Enhancement of the activity of carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for increasing the efficacy of a herbicidal compound of formula I 1

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] As a general rule, inert carrier ingredients must be used to formulate crop protection agents such as herbicidal compounds so that farmers can apply them conveniently and safely. The choice of formulation type and inert carrier ingredients often determines to a significant extent whether the active ingredient can express its full efficacy on application.

[0003] Farmers frequently apply pre-emergence herbicides and soil insecticides by broadcasting granular formulations directly onto the soil, as described, for example in “Chemistry and Technology of Agrochemical Formulations”, edited by D. A. Knowles, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1998 (ISBN 0-7514-0442-8) p. 71. Granular formulations of soil-applied herbicides can provide considerable advantages under practical field conditions because planting and application can be carried out in a single operation, thus saving time and money. This application method, while convenient, does not necessarily ensure that the activity of the crop protection agent will be fully expressed.

[0004] The International Patent Application WO 92/22204 suggests that for certain benzamide herbicides such as isoxaben (N-[3-(1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl)-5-isoxazolyl]-2,6-dimethyxybenzamide), the mobility in the soil and/or the herbicidal efficacy can be increased by applying these compounds in the presence of cyclodextrins.

[0005] Certain carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides are described in GB 2,087,887, EP 0 447 004 B1, WO 94/22833, EP 0 692 474 B1, EP 0 693 490 B1, EP 0 694 538 A2, EP 0 723 960 A1, WO 98/56789 and EP 0 902 026 A1. The efficacy of said herbicides when applied to the soil can sometimes be diminished due to their tendency to bind to the soil. Said binding reduces bioavailability and prevents the full expression of herbicidal activity.

[0006] It is an object of this invention to provide methods for enhancing the pre-emergence performance of said herbicidal agents. It is another object of this invention to provide solid granular or powder compositions of carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides and at least one inert solid carrier, as well methods for the use of said compositions in the control of weeds.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In accordance with the objects of this invention, it has now been found that the pre-emergence herbicidal performance of compounds of structural formula I 2

[0008] wherein

[0009] A and B each independently represent a phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl or thienyl ring being optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy groups;

[0010] R1 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxy group;

[0011] X represents CH or N;

[0012] W represents —O—, —OCH2— or —CONH—, and

[0013] m is 0 or 1

[0014] is increased by applying an effective amount of said herbicidal compound directly to the soil in which the plants are cultivated in the form of a solid granule or powder which contains said herbicidal compound and at least one inert solid carrier.

[0015] Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for the control of undesired weeds at a locus which comprises treating said locus with a solid granule according to the invention.

[0016] These and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth hereinbelow.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] Although carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides such as those described in GB 2,087,887, EP 0 447 004 B1, WO 94/22833, EP 0 692 474 B1, EP 0 693 490 B1, EP 0 694 538 A2, EP 0 723 960 A1, WO 98/56789 and EP 0 902 026 A1 are effective herbicidal agents, there is ongoing research to provide means for maximizing the expression of herbicidal activity under field conditions so that the rate of said required for effective weed control can be kept to a minimum, both for economic and environmental reasons.

[0018] Surprisingly, it has now been found that the pre-emergence herbicidal performance of compounds of structural formula I 3

[0019] wherein A, B, X, W, R1 and m are defined as above is improved by applying an effective amount of said herbicidal compound directly to the soil in which the plants are cultivated in the form of a solid granule or powder which contains said herbicidal compound and at least one inert solid carrier.

[0020] Preferred herbicidal compounds I are those regioisomers of structural formula IA 4

[0021] wherein

[0022] A represents a group of formula a, b, c or d: 5

[0023] wherein R2 is a halogen atom or a C1-2haloalkyl or C-1-3haloalkoxy group, most preferred a chlorine atom, or a trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, trifluoromethoxy or difluoromethoxy group.

[0024] More preferred are those compounds of formula IA wherein

[0025] A and B each independently represent a phenyl being optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy groups;

[0026] R1 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxy group;

[0027] X represents CH or N; and

[0028] W represents —CONH—, and

[0029] m is 0 or 1.

[0030] Most preferred are 2′,4′-difoluro-2-(α,α, α-trifluoro-m-tolyloxy)nicotinamide (diflufenican), N-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[3-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-pyridine carboxamide (picolinafen) or 4-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-pyrimidine, hereinafter referred to as TTP.

[0031] The term “optionally substituted” as used hereinbefore and hereinbelow refers to a group or moiety which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more, preferably one or two, substituents.

[0032] The terms “alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy” as used hereinbefore and hereinbelow refers to an alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy group or moiety with up to 12, preferably 1 to 6, in particular 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The haloalkyl and haloalkoxy groups refer to alkyl or alkoxy groups which are substituted by one or more halogen atoms, preferably fluorine atoms. Preferred are the fluoroalkyl and fluoroalkoxy groups of formula

—(O)r-CYH(2Y+1−Z)FZ

[0033] wherein r represents 0 or 1, Y represents an integer from 1 to 12, and Z represents an integer from 1 to an integer of 2Y+1. Most preferred alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and trifluoromethoxy.

[0034] The term “halogen” as used hereinbefore and hereinbelow refers to a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, preferably a fluorine or chlorine atom, more preferably a fluorine atom.

[0035] It is also an object of this invention to provide solid granular or powder compositions of herbicidal compounds of structural formula I 6

[0036] wherein A, B, X, W, R1 and m are defined as above and at least one inert solid carrier.

[0037] Most surprisingly, the granules and powders used according to the present invention also expand the efficacy profile of the compounds of formula I since these compositions can be successfully applied in normal application amounts to control weeds on crop on which they had previously required uneconomically high doses of the compounds of formula I. Another advantage of the unique pre-emergence application technique of the invention is that the herbicide can be applied during seed planting. A separate trip to the field to apply the herbicide is then not necessary.

[0038] The solid granules comprise the following:

[0039] (a) About 0.1 to about 100 g/kg of at least one herbicidal compound of formula I; and

[0040] (b) About 900 to about 999.9 g/kg of one or more inert solid carriers and optimally, one or more solid auxiliaries.

[0041] Conventionally used solid carriers may be used in the solid granules and powders according to the present invention. Preferably used are such solid materials, which are essentially insoluble in water and have large surfaces and/or high absorbencies, in particular, natural mineral powders such as kaolin, argillaceous earth, talcum, chalk, quartz, atapulgite, montmorillonite and synthetic mineral powders such as silicic acid, alumina and silicates. The solid carriers are preferably selected from the group consisting of granular gypsum, clays such as kaolin or bentonite, silica, inorganic salts, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, cyclodextrin, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof, such as, for example, cross linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate vinylpyrrolidone, etc. and optionally at least one solid auxiliary. A particularly preferred solid carrier is cyclodextrin.

[0042] Conventionally used additional solid ingredients may be used in the solid granules according to the present invention. Preferably disintegrants, which are highly soluble in water, in particular, salts such as potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) and sodium acetate trihydrate are utilized.

[0043] The solid formulation according to the present invention preferably comprises 0 to about 10% by weight, in particular, 0 to about 5% by weight of at least one disintegrant.

[0044] Further solid ingredients are dispersants or wetting agents. Suitable dispersants are so-called water-soluble soaps, as well as water-soluble synthetic surface-active compounds. Soaps usually are alkali, earth alkali or optionally substituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids (C10-C20), e.g. the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearic acid or of mixtures of natural fatty acids which are prepared, for example, from coconut or tallow oil. Furthermore, methyl-taurine salts of fatty acids may be used. However, so-called synthetic surfactants are preferably used, especially fatty sulfonates, fatty sulfates or alkyl aryl sulfonates. The fatty sulfates or fatty sulfonates are normally used as alkali, earth alkali or optionally substituted ammonium salts and have an alkyl moiety of 8 to 22 carbon atoms, whereby alkyl also means the alkyl moiety of acyl residues, such as the sodium or calcium salt of lignin sulfonic acid, of sulfuric acid dodecylate, or of a mixture of fatty alcohols prepared from natural fatty acids, in particular, sodium lignin sulfonate. This also includes the salts of sulfuric acid esters, sulfonic acids and adducts of fatty alcohols and ethylene oxide. Alkyl aryl sulfonates are, for example, the sodium, calcium or triethyl ammonium salts of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid, dibutyl naphthalene sulfonic acid or of a condensate of naphthalene sulfonic acid and formaldehyde. Furthermore, phosphates, such as the salts of the phosphoric acid ester of a p-nonylphenol(4-14)-ethylene oxide adduct or phospholipids, may be used. In addition, non-ionic dispersants may be used. Preferred are block polymers obtainable from propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, in particular, block polymers which consist of a polyoxypropylene core having a molecular weight of about 3,000 to about 3,500 and the remainder having a combined molecular weight of about 6,000 to 7,000 comprising ethylene oxide units.

[0045] In preferred embodiments, the dispersants are selected from the commercially available components:

[0046] Tensiofix LX special, a sodium lignin sulfonate available from Omnichem S. A., 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium;

[0047] Ufoxane 3 A, a sodium lignin sufonate, (available from Borregaard);

[0048] Borresperse NH, an ammonium lignin sufonate, (available from Borregaard);

[0049] Geropon TA/72, a sodium polycarboxylate (available from Rhodia);

[0050] Soprophor AS/222, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol adsorbed on silica, (available from Rhodia); and

[0051] Pluronic PE 10500, a block polymer obtained from propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, (available from BASF Corporation).

[0052] The solid formulation according to the present invention preferably comprises 0 to about 25% by weight, in particular 0 to about 15% of at least one dispersant.

[0053] Suitable wetting agents are, as a rule, salts of long chained alkyl sulfates. The fatty sulfates are normally used as alkali, earth alkali or optionally substituted ammonium salts and have an alkyl moiety of 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Particularly preferred is sodium lauryl sulfate, commercially obtainable as Tensiofix BCZ, a sodium alkyl sulfate, available from Omnichem S.A., or as Rewopol NLS 90 available from Witco GmbH, Germany.

[0054] The solid formulation according to the present invention preferably comprises 0 to about 10% by weight, in particular, 0 to about 2.5% of at least one wetting agent.

[0055] The solid carrier preferably comprises at least one cyclodextrin of formula II 7

[0056] wherein

[0057] R3, R4 and R5 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a C1-4alkyl, C1-4alkanoyl or a C1-4hydroxy alkyl group; and

[0058] n is 1, 2 or 3.

[0059] The cyclodextrins, wherein R3 through R5 represent a

[0060] hydrogen group are particularly preferred. Most preferred is β-cyclodextrin (n=2).

[0061] In another preferred embodiment of the present invention the solid carrier comprises the following:

[0062] (b1) About 50 to about 250 g/kg of one or more cyclodextrin of formula II, in particular β-cyclodextrin; and

[0063] (b2) About 650 to about 949.9 g/kg of one or more solid carrier selected from the group consisting of granular gypsum, clays such as kaolin or bentonite, silica, inorganic salts, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof and optionally, at least one solid auxiliary.

[0064] The herbicidal compositions of this invention may comprise other compounds having biological activity in addition to the herbicides of formula I, e.g. compounds having similar or complementary herbicidal activity or compounds having plant growth regulating, fungicidal or insecticidal activity.

[0065] These mixtures of herbicides can have a broader spectrum of activity than the compound of general formula I alone.

[0066] Examples of the other herbicidal compounds are acifluorfen, aclonifen, alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amitrole, anilazine, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azinphos-methyl, benazolin, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulide, bentazone, benzofenap, bifenox, bromacil, brombutide, bromoxynil, butachlor, butamifos, butenachlor, butylate, carfentrazone-ethyl, chloramben, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chlorotoluron, chlorthiamid, cinmethylin, clomozone, clopyralid, cyanazine, cycloate, 2,4-D, daimuron, desmetryn, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloroprop-P, diclofop-methyl, diflufenican, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethatryn, dimehtenamid, dinitramine, dinoterb, dithiopyr, esprocarb, ethafluralin, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen-ethyl, fenoxaprop, fenuron, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, fluazifop, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen, flupoxam, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurprimidol, flurtamone, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, glufosinate, haloxyfop, ioxynil, isoxaflutole, lactofen, linuron, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, metazachlor, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metoxuron, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, norflurazon, orbencarb, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pebulate, pendimethalin, picloram, pretilachlor, prodiamine, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propisochlor, propyzamide, prosulfocarb, pyrazoxyfen, pyributicarb, siduron, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thiazopyr, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, triallate, triclopyr and trifluralin.

[0067] The appropriate relative amounts of active ingredient of formula I and the total amount of solid carrier is in accordance with the invention, between approximately 1:500 and 1:2, preferably between approximately 1:200 and 1:5 and, in particular, between approximately 1:125 and 1:10.

[0068] It is also an object of this invention to provide methods for the use of the solid granular or powder formulations of the invention in the control of weeds.

[0069] The compositions according to the invention possess a high herbicidal activity within a wide concentration range and at low dosages, and may readily be used in agriculture, especially for the selective control of undesired plants such as Alopecurus myosuroides, Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium perenne, Setaria viridis, Galium aparine, Matricaria inodora vulgare, Papaver rhoeas, Stellaria media, Veronica persica, Lamium purpureum, Viola arvensis, Abutilon theophrasti, Ipomoea purpurea and Amaranthus retroflexus by pre-emergence application, and particularly in certain crops, such as cereals, in particular barley and wheat, maize and rice.

[0070] Recommended doses for various applications in the absence of a solid carrier are known for the herbicidal compounds of formula I. The efficacy thereof can be enhanced in accordance with the invention. For instance, addition of the carriers disclosed herein can surprisingly and beneficially reduce the amount of active ingredient per hectare required in these recommendations by half or more (depending on the active ingredient, the carrier and their respective amounts), so that additional weeds can be controlled at reasonable doses of the compound of formula I.

[0071] Surfactants may be nonionic, anionic, cationic or zwitterionic substances with good dispersing, emulsifying and wetting properties depending on the nature of the compound according to general formula I to be formulated. Surfactants may also include mixtures of individual surfactants.

[0072] Examples of formulations according to the invention are shown in the following formulations A through G. Ingredients used in these formulations are shown below.

[0073] Ingredients Used in Formulations A-G

Trade Name             Chemical Identity
Agrimer ® XL           Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
Agrimer ® VA-6         Crosslinked Copolymer of
                       vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl
                       acetate
Alpha W6               α-cyclodextrin
Beta W7                β-cyclodextrin
Gamma W8               γ-cyclodextrin
Tensiofix ® BCZ        sodium alkyl sulfate
Tensiofix ® LX Special lignosulfonate

[0074] Formulation A: TTP 1 g/kg GR (Kaolin Granules)

	Ingredient	Component	Amount [g/kg]
	TTP	active ingredient	1.0
	Tensiofix ® LX Special	Dispersant	90.0
	Tensiofix ® BCZ	wetting agent	10.0
	Agrimer XL	disintegrant	20.0
	kaolin	carrier	879.0

[0075] The ingredients are milled together. Subsequently, 15 wt. percent of water is added and the resulting pasty mass is granulated. The resulting granules are dried in a fluidized bed dryer at 40° C. for 15 minutes.

[0076] Formulations B to D: TTP (Cyclodextrin Powder and Granules)

	Amount (g)
	Ingredient	Component	B	C	D
	TTP	active ingredient	1.5	0.2	2.0
	Alpha W6	Carrier	4.4	—	—
	Beta W7	Carrier	—	0.6	—
	Gamma W8	Carrier	—	—	6.0
	Water	Auxiliary	23.2	26.0	23.2

[0077] The active ingredient is milled to a particle diameter of<15μm using a pin mill. The cyclodextrin is dissolved in water at 30 to 40° C. Subsequently, the milled active ingredient is added and the mixture is heated to 65° C. The mixture is then vigorously mixed for 15 minutes. Finally the water is evaporated to yield the cyclodextrin complex as a white powder which is dried for 3 days at 30° C.

[0078] Formulation E: TTP 10 g/kg (Cyclodextrin/Sugar Granules or Powder)

	Ingredient	Component	Amount (g)
	Formulation D	active ingredient-	0.4
		cyclodextrin complex
	Sugar	Carrier	8.8

[0079] The ingredients are milled together to yield a homogenous powder. The mixture is then compressed into small granules. The ungranulated powder can be applied as such or mixed with other materials to be applied directly to the soil such as a fertilizer.

[0080] Formulation F: TTP 50 g/kg GR (Polyvinylpyrrolidone Granules)

	Ingredient	Component	Amount (g)
	TTP	active	50.0
		ingredient
	Agrimer VA-6	carrier	950.0

[0081] The ingredients are dissolved in 500 ml of isopropanol in a round-bottomed flask under heating to 40° C. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator. The resulting flakes are removed from the flask using a spatula.

[0082] Formulation G: TTP 10 g/kg GR (Cyclodextrin/Granular Gypsum)

	Ingredient	Component	Amount (g)
	Formulation D	active ingredient-	2.5
		cyclodextrin complex
	Granular gypsum	Carrier	25.0

[0083] The ingredients are mixed together in a shaker bottle and shaken for 2 minutes at ambient temperature to yield granules coated with Formulation D.

[0084] To illustrate the invention, specific examples are set forth below. These examples are merely illustrations and are not to be understood as limiting the scope and underlying principles of the invention in any way. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examples and foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1

[0085] Greenhouse Comparison of the Pre-emergence Herbicidal Efficacy of Granular Formulations of TTP with Unformulated Technical TTP

[0086] Seeds of the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous test plants are separately mixed with potting soil and planted on top of approximately one inch of soil in separate pint cups. After planting, the cups are subjected to the following treatments:

TREATMENT INGREDIENTS
H         TTP technical
          (dispersion in acetone)
I         TTP 1 g/kg GR
          GR (kaolin + Agrimer XL)
J         TTP 10 g/kg GR
          GR (PVP: Agrimer VA 6)
K         TTP 10 g/kg Powder
          GR (cyclodextrin: gamma WS)

[0087] Technical TTP (treatment H) is applied as a dispersion in acetone using a single-nozzle overhead track pneumatic sprayer, while granular or powder formulations (treatments I-K) are applied by shaking the solid granules or powder directly and evenly onto the soil surface.

[0088] The treated cups are then placed on greenhouse benches, watered and cared for in accordance with conventional greenhouse procedures. Twenty days after treatment (DAT), the seedling plants are examined, and the % weed control as compared to untreated check is recorded (Table I). Crop phytotoxicity is assessed visually at 11 and 20 DAT and is given in Table II.

[0089] As can be seen from Tables I and II, a clear increase in activity of TTP results from the granular formulations of TTP in comparison with unformulated TTP. This increase is most pronounced (4×) with the cyclodextrin granules K, which control Alopecurus and Galium at 60 g/ha while 240 g/ha are required with the unformulated technical TTP dispersion in acetone.

TABLE I
Weed Control (20 DAT)
	Rate
TREATMENT	[kg/ha]	ALOMY	LOLPE	SETVI	GALAP	MATIN	PAPRH	VERPE
H	0.480	99.0	99.0	100.0	98.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
TTP Technical	0.240	98.5	99.0	100.0	98.0	99.0	100.0	100.0
(Acetone	0.120	77.5	98.5	100.0	72.5	99.0	99.5	100.0
Solution)	0.060	22.5	91.5	96.5	67.5	98.5	99.5	99.5
I	0.480	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Granule	0.240	99.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
TTP (1 g/kg)	0.120	75.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	99.0	100.0	99.0
Kaolin & Agrimer XL	0.060	70.0	98.0	100.0	100.0	99.0	98.0	99.0
	0.030	25.0	80.0	100.0	80.0	98.0	99.0	99.0
J	0.480	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0
Granule	0.240	98.0	98.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
TTP (10 g/kg)	0.120	85.0	80.0	100.0	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0
PVP: Agrimer VA 6	0.060	95.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.0	99.0	100.0
K	0.480	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Powder	0.240	100.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
TTP (10 g/kg)	0.120	99.0	99.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	99.0
Cyclodextrin gamma WS	0.0600	90.0	99.0	100.0	90.0	98.0	100.0	99.0
Untreated	—	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

[0090]

TABLE II
Crop Phytotoxicity
	Rate	11 DAT	20 DAT
Treatment	[kg/ha]	HORVWM	TRZAWK	HORVWM	TRZAWK
H	0.480	47.5	14.0	45.0	10.0
TTP Technical	0.240	42.5	6.5	40.0	4.5
(Acetone	0.120	40.0	2.5	25.0	1.0
Solution)	0.060	20.0	1.0	15.0	0.5
I	0.480	55.0	35.0	50.0	18.0
Granule	0.240	50.0	25.0	50.0	15.0
TTP (1 g/kg)	0.120	40.0	3.0	40.0	2.0
Kaolin & Agrimer XL	0.060	40.0	2.0	40.0	2.0
J	0.480	50.0	35.0	70.0	22.0
Granule	0.240	45.0	22.0	45.0	15.0
TTP (10 g/kg)	0.120	45.0	18.0	45.0	15.0
PVP: Agrimer VA 6	0.060	40.0	5.0	35.0	1.0
K	0.480	93.0	75.0	99.0	75.0
Granule	0.240	75.0	65.0	70.0	55.0
TTP (10 g/kg)	0.120	60.0	30.0	60.0	18.0
Cyclodextrin gamma WS	0.060	40.0	12.0	35.0	5.0
Untreated	—	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0

Plant Species Employed in Herbicidal Evaluations

[0091]

	Header
	Abbr.	Common Name	Scientific Name
	TRZAWK	Wheat, Winter	Triticum aestivum
		(variety Kanzler)	(variety Kanzler)
	HORVWM	Barley, Winter	Hordeum vulgare
		(variety Mammut)	(variety Mammut)
	ALOMY	Blackgrass	Alopecurus myosuroides
	LOLPE	Ryegrass	Lolium perenne
	SETVI	Green foxtail	Setaria viridis
	GALAP	Galium	Galium aparine
	MATIN	Matricaria	Matricaria inodora vulgare
	PAPRH	Poppy	Papaver rhoeas
	VERPE	Veronica	Veronica persica

Claims

1. A method of increasing the efficacy of a herbicidal compound of formula I

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said herbicidal compound I has the structural formula IA

3. The method according to claim 2 wherein A and B each independently represent a phenyl being optionally substituted by one or more halogen atoms, alkyl, haloalkyl or haloalkoxy groups; R1 represents a hydrogen or halogen atom or an alkyl or alkoxy group; X represents CH or N; and W represents —CONH—, and m is 1.

4. The method according to claim 3

5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said solid carrier is selected from the group consisting of clays such as kaolin or bentonite, silica, inorganic salts, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, cyclodextrin, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof.

6. The method according to claim 1 wherein the solid granule or powder comprises about (a) 0.1 to 100 g/kg of a herbicidal compound of formula I; and (b) 900 to 999.9 g/kg of at least one inert solid carrier and optionally at least one solid auxiliary.

7. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound of formula I is admixed with a second active compound which is selected from the group consisting of acifluorfen, aclonifen, alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amitrole, anilazine, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azinphos-methyl, benazolin, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulide, bentazone, benzofenap, bifenox, bromacil, brombutide, bromoxynil, butachlor, butamifos, butenachlor, butylate, carfentrazone-ethyl, chloramben, chlorbromuron, chlorbufam, chlorimuron, chlornitrofen, chlorotoluron, chlorthiamid, cinmethylin, clomozone, clopyralid, cyanazine, cycloate, 2,4-D, daimuron, desmetryn, dicamba, dichlobenil, dichloroprop-P, diclofop-methyl, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethatryn, dimehtenamid, dinitramine, dinoterb, dithiopyr, esprocarb, ethafluralin, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen-ethyl, fenoxaprop, fenuron, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, fluazifop, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen, flupoxam, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurprimidol, flurtamone, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, glufosinate, haloxyfop, ioxynil, isoxaflutole, lactofen, linuron, mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, metazachlor, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, metoxuron, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, naptalam, norflurazon, orbencarb, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pebulate, pendimethalin, picloram, pretilachlor, prodiamine, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propisochlor, propyzamide, prosulfocarb, pyrazoxyfen, pyributicarb, siduron, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thiazopyr, thiobencarb, tiocarbazil, triallate, triclopyr and trifluralin.

8. A solid granule which comprises about (a) 0.1 to 100 g/kg of at least one herbicidal compound of formula I; 11wherein A, B, R1, X, W and m are defined as in claim 1; and (b) 900 to 999.9 g/kg of one or more solid carrier selected from the group consisting of granular gypsum, clays such as kaolin or bentonite, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, cyclodextrin, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof and optionally at least one solid auxiliary.

9. A solid granule according to claim 8, wherein the solid carrier is a cyclodextrin of formula II

10. A solid granule according to claim 9, wherein the solid carrier is a cyclodextrin of formula II, wherein R3, R4 and R5 each represent a hydrogen atom and n is 2.

11. A solid granule according to claim 8, which comprises (b1) 50 to 250 g/kg of one or more cyclodextrin of formula II; and (b2) 650 to 949.9 g/kg of one or more solid carrier selected from the group consisting of granular gypsum, clays such as kaolin or bentonite, silica, inorganic salts, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof and optionally at least one solid auxiliary.

12. A method for the control of undesired weeds at a locus which comprises treating said locus with a solid granule which consists essentially of (a) 0.1 to 100 g/kg of at least one herbicidal compound of formula I; 13wherein A, B, R1, X, W and m are defined as in claim 1; and (b) 900 to 999.9 g/kg of one or more solid carrier selected from the group consisting of granular gypsum, clays such as kaolin or bentonite, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate, cyclodextrin, sugar and mixtures or co-polymers thereof and optionally at least one solid auxiliary.

13. A method according to claim 12 wherein said weeds are Galium spp. or Alopecurus spp.