Patent Grant
11865394
The present invention is directed towards improvements in science and technology applied in the defense of human and animal life and property, against the ravaging and destructive forces of fire caused by lightning, accident, arson and terrorism.
Throughout the ages, mankind has had a complex relationship with fire. On one hand, mankind has feared fire for its power to damage and destroy property and life during warfare and acts of terrorism. On the other hand, mankind has worshipped before fire giving thanks to the power of fire to generate heat energy to keep us warm, cook foods to provide nourishment, make medicines to heal, make tools to abridge labor, and power machines to do physical work. Thus, there has been a great need to discover new and improved ways of controlling the ignition and spread of fire, and prevent the accidental and intentional damage and destruction of property and life by fire.
While most fear the thought of wildfire raging in a forest, in modern times, there is general agreement throughout the forest management industry that wildfires have positive ecological and environmental functions when they occur deep in the forests, far away from human inhabitants and human society at large. However, when wildfires rage close to where people are living and working in towns and communities, there is strong agreement that such wildfires need to be brought under quick control and containment to minimize the risk of damage to property and lives, and mitigate the production of air, water and other forms of environmental pollution caused by wildfires.
Unfortunately, over the past century, tens of millions of people have developed and settled towns, counties and neighborhoods in regions that today are called the Wildfire Urban Interface (WUI), which are at high risk to wildfires, and this is impacting home owners and property insurance industry. In order for man to live and survive a sustainable future in the urban-wildfire interface, human society must quickly adapt in order to survive the destructive effects of wildfires.
Currently, conventional methods of wildfire fighting defense are proving inadequate because demographics have changed where people live and work relative to presence of wildfire:
Current methods of wildfire defense and fighting are becoming unsustainable because the financial losses due to wildfire are exceeding what the insurance industry is willing to insure, as the damage caused by wildfire to the environment is typically catastrophic and total destruction.
Except for spraying fire retardant foams and gels, all of the methods described above are generally “reactive” in nature, because they are either applied or practiced in response to the presence or incidence of wildfire, in effort to suppress and extinguish the wildfire, rather than proactively inhibiting wildfire from igniting combustible material along a wildfire's tracks moving in the direction of prevailing winds. Consequently, Phoschek® water airdrops are generally reactive methods, because these methods are applied too often when it's too late to suppress and extinguish a wildfire, and at best, airdropping this water-based fire retardant generates enormous quantities of smoke and noxious ammonia gases as well. Also, Phoschek® airdrops are very risky when applied to wildfires raging in wildfire urban interface (WUI) regions where people are living and working, because airdrops involve many tons of water falling to earth at high speed and with great force. This is little surprise when one understands the composition of this phosphorous-based chemical blended with tons of water.
Composition of Phoschek™ Fire Retardant: MAP, DAP, Gum Thickener & Coloring Agent
FIG. 2B4 describes the primary components of the PhosChek® fire retardant chemical, namely monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and water. PhosChek® MVP-F is a dry concentrate formulation that uses a combination of monoammonium phosphate [MAP; NH4H2PO4] and diammonium phosphate [DAP; (NH4)2HPO4] as the fire retardant salts. PhosChek® MVP-F fire retardant also contains a gum thickener to provide a medium viscosity product for improved drop characteristics. The formulation contains a coloring agent having an alarming red color. The color fades over time with exposure to sunlight. A quick look at the chemical composition of the MAP and DAP components of PhosChek® fire retardant will be illuminating.
Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is soluble in water and crystallizes as the anhydrous salt in the tetragonal system, as elongated prisms or needles. It is practically insoluble in ethanol. Solid monoammonium phosphate (MAP) can be considered stable in practice for temperatures up to 200° C., when it decomposes into gaseous ammonia NH3 and molten phosphoric acid H3PO4. At 125° C. the partial pressure of ammonia is 0.05 mm Hg. A solution of stoichiometric monoammonium phosphate is acidic (pH 4.7 at 0.1% concentration, 4.2 at 5%).
According to the diammonium phosphate MSDS from CF Industries, Inc., decomposition starts as low as 70° C. “Hazardous Decomposition Products: Gradually loses ammonia when exposed to air at room temperature. Decomposes to ammonia and monoammonium phosphate at around 70° C. (158° F.). At 155° C. (311° F.), DAP emits phosphorus oxides, nitrogen oxides and ammonia.”
When airdropped from planes, the gum thickener contained in PhosChek® fire retardant binds MAP and DAP to water to provide mass and help drop the water onto the raging wildfire in effort to extinguish it. When airdropping, most firefighters understand that they have lost control of the wildfire, and that the target wildfire is destined to rage across property populated with buildings structures including homes, then Phoschek® airdrops are made on targeted property of home owners and towns—which can be observed by the red-colored Phoschek® fire retardant coating all over ground surfaces, in effort to protect the targeted property against wildfire. Recently, US Patent Application Publication No. US2020/0254290 describes improvements in liquid concentrate fire retardant compositions containing mixtures of ammonium phosphates (i.e. MAP, DAP and ammonium polyphosphate APP), in effort to reduce the toxicity and corrosive properties of such chemical components.
Many photographs are posted on the WWW showing the airdropping of Phoschek® fire retardant from airplanes. However, these firefighting operations should be viewed as a last ditch effort to save property and lives from a raging wildfire.
Airdropping Phoschek® infused water over wildfires is not a proactive measure of any sort, and it's often too late, too expensive, and too in-effective to be continued as a best practice to contain and subdue wildfires raging across the WUI regions of America.
Also, the use of water-based phosphorous-rich fire retardants, and pick & shovel and bulldozer methods for defending against wildfires, does not represent technological advancement, progress and firefighter and environmental safety, within the rapidly expanding wildfire urban interface (WUI) regions of America and around the world. The world must do significantly better in response to the growing threat of climate-change driven wildfires, mixed with the challenges of a viral pandemic.
