Patent Grant
11571674
This invention relates to controlled release compositions, encapsulation compositions and methods for making and using them.
There are many microencapsulated delivery systems disclosed in the art to control the release of the encapsulated active, or provide release when a specific trigger is applied. Such systems have previously suffered from a number of drawbacks.
Controlled release microcapsules that provide release of active upon application of shear or friction generally suffer from several drawbacks: (1) such microcapsules are made of highly crosslinked membranes and membrane materials that cannot be broken down by microbes found in the environment, (2) despite such highly crosslinked membranes, the materials of construction of the membrane impart high permeabilities when incorporated into products that contain high levels of surfactant, solvents, and/or water, which results in the premature benefit agent release, (3) they can only effectively encapsulate a limited breadth of benefit agents, (4) they either are so stable that they do not release the benefit agent in use or have insufficient mechanical stability to withstand the processes required to incorporate them in and/or make a consumer product, and/or (5) they do not adequately deposit on the surface that is being treated with consumer product that contains capsules.
Such microcapsules are made via chemical processes that require the development of a membrane at the oil-water interface. Said membrane can be developed from the oil side or the water side, or both. An emulsion comprising the active material (dispersed phase) is stabilized in a continuous phase. In one mode, a shell material is deposited from the continuous phase onto a dispersed phase via precipitation of the shell material. In another mode, the shell material is manufactured within the dispersed phase, and migration of the shell material is induced via an interfacial reaction or insolubility of the shell material in the oil phase. The two approaches could be combined to develop “multi-shell” capsules.
The permeability and the solubility parameter of this membrane determines the likelihood and the rate of diffusion of the encapsulated active out of the microcapsule. The solubility parameter of the membrane is determined by the choice of monomers that are reacted to form the shell material at the interface. Furthermore, the permeability of such shell material is determined by the crosslink density of the membrane. Polymers that are used to develop a membrane around the active material need to be crosslinked to provide a sufficient barrier to retain the encapsulated active until its desired release. However, a highly crosslinked membrane results in poor environmental biodegradability of the membrane.
Chemical processes utilized to manufacture controlled release microcapsules generally utilize thermal initiators—either in the aqueous phase or the lipophilic phase. High crosslink density of the shell material can be achieved at higher temperatures, for two reasons. First, there is a higher reactivity of the monomers at high temperature. Second, as the monomers react, the resulting polymer has a higher glass transition temperature. A higher reaction temperature results in higher mobility of the crosslinked polymer, providing a means to achieve a higher reactivity of the monomers to achieve a higher crosslink density. However, processing actives at higher temperatures can result in loss of the active, via evaporation or via thermal degradation. At low temperatures, such thermally initiated reactions require long batch cycle times, thus increasing the cost of the capsules. It is desired to complete these crosslinking reactions at lower temperatures in order to reduce the loss of volatile actives, and simultaneously achieve a degree of crosslinking that is sufficient to reduce the diffusion of the encapsulated active out of the microcapsule, in a time that does not significantly increase the cost of the microcapsules, and simultaneously maintains an environmental biodegradability of the polymer above 50%.
Conventional controlled release particles that comprise a core and a shell have several limitations. First, such capsules prematurely release the active material when suspended in a finished product formulations, such as cleaning product formulations. Second, such capsules have poor environmental biodegradability due to the nature of materials used and the degree of crosslinking that is achieved in order to reduce the diffusion of the active. Third, it is difficult to control the release profile of the encapsulated active. Fourth, poor adhesion of particles to the substrate result in significant loss of the particles, especially when formulations containing such particles are used in rinse-off applications.
Accordingly, it is desired to provide microcapsules that have lower permeability, yet good environmental biodegradability. It is further desired to provide multiple membranes around the core material to reduce the diffusion, and seal the pores.
It is further desired to improve the adhesion of particles to substrates in rinse-off applications. Examples of such applications include laundering fabrics, shampooing hair, conditioning hair, cleansing the skin, showering, and the like. In such applications, a composition comprising microcapsules is applied to a substrate to initiate cleaning, and subsequently the composition is removed by using water.
It is further desired to remove soil and dirt, but desired to retain active materials during the rinsing process by the retention of microcapsules on the substrate.
It is further desired to provide a means to manipulate the release profile of the encapsulated active.
It is further desired to provide microcapsules that are processed at temperatures below 60° C., with a batch cycle time of less than 12 hours, and have an ability to achieve a degree of crosslinking that is sufficient to reduce the diffusion of the encapsulated active out of the microcapsule, yet provide more than 50% environmental biodegradability of the membrane material.
Hence, it is desired to provide low permeability microcapsules that are able to retain the encapsulated active in surfactant containing solutions, or under highly dilute aqueous conditions. It is desired to improve the adhesion of microcapsules onto the desired substrate during rinse-off applications. It is desired to release the encapsulated active in larger quantities, and over a longer duration of time. It is desired to have capsules that have a favorable environmental biodegradability profile as defined by OECD 301D method.
All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The citation of any reference is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
A first aspect of the invention is a composition comprising controlled release particles, wherein each of the controlled release particles comprises:
In certain embodiments, the wall further comprises an organofunctional silane and an epoxide curing agent.
In certain embodiments, the at least one hydrophobic active ingredient is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a flavorant, a fragrance, a chromogen, a dye, an essential oil, a sweetener, an oil, a pigment, an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a moldicide, a herbicide, a fertilizer, a phase change material, an adhesive, a vitamin oil, a vegetable oil, a triglyceride and a hydrocarbon.
In certain embodiments, the organofunctional silane as at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated silane, trialkoxy silanes, functionalized trialkoxysilanes (amino, glycidoxy, methacryloxy, vinyl), tetraalkoxylated silanes including tetramethoxy silane and tetraethoxy silane, 1,2-bis(triethyxysilyl)ethane.
In certain embodiments the epoxy is at least one member selected from the group consisting of epoxidized unsaturated oils such as epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized vegetable oil, and the like; epoxidized alcohols such as isoborbide glycidyl ether, polyglycerol-3-glycidyl ether, castor oil glycidyl ether; epoxidized polysaccharides such as sorbitol polyglycidyl ether.
In certain embodiments, the amine is at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, silicone amines, branched amines, polyamines, polyetheramines, and amino acids.
In certain embodiments, the isocyanate is at least one member selected from the group consisting of aliphatic isocyanates, aromatic isocyanates, polymeric isocyanates containing more than 3 isocyanate functionalities, cyclic isocyanates, hydrophilic isocyanates, hydrophobic isocyanates, waterborne isocyanates and urethane acrylates containing isocyanate functionalities.
In certain embodiments, the epoxide curing agent is at least one member selected from the group consisting of low temperature curing agents having 2 or more epoxy functional groups which are terminally located. Suitable materials include trimethylol propane triglycidyl ether, resins containing acrylate and epoxy functional groups, diepoxide of the cycloapliphatic alcohol, hydrogenated Bisphenol A, resorcinol/bisphenol F resin with difunctional epoxide resin blend.
In certain embodiments, the controlled release particles have a diameter from 0.1 microns to less than 200 microns.
In certain embodiments, the composition is a powdered food product, a fluid food product, a powdered nutritional supplement, a fluid nutritional supplement, a fluid fabric enhancer, a solid fabric enhancer, a fluid shampoo, a solid shampoo, a hair conditioner, a body wash, a solid antiperspirant, a fluid antiperspirant, a solid deodorant, a fluid deodorant, a fluid detergent, a solid detergent, a fluid hard surface cleaner, a solid hard surface cleaner, a fluid fabric refresher spray, a diaper, an air freshening product, a nutraceutical supplement, a controlled release fertilizer, a controlled release insecticide, a controlled release dye or a unit dose detergent comprising a detergent and the controlled release particles in a water soluble film.
In certain embodiments, the composition further comprises at least one suspension agent to suspend the controlled release particles, wherein the at least one suspension agent is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a rheology modifier, a structurant and a thickener.
In certain embodiments, the at least one suspension agent has a high shear viscosity at, 20 sec−1 shear rate and at 21° C., of from 1 to 7000 cps and a low shear viscosity, at 0.5 sec−1 shear rate at 21° C., of greater than 1000 cps.
In certain embodiments, the composition is a fluid having a high shear viscosity, at 20 sec−1 and at 21° C., of from 50 to 3000 cps and a low shear viscosity, at 0.5 sec−1 shear rate at 21° C., of greater than 1000 cps.
In certain embodiments, the at least one suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polycarboxylates, pectin, alginate, gum arabic, carrageenan, gellan gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, gellan gum, hydroxyl-containing fatty acids, hydroxyl-containing fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing fatty waxes, castor oil, castor oil derivatives, hydrogenated castor oil derivatives, hydrogenated castor wax and mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, the composition comprises two different controlled release particles selected from the group consisting of friction-triggered release microcapsules which release the encapsulated active material at different rates due to the different in the viscosity of the core material.
In certain embodiments, the composition comprises two different controlled release particles selected from the group consisting of friction-triggered release microcapsules and water-triggered release microcapsules.
In certain embodiments, the at least one hydrophobic active ingredient comprises a mixture of a hydrophobic active and a material selected from the group consisting of brominated oils, epoxidized oils, highly nonpolar oils, hydrophobically modified inorganic particles, nonionic emulsifiers, oil thickening agents.
In certain embodiments, the composition has an Environmental Biodegradability greater than 50%.
