped to communicate with a network, such as network 100. Thus, the macro base station 102 may facilitate communication between the UEs and/or between the UEs and the network. The communication area (or coverage area) of each base station may be referred to as a “cell.” The macro base station 102 and the UEs may be configured to communicate over the transmission medium using any of various wireless communication technologies, including cellular radio access technologies (RATs) such as GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced, CDMA, W-CDMA, and any of various 3G, 4G, 5G, or future telecom standards. Macro base station 102 and other similar base stations operating according to the same or a different cellular communication standard may thus be provided as a network of cells, which may provide continuous or nearly continuous overlapping service to UE 106 and similar devices over a wide geographic area via one or more cellular communication standards. Other possible wireless communication technologies include wireless local area network (WLAN or Wi-Fi), WiMAX, etc.
In a heterogeneous network (HetNet), there may be one or more additional base stations. One or more of these additional base stations may be a small cell, such as small cell base station 103. Such small cells may be used to spread traffic loads and/or to widely maintain performance and service quality while efficiently reusing spectrum. For example, a small cell may be added to increase capacity in hot spots (e.g., areas with high user demand per unit area) and/or to fill in areas not sufficiently covered by the macro network, including both outdoor and indoor areas. A small cell in a HetNet may improve network performance and/or service quality by, for example, allowing for offloading of cell traffic from the larger macro cells. Thus, a HetNet that uses small cells in combination with larger, macro cells may provide increased bitrates per unit area.
Note that these small cells may be serviced via low-power base stations as compared to a macro base station. In HetNets, the cells of various sizes may be referred to as macro cells, micro cells, pico cells, and femto cells, listed in order of decreasing base station power. Any reference herein to a small cell may refer to a micro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or any other cell smaller than a macro cell. Note also that the actual size of the cell depends not only on the power of the base station, but also on other factors, including antenna position and the local environment (e.g., terrain type/elevation, building/structural interference, etc.).
In some embodiments, UE 106 may be capable of communicating using multiple radio access technologies (RATs). For example, the UE 106 might be configured to communicate using two or more of GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-Advanced CDMA2000, WLAN, Bluetooth, one or more global navigational satellite systems (GNSS, e.g., GPS or GLONASS), one and/or more mobile television broadcasting standards (e.g., ATSC-M/H or DVB-H), etc. Other combinations of wireless communication standards (including more than two wireless communication standards) are also possible.
The base station, such as the processing element in the base station, may be configured to perform methods for optimizing UE performance in HetNet poor coverage scenarios, as further described below. Other cellular network devices, described below, may also be configured to perform methods for optimizing UE performance in HetNet poor coverage scenarios, possibly in conjunction with the base station.
The UE may include a processing element such as one or more of a processor, an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit), an FPGA (field-programmable gate array), or some combination thereof. The UE, such as the processing element in the UE, may be configured to perform methods for optimizing UE performance in HetNet poor coverage scenarios, as further described below.
In some embodiments, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using any of multiple wireless communication protocols as described above. The UE 106 may include one or more antennas for communicating using one or more wireless communication protocols. In some embodiments, the UE 106 may share one or more parts of a receive and/or transmit chain between multiple wireless communication standards. The shared radio may include a single antenna, or may include multiple antennas (e.g., for MIMO) for performing wireless communications. In other embodiments, the UE 106 may include separate transmit and/or receive chains (e.g., including separate antennas and other radio components) for each wireless communication protocol with which it is configured to communicate. In still other embodiments, the UE 106 may include one or more radios which are shared between multiple wireless communication protocols, and one or more radios which are used exclusively by a single wireless communication protocol. For example, in one set of embodiments, the UE 106 may include a shared radio for communicating using either of LTE or 1×RTT, and separate radios for communicating using each of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Other configurations are also possible.
In some embodiments, the UE 106 may be configured to communicate using either of a first radio access technology which provides packet-switched (PS) services but not circuit-switched (CS) services and a second radio access technology which provides PS services and CS services. If the UE 106 is using the first radio access technology and a CS call is initiated or received, the UE 106 may be capable of switching to use of the second radio access technology in order to establish the call.
The UE may be associated with, e.g., subscribe to, a cellular carrier. Examples of cellular carries in the United States include Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and T-Mobile. In some embodiments, the UE may subscribe to a home carrier that does not support handover from packet-switched network to a circuit-switched network during an ongoing call.
In certain embodiments, a HetNet system may include many small cells overlapping or within, a macro cell. Mobile devices, such as user equipment (UE), within the range of a small cell inside a HetNet are typically able to communicate with both the overlay macro cell and one or more nearby small cells. In a network with a frequency reuse of one (indicating that a base station may use the whole system bandwidth for transmission), such as an LTE network, a UE may normally camp on the cell with the strongest received downlink (DL) signal. In such a scenario, a border between two cells (e.g., between an overlay macro cell and a small cell) may be located at a series of points at which the strongest received DL signal is the same (or approximately the same) for both cells. Referring to
In a homogeneous network, the point at which a UE receives equal DL signal strength from two neighboring cells (that is, at the border between these two cells) may also coincide (or substantially coincide) with the point of equal path loss for the uplink (UL) in both cells. In HetNet, however, this coincidence may not hold true. In other words, in a HetNet with a higher power node servicing an overlay macro cell and a lower power node servicing a small cell, the point of equal DL signal strength may not necessarily be the same as the point of equal UL path loss. The point of equal UL path loss may actually extend further from the small base station than does the point of equal DL signal strength. In reference to
As noted above, a small cell may be added to a network for various reasons (e.g., to increase capacity and/or service quality). One method to realize some of the benefits of a HetNet is to ensure that small cells serve a number of users, for example by increasing the size of the area served by the small cell. In some embodiments, this may be accomplished by cell range extension (CRE). CRE may use a positive cell selection offset to the DL signal strength of the small cell in order to induce UEs to connect to the small cell. That is, an offset may be added to the DL signal strength of the small cell such that the border between the small cell and the macro cell is extended further from the small cell base station (e.g., the DL signal strength of the small cell plus the received offset is equal to the DL signal strength of the macro cell). Note that a UE operating in the CRE region of a small cell may still experience less UL path loss as compared to the UL path loss associated with the overlay macro cell. In some embodiments, UEs operating within the CRE region of the small cell may experience increased interference on the DL.
Operations described herein as being performed by the cellular network may be performed by one or more of the cellular network devices shown in
In the embodiment shown, ROM 550 may include a bootloader, which may be executed by the processor(s) 502 during boot up or initialization. As also shown, the SOC 500 may be coupled to various other circuits of the UE 506. For example, the UE 506 may include various types of memory (e.g., including Flash memory 510), a dock interface 520 (e.g., for coupling to the computer system), the display 560, and wireless communication circuitry (e.g., for LTE, LTE-A, CDMA2000, GSM, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, etc.).
The UE device 506 may include at least one antenna, and in some embodiments multiple antennas, for performing wireless cellular communication with base stations and/or wireless communication with other devices. For example, the UE device 506 may use antenna 535 to perform the wireless cellular communication and may use antenna 536 for other wireless communication. As noted above, the UE may be configured to communicate wirelessly using multiple wireless communication standards (multiple RATs) in some embodiments.
As described herein, the UE 506 may include a processing element, e.g., hardware and/or software components for implementing methods according to embodiments of this disclosure.
The processing element of the UE device 506 may be processor 502 configured to implement part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). In other embodiments, the UE processing element may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit).
The base station 602 may include at least one network port 670. The network port 670 may be configured to couple to a telephone network and provide a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 606, access to the telephone network as described above.
The network port 670 (or an additional network port) may also or alternatively be configured to couple to a cellular network, e.g., a core network of a cellular service provider. The core network may provide mobility related services and/or other services to a plurality of devices, such as UE devices 606. In some cases, the network port 670 may couple to a telephone network via the core network, and/or the core network may provide a telephone network (e.g., among other UE devices 606 serviced by the cellular service provider).
The base station 602 may include at least one antenna 634. The at least one antenna 634 may be configured to operate as a wireless transceiver and may be further configured to communicate with UE devices 606 via radio 630. The antenna 634 communicates with the radio 630 via communication chain 632. Communication chain 632 may be a receive chain, a transmit chain or both. The radio 630 may be configured to communicate via various RATs, including, but not limited to, GSM, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, WCDMA, CDMA2000, etc.
The processing element, such as processor(s) 604, of the base station 602 may be configured to implement part or all of the methods described herein, e.g., by executing program instructions stored on a memory medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium). Alternatively, the processing element may be configured as a programmable hardware element, such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), or as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or a combination thereof.
Determining Whether to be Served at a Macro eNB or a Small Cell Base Station
In some scenarios, it may be desirable to allow a UE to determine (or influence the determination as to) which base station (that is, to which cell) the UE will connect to (or camp on) in a HetNet. The method that a UE may use to accomplish this goal may be different depending on whether the UE is in idle mode or connected mode.
At 704, the UE may measure a quality of a downlink channel between the UE and the first base station. The UE may measure various qualities that correspond to the DL channel between the UE and the first base station, including, for example, the signal to noise ratio (SINR). The UE may perform these measurements a number of times (e.g., at set intervals and/or over a given time period).
At 706, the UE may compare the measured quality of the downlink channel to a predetermined threshold. For example, the UE may determine whether the quality falls below a certain standard (e.g., whether the SINR of the DL channel falls below a threshold).
If the measurement of the quality of the DL channel falls below this threshold, then the UE may determine that it should switch to another cell in the network. In other words, the UE may decide that, based on the measurement of the DL channel (e.g., the SINR of the DL channel), the UE would be better served by switching to a new cell in the network. This may be, for example, because the UE is camped on a small cell in the network, but has determined (based on the measurements) that the connection to the small cell is too tenuous. If the UE has determined that the measured quality of the DL channel has fallen below the threshold, then 708 continues with the UE beginning cell reselection, wherein the cell reselection does not use the at least one mobility offset. In other words, because the UE has determined that the DL channel of the current connection is too poor, the UE will disregard the cell individual offset when performing cell reselection. The UE may thus compare the DL signal strength of the current cell (e.g., the small cell) to the DL signal strength of another cell in the network (e.g., an overlay macro cell) in determining to which cell to connect without use of the received mobility offset. At 710, the UE may change from being camped on the first cell to camping on a second cell in response to the cell reselection.
If, on the other hand, the UE at 706 determines that the measured quality of the DL channel does not fall below the threshold, the UE may take no action and remain camped on the first cell (e.g., a small cell).
At 804, the UE may measure a quality of a downlink channel between the UE and the first base station and also perform an analysis of the data stream (e.g., the UE may determine a DL portion of the data stream and a UL portion of the data stream) between the UE and the first base station. The UE may measure various qualities that correspond to the DL channel between the UE and the first base station, including, for example, a block error rate (BLER) and/or a power headroom of the UE. The UE may perform these measurements a number of times (e.g., at set intervals and/or over a given time period).
At 806, the UE may determine, based on the data stream analysis whether a DL portion of the data stream exceeds a given threshold. The data stream analysis may be determined based on the type(s) of application(s) running on the UE. If the DL portion of the data stream exceeds the threshold, then, at 808, the UE may compare the measured quality of the downlink channel to a predetermined threshold. For example, the UE may determine whether the quality falls below a certain standard (e.g., whether the BLER of the DL channel exceeds an allowable BLER or whether the power headroom is less than a given threshold for a certain time period).
If the measurement of the quality of the DL channel falls below this threshold, then the UE may determine that it should switch to another cell in the network. In other words, the UE may decide that, based on the data stream analysis and/or on the measurement of the DL channel (e.g., the SINR of the DL channel), the UE would be better served by switching to a new cell in the network. This may be, for example, because the UE is camped on a small cell in the network, but has determined that, based on the measurements, that the connection to the small cell is too tenuous and/or that the DL traffic is sufficiently large such that the small cell is not preferable to another cell in the network.
If one or both of these conditions has been met, then, at 810, the UE may report the measurement of the DL channel to the network, wherein the measurement is not modified by the mobility offset. In other words, because the UE has determined that the DL channel of the current connection is too poor and/or that the DL data stream is sufficiently large, the UE will disregard the mobility offset when reporting the measurement to the network. By disregarding the mobility offset, the UE may thus influence the network regarding whether or not the UE will receive a handover command from the network. At 812, the UE may receive a handover command from the network (e.g., from an overlay macro cell in the network). At 814, the UE may change from being camped on the first cell (e.g., a small cell) to camping on a second cell (e.g., the overlay macro cell) in response to the handover command.
If, on the other hand, the UE at 806 determines that the DL portion of the data stream does not exceed the threshold, then at 816 the UE may take no action and remain camped on the first cell (e.g., a small cell). Similarly, if, at 808, the UE determines that the measurement of the quality of the DL channel does not fall below the threshold, then at 816 the UE may remain camped on the first cell (e.g., a small cell).
Embodiments of the present disclosure may be realized in any of various forms. For example, in some embodiments, the present subject matter may be realized as a computer-implemented method, a computer-readable memory medium, or a computer system. In other embodiments, the present subject matter may be realized using one or more custom-designed hardware devices such as ASICs. In other embodiments, the present subject matter may be realized using one or more programmable hardware elements such as FPGAs.
In some embodiments, a non-transitory computer-readable memory medium may be configured so that it stores program instructions and/or data, where the program instructions, if executed by a computer system, cause the computer system to perform a method, e.g., any of a method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets.
In some embodiments, a device (e.g., a UE) may be configured to include a processor (or a set of processors) and a memory medium, where the memory medium stores program instructions, where the processor is configured to read and execute the program instructions from the memory medium, where the program instructions are executable to implement any of the various method embodiments described herein (or, any combination of the method embodiments described herein, or, any subset of any of the method embodiments described herein, or, any combination of such subsets). The device may be realized in any of various forms.
Although the embodiments above have been described in considerable detail, numerous variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fully appreciated. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace all such variations and modifications.
This application claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/218,078, titled “Improved UE Performance in HetNet Poor Coverage Scenarios,” filed Sep. 14, 2015 by Deepankar Bhattacharjee, Prateek Sharma, Sreevalsan Vallath, and Swaminathan Balakrishnan, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety as though fully and completely set herein.
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