Smoke-Induced Asthma is Now Presenting a Great Health Risk to Wildfire Fighters and Citizens Alike
This past year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated “when wildfires burn either in your area or many miles away, they produce smoke that may reach your community. Wildfire smoke is a mixture of gases and fine particles from burning trees and other plant materials. This smoke can hurt your eyes, irritate your respiratory system, and worsen chronic heart and lung diseases.”
Also, Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America (AAFA) stated that “each year, wildfires rage across the U.S. producing smoke in the air containing tiny particles that affect air quality. These particles can irritate your eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Poor air quality can worsen asthma symptoms. Children and those with respiratory disease like asthma are at high risk for asthma episodes when the air quality is poor Wildfires do not only affect those in the immediate fire area. Smoke can blow many miles away and impact people hundreds of miles away.”
The American Lung Organization stated that “wildfires, including grassland fires and forest fires, are an ongoing concern where there is dry, hot weather. During a wildfire, people throughout the surrounding area may suffer the effects of the smoke. Talk with your doctor about how to prepare for this smoke, especially if you or someone in the family fits into one of these categories: works outdoors; is under age 18 or over age 65; or has asthma, COPD or other lung diseases, chronic heart disease, or diabetes. Monitor your breathing and exposure to the smoke.”
Clearly, the message from these health and health policy organizations is to “protect yourself from wildfire smoke”, and that includes those wildfire fighters trying to contain and suppress raging wildfires all across the WUI regions across our Nation. Also, it is well known that, in high doses, irritants, such hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide and ammonia, will induce occupational asthma, and this is something that wildfire fighters should be thinking about as well. On this point, it should be noted that Phoschek® fire retardant, when used to fight against raging forest fires rapidly decomposes at 200 C into gaseous ammonia NH3 and molten phosphoric acid H3PO4. Thus, when such phosphorous agents are dropped onto wildfires, in effort to suppress or quell wildfire, decomposition into gaseous ammonia will only increase the toxic effects of smoke production from wildfires.
Increased Risks of Convid-19 with Asthma
It is no secret that individuals with asthma are at substantially higher risks when exposed or infected by the Covid-19 virus. For those with asthma, there is great fear that they will have a worse outcome or be more likely to get SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). While there is currently no evidence of increased infection rates in those with asthma, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has stated that patients with moderate-severe asthma could be at greater risk for more severe disease.
In the May 6, 2020 N Y Times article “Will Smoke From Controlled Burns Hurt Covid-19 Patients?”, Cal Fire spokesman, Scott McLean, said “What is Covid-19? A respiratory issue”. And then continued by stating “We're not naïve to that, but we have to provide for the well-being of the public.” The NY Times article also reported that “Forest Service officials said they were concerned that assembling a work force to conduct the burns would expose traveling employees to the virus and potentially contribute to its spread. They also raised doubts about how their fire crews could tend to burns while also abiding by social distancing directives. They said they would continue to use other methods—such as removing brush by hand and with heavy machinery—that reduce combustible forest fuel without generating smoke.”
Searching for Better Solutions to Fight Wildfires and Forest Fires
U.S. Pat. No. 8,273,813 assigned to BASF Aktiengesellshaft provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in 2012, of worldwide efforts to develop and deliver chemical solutions for preventing and fighting wildfires and forest fires around the world.
As disclosed, firefighters have long utilized solutions of inorganic salts, for example, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of carbonic acid, phosphoric acid or boric acid. The salts augment the extinguishing action of water and are used as concentrated solutions. These salts are effective because they release inert gases, for example carbon dioxide from carbonates, or melt and so form an air-impervious layer on combustible materials. In either case, access of air to combustible material is controlled. The disadvantage with this approach is the formation of a coating which is later difficult to remove. They have no cooling effect and are barely able to extinguish burning matter, since the latter, like water as well, runs off very rapidly. Any protective effect is solely due to preceding and repeated spraying of objects. A salt solution does not adhere to smooth or waxy objects, such as leaves, planks or glass panes, to any significant extent, if at all.
The use of salts of organic carboxylic acids, for example oxalic acid, tartaric acid or citric acid, in firefighting has been known since the 1970s. In contradistinction to inorganic salts mentioned above, the coatings formed from the salts of organic carboxylic acids are easy to remove after the fire has been extinguished. Examples of the use of salts of organic carboxylic acids in firefighting are identified in the following patent documents: DE-C 13 02 520, DE-A 35 25 684, EP-A 059 178, EP-A 426 178, U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,278,718, 4,888,136, 5,945,025 and WO 88/00482. A brief overview of these prior art references will be useful at this juncture.
DE-C 13 02 520 discloses the use of alkali metal salts of oxy carboxylic acids in dry extinguishing powders.
DE-A 35 25 684 describes solutions consisting of citric acid/citrate, potassium hydroxide and water that are useful for firefighting and for impregnating combustible materials. More particularly, the solution is said to be capable of binding acidic gases generated in a fire.
EP-A 059 178 describes the use of concentrated solutions of alkali metal salts of citric acid as extinguishing compositions.
EP-A 426 178 discloses fire-retardant asphalt compositions, the fire-retarding component comprising potassium citrate and a silicone polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,278,718 discloses compositions consisting of concentrated solutions of alkali metal salt of citric acid and alkali metal bicarbonate, as filling for fire extinguishers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,136 describes the use of aluminum salts of citric acid and of lactic acid for fire-retarding impregnations of cellulosic fibers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,945,025 describes compositions of potassium citrate and sodium bicarbonate for firefighting.
WO 88/00482 discloses compositions of matter for firefighting and for producing fire-retarding coatings based on alkali metal salts of citric acid.
The compositions mentioned above can be applied as aqueous solutions and retain their fire-retarding effect even after drying, and therefore, have a pronounced long-term effect.