In certain embodiments, the controlled release particles include the optional outer layer.
A second aspect of the invention is a method for preparing a composition of the invention, said method comprising the steps of:
In certain embodiments of the method, the oil phase comprises the at least one epoxide curing agent and the at least one organofunctional silane.
In certain embodiments of the method, the emulsifier is a member selected from the group consisting of palmitamidopropyltrimonium chloride, distearyl dimonium chloride, cetyltrimethy lammonium chloride, quaternary ammonium compounds, fatty amines, aliphatic ammonium halides, alkyldimethyl benzylammonium halides, alkyldimethylethylammonium halides, polyethyleneimine, poly(-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)methyl chloride quaternary salt, poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), poly(acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride), polybis(2-chloroethyl)ether-alt-1,3-bis(3 -(dimethylamino)propylurea quaternized, polyalkylene glycol ether, polyvinyl acetate, copolymers of polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylamide, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly (2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), poly(-ethyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline-co-methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl vinyl ether), and polyvinyl alcohol-co-ethylene), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of polyvinhyl pyrrolidone, 1H-Imidazolium, 1-ethenyl-3-methyl-, chloride, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, vinyl acetate and gum arabic.
The invention will be described in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein:
Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.
In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components and can be selected from the group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components.
The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term “about” is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise.
It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can be conducted simultaneously.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the terms “capsule”, “microcapsule” and “particle” are synonyms, which refer to containers for selectively retaining an active ingredient.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, the terms “shell” and “wall” are synonyms, which refer to barriers at least partially surrounding the core of the particles of the invention.
As used herein, unless otherwise noted, “alkyl” whether used alone or as part of a substituent group refers to straight and branched carbon chains having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or any number within this range, for example 1 to 6 carbon atoms or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C1-6) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger alkyl-containing substituent. Non-limiting examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tent-butyl, and the like. Alkyl groups can be optionally substituted. Non-limiting examples of substituted alkyl groups include hydroxymethyl, chloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, aminomethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1,2-difluoroethyl, 3-carboxypropyl, and the like. In substituent groups with multiple alkyl groups, the alkyl groups may be the same or different.
The term “substituted” is defined herein as a moiety, whether acyclic or cyclic, which has one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by a substituent or several (e.g., 1 to 10) substituents as defined herein below. The substituents are capable of replacing one or two hydrogen atoms of a single moiety at a time. In addition, these substituents can replace two hydrogen atoms on two adjacent carbons to form said substituent, new moiety or unit. For example, a substituted unit that requires a single hydrogen atom replacement includes halogen, hydroxyl, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement includes carbonyl, oximino, and the like. A two hydrogen atom replacement from adjacent carbon atoms includes epoxy, and the like.
The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as “40 mm” is intended to mean “about 40 mm”.
As used herein “cleaning and/or treatment compositions” means products comprising fluid laundry detergents, fabric enhancers, laundry and/or rinse additives, fluid dishwashing detergents, fluid hard surface cleaning and/or treatment compositions, fluid toilet bowl cleaners that may or may not be contained in a unit dose delivery product all for consumer, agricultural, industrial or institutional use.
The term “absorbent article” is used herein in a very broad sense including any article able to receive and/or absorb and/or contain and/or retain fluids and/or exudates, especially bodily fluids/bodily exudates. Exemplary absorbent articles in the context of the present invention are disposable absorbent articles.
The term “disposable” is used herein to describe articles, which are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored or reused as an article (i.e. they are intended to be discarded after a single use and preferably to be recycled, composted or otherwise disposed of in an environmentally compatible manner). Typical disposable absorbent articles according to the present invention are diapers, surgical and wound dressings, breast and perspiration pads, incontinence pads and pants, bed pads as well as absorbent articles for feminine hygiene like sanitary napkins, panty liners, tampons, interlabial devices or the like. Absorbent articles suitable for use in the present invention include any type of structures, from a single absorbent layer to more complex multi-layer structures. Certain absorbent articles include a fluid pervious topsheet, a backsheet, which may be fluid impervious and/or may be water vapor and/or gas pervious, and an absorbent element comprised there between, often also referred to as “absorbent core” or simply “core”.
The term “Sanitary tissue product” or “tissue product” as used herein means a wiping implement for post-urinary and/or post-bowel movement cleaning (toilet tissue products), for otorhinolaryngological discharges (facial tissue products) and/or multi-functional absorbent and cleaning uses (absorbent towels such as paper towel products and/or wipe products). The sanitary tissue products of the present invention may comprise one or more fibrous structures and/or finished fibrous structures, traditionally, but not necessarily, comprising cellulose fibers.
The term “tissue-towel paper product” refers to products comprising paper tissue or paper towel technology in general, including, but not limited to, conventional felt-pressed or conventional wet-pressed tissue paper, pattern densified tissue paper, starch substrates, and high bulk, uncompacted tissue paper. Non-limiting examples of tissue-towel paper products include towels, facial tissue, bath tissue, table napkins, and the like.
“Personal care composition” refers to compositions intended for topical application to skin or hair and can be, for example, in the form of a liquid, semi-liquid cream, lotion, gel, or solid. Examples of personal care compositions can include, but are not limited to, bar soaps, shampoos, conditioning shampoos, body washes, moisturizing body washes, shower gels, skin cleansers, cleansing milks, in-shower body moisturizers, pet shampoos, shaving preparations, etc.
“Bar soap” refers to compositions intended for topical application to a surface such as skin or hair to remove, for example, dirt, oil, and the like. The bar soaps can be rinse-off formulations, in which the product is applied topically to the skin or hair and then subsequently rinsed within minutes from the skin or hair with water. The product could also be wiped off using a substrate. Bar soaps can be in the form of a solid (e.g., non-flowing) bar soap intended for topical application to skin. The bar soap can also be in the form of a soft solid which is compliant to the body. The bar soap additionally can be wrapped in a substrate which remains on the bar during use.
“Rinse-off” means the intended product usage includes application to skin and/or hair followed by rinsing and/or wiping the product from the skin and/or hair within a few seconds to minutes of the application step.
“Ambient” refers to surrounding conditions at about one atmosphere of pressure, 50% relative humidity and about 25° C.
“Anhydrous” refers to compositions and/or components which are substantially free of added or free water.
“Antiperspirant composition” refers to antiperspirant compositions, deodorant compositions, and the like. For example, antiperspirant creams, gels, soft solid sticks, body sprays, and aerosols.
“Soft solid” refers to a composition with a static yield stress of about 200 Pa to about 1,300 Pa. The term “solid” includes granular, powder, bar and tablet product forms.
The term “fluid” includes liquid, gel, paste and gas product forms.
The term “situs” includes paper products, fabrics, garments, hard surfaces, hair and skin.
The term “substantially free of” refers to 2% or less of a stated ingredient. “Free of” refers to no detectable amount of the stated ingredient or thing.
As used herein, the terms “a” and “an” mean “at least one”.
As used herein, the terms “include”, “includes” and “including” are meant to be non-limiting.
Unless otherwise noted, in discussing the commercial applications below, all component or composition levels are in reference to the active portion of that component or composition, and are exclusive of impurities, for example, residual solvents or byproducts, which may be present in commercially available sources of such components or compositions.
Similarly, all percentages and ratios are calculated by weight unless otherwise indicated and are calculated based on the total composition unless otherwise indicated.
It should be understood that every maximum numerical limitation given throughout this specification includes every lower numerical limitation, as if such lower numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every minimum numerical limitation given throughout this specification will include every higher numerical limitation, as if such higher numerical limitations were expressly written herein. Every numerical range given throughout this specification will include every narrower numerical range that falls within such broader numerical range, as if such narrower numerical ranges were all expressly written herein.
One or more of the following benefits are provided by preferred embodiments of the invention.
The inventive particles' shell material have an environmental biodegradability greater than 50% as measured by the OECD 301D method that utilizes biological oxygen demand as the criteria for measuring degradability. Conventional capsules utilize polymers that may be biodegradable prior to shell formation, but due to the nature of crosslinkers that are used and the chemical structure of the final crosslinked polymer, microbes are no longer able to attach to the polymer or the backbone to sufficiently degrade the shell material. The inventive particles utilize monomers that retain degradable functional groups even after the crosslinking is complete, such that microbes in the environment are able to digest the shell material.
The inventive particles adhere onto desired substrates via the use of viscoelastic and electrostatic interactions. By adhering large particles as well as small particles during the rinse off application, greater volumes of active material can be delivered with a higher delivery efficiency of the encapsulated active. Conventional capsules are limited to the deposition of small particles, which carry much less volume of active material. Only a fraction of these small microcapsules fracture during use, resulting in significantly lower delivery efficiency of the encapsulated active. Moreover, inventors have discovered formulation approaches to control the level of aggregation of capsules such that a higher quantity of microcapsules can be retained onto the substrate during a rinse-off or filtration process. Such discovery can reduce the quantity of capsules that are lost in the rinse water, and can reduce the environmental impact.
In order to deliver a consumer noticeable benefit, yet deliver that benefit at a low cost, encapsulation is used to isolate a uniquely different fragrance or flavor active from the non-encapsulated fragrance or flavor that is incorporated into the formulation. Acclamation to a flavor or fragrance requires a much higher concentration of the same fragrance or flavor to achieve noticeability. The invention allows one to encapsulate a uniquely different fragrance or flavor to incorporate into the composition, and achieve noticeability at significantly lower concentrations of the encapsulated active. Improvement of retention of capsules onto the fabric during rinse-off processes also has the potential to reduce cost.
The invention addresses one or more of the prior art deficiencies described above by providing controlled release particles. The particles are particularly well-suited for use in encapsulation of hydrophobic, nonpolar materials.
The particles are preferably used in a consumer product composition, such as, e.g., a cleaning composition, a fabric care composition and/or a personal care composition.
The particles preferably comprise a polyurea, a quaternary amine and a hydrophobic active ingredient.
The polyurea preferably comprises a reaction product of 1) an isocyanate functionality and 2) an amine functionality. Preferably, the isocyanate functionality is provided by polymeric isocyanates with a molecular weight greater than 300 grams per mole. Preferably, the amine functionality is provided by, for example, acidic amines such as lysine hydrochloride, urea, tryptophan hydrochloride, guanidine hydrochloride, and the like; neutral amines such as aniline, cyanamide, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and the like; and basic amines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, guanidine, pentaethylene hexamine, hexamethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and Girard's reagent; silicone amines such as aminopropylsilsequioxane oligomer, water borne amino alkyl silsequioxane oligomers, trihydroxysilylpropylamine condensate, 3-aminopropyl(diethoxy)methylsilane, [3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl] methyl-dimethoxysilane, [3 -(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane
The quaternary amine is preferably a material that has a primary amine moiety and a quaternary amine moiety. The primary amine moiety can preferably react with isocyanate functionality to form a polyurea layer, and the highly polar quaternary amine functionality interacts with the surrounding aqueous phase. Suitable quaternary amine materials include, for example, Girard's reagent. Other suitable quaternary amines include but are not limited to compounds represented by formulas (1)-(4) below.
The hydrophobic active ingredient is a hydrophobic substance that is active (or effective) to provide a desired effect, alone or in combination with other substances and/or conditions. It is present in the particles in an amount effective to provide a desired effect. The amount can be, e.g., from 47 wt. % or 59 wt. % or 66 wt. % to 73 wt. % or 78 wt. % or 81 wt. % or 93.5 wt. %, wherein the weight percentages are based on the weight of hydrophobic active divided by the weight of dry matter in the composition.
The hydrophobic active ingredient is preferably a member selected from the group consisting of a flavorant, a fragrance, a chromogen, a dye, an essential oil, a sweetener, an oil, a pigment, an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a moldicide, a herbicide, a fertilizer, a pheromone, phase change material, an adhesive, a vitamin oil, a vegetable oil, a triglyceride and a hydrocarbon.
Suitable flavorants include but are not limited to oils derived from plants and fruits such as citrus oils, fruit essences, peppermint oil, clove oil, oil of wintergreen, anise, lemon oil, apple essence, and the like. Artificial flavoring components are also contemplated. Those skilled in the art will recognize that natural and artificial flavoring agents may be combined in any sensorially acceptable blend. All such flavors and flavor blends are contemplated by this invention. Carriers may also be mixed with flavors to reduce the intensity, or better solubilize the materials. Carriers such as vegetable oils, hydrogenated oils, triethyl citrate, and the like are also contemplated by the invention.
Suitable fragrances include but are not limited to compositions comprising materials having an LogP (logarithm of octanol-water partition coefficient) of from about 2 to about 12, from about 2.5 to about 8, or even from about 2.5 to about 6 and a boiling point of less than about 280° C., from about 50° C. to about less than about 280° C., from about 50° C. to about less than about 265° C., or even from about 80° C. to about less than about 250° C.; and optionally, an ODT (odor detection threshold) of less than about 100 ppb, from about 0.00001 ppb to about less than about 100 ppb, from about 0.00001 ppb to about less than about 50 ppb or even from about 0.00001 ppb to about less than about 20 ppb. Diluents that are miscible in the fragrance oil, and act to reduce the volatility of the fragrance oil, such as isopropyl myristate, iso E super, triethyl citrate, vegetable oils, hydrogenated oils, neobee, and the like are also contemplated by the invention.
Suitable chromogens include but are not limited to Michler's hydrol, i.e. bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methanol, its ethers, for example the methyl ether of Michler's hydrol and the benzylether of Michler's hydrol, aromatic sulfonic and sulfinic esters of Michler's hydrol, for example the p-toluenesulfinate of Michler's hydrol, and derivatives of bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methylamine, e.g., N[bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)methyl]morpholine.
Suitable dyes include but are not limited to Sudan Red 380, Sudan Blue 670, Baso Red 546, Baso Blue 688, Sudan Yellow 150, Baso Blue 645, Flexo Yellow 110, and Flexo Blue 630, all commercially available from BASF; Oil Red 235, commercially available from Passaic Color and Chemical; Morfast Yellow 101, commercially available from Morton; Nitro Fast Yellow B, commercially available from Sandoz; Macrolex Yellow 6G, commercially available from Mobay. Preferred dyes are those having good solubility in aromatic solvents.
Suitable essential oils include but are not limited to those obtained from thyme, lemongrass, citrus, anise, clove, aniseed, roses, lavender, citronella, eucalyptus, peppermint, camphor, sandalwood, cinnamon leaf and cedar. Essential oils that exhibit antimicrobial properties are also contemplated by this invention.
Suitable sweeteners include but are not limited to materials that contain varying amounts of disaccharide and/or fructose; erythritol, honey, and/or evaporated cane juice; and rebaudioside A, and the like.
Suitable pigments include but are not limited to pearl pigments of mica group such as titanium dioxide-coated mica and colored titanium dioxide-coated mica; and pearl pigments of bismuth oxychlorides such as colored bismuth oxychloride. Such pigments are available on the market under various trade names: Flamenco series (by the Mearl Corporation), TIMIRON COLORS (by MERCK) as titanium dioxide-coated mica, Timica Luster Pigments (by MEARL). Cloisonee series (by MEARL), COLORON series (by MERCK), SPECTRA-PEARL PIGMENTS (by Mallinckrodt) as colored titanium dioxide-coated mica and MIBIRON COLORS series (by MERCK) as colored bismuth oxychloride.
Suitable active pharmaceutical ingredients include but are not limited to water insoluble materials that have a melting point below 50° C.
Suitable moldicides include but are not limited to an inorganic biocide selected from the group consisting of a metal, a metal compound and combinations thereof. Preferably, the inorganic biocide is copper, cobalt, boron, cadmium, nickel, tin, silver, zinc, lead bismuth, chromium and arsenic and compounds thereof. More preferably, the copper compound is selected from the group consisting of copper hydroxide, cupric oxide, cuprous oxide, copper carbonate, basic copper carbonate, copper oxychloride, copper 8-hydroxyquinolate, copper dimethyldithiocarbamate, copper omadine and copper borate. Suitable moldicides further include but are not limited to fungicidal compounds such as, e.g., isothiazolone compounds. Typical examples of isothiazolone compounds include but not limited to: methylisothiazolinone; 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-ethyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-cyclohexyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 5-chloro-2-ethyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-octyl-3-isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-t-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, preferably 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, etc., more preferably 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one, 1,2-benzisothiazoline-3-one, chloromethyl-isothiazolinone, 4,5-Dichloro-2-n-octyl-3 (2H)-isothiazolone and 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one.
Suitable herbicides include but are not limited to 2-(2-chloro-4-methylsulfonylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-(2-nitrobenzoyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, 2-(2-(nitrobenzoyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3 -cyclohexanedione, and their 2-benzoylcyclohexanedione derivatives, in addition to those listed in WO2006024411A2.
Suitable phase change materials include but are not limited to a crystalline alkyl hydrocarbon which is comprised of one or more crystalline straight chain alkyl hydrocarbons having 14 or more carbon atoms and heats of fusion greater than 30 cal/g. The melting and freezing point of the alkyl hydrocarbon is in the range of 0° to 80° C., preferably 5° to 50° C., and most preferably, 18° to 33° C. Representative materials are crystalline polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, crystalline polystyrene, crystalline chlorinated polyethylene and poly(4-methylpentene-1). Crystalline ethylene copolymers such as ethylene vinylacetate, crystalline ethylene acrylate copolymers, ionomers, crystalline ethylene-butene-1 copolymers and crystalline ethylene-propylene copolymers are also useful polyolefins. Preferably, the polyolefins are crosslinked such that they are form stable upon heating above their crystalline melting point.
Suitable adhesives include but are not limited to compositions comprising an elastomer and a tackifying agent. The elastomer adds toughness to the adhesive film and also is responsible for at least part of the required initial pressure-sensitive tackiness. The elastomeric materials are water insoluble and are inherently tacky or are capable of being rendered tacky by mixture with compatible tackifying resins. Preferably the elastomers are natural rubber or butadiene or isoprene synthetic polymers or copolymers such as butadiene-isobutylene copolymers, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers, butadiene-styrene copolymers, polychloroprene or similar elastomers. A combination of the above elastomers may be utilized. Preferred tackifying agents include unsaturated natural resins such as rosin or derivatives thereof, such as rosin esters of polyols such as glycerol or pentaerythritol, hydrogenerated rosins or dehydrogenerated rosins
Suitable vitamin oils include but are not limited to fat-soluble vitamin-active materials, pro vitamins and pure or substantially pure vitamins, both natural and synthetic, or chemical derivatives thereof, crude extractions containing such substances, vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E active materials as well as vitamin K, carotene and the like, or mixtures of such materials. The oil-soluble vitamin oil concentrate may be a high potency fish liver oil containing vitamin A and/or D, a synthetic vitamin A palmitate and/or acetate concentrated in an oil solution, vitamin D, or D either concentrated in oil solution or as an oleaginous resin, vitamin E (d-alpha tocopheryl acetate) in an oil solution, or vitamin K in oil solution, or beta-carotene as a crystalline oil suspension in oil.
Suitable vegetable oils include but are not limited to oils derived from palm, corn, canola, sunflower, safflower, rapeseed, castor, olive, soybean, coconut and the like in both the unsaturated forms and hydrogenated forms, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable triglycerides include but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,248,909B1.
Suitable hydrocarbons that can be the active or can be used in combination with the active in order to change the physical or chemical properties of the active, include but are not limited to, waxes, density modifiers, surface tension modifiers, melting point modifiers, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. Examples include animal waxes such as beeswax, plant waxes such as carnauba wax, candelilla wax, bayberry wax, castor wax, tallow tree wax, soya wax, rice bran wax, hydrogenated rice bran wax, soya wax, hydrogenated soya wax, hydrogenated vegetable oil. Examples of petroleum derived waxes are paraffin waxes and microcrystalline waxes. An example of synthetic wax is polyethylene wax. Examples of materials that can modify the density of the active phase in the particle are brominated vegetable oil, nanoclays such as montmorrilonite or kaolin, hydrophobically modified clays, hydrophobically modified precipitated silicas or fumed silicas. Examples of oil thickening agents are waxes mentioned above, modified organopolysiloxanes, silicone gums, hydrogenated castor oil, paraffin oils, polyolefins, and the like.
The emulsifier is present in the suspension, on a dry basis (weight of emulsifier per weight of dry matter in the suspension), of the invention in an amount effective to achieve the desired particle size distribution. The amount can be, e.g., from about 1.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. % or at least 1.5 wt. %, or at least 5 wt. % or at least 7.4 wt. % or at least 8.2 wt. %, or at least 10 wt. % or not greater than 20 wt. %.
Emulsifiers of all types are suitable for use in the practice of the present process though it is to be appreciated, and those skilled in the art will readily recognize that different systems, e.g., different core monomer and/or core materials, will be better suited with one or more classes of emulsifiers than others. Specifically, while the present teachings are applicable to anionic, cationic, non-ionic and amphoteric emulsifiers generally, preferred emulsifiers are non-ionic emulsifiers, particularly those having polyalkylether units, especially polyethylene oxide units, with degrees of polymerization of the alkylene ether unit of greater than about 6. Preferred emulsifiers are those which significantly reduce the interfacial tension between the continuous water phase and dispersed oil phase composition, and thereby reduce the tendency for droplet coalescence. In this regard, generally the emulsifiers for use in the water phase for aiding in the oil in water emulsion or dispersion will have HLB values of from 11 to 17. Of course, emulsifiers/surfactants of lower and higher HLB values that achieve the same objective as noted are also included.
Exemplary emulsifiers include, but are not limited to gums such as acacia gum, gum arabic, konjac gum, and xantham gum; poly(meth)acrylic acids and derivatives. Most preferably, the emulsifier/emulsion stabilizer is a polyvinyl pyrrolidone, copolymers of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, vinyl imidazole; polyglycerol oleates.
Additional exemplary anionic surfactants and classes of anionic surfactants suitable for use in the practice of the present invention include: sulfonates; sulfates; sulfosuccinates; sarcosinates; alcohol sulfates; alcohol ether sulfates; alkylaryl ether sulfates; alkylaryl sulfonates such as alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates and salts thereof; alkyl sulfonates; mono- or di-phosphate esters of polyalkoxylated alkyl alcohols or alkylphenols; mono- or di-sulfosuccinate esters of C12 to C15 alkanols or polyalkoxylated C12 to C15 alkanols; ether carboxylates, especially alcohol ether carboxylates; phenolic ether carboxylates; polybasic acid esters of ethoxylated polyoxyalkylene glycols consisting of oxybutylene or the residue of tetrahydrofuran; sutfoalkylamides and salts thereof such as N-methyl-N-oleoyltaurate Na salt; polyoxyalkylene alkylphenol carboxylates; polyoxyalkylene alcohol carboxylates alkyl polyglycosidelalkenyl succinic anhydride condensation products; alkyl ester sulfates; naphthalene sulfonates; naphthalene formaldehyde condensates; alkyl sulfonamides; sufonated aliphatic polyesters; sulfate esters of styrylphenyl alkoxylates; and sulfonate esters of styrylphenyl alkoxylates and their corresponding sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, ammonium, alkylammonium, diethanolammonium, or triethanolammonium salts; salts of ligninsulfonic acid such as the sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium or ammonium salt; polyarylphenol polyalkoxyether sulfates and polyarylphenol polyalkoxyether phosphates; and sulfated alkyl phenol ethoxylates and phosphated alkyl phenol ethoxylates; sodium lauryl sulfate; sodium laureth sulfate; ammonium lauryl sulfate; ammonium laureth sulfate; sodium methyl cocoyl taurate; sodium lauroyl sarcosinate; sodium cocoyl sarcosinate; potassium coco hydrolyzed collagen; TEA (triethanolamine) lauryl sulfate; TEA (Triethanolamine) laureth sulfate; lauryl or cocoyl sarcosine; disodium oleamide sulfosuccinate; disodium laureth sulfosuccinate; disodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate; N-methyl-N-oleoyltaurate Na salt; tristyrylphenol sulphate; ethoxylated lignin sulfonate; ethoxylated nonylphenol phosphate ester calcium alkylbenzene sulfonate; ethoxylated tridecylalcohol phosphate ester, dialkyl sulfosuccinates; perfluoro (C6-C18)alkyl phosphonic acids; perfluoro(C6-C18)alkyl-phosphinic acids; perfluoro(C3-C20)alkyl esters of carboxylic acids; alkenyl succinic acid diglucamides; alkenyl succinic acid alkoxylates; sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinates; and alkenyl succinic acid alkylpolyglykosides. Further exemplification of suitable anionic emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, water-soluble salts of alkyl sulfates, alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl isothionates, alkyl carboxylates, alkyl sulfosuccinates, alkyl succinamates, alkyl sulfate salts such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl sarcosinates, alkyl derivatives of protein hydrolyzates, acyl aspartates, alkyl or alkyl ether or alkylaryl ether phosphate esters, sodium dodecyl sulphate, phospholipids or lecithin, or soaps, sodium, potassium or ammonium stearate, oleate or palmitate, alkylarylsulfonic acid salts such as sodium dodecylbenzenesuifonate, sodium dialkylsulfosuccinates, dioctyl sulfosuccinate, sodium dilaurylsulfosuccinate, poly(styrene sulfonate) sodium salt, alkylene-maleic anhydride copolymers such as isobutylene-maleic anhydride copolymer, or ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer gum arabic, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose sulfate and pectin, poly(styrene sulfonate), pectic acid, tragacanth gum, almond gum and agar; semi-synthetic polymers such as carboxymethyl cellulose, sulfated cellulose, sulfated methylcellulose, carboxymethyl starch, phosphated starch, lignin sulfonic acid; maleic anhydride copolymers (including hydrolyzates thereof), polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, acrylic acid alkyl acrylate copolymers such as acrylic acid butyl acrylate copolymer or crotonic acid homopolymers and copolymers, vinylbenzenesulfonic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid homopolymers and copolymers, and partial amide or partial ester of such polymers and copolymers, carboxymodified polyvinyl alcohol, sulfonic acid-modified polyvinyl alcohol and phosphoric acid-modified polyvinyl alcohol, phosphated or sulfated tristyrylphenol ethoxylates.
Exemplary amphoteric and cationic emulsifiers include alkylpolyglycosides; betaines; sulfobetaines; glycinates; alkanol amides of C8 to C18 fatty acids and C8 to C18 fatty amine polyalkoxylates; C1 to C18 alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chlorides; coconut alkyldimethylaminoacetic acids: phosphate esters of C8 to C18 fatty amine polyalkoxylates; alkylpolyglycosides (APG) obtainable from an acid-catalyzed Fischer reaction of starch or glucose syrups with fatty alcohols, in particular C8 to C18 alcohols, especially the C8 to C10 and C12 to C14 alkylpolyglycosides having a degree of polymerization of 1.3 to 1.6, in particular 1.4 or 1.5. Additional cationic emulsifiers include quaternary ammonium compounds with a long-chain aliphatic radical, e.g. distearyldiammonium chloride, and fatty amines. Among the cationic emulsifiers which may be mentioned are alkyldimethylbenzylammonium halides, alkyldimethylethyl ammonium halides, etc. specific cationic emulsifiers include palmitamidopropyl trimonium chloride, distearyl dimonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, 1H-Imidazolium, 1-ethenyl-3-methyl-, chloride, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and polyethyleneimine. Additional amphoteric emulsifiers include alkylaminoalkane carboxylic acids betaines, sulphobetaines, imidazoline derivatives, lauroamphoglycinate, sodium cocoaminopropionate, and the zwitterionic emulsifier cocoamidopropyl betaine.
Suitable non-ionic emulsifiers are characterized as having at least one non-ionic hydrophilic functional group. Preferred non-ionic hydrophilic functional groups are alcohols and amides and combinations thereof. Examples of non-ionic emulsifiers include: mono and diglycerides; polyarylphenol polyethoxy ethers; polyalkylphenol polyethoxy ethers; polyglycol ether derivatives of saturated fatty acids; polyglycol ether derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids; polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic alcohols; polyglycol ether derivatives of cycloaliphatic alcohols; fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan; alkoxylated vegetable oils; alkoxylated acetylenic diols; polyalkoxylated alkylphenols; fatty acid alkoxylates; sorbitan alkoxylates; sorbitol esters; C8 to C22 alkyl or alkenyl polyglycosides; polyalkoxy styrylaryl ethers; amine oxides especially alkylamine oxides; block copolymer ethers; polyalkoxylated fatty glyceride; polyalkylene glycol ethers; linear aliphatic or aromatic polyesters; organo silicones; sorbitol ester alkoxylates; ethoxylated castor oil; amides of fatty acids such as stearamide, lauramide diethanolamide, and lauramide monoethanolamide; aryl ethers of polyoxyalkylene glycols such as polyoxyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether and polypropylene glycol stearyl ether. Also preferred as non-ionic emulsifiers are various latex materials, stearates, lecithins,
The amine comprises linear aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, silicone amines, branched amines, polyamines, and amino acids. Generally, amines are listed by their pKa values, and this defines whether the amine is acidic, basic, or neutral. Acidic amines such as lysine hydrochloride, urea, tryptophan hydrochloride, guanidine hydrochloride, and the like; neutral amines such as aniline, cyanamide, 4-aminobenzoic acid, and the like; and basic amines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, guanidine, guanidine carbonate. pentaethylene hexamine, hexamethylenetetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, and Girard's reagent; silicone amines such as aminopropylsilsequioxane oligomer, water borne amino alkyl silsequioxane oligomers, trihydroxysilylpropylamine condensate, 3-aminopropyl(diethoxy)methylsilane, [3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl]methyldimethoxysilae, [3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyl]tri-methoxysilane; guanidine carbonate; amino acids such as Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, histidine, glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamione, cysteine.
The amine is present in particles of the invention in an amount effective to react with the isocyanate moiety, the organofunctional silane moiety, the epoxy moieties to an extent effective to provide the particles with desired durability. The amount of amine on a dry basis (weight of amine per weight of dry matter in the suspension) can be, e.g., from 0.1 wt. % or 0.7 wt. % or 1.0 wt. % or 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % or 2.5 wt. % or 3.6 wt. %.
In certain embodiments, the isocyanate comprises aliphatic isocyanates, aromatic isocyanates, polymeric isocyanates, cyclic isocyanates, hydrophilic isocyanates, hydrophobic isocyanates, waterborne isocyanates. Exemplary isocyanates are selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene diisocyanates (Desmodur N3600, Desmodur N3800, Desmodur N3900, Desmodur N3200, Desmodur N3300, Desmodur N3400, Takenate D-170N), isophorone diisocyanates (Desmodur XP2565, Desmodur Z4470), blends of hexamethylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate (Desmodur XP2847, Desmodur XP2489, Desmodur XP2838, Desmodur XP2763), pentane-1,5-diisocyanate (Stabio D-370N, Stabio D-376N), xylylene diisocyanate (Takenate 500, Takenate 600, Takenate D-110N, Takenate D-131N), polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (Mondur MR Lite), polymeric MDI (Desmodur VK 5, Desmodur VL R10, Desmodur 44V40L, Desmodur 44V70L), polyether modified hydrophilic polyisocyanates (Bayhydur XP2451/1, Bayhydur XP2547, Bayhydur XP2759, Bayhydur Ultra 304, Bayhydur Ultra 2487/1), CN9302, ionically modified isocyanates (Bayhydur 2858 XP, Bayhydur XP2759, Bayhydur eco 7190), and the like.
In certain embodiments, the organofunctional silane as at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated silane, trialkoxy silanes, functionalized trialkoxysilanes (amino, glycidoxy, methacryloxy, vinyl), tetraalkoxylated silanes including tetramethoxy silane and tetraethoxy silane, 1,2-bis(triethyxysilyl)ethane.
The organofunctional silane is present in particles of the invention in an amount effective to hydrolyze in water and react with the amine moiety to create Si—O—Si bonds. The amount of amine on a dry basis (weight of organofunctional silane per weight of dry matter in the suspension) can be, e.g., from 0.1 wt. % or 0.7 wt. % or 1.0 wt. % or 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % or 2.5 wt. % or 3.6 wt. %.
In certain embodiments, the epoxide curing agent is at least one member selected from the group consisting of low temperature curing agents having 2 or more epoxy functional groups which are terminally located. Suitable materials include trimethylol propane triglycidyl ether, resins containing acrylate and epoxy functional groups, diepoxide of the cycloapliphatic alcohol, hydrogenated Bisphenol A, resorcinol/bisphenol F resin with difunctional epoxide resin blend.
The epoxide curing agent is present in particles of the invention in an amount effective to react with amine moiety, isocyanate moiety, and/or the hydrolyzed organofunctional silane moiety. The amount of epoxide curing agent on a dry basis (weight of epoxide curing agent per weight of dry matter in the suspension) can be, e.g., from 0.1 wt. % or 0.2 wt. % or 0.3 wt. % or 0.5 wt. % to 0.7 wt. % or 1.0 wt. % or 1.8 wt. %.
In certain embodiments the epoxy is at least one member selected from the group consisting of epoxidized unsaturated oils such as epoxidized soybean oil, epoxidized vegetable oil, and the like; epoxidized alcohols such as isoborbide glycidyl ether, polyglycerol-3-glycidyl ether, castor oil glycidyl ether; epoxidized polysaccharides such as sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, EX-201: Resorcinol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-211: Neopentyl Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-212: 1,6-Hexanediol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-252: Hydrogenated Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether; EX-313: Glycerol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-314: Glycerol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-321: Trimethylolpropane Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-411: Pentaerythritol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-421: Diglycerol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-512: Polyglycerol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-612: Sorbitol Polyglycidyl Ether; EX-711: Diglycidyl Terephthalate; EX-721: Diglycidyl o-Phthalate; EX-731: N-Glycidyl Phthalimide; EX-810: Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-811: Ethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-850: Diethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-851: Diethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-821: Polyethylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EX-920: Polypropylene Glycol Diglycidyl Ether; EM-160: Emulsion of Epoxy Cresol Novolac Resin; DENACOL FCA-640: Hexahydrophthalic acid diglycidyl ester; and the like, available from Nagase.
The epoxy is present in particles of the invention in an amount effective to react with the amine moiety, the isocyanate moiety, and/or the hydrolyzed organofunctional silane moieties. The amount of epoxy on a dry basis (weight of epoxy per weight of dry matter in the suspension) can be, e.g., from 0.1 wt. % or 0.7 wt. % or 1.0 wt. % or 1.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. % or 2.5 wt. % or 3.6 wt. %.
Cationic particles have a higher probability of adhering to anionic fabric in the laundering environment. Amine-functionality containing materials that can be incorporated into the spray-ready emulsion, which may have a favorable effect on adhesion of particles onto skin, hair, or fabric substrates comprise a polymer selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, in one aspect, cationically modified starch and/or cationically modified guar; polysiloxanes; poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium halides; copolymers of poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and polyvinyl pyrrolidone; a composition comprising polyethylene glycol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone; acrylamides; imidazoles; imidazolinium halides; polyvinyl amine; copolymers of poly vinyl amine and N-vinyl formamide; polyvinylformamide, copolymers of polyvinylamine and polvyinylalcohol oligimers of amines, in one aspect a diethylenetriamine, ethylene diamine, bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine, N,N-Bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and mixtures thereof; polyethyleneimime, a derivatized polyethyleneimine, in one aspect an ethoxylated polyethyleneimine; diester quaternary ammonium surfactants such as methyl bis-[ethyl(coconut)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, methyl bis-[ethyl(decyl)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, methyl bis-[ethyl(dodeceyl)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, methyl bis-[ethyl(lauryl)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, methyl bis-[ethyl(palmityl)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, methyl bis-[ethyl(soft-tallow)]-2-hydroxyethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, and the like; diester quat combined with laminate nanoclays such as laponite, bentonite, montmorillonite, and the like; chitosan with various degrees of deacetylation, carboxymethyl chitosans, glycol chitosans, whey protein, sodium caseinate, silk protein, 1H-Imidazolium, 1-ethenyl-3-methyl-, chloride, polymer with 1-ethenyl-2-pyrrolidinone, polyamines, polysaccharides with cationic modification, and mixtures thereof. Polysaccharides can be employed with cationic modification and alkoxy-cationic modifications, such as cationic hydroxyethyl, cationic hydroxy propyl. For example, cationic reagents of choice are 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride or its epoxy version. Furthermore, up to 5 different types of functional groups may be attached to the polysaccharides. Also, polymer graft chains may be differently modified than the backbone. The counterions can be any halide ion or organic counter ion. The preferred cationic starch has a molecular weight of from about 100,000 to about 500,000,000, preferably from about 200,000 to about 10,000,000 and most preferably from about 250,000 to about 5,000,000. The preferred cationic starch products are HI-CAT CWS42 and HI-CAT 02 and are commercially available from ROQUETTE AMERICA, Inc. The preferred cationic guar has a molecular weight of from about 50,000 to about 5,000,000. The preferred cationic guar products are Jaguar C-162 and Jaguar C-17 and are commercially available from Rhodia Inc.
The deposition aid is present in the controlled release particles in an amount on a dry basis (weight of deposition aid per weight of dry matter in the suspension) from 0.5 wt. % or 1 wt. % or 1.5 wt. % or 3.5 wt. % to 5 wt. % or 7 wt. % of the weight of the particle.
The controlled release particles are preferably spherical but non-spherical shapes are also within the scope of the invention. The particles preferably have a diameter from 0.05-250 microns, or from 0.1 microns to less than 100 microns.
The controlled release particles according to the present teaching are made in a multi-step process as described below. For convenience, the process is presented in the preferred mode which involves one aqueous phase composition and one hydrophobic oil phase composition. Nonetheless, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the aqueous phase composition may be prepared as a dual phase composition to which the hydrophobic oil phase composition is added or a three or more components composition where various ingredients are preferably isolated from one another until desired so as to avoid undue or undesired activation of the aqueous phase monomers or oligomers.
The hydrophobic oil phase composition is formed by combining the hydrophobic active core material with oil soluble monomers and oligomers. Most preferably this is conducted under moderate increased temperature so as to facilitate the solubilization or suspension of the monomers, oligomers, and other ingredients that may be present, including nucleating agents, in the core material. This is particularly useful if the core material is a solid or wax or a high viscosity material. Once again, if the temperature of the mixture had been elevated to aid in getting the hydrophobic oil phase monomer into solution/suspension, then the mixture should be cooled or allowed to cool to ambient temperature.
The mixture is agitated until the desired droplet size of oil phase composition is attained. In order to establish a wall at the oil-water interface, an amine is added to the aqueous phase followed by pH adjustment. Droplets are preferably from about 10 microns to about 75 microns, and more preferably from about 20 microns to about 50 microns in volume average diameter.
Not to be limited by theory, the amine added in the aqueous phase can react with several functional groups present in the hydrophobic oil phase, including isocyanate, epoxy, and organofunctional silane. The reactivity of amine is higher with isocyanate, and therefore provides the outer membrane via an interfacial polymerization reaction that limits the diffusion of the hydrophobic oil phase into the surrounding aqueous phase. Not to be limited by theory, the amine next reacts with epoxy functionality to form amino alcohols. The amino alcohols can in turn react with the isocyanates, such reaction will lead to the possible formation of polyurethanes and polyureas which will reduce the permeability of the membrane. Introduction of the hydrophobic oil phase into the aqueous phase can hydrolyze the organofunctional silanes. Such silanes can condense in the presence of amine to form a cage structure comprising Si—O—Si bonds to reduce permeability of the membrane.
Once this membrane is established, no further decrease in particle size of the oil droplets is observed. The reactor contents are agitated for 30 minutes to 5 hours, depending on the emulsifying properties of the hydrophobic oil phase. It is desired to maintain a temperature of the reactor below 40° C., in order to facilitate controlled membrane formation. It is desired to increase the temperature of the reactor contents to 60° C. for an additional 2 to 5 hours to complete the reaction.
In certain embodiments, the suspension of controlled release particles is dehydrated in order to expose the particles to a higher temperature to achieve a higher degree of crosslinking of the monomers.
In certain embodiments of providing a powder composition of the invention, spray drying of the particle suspension is preferably conducted in a co-current spray dryer, at an inlet air temperature of 325 to 415° F. (163-213° C.), preferably from 355 to 385° F. (179-196° C.) and an outlet air temperature of 160 to 215° F. (71-101° C.), preferably from 175-195° F. (79-91° C.).
In powder composition embodiments, the silica flow aid is added to the dry powder to improve the flowability of the powder. Addition of the silica flow aid minimizes the agglomeration of particles during the heating, packing, and conveyance processes.
Advantages of at least some embodiments of the inventive method include at least one or at least two or at least three or at least four or at least five or at least six or at least seven or all eight of the following:
The invention further comprises compositions (e.g., products, articles of manufacture, etc.) comprising the controlled release particles. Such compositions include but are not limited baby care, beauty care, fabric & home care, family care, feminine care, health care, snack and/or beverage products or devices intended to be used or consumed in the form as sold, and not intended for subsequent commercial manufacture or modification. Such products include but are not limited to fine fragrances (e.g., perfumes, colognes eau de toilettes, after-shave lotions, pre-shave, face waters, tonics, and other fragrance-containing compositions for application directly to the skin), diapers, bibs, wipes; products for and/or methods relating to treating hair (human, dog, and/or cat), including, bleaching, coloring, dyeing, conditioning, shampooing, styling; deodorants and antiperspirants; personal cleansing; cosmetics; skin care including application of creams, lotions, and other topically applied products for consumer use; and shaving products, products for and/or methods relating to treating fabrics, hard surfaces and any other surfaces in the area of fabric and home care, including: air care, car care, dishwashing, fabric conditioning (including softening), laundry detergency, laundry and rinse additive and/or care, hard surface cleaning and/or treatment, and other cleaning for consumer or institutional use; products and/or methods relating to bath tissue, facial tissue, paper handkerchiefs, and/or paper towels; tampons, feminine napkins; products and/or methods relating to oral care including toothpastes, tooth gels, tooth rinses, denture adhesives, tooth whitening; over-the-counter health care including cough and cold remedies, pain relievers, RX pharmaceuticals, pet health and nutrition, and water purification; processed food products intended primarily for consumption between customary meals or as a meal accompaniment (non-limiting examples include potato chips, tortilla chips, popcorn, pretzels, corn chips, cereal bars, vegetable chips or crisps, snack mixes, party mixes, multigrain chips, snack crackers, cheese snacks, pork rinds, com snacks, pellet snacks, extruded snacks and bagel chips); and coffee. Moreover, such products include, but are not limited to, a powdered food product, a fluid food product, a powdered nutritional supplement, a fluid nutritional supplement, a fluid fabric enhancer, a solid fabric enhancer, a fluid shampoo, a solid shampoo, hair conditioner, body wash, solid antiperspirant, fluid antiperspirant, solid deodorant, fluid deodorant, fluid detergent, solid detergent, fluid hard surface cleaner, solid hard surface cleaner, a fluid fabric refresher spray, a diaper, an air freshening product, a nutraceutical supplement, a controlled release fertilizer, a controlled release insecticide, a controlled release dye, and a unit dose detergent comprising a detergent and the controlled release particles in a water soluble film.
Fluid compositions of the invention preferably further comprise at least one suspension agent to suspend the controlled release particles, wherein the at least one suspension agent is at least one member selected from the group consisting of a rheology modifier, a structurant and a thickener. The at least one suspension agent preferably has a high shear viscosity at, 20 sec−1 shear rate and at 21° C., of from 1 to 7000 cps and a low shear viscosity, at 0.5 sec−1 shear rate and at 21° C., of greater than 1000 cps or 1000-200,000 cps. In certain embodiments, the composition has a high shear viscosity, at 20 sec−1 and at 21° C., of from 50 to 3000 cps and a low shear viscosity, at 0.5 sec−1 shear rate and at 21° C., of greater than 1000 cps or 1000-200,000 cps.
Preferably, the at least one suspension agent is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polycarboxylates, pectin, alginate, gum arabic, carrageenan, gellan gum, xanthan gum, guar gum, gellan gum, hydroxyl-containing fatty acids, hydroxyl-containing fatty esters, hydroxyl-containing fatty waxes, castor oil, castor oil derivatives, hydrogenated castor oil derivatives, hydrogenated castor wax and mixtures thereof.
The invention further encompasses a slurry comprising particles of the invention. Said slurry may be combined with an adjunct ingredient to form a composition, for example, a consumer product. In certain embodiments, the slurry comprises at least one processing aid selected from the group consisting of water, aggregate inhibiting materials such as divalent salts, particle suspending polymers, and mixtures thereof. Examples of aggregate inhibiting materials include salts that can have a charge shielding effect around the particle, such as, e.g., magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate and mixtures thereof. Examples of particle suspending polymers include polymers such as xanthan gum, carrageenan gum, guar gum, shellac, alginates, chitosan; cellulosic materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and cationically charged cellulosic materials; polyacrylic acid; polyvinyl alcohol; hydrogenated castor oil; ethylene glycol distearate; and mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, the slurry comprises at least one carrier selected from the group consisting of polar solvents, including but not limited to, water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, non-polar solvents including but not limited to mineral oil, perfume raw materials, silicone oils, hydrocarbon paraffin oils, and mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, a perfume oil is combined with the slurry comprising microcapsules to provide multiple benefits. The emulsified perfume oil will increase the viscosity of the slurry and prevent the phase separation of the microcapsule particles. The mixture provides a way to deliver non-encapsulated and encapsulated fragrance from the same slurry.
In certain embodiments, the composition has at least two controlled release technologies, which release different hydrophobic oil compositions and are selected from the group consisting of neat oils, friction-triggered release microcapsules and water-triggered release microcapsules.
The invention will be illustrated in more detail with reference to the following Examples, but it should be understood that the present invention is not deemed to be limited thereto.
The following is a representative perfume oil composition used for capsule making.
A Phenom Pure (Nanoscience Instruments Model PW-100-019) Scanning Electron Microscope is used to understand the particle morphology, and nature of particle deposits on fabrics. PELCO tabs carbon tape (12 mm OD, Ted Pella product number 16084-1) is applied to an aluminum specimen mount (Ted Pella Product No 16111). Next, the powder sample is placed onto the carbon tape using a transfer spatula. Excess powder is removed by blowing Dust-Off compressed gas onto the sample. The stub is then left in a desiccator under vacuum for 16 hours to flash off any volatiles. The sample is then placed into the Phenom Pure, and imaged to visualize particle morphology.
To 9.75 grams of a detergent solution (1 gram of liquid detergent added to 99 grams of water, then filtered through Whatman 597 filter catalog number 10311808) is added powder or slurry that achieves a concentration of approximately 1 wt. % perfume oil in the detergent solution. For water solubility, the powder is simply dosed into water rather than detergent solution. For the Detergent Dissolution Test, the sample is mixed at 200 RPM for 30 minutes at 33.3° C. A pre-weighed 3 inch diameter circle of black 100% cotton fabric is placed in a Buchner funnel attached to a vacuum line. 2 mL of the solution is then poured through the fabric, followed by a wash of 2 mL water. The fabric is allowed to air dry overnight.
There are two techniques utilized to evaluate odor of fabrics:
1) The dried fabrics from the Detergent Dissolution Test+Fabric Preparation test are evaluated olfactively by a panel before and after rubbing. A subjective grading scale is used to grade fabrics before rubbing and after rubbing. In the case of before rubbing, the control that is used is a fabric treated with neat fragrance oil in the detergent solution. In the case of rubbed fabric, the control is the fabric before rubbing is performed.
The dried fabrics from the Detergent Dissolution Test+Fabric Preparation test are evaluated by an Odor Meter (Shinyei Technology model OMX-SRM) before and after rubbing. This method reports the total concentration of volatiles in the headspace and is reported in milligrams per cubic meter as a function of time
Approximately 0.20 grams to 0.27 grams of microcapsule slurry is preweighed in a 20 mL glass scintillation vial. 10 mL of hexane is added to the slurry. The scintillation vial is overturned 10 times to allow for mixing. The scintillation vial is then placed on a platform shaker that shakes the vial at a frequency of 1/sec to allow for mixing of the contents, for 10 minutes. The scintillation vial is allowed to sit unagitated at room temperature for 10 minutes. Sodium sulfate or sodium chloride could be added if there is a lack of phase separation of the hexane layer observed. Approximately 3 mL of the clear hexane layer is removed, placed into a syringe filter (0.45 micron, 25 mm diameter Acrodisc PTFE filter), and decanted into a GC vial. The sample is analyzed by Gas Chromatography. GC conditions are shown in Table 3 below.
Biodegradability testing is carried out according to protocol OECD 301D. 5 mg/L material is placed into Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) bottles in water collected from the Lehigh River (Bethlehem, Pa.). The samples consist of a negative control (a material that is not biodegradable), a positive control (polysaccharide that is known to be fully biodegradable), test samples of unknown degradability, and when possible, a sample that simply combines the raw materials used to make the microcapsules, but not crosslinked. The bottles are checked for dissolved oxygen at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days. Intermittent points can also be taken since an asymptotic value may be reached much sooner than 21 days. The percent degradation is analyzed against the positive control starch. See Example 12 for a detailed description of the analysis and calculations of Biodegradability Index
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.27 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.75 g of Sarbox SB500E50, 1.01 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.62 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.02 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 0.4 g of Vazo-52, 1.28 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were added respectively and stirred for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 g of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: As explained in Example 1, oil phase is added to pre-mix aqueous phase stirring at rate of 830 rpm. Similar to example 1, after 20 minutes, a mixture of (0.51 g) water borne silsesquioxane oligomer, (0.7 g) (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine and (0.2 g) pentaethylene hexamine is added dropwise. Emulsion was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature followed by 4 hr at 60° C. Later contents were allowed to stir overnight to gradually cool the internal temperature of slurry to 23° C.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 0.77 g of CN9302, 1.28 g of Sarbox SB500E50, 0.4 g of Vazo-52, 1.01 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.58 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 0.5 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.29 g of polyisocyanate and 2.1 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were added respectively and stirred for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 g of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: Following general procedure in Example 1, oil phase is added to prepared aqueous phase agitating at 830 rpm. As explained in Example 1, after 20 minutes, a mixture of 0.87 g water borne silsesquioxane oligomer, 0.5 g (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine and 0.23 g pentaethylene hexamine is added dropwise and contents are allowed to stir for 4hr at room temperature. Then, a mixture of 0.4 g of N-isopropylacrylamide and 0.06 g of N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide in 10 ml of water is added to the emulsion slurry followed by 0.2 g of ammonium persulfate to initiate free radical polymerization of recently added acrylates. After 10 minutes of stirring, mixture is heated to 60° C. for 4 hr followed by overnight cooling to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.27 g of isoborbide glicidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.27 g of polyhlycerol-3-glycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.27 g of castor oil glycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 0.65 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.62 g of isoborbide glycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 1.25 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetramethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of poyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
Prepare Oil Phase: 45 g of Perfume oil, 0.42 g of sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, 0.41 g of polyglycerol-3-glycidyl ether, 0.42 g of castor oil glycidyl ether, 0.52 g of Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether, 1.06 g of Tetraethyl orthosilicate, 0.53 g of 1,2-Bis(Triethoxysilyl)ethane, 1.3 g of polyisocyanate and 2 g of pentane-1,5-diisocyanate were mixed in the order mentioned. Contents were allowed to stir for 10 minutes at 100-150 rpm using a magnetic stir bar for homogeneity.
Prepare Aqueous Phase: 125 grams of 5 wt % aqueous solution of Sokalan K90P is prepared.
Emulsion Formation: The prepared oil phase is added into the aqueous phase while agitating the aqueous phase using a Caframo BDC6015, 3-blade pitched agitator shaft 1″ diameter, at 830 rpm for 20 minutes to form a pre-mix emulsion. An aliquot is analyzed by optical microscopy to understand particle size of the emulsion. Once the desired particle size is achieved a premixed solution of water borne silsesquioxane oligomer (0.51 g), (3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (0.7 g) and catalytic amount of pentaethylene hexamine (0.2 g) is added dropwise. Continue to stir the contents for the next 2 hr followed by heating to 60° C. for next 4 hr. Allow the contents to stir overnight at above mentioned agitation rate to gradually cool emulsion slurry to room temperature.
M icrocapsules slurries are formulated into liquid detergent (PUREX FREE & CLEAR), to deliver approximately 1.0 wt % fragrance usage level in the liquid suspension, via the microcapsules or neat perfume oil. These samples are used for leakage stability testing. Equivalent samples are made with 0.5 wt % fragrance usage level in the suspension. Both mixtures are aged for 1 week at 40° C. After ageing, several tests are performed to evaluate the behavior of the capsules
1) Optical microscopy to observe capsule deflation
2) Approximately 3 grams of the detergent mixture is diluted with 10 grams of water to yield a dilute detergent solution containing approximately 0.30 wt % fragrance oil. This diluted suspension is mixed for 30 minutes at a temperature of 33C at 250 RPM using a magnetic stirrer. Next, approximately 2 mL of the mixed solution is filtered through a black fabric, and allowed to dry overnight. The fabric odor intensity before rubbing and after rubbing is noted.
3) Laundry performance testing is performed with samples containing 0.5 wt % fragrance oil. Approximately 3.0 kg of fabrics are loaded into a Samsung front load washing machine consisting of 5 bath towels, 3 polycotton T-shirts, one 100% cotton t-shirt. No fabric softener or bleach is used. A cold wash is done (approximately 26 minute cycle time shown below). The fabrics are then dried in a Samsung machine dryer on hot cotton cycle for 45 minutes.
Fabrics are graded before rub and after rub. The results of such testing is shown in the table below. The formulations according to this invention are able to survive the liquid laundry matrix (to retain perfume inside the capsule), are able to survive the dilution in the washing machine, are able to deposit onto the fabric, and are able to deliver a noticeable fragrance intensity on fabric, before and after rubbing the fabric. Such capsules are expected to provide fragrance longevity on laundered fabrics.
Free oil analysis is completed on the microcapsule slurries. A hexane extraction less than 5% suggests that the fragrance oil is encapsulated well, and there is very little to no diffusion of the encapsulated oil out of the microcapsule. A hexane extractable oil less than 10% has also been found to have low leakage of oil when incorporated into a fabric softener or liquid detergent matrix when aged for 1 week at 35° C.
Microcapsules of Example 1 was evaluated for environmental biodegradability by adapting the OCDE/OECD 301D Closed Bottle Test method. Three liters of water from a fresh river source (Lehigh River, Sand Island Access Point, Bethlehem, Pa.) was filtered through a Whatman 597 (catalog 10311808) filter using a Buchner funnel assembly. The following mineral solutions of Table 7 were made:
To 996 mL of the filtered water solution, add 1 mL each of mineral solutions A, B, C, and D. Prepare approximately 500mL solutions containing the particles to be tested. Fill BOD bottles (500 mL capacity) just past the neck of the bottle. Insert stopper. Store BOD bottles in the dark. Use dissolved oxygen meter (YSI 5000), and Y515905 Dissolved Oxygen meter probe to measure oxygen at specific time points.
The dissolved oxygen measured values as a function of time are tabulated in Table 9 below.
The method provides for a calculation method based on the theoretical oxygen demand. The results of that calculation are tabulated below in Table 10.
One can also use a method that normalizes the O2 concentration according to a known control. For example, the positive control, starch, is known to be fully biodegrdable. One can tabulate the average oxygen concentration (three BOD bottles per sample) as a function of time—see Table 11. Then, once can assume that the starch is 100% biodegradable, and can calculate the % biodegradability based on this positive control. The calculation below measures how “far” in BOD is the test sample away from a 100% biodegradable control.
61% represents the environmental degradability of the microcapsule particles (each sample run in triplicate) at the end of 28 days, but one can see that the polymer continues to biodegrade, since it is about 70% biodegradable at 56 days elapsed.
Selected microcapsules from the above examples are formulated into a leave-on-conditioner formulation as follows: to 98.0 grams of leave-on-conditioner (with a typical formulation given below) is added an appropriate amount of microcapsule slurry of Examples 1 to 9, to deliver an encapsulated oil usage level of 0.5 wt. %. The microcapsules are added on top of the conditioner formulation, then the contents are mixed at 1000 RPM for 1 minute.
A typical composition of a leave-on conditioner formulation is given in Table 13.1 below.
Selected microcapsules from the above examples are formulated into a rinse-off shampoo formulation as follows: to 90.0 grams of shampoo formulation is added an appropriate amount of microcapsule slurry of Examples 1 to 9, to deliver an encapsulated oil usage level of 0.5 wt. %. The microcapsules and water are added on top of the shampoo formulation, then the contents are mixed at 1850 RPM for 1 minute. Typical shampoo formulations are shown in Tables 14.1, 14.2 and 14.3 below.
1Mirapol AT-1, Copolymer of Acrylamide (AM) and TRIQUAT, MW = l,000,000; CD = 1.6 meq./gram; 10% active; Supplier Rhodia
2Jaguar C500, MW - 500,000, CD = 0.7, supplier Rhodia
3Mirapol 100S, 31.5% active, supplier Rhodia
4Sodium Laureth Sulfate, 28% active, supplier: P&G
5Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, 29% active supplier: P&G
6Glycidol Silicone VC2231-193C
7Tegobetaine F-B, 30% active supplier: Goldschmidt Chemicals
8Monamid CMA, 85% active , supplier Goldschmidt Chemical
10Sodium Chloride USP (food grade), supplier Morton; note that salt is an adjustable ingredient, higher or lower levels may be added to achieve target viscosity.
1Glycidol Silicone
4Cyclopentasiloxane: SF1202 available from Momentive Performance Chemicals
5Behenyl trimethyl ammonium chloride/Isopropyl alcohol: Genamin TM KMP available from Clariant
6Cetyl alcohol: Konol TM series available from Shin Nihon Rika
7Stearyl alcohol: Konol TM series available from Shin Nihon Rika
8Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylisothiazolinone: Kathon TM CG available from Rohm & Haas
9Panthenol: Available from Roche
10Panthenyl ethyl ether: Available from Roche
1Jaguar C17 available from Rhodia
2N-Hance 3269 (with Mol. W. of ~500,000 and 0.8 meq/g) available from Aqulaon/Hercules
3Viscasil 330M available from General Electric Silicones
4Gel Networks; See composition in Table 14.4 below. The water is heated to about 74° C. and the Cetyl Alcohol, Stearyl Alcohol, and the SLES Surfactant are added to it. After incorporation, this mixture is passed through a heat exchanger where it is cooled to about 35° C. As a result of this cooling step, the Fatty Alcohols and surfactant crystallized to form a crystalline gel network.
For the examples shown in Table 15 below, in a suitable container, combine the ingredients of Phase A. In a separate suitable container, combine the ingredients of Phase B. Heat each phase to 73° C.-78° C. while mixing each phase using a suitable mixer (e.g., Anchor blade, propeller blade, or IKA T25) until each reaches a substantially constant desired temperature and is homogenous. Slowly add Phase B to Phase A while continuing to mix Phase A. Continue mixing until batch is uniform. Pour product into suitable containers at 73-78° C. and store at room temperature. Alternatively, continuing to stir the mixture as temperature decreases results in lower observed hardness values at 21 and 33° C.
112.5% Dimethicone Crosspolymer in Cyclopentasiloxane. Available from Dow Corning.
2E.g., TOSPEAR 145A or TOSPEARL 2000. Available from GE Toshiba Silicon.
325% Dimethicone PEG-10/15 Crosspolymer in Dimethicone. Available from Shin-Etsu.
4JEENATE 3H polyethylene wax from Jeen.
5Stearyl Dimethicone. Available from Dow Corning.
6Hexamidine diisethionate, available from Laboratoires Serobiologiques.
7Additionally or alternatively, the composition may comprise one or more other skin care actives, their salts and derivatives, as disclosed herein, in amounts also disclosed herein as would be deemed suitable by one of skill in the art.
Example 16A of Table 16.1 below can be made via the following general process, which one skilled in the art will be able to alter to incorporate available equipment. The ingredients of Part I and Part II are mixed in separate suitable containers. Part II is then added slowly to Part I under agitation to assure the making of a water-in-silicone emulsion. The emulsion is then milled with a suitable mill, for example a Greeco 1L03 from Greeco Corp, to create a homogenous emulsion. Part III is mixed and heated to 88° C. until the all solids are completely melted. The emulsion is then also heated to 88° C. and then added to the Part 3 ingredients. The final mixture is then poured into an appropriate container, and allowed to solidify and cool to ambient temperature.
1DC 246 fluid from Dow Corning
2from Dow Corning
3Standard aluminum chlorohydrate solution
Examples 16B to 16E of Table 16.2 below can be made as follows: all ingredients except the fragrance, and fragrance capsules are combined in a suitable container and heated to about 85° C. to form a homogenous liquid. The solution is then cooled to about 62° C. and then the fragrance, and fragrance microcapsules are added. The mixture is then poured into an appropriate container and allowed to solidify up cooling to ambient temperature.
Example 16F of Table 16.2 can be made as follows: all the ingredients except the propellant are combined in an appropriate aerosol container. The container is then sealed with an appropriate aerosol delivery valve. Next air in the container is removed by applying a vacuum to the valve and then propellant is added to container through the valve. Finally an appropriate actuator is connected to the valve to allow dispensing of the product.
The conditioning compositions of Examples 17A through 17F of Table 17 are prepared as follows: cationic surfactants, high melting point fatty compounds are added to water with agitation, and heated to about 80° C. The mixture is cooled down to about 50° C. to form a gel matrix carrier. Separately, slurries of perfume microcapsules and silicones are mixed with agitation at room temperature to form a premix. The premix is added to the gel matrix carrier with agitation. If included, other ingredients such as preservatives are added with agitation. Then the compositions are cooled down to room temperature.
The conditioning composition of Example 17B of Table 17 is prepared as follows: cationic surfactants, high melting point fatty compounds are added to water with agitation, and heated to about 80° C. The mixture is cooled down to about 50° C. to form a gel matrix carrier. Then, silicones are added with agitation. Separately, slurries of perfume microcapsules, and if included, other ingredients such as preservatives are added with agitation. Then the compositions are cooled down to room temperature.
1 Aminosilicone-1 (AMD): having an amine content of 0.12-0.15m mol/g and a viscosity of 3,000-8,000 mPa · s, which is water insoluble
2 Aminosilicone-2 (TAS): having an amine content of 0.04-0.06m mol/g and a viscosity of 10,000-16,000 mPa · s, which is water insoluble
3Comparative example with PDMS instead of amino silicone
The body cleaning compositions of Examples 18A-18C are prepared as follows.
The cleansing phase composition is prepared by adding surfactants, guars, and Stabylen 30 to water. Sodium chloride is then added to the mixture to thicken the cleansing phase composition. Preservatives and chelants are added to the formulation. Finally, perfume is added to the suspension.
The Benefit phase composition is prepared by mixing petrolatum and mineral oil to make a homogeneous mixture. Fragrance microcapsules are added to the suspension. Finally, the cleansing phase (e.g. surfactant phase) and benefit phase are mixed in different ratios to yield the body cleansing composition.
Non-limiting examples of product formulations containing purified perfume microcapsules of the aforementioned examples are summarized in the following table.
a N,N-di(tallowoyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium chloride.
f Copolymer of ethylene oxide and terephthalate having the formula described in U.S. Patent No. 5,574,179 at col.15, lines 1-5, wherein each X is methyl, each n is 40, u is 4, each R1 is essentially 1,4-phenylene moieties, each R2 is essentially ethylene, 1,2-propylene moieties, or mixtures thereof.
g SE39 from Wacker
h Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.
i KATHON CG available from Rohm and Haas Co. “PPM” is “parts per million.”
j Gluteraldehyde
kSilicone antifoam agent available from Dow Corning Corp, under the trade name DC2310.
lHydrophobically-modifted ethoxylated urethane available from Rohm and Haas under the tradename Aculyn ™ 44.
Non-limiting examples of product formulations containing purified perfume microcapsules of the aforementioned examples are summarized in the following table.
Non-limiting examples of product formulations containing purified perfume microcapsules of the aforementioned examples are summarized in Tables 21.1, 21.2 and 21.3 below.
Non-limiting examples of product formulations containing purified perfume microcapsules of the aforementioned examples are summarized in Table 22 below.
The following are examples of unit dosage forms wherein the liquid composition is enclosed within a PVA film. The preferred film used in the present examples is Monosol M8630 76 μm thickness.
1Polyethylenimine (MW = 600) with 20 ethoxylate groups per —NH.
2 RA = Reserve Alkalinity (g NaOH/dose)
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof
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