The use of hydrogels was proposed more than 35 years, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,229,769 and 5,849,210, for the purpose of cooling the source of the fire by retaining water close to the flame. These hydrogels are produced from a water-absorbing polymer and water. The hydrogel binds the water and so stops the water from flowing away from the source of the fire. Because hydrogels are capable of maintaining a large amount of water near the fire, hydrogels have a good immediate extinguishing effect. In contrast, the long-term effect of hydrogels is poor. Hydrogels can dry and thereby rapidly lose their effect. The remaining salt-like dried hydrogels have a very low fire-retarding effect. More recent improvements in fire suppressing gel compositions employing super absorbing polymers (SAPs) are discussed in US Patent Application Publication No. US2021/0052928.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,273,813 (assigned to BASF) proposed combining water-absorbing polymers with fire-retarding salts to form fire-retarding compositions having a good immediate extinguishing effect and a good long-term effect. This fire retarding chemical solution is schematically depicted in
As illustrated in
Hartidino's AF31 chemical solution has been used by others in many diverse applications, namely: (i) preventing and suppressing peat fires in Malaysia, as disclosed on Hartindo's WWW site, (ii) treating wood to provide Class-A fire-protection as taught in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/260,232 (Conboy); and (iii) proactively treating native fuel, ground cover and fixtures and buildings on real property, for the purpose of defending life and property against the threat of wildfires, as taught in U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/653,904 assigned to Applicant/Assignee (M-Fire Holdings, LLC) employing new and innovative technologies for proactively-protecting property and life against wildfires in the WUI region. These technologies include the use of a cloud-based GPS-tracking/mapping wildfire defense system network designed to support many different methods of proactively spraying equipment for efficient GPS-tracking and mapping of environmentally-clean wildfire inhibitor spraying operations, within a secure global database, to manage the strategic creation and maintenance of clean-chemistry wildfire breaks, created out in front of and around property and life to be proactively protected from wildfires.
Applicant/Assignee's methods operates in stark contrast to conventional methods of reactively-fighting wildfires by air-dropping tons of PhosChek® containing agricultural-grade fertilizer onto raging wild fires while brave fire fighters manually create wildfire breaks using picks, shovels and bulldozers, and are exposed to life threatening risks of fire, smoke and COVID-19 viral infection. Notably, Applicant's wildfire defense methods include the use of: GPS-guided, tracking and mapping spray drones; GPS-tracking mobile/backpack sprayers; GP S-tracking vehicle-supported high-pressure sprayers; mobile computing devices; data centers; wireless networking infrastructure; and the like. Each of these GPS-tracking mobile spraying systems is deployed on and supported by the GPS-tracking/mapping wild fire defense network illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 10,260,232.
In addition to proactive fire inhibiting agents illustrated in
Recently, US Patent Application Publication No. 2020/0181328 describes twin-tail hydrocarbon surfactants for firefighting foam compositions and as additives for aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) agents, in hope of providing partial or complete replacements for fluorosurfactants and/or fluorinated foam stabilizers used in fire fighting foams, which have been under strict scrutiny by the EPA for known toxicity issues and human health and safety concerns.
Clearly, in these times of climate change and narrowing gaps between wildfire regions and urbanized areas, we must adapt to and defend against wildfires in smarter and better, and more proactive and less reactive ways—because “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” as Benjamin Franklin taught the world over back in the mid-1750's.
Thus, there needs to be better, safer and more effective fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical compositions, and methods and technology for applying the same to proactively defend property and life from fires of kinds, across all industrial applications, including wildfires devasting the rapidly expanding WUI region, and for humanity to do so, without creating risks of smoke and injury to firefighters, property owners, animals, and the human population at large, while overcoming the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior art compositions, apparatus and methodologies.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present is to provide new and improved method of and system and network for managing the supply, delivery and spray-application of safer and more effective environmentally-clean biodegradable water-based biochemical compositions and materials to reduce the risks of damage and/or destruction to property and life caused by fires of all kinds, across all industries, while overcoming the shortcomings and drawbacks of prior art methods and apparatus.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical compositions in liquid phase over a broad ambient working temperature range, that can be atomized and sprayed as a fine mist over ground surfaces, native ground fuel, living plants, trees and shrubs and being an effective wildfire inhibitor, when dried forming a durable gas pervious coating having improved surface coverage.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical compositions in liquid phase over its wide ambient working temperature ranges and pressure conditions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved fire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions that allows its active fire inhibiting chemistry (e.g. potassium mineral salts) to efficiently penetrate into the combustible surfaces of natural fuels during atomization spraying and quick drying operations, in effort to improve the duration of fire protection offered by potassium mineral salts contained in the new and improved fire inhibiting compositions formed on the surfaces when dried, and when exposed to moisture and/or high levels of relative humidity.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean fire inhibiting liquid biochemicals formulated by (i) dissolving in a quantity of water, a first quantity of tripotassium citrate (TPC) functioning as a fire inhibitor, with a second quantity of triethyl citrate (TEC) functioning as a coalescent agent, to form a clear wildfire inhibitor solution, and after spraying or otherwise applying the wildfire inhibitor solution to a surface to be protected against wildfire, (ii) allowing potassium cations dissolved in the solution to disperse and participate in the formation of thin relatively uniform potassium citrate salt crystal film structures on the treated surface and functioning as an optically transparent wildfire inhibitor coating, which once dried, will absorb water at its surface without rapid dissolution, to improve the duration of fire protection offered by the fire inhibiting composition in the presence of rain and ambient moisture levels.
Another object of the present invention is to provide apparatus for spraying the new and improved fire inhibiting liquid having a coalescent agent that promotes the formation of ultra-thin potassium mineral salt crystal film structures deposited onto the organic fuel surfaces to be protected against the threat of ignition by fire, providing optimized methods of wildfire inhibitor deposition in outdoor environments.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical composition of matter, comprising: (a) a dispersing agent in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; (b) a fire inhibiting agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; and (c) a coalescing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups, or salt/ester derivatives thereof, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, and the metal ions cooperate to form metal salt crystal structure on the surface.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical compositions, wherein the alkali metal salt is a sodium or potassium salt, and wherein the alkali metal salt is tripotassium citrate.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical compositions, wherein said coalescing agent is triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid. such fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical compositions.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein a building material is coated with the fire retarding biochemical composition.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein the biochemical composition comprises a major amount of tripotassium citrate dissolved in a major quantity of water, along with a minor amount of a coalescing agent such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire extinguishing and/or fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein an article of manufacture contains the biochemical composition, and the article of manufacture is selected from the group consisting of an extinguisher, an extinguishing fitting, and an extinguishing system.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method of proactively fighting a fire comprising the steps of applying improved liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition to the surfaces to be proactively protected from a fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method of proactively fighting a fire such as a forest fire, a wildfire, a tire warehouse fire, a landfill fire, a coal stack fire, an oil field fire, a mine fire, a battlefield fire, a battleship fire, a fuel truck accident fire, or oil spill fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method of proactively imparting fire resistance to an article comprising: (a) applying a liquid biochemical composition to the article; and (b) allowing the applied biochemical composition to dry on the article and form a fire inhibiting metal salt crystal coating on the article, wherein the article is a textile material, a building material, a structural component, or property to be proactively defended from a fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: a major amount of tripotassium citrate (TPC) and a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC) added to and mixed with a major amount of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant of potassium salt ions dissolved in the water with the tripotassium citrate.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved inhibiting biochemical composition kit comprising: a major amount of dry tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) and a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), as components for mixing with a predetermined major amount of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting combustible property and wood products.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: a major amount of tripotassium citrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate monohydrate (TEC), and a minor amounts of biocidal agent), added to and mixed with a major amount of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit comprising: a major amount of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of biocidal agent, as components for mixing with a predetermined major amount of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting combustible property and wood products.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: a major amount of tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of citric acid (CA) for adding to and mixing with a major quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit comprising: a major amount of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of citric acid (CA), as components for mixing with a predetermined major amount of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting combustible property and wood products.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical composition for producing good immediate extinguishing effects when applied to extinguish a burning or smoldering fire, and very good long-term fire inhibiting effects when being proactively applied to protect combustible surfaces against the threat of fire, comprising: (a) a dispersing agent realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; (b) a fire inhibiting agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, and the metal ions cooperate to form metal salt crystal structure on the surface; (d) if appropriate, at least one biocide (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 Biocide from Troy Corporation or citric acid) dissolved in water; and (e) if appropriate at least one colorant.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein the alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids for inclusion in the biochemical composition comprises: alkali metal salts of oxalic acid; alkali metal salts of gluconic acid; alkali metal salts of citric acid; and also alkali metal salts of tartaric acid.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein said alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids comprise potassium carboxylates.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein said alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids comprise tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC).
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: (a) a dispersing agent realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal potassium ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; and (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups or salt/ester derivatives thereof, specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form a thin potassium citrate salt crystal film structure on the treated surface to be protected against ignition by fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: (a) a dispersing agent realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups or salt/ester derivatives thereof, specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface(s) to be proactively protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal film structures on the treated surfaces; and (d) at least one biocide agent dissolved in the quantity of water.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition comprising: (a) a dispersing agent realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal film structure on the treated surface; and (d) at least one biocide agent in the form of citric acid dissolved in the quantity of water.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of tripotassium citrate (TPC) and triethyl citrate (TEC) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant in the biochemical composition.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition produced by stirring components into water, in amounts substantially proportional to, the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 9.61 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition kit comprising components, in amounts substantially proportional to: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume). for blending and mixing together with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 9.61 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition produced by stirring components into water, in amounts substantially proportional to, the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 by Troy Chemical); and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.00 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition kit comprising components, in amounts substantially proportional to: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 by Troy Chemical), for blending and mixing together with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.0 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition produced by stirring components into water, in amounts substantially proportional to, the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent in the form of citric acid; and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.00 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition kit comprising components, in amounts substantially proportional to: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); and 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent in the form of citric acid, for blending and mixing together with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.0 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting biochemical composition comprising: a major amount from 1% to 65% by weight, preferably from 20% to 50% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 55% by weight, of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid such as tripotassium citrate monohydrate; and a minor amount from 0.08% to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2% by weight and more preferably from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight, of triethyl citrate, an ester of citrate acid; wherein the sum by % weight of the components above should not exceed 100% by weight.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire inhibiting biochemical composition, wherein the water content is present in a major amount and is typically not less than 30% by weight, preferably not less than 40% by weight, more preferably not less than 50% by weight and most preferably not less than 60% by weight and preferably not more than 60% by weight and more preferably not more than 70% by weight, all based on the fire inhibiting biochemical composition.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a GPS-tracking, mapping and recording techniques that enable a population to know where environmentally-clean-wildfire chemistry-based wildfire breaks and zones have been formed by whom, and when using the principles of the present invention.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a wildfire defense network supporting integrated GPS-tracking, mapping and recording techniques, that enable fire jurisdictions to plan and implement clean-chemistry wildfire breaks and zones (e.g. around telephone poles, homes and other building structures) to proactively protect property and life from raging wildfires—by effectively inhibiting specific regions of combustible fuel from ignition and flame spread, along the path towards targeted property and life to be protected from the incidence of wildfire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of spraying an ultra-thin layer of wildfire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions onto combustible ground cover and surfaces to be proactively protected against the presence of wildfire, so that when the water molecules in the wildfire inhibiting liquid chemicals evaporate during drying operations, ultra-thin potassium salt crystal structures form on the surfaces, to provide potassium cations available to inhibit the wildfire along one or more pathways including, for example, interruption of free radical chain reactions driving the combustible phase of wildfire, and thereby taking the energy out of the wildfire, reducing the production of smoke, and protecting property treated in advance of a wildfire incidence.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved environmentally-clean wildfire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions formulated so that, when applied in hot dry climates, conditioned by hot dry prevailing winds, the relative humidity will be expectedly low, and in the absence of rain, the all-natural wild fire inhibiting liquid of the present invention sprayed over wild fire break and zone regions, will last for durations into weeks and months in many situations.
Another object of the present invention is to provide wireless network for GPS-tracking when and where the new and improved environmentally-clean wildfire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition is spray applied, and documenting the same in a wireless network database, so that, whenever rain occurs, the wireless network can inform and advise fire departments and homeowners using mobile phones or computing systems that certain GPS-specified environmentally-clean wildfire breaks and zones require maintenance by an additional spraying of the wildfire inhibitor liquid, while GPS-tracking, mapping and recording the spraying operations on the wireless network, for management purposes.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved methods for spraying environmentally-clean wildfire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions to form GPS-tracked clean chemistry wildfire breaks—well in advance of the incidence of wild fires moving in the direction of prevailing winds.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel method of proactive wildfire defense in the WUI region using natural safe potassium mineral salts that pose zero to little threat to our natural environments or human beings and animals living in these WUI regions, where homes and businesses exist.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved methods of spraying utility poles and infrastructure with new and improved environmentally-clean wildfire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions and tracking and documenting the same on a GPS-based wireless system network so that fire jurisdictions can plan and implement clean-chemistry wildfire breaks and zones (e.g. around telephone poles) to proactively protect property and life from a raging wildfire seeking combustible fuel by interrupting the combustible phase of the wildfire, reducing the production of smoke, and protecting property that has been treated in advance of a wildfire incidence.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved method of and apparatus for GPS-tracking and mapping operations involving the spraying of an environmentally-clean aqueous-based wildfire inhibiting biochemicals on property surfaces having native fuel, and other combustible structures, including wood buildings, decks, fences, etc. prior to the arrival or outbreak of a wildfire.
Another object of the present is to provide method of reducing the risks of damage to private property due to wild fires by centrally managed application of wildfire inhibiting biochemical liquid spray to ground cover and building surfaces prior to arrival of the wild fires.
Another object of the present is to provide method of reducing the risks of damage to private property due to wild fires using a global positioning satellite (GPS) system and mobile communication messaging techniques, to help direct the application of AF chemical liquid prior to the arrival of wild fires.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system for wild fire suppression and neighborhood and home defense comprising a platoon of small planes, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and other mobile systems adapted for spraying an environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical liquid that clings to the ground cover, and buildings, where applied in regions of high wild fire risk, that operates in both wet and dry states of application.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system for wild fire suppression and home defense system comprising (i) a plurality of home wild-fire defense systems assigned to each home or building in the strategic area, for spraying the outside of their homes and surrounding ground cover with the environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical spray liquid, (ii) a command center for managing wild fire pre-defense operations in the region, involving the spray application of the environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical spray liquid to create and maintain strategic fire breaks in the region in advance of the outbreak of wild fires, and protection of homes and property in the region against wild fires breaking out in the region, and sending messages and instructions to home owners in the region as well as operators of the small planes and ATVs deployed in the system, and (iii) a mobile application installed on the mobile phone of each home owner in the strategic region, and configured for receiving email and/or SMS messages from a command center managing the system, and instructing home owners to pre-defend their homes using the environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical spray liquid.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system for wild fire suppression and home defense system, wherein each home defense spray system includes a GPS-tracking and radio-controlled circuit board to remotely monitor the location of each location-deployed home defense spray system and automatically monitor the fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical liquid level in its storage tank, and automatically generate electronic refill orders sent to the command center, so that a third-party service can automatically replenish the tanks of such home-based systems with e fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid when the fluid level falls below a certain level in the GPS-tracked tank.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system for wild fire suppression and home defense system, wherein the mobile application supporting the following functions: (i) sends automatic notifications from the command center to home owners with the mobile application, instructing them to spray their property and home at certain times with. fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical liquid in their tanks; (ii) the system will automatically monitor consumption of sprayed fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid and generate auto-replenish order via its onboard GSM-circuits so as to achieve compliance with the home spray-based wild-fire-defense program, and report fire inhibiting biochemical liquid levels in each home-owner tank; and (iii) show status of wild fire risk in the region, and actions to the taken before wild fire outbreak.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a GPS-guided method of suppressing a wild fire raging towards a target region of land in a direction determined by currently blowing winds and other environmental and weather factors.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of reducing the risks of damage to public property due to wild fires by managed application of fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid spray to ground cover and building surfaces prior to arrival of the wild fires.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a wireless system for managing the supply, delivery and spray-application of environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid on private and public property to reduce the risks of damage and/or destruction caused by wild fires.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system for spraying a defensive path around vulnerable neighborhoods out in front of wild fires to make sure that an environmentally-safe fire break, created by the spray application of fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid, defends homes from the destructive forces of raging wild fires.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved system and method of mitigating the damaging effects of wild fires by spraying environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing biochemical liquid in advance of wild fires, that do not depend on water to extinguish fire, such that, even after a month or two after spray application on dry brush around the neighborhood, the fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical continues to work by stalling the ability of a fire to advance and consume homes.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved methods of and apparatus for protecting wood-framed buildings from wild fires by automatically spraying water-based environmentally-clean fire inhibiting and extinguishing chemical liquid over the exterior surfaces of the building, surrounding ground surfaces, shrubs, decking and the like, prior to wild fires reaching such buildings.
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved method of suppressing a wild fire raging across a region of land in the direction of the prevailing winds.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of and apparatus for applying fire and smoke inhibiting compositions on ground surfaces before the incidence of wild-fires, and also thereafter, upon smoldering ambers and ashes to reduce smoke and suppress fire re-ignition.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of and apparatus applying by an aqueous-based fire and smoke inhibiting slurry formulation that can hydraulically sprayed around whole neighborhoods to create strategic chemical-type fire breaks that remove wild fire energy before such wildfires arrive at the doors of homes and businesses.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of spraying a clean fire and smoke inhibiting slurry composition containing clean fire inhibiting chemicals, and cellulose or wood fiber, mixed with water and other additives, for application to ground surfaces in advance of wild fire, to blanket grounds from wildfire ignition, and also application over smoldering ambers and ashes to prevent resignation while saving millions of gallons of water, and producing considerable waste water and reducing toxic run off, while reducing toxic smoke.
Another object of the present invention is to provide equipment for applying such fire and smoke inhibiting slurry mixtures to ground surfaces, after the presence of wildfire, to prevent smoke smoldering and resignation of fires, without creating toxic water runoff which occurs using conventional methods based on the application of water by fire hoses.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved method of generating biodegradable fire extinguishing liquid sprays on fires involving Class A and/or B fuels, using the biodegradable clean liquid concentrate of the present invention, and Venturi-type proportioning and mixing technology.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved method of generating biodegradable fire extinguishing foam on fires involving Class A and/or B fuels using the biodegradable clean foam concentrate of the present invention, and proportioning and mixing technology.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved method of producing highly-effective fire extinguishing water streams, as well as fine mists and vapor clouds, for inhibiting and extinguishing fires with the least water possible to minimize water damage.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved method of generating clean and safe biodegradable water-based fire extinguishing foams that are highly effective in extinguishing fires involving Class A and B fuels.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable liquid concentrates for proportioning and mixing with pressurized streams of water to produce proactive fire inhibiting liquids for use in practicing wildfire defense, and proactive fire protection of lumber carbon, wood products, property, etc.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable liquid concentrates for proportioning and mixing with pressurized streams of water to produce fire extinguishing liquids, mists, and vapors for use in fighting Class A/B fuel fires.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable foam concentrates for proportioning and mixing with pressurized streams of water to produce liquid foam solutions that are aerated to generate finished firefighting foam material for use in fighting Class A/B fuel fires.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable foam concentrate comprising a major amount of hydrolyzed protein isolate (HPI) as the foaming agent, a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC) as a dispersant and surfactant, a major amount of tripotassium citrate (TPC) as the fire extinguishing agent, and a major amount of water as a solvent, wherein the liquid foam concentrate is mixed and proportioned with water, and thereafter is aerated to generated a firefighting foam material for extinguishing fires involving Class A and/or B fuels.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable foam concentrate which is made from food-grade chemistry, and 100% free of fluorochemical, phosphates, and ammonia compounds.
Another object of the present is to provide a new and improved biodegradable foam concentrate for proportioning and mixing with pressurized streams of water to produce liquid foam solution that is aerated within an aerating/aspirating foam producing nozzles, for use in inhibiting and extinguishing fires involving Class A and B fuels. Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire extinguishing biochemical liquid foam concentrate to be mixed with a proportioned quantity of water, and then mixed with air within an aerating/aspirating foam forming nozzle to generate finished fire extinguishing foam material.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved fire extinguishing biochemical liquid foam concentrate, comprising: a dispersing agent in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in said quantity of water; a fire inhibiting agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in said quantity of water; a foaming agent including hydrolyzed protein isolate (HPI) material dissolved in the quantity of water; and a dispersing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups, or salt/ester derivatives thereof, for dispersing the metal ions in the quantity of water, and lowering the surface tension of the liquid solution formed by the fire inhibiting agent, the foaming agent and the dispersing agent dissolved in the quantity of water, to enable the forming of a fire extinguishing foam material when the liquid solution is mixed with air within an aerating/aspirating foam forming nozzle.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved aqueous-based fire extinguishing biochemical liquid concentrate for mixing with a prespecified quantity of water to produce a fire extinguishing liquid solution that produces good immediate extinguishing effects when applied to extinguish a burning or smoldering fire, and very good long-term fire inhibiting effects when being proactively applied to protect combustible surfaces against the threat of fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved aqueous-based fire extinguishing biochemical liquid concentrate comprising: a dispersing agent realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; a fire inhibiting agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the quantity of water; and a dispersing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing the metal ions in the quantity of water, and lowering the surface tension of the liquid solution formed by the fire inhibiting agent, and the dispersing agent dissolved in the quantity of water, and forming of a fire extinguishing liquid solution that produces good immediate extinguishing effects when applied to extinguish a burning or smoldering fire, and very good long-term fire inhibiting effects when being proactively applied to protect combustible surfaces against the threat of fire.
Another object of the present invention is to provide such a new and improved aqueous-based fire extinguishing biochemical liquid concentrate, wherein the alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids for inclusion in the biochemical composition comprises: alkali metal salts of oxalic acid; alkali metal salts of gluconic acid; alkali metal salts of citric acid; and also alkali metal salts of tartaric acid.
These and other benefits and advantages to be gained by using the features of the present invention will become more apparent hereinafter and in the appended Claims to Invention.
The following Objects of the Present Invention will become more fully understood when read in conjunction of the Detailed Description of the Illustrative Embodiments, and the appended Drawings, wherein:
FIG. 2B1 is a second image illustrating a prior art method of wild fire suppression involving an airplane dropping chemical fire retardant (e.g. PhosChek®) on a wild fire, from the sky;
FIG. 2B2 is third image showing a prior art ground-based tank containing the chemical fire retardant (e.g. PhosChek® fire retardant chemical) that is shown being contained in a storage tank in FIG. 2B2, and dropped from an airplane in FIG. 2B1;
FIG. 2B3 is a fourth image showing a prior art ground-based tank containing a supply of PhosChek® fire retardant chemical mixed in the tank shown in FIG. 2B3, and dropped from an airplane in FIG. 2B1;
FIG. 2B4 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of the PhosChek® fire retardant chemical, namely monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and water;
FIG. 6A1 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of a first environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of major amounts of tripotassium citrate (TPC) and minor amounts of triethyl citrate (TEC) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant;
FIG. 6A2 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of a first fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of major amounts of dry tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) and minor amounts of triethyl citrate (TEC), as components in a package prepared and ready for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively treating and protecting wood products;
FIG. 6B1 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of a second environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of major amounts of tripotassium citrate (TPC), minor amounts of triethyl citrate monohydrate (TEC), and minor amounts of biocidal agent (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 biocide), formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant;
FIG. 6B2 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of the second fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of a major amount of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of biocidal agent (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 biocide), as components in a package prepared and ready for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively treating and protecting wood products;
FIG. 6C1 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of a second environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of a major amount of tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of citric acid (CA) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant;
FIG. 6C2 is a schematic representation illustrating the primary components of the second fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of a major amount of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), a minor amount of triethyl citrate (TEC), and a minor amount of citric acid (CA), as components in a package prepared and ready for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively treating and protecting wood products;
FIGS. 42F1 and 42F2 show side and front perspective views of 360 degree rotating sprinkler heads for mounting on building rooftops and integrated into the system of FIG. 42A, to spray fire inhibiting biochemical liquid according to the present invention, and treated combustible surfaces before wildfire embers arrival;
Referring to the accompanying Drawings, like structures and elements shown throughout the figures thereof shall be indicated with like reference numerals.
Bio-Degradable Fire Inhibiting Liquid Concentrate (LC) Compositions of the Present Invention in Connection with Proactively Defending Against Virtually any Kind of Fires Involving Class A/B Fuels, Including Wildfires Raging Across the Rapidly Expanding Wildfire Urban Interface (WUI) Region of the Planet Earth
Referring to
Wireless System Network for Managing the Supply, Delivery and Spray-Application of Environmentally-Clean Anti-Fire/Fire-Inhibiting Biochemical Liquid on Private and Public Property to Reduce the Risks of Damage and/or Destruction Caused by Wild Fires
As shown, the wireless system network 1 comprises a distribution of system components, namely: GPS-tracked anti-fire (AF) liquid spray ground vehicles 2 (e.g. all-terrain vehicles or ATVs), as shown in
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
During each wild fire data sensing and mapping mission, carried out by such UAS, a series of MSI images and HSI images can be captured during a wild fire, and mapped to GPS-specific coordinates, and this mapped data can be transmitted back to the system network for storage, analysis and generation of GPS-specified flight plans for anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid spray and misting operations carried out using the methods illustrated in
Any one or more of these types of remote data sensing and capture instruments, tools and technologies can be integrated into and used by the system network 1 for the purpose of (i) determining GPS-specified flight/navigation plans for GPS-tracked anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid spraying and misting aircraft and ground-based vehicle systems, described above, and (ii) practicing the various GPS-guided methods of wild fire suppression illustrated in
Specification of the Network Architecture of the System Network of the Present Invention
As shown in
Referring to
As shown in
In general, the system network 1 will be realized as an industrial-strength, carrier-class Internet-based network of object-oriented system design, deployed over a global data packet-switched communication network comprising numerous computing systems and networking components, as shown. As such, the information network of the present invention is often referred to herein as the “system” or “system network”. The Internet-based system network can be implemented using any object-oriented integrated development environment (IDE) such as for example: the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, or Java EE (formerly J2EE); Websphere IDE by IBM; Weblogic IDE by BEA; a non-Java IDE such as Microsoft's .NET IDE; or other suitably configured development and deployment environment well known in the art. Preferably, although not necessary, the entire system of the present invention would be designed according to object-oriented systems engineering (DOSE) methods using UML-based modeling tools such as ROSE by Rational Software, Inc. using an industry-standard Rational Unified Process (RUP) or Enterprise Unified Process (EUP), both well known in the art. Implementation programming languages can include C, Objective C, C, Java, PHP, Python, Google's GO, and other computer programming languages known in the art. Preferably, the system network is deployed as a three-tier server architecture with a double-firewall, and appropriate network switching and routing technologies well known in the art. In some deployments, private/public/hybrid cloud service providers, such Amazon Web Services (AWS), may be used to deploy Kubernetes, an open-source software container/cluster management/orchestration system, for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized software applications, such as the mobile enterprise-level application 12 of the present invention, described above.
Specification of System Architecture of an Exemplary Mobile Smartphone System Deployed on the System Network of the Present Invention
Different Ways of Implementing the Mobile Client Machines and Devices on the System Network of the Present Invention
In one illustrative embodiment, the enterprise-level system network is realized as a robust suite of hosted services delivered to Web-based client subsystems 1 using an application service provider (ASP) model. In this embodiment, the Web-enabled mobile application 12 can be realized using a web-browser application running on the operating system (OS) (e.g. Linux, Application IOS, etc.) of a mobile computing device 11 to support online modes of system operation, only. However, it is understood that some or all of the services provided by the system network 1 can be accessed using Java clients, or a native client application, running on the operating system of a client computing device, to support both online and limited off-line modes of system operation. In such embodiments, the native mobile application 12 would have access to local memory (e.g. a local RDBMS) on the client device 11, accessible during off-line modes of operation to enable consumers to use certain or many of the system functions supported by the system network during off-line/off-network modes of operation. It is also possible to store in the local RDBMS of the mobile computing device 11 most if not all relevant data collected by the mobile application for any particular fire-protection spray project, and to automatically synchronize the dataset for user's projects against the master datasets maintained in the system network database 9C1, within the data center 8 shown in
As shown and described herein, the system network 1 has been designed for several different kinds of user roles including, for example, but not limited to: (i) public and private property owners, residents, fire departments, local, county, state and federal officials; and (ii) wild fire suppression administrators, contractors, technicians et al registered on the system network. Depending on which role, for which the user requests registration, the system network will request different sets of registration information, including name of user, address, contact information, etc. In the case of a web-based responsive application on the mobile computing device 11, once a user has successfully registered with the system network, the system network will automatically serve a native client GUI, or an HTML5 GUI, adapted for the registered user. Thereafter, when the user logs into the system network, using his/her account name and password, the system network will automatically generate and serve GUI screens described below for the role that the user has been registered with the system network.
In the illustrative embodiment, the client-side of the system network 1 can be realized as mobile web-browser application, or as a native application, each having a “responsive-design” and adapted to run on any client computing device (e.g. iPhone, iPad, Android or other Web-enabled computing device) 11 and designed for use by anyone interested in managing, monitoring and working to defend against the threat of wild fires.
Specification of Environmentally-Clean Aqueous-Based Liquid Fire Inhibiting Bio-Chemical Compositions and Formulations, and Methods of Making the Same in Accordance with the Principles of the Present Invention
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting biochemical solutions (i.e. wet liquid compositions, liquid concentrate for proportioning and mixing with supplies of water, and dry powder composition formulation kits) for producing biochemical products that demonstrate good immediate extinguishing effects when applied to extinguish a burning or smoldering fire, and very good long-term fire inhibiting effects when being proactively applied to protect combustible surfaces against the threat of fire.
In general, the novel fire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions of the present invention comprise: (a) a dispersing agent in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; (b) a fire inhibiting agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, and the metal ions cooperate to form metal salt crystal structure on the surface; (d) if appropriate, at least one biocide (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 Biocide from Troy Corporation or citric acid) dissolved in water; (e) if appropriate, at least one colorant; and (f) if appropriate, an adhesive agent (e.g. natural gum) for adding cling factor or adhesion properties to the biochemical liquid composition when applied to a surface to be protected against fire.
As will be described herein, the fire inhibiting biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention can be premixed and bottled/containerized at full strength for final usage and application, as illustrated for use in applications shown in
The dry chemical (DC) components of the fire inhibiting compositions can be premixed and packaged in a container, for subsequent mixing with water to produce final liquid composition. The biochemical liquid compositions can be made into a liquid concentrate, and then bottled/containerized, and transported to an intermediate, or end user location, for mixing with a supply of clean water in correct proportions, to produce fire inhibiting liquid compositions in a batch mode, with proper chemical constituent proportions maintained, as described herein, as illustrated for use in applications shown in
Alternatively, these biochemical liquid compositions can be made into a liquid concentrate (LC), and then bottled/containerized, and transported to end user location, for mixing with a supply of clean water in correct proportions using a hydraulic inductor device, to produce fire inhibiting liquid compositions in an in-line proportioning/mixing mode, with proper chemical constituent proportions maintained, as described herein, as illustrated for use in applications shown in
In general, useful alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids for inclusion in the compositions of the present invention preferably comprise: alkali metal salts of oxalic acid; alkali metal salts of gluconic acid; alkali metal salts of citric acid; and also alkali metal salts of tartaric acid. Alkali metal salts of citric acid are particularly preferred, as will be further explained hereinafter.
Notably, while the efficacy of the alkali metal salts increases in the order of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium and rubidium, the salts of sodium and salts of potassium are preferred for cost of manufacturing reasons. Potassium carboxylates are very particularly preferred, but tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) is the preferred alkali metal salt for use in formulating the environmentally-clean fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention.
While it is understood that other alkali metal salts are available to practice the biochemical compositions of the present invention, it should be noted that the selection of tripotassium citrate as the preferred alkali metal salt, includes the follow considerations: (i) the atomic ratio of carbon to potassium (the metal) in the utilized alkali metal salt (i.e. tripotassium citrate); (ii) that tripotassium citrate is relatively stable at transport and operating temperatures; (iii) tripotassium citrate is expected to be fully dissociated to citrate and potassium when dissolved in water, and that the dissociation constant is not relevant for the potassium ions, while citric acid/citrate has three ionizable carboxylic acid groups, for which pKa values of 3.13, 4.76 and 6.4 at 25° C. are reliably reported the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) handbook; and (iv) that tripotassium citrate produces low carbon dioxide levels when dissolved in water.
Tripotassium citrate is an alkali metal salt of citric acid (a weak organic acid) that has the molecular formula C6H8O7. While citric acid occurs naturally in citrus fruit, in the world of biochemistry, citric acid is an intermediate in the celebrated “Citric Acid cycle, also known as the Krebs Cycle (and the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle), which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms. The role that citric acid plays in the practice of the biochemical compositions of the present invention will be described in greater detail hereinafter.
Preferably, the water soluble coalescing agent should have a melting point at least 32 F (0 C) or lower in temperature, and be soluble in water. Triethyl citrate (TEC) is a preferred coalescing agent when used in combination with tripotassium citrate (TPC) having excellent compatibility given that both chemical compounds are derived from citric acid.
Ideally, the biocidal agent should help increase stability in storage, especially of the aqueous preparations, and also prevent or inhibit growth of mildew, mold and fungus when the biochemical liquid compositions are sprayed or otherwise applied to the surfaces of wood products that to be treated therewith, to produce Class-A fire-protected wood products with resistance to mold, mildew and fungus growth. This is important when wood products are shipped and stored in lumber yard and allowed to be exposed to the natural elements for months on a construction site, where moisture is present and conditions are excellent for such microbial growth. Mold, mildew and fungus growth not only detracts from the appearance of the wood product, but also can adversely decrease wood fiber strength and other mechanical properties for which wood products are used in specific construction applications.
In some applications, the use of colorants may be advantageous with or without opacifying assistants, to the fire inhibiting biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention. Opacifying assistants make the fire-retarding biochemical composition cloudy and prevent any interaction between the color of the added colorant used and the background color.
The preferred colorant is mica, especially natural mica. Mica also acts as an opacifying assistant, so that a separate opacifying assistant can be omitted. Areas which have already been treated are easier to identify, for example from the air. In addition, mica is capable of reflecting direct thermal radiation.
The concentration of the dye in the fire-retarding biochemical composition is preferably in the range from 0.005% to 10% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.01% to 5% by weight and most preferably in the range from 0.015% to 2% by weight.
Of particular advantage are dyes, food dyes for example, which fade as the fire-retarding composition dries and gradually decompose or are otherwise easily removable, for example by flushing with water.
Also, if appropriate for any particular fire inhibiting application at hand, an adhesion agent can be added to the biochemical composition, and realized in the form of a natural gum or starch in minor amounts to promote cling factor or adhesion properties between the metal salt crystal structures formed within liquid biochemical and the surface to which it has been applied, preferably by spraying, for proactive fire protection. Preferably, the concentration of the adhesion agent in the fire-retarding biochemical composition is preferably in the range from 0.005% to 10% by weight, more preferably in the range from 0.01% to 5% by weight and most preferably in the range from 0.015% to 2% by weight.
The fire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions of the present invention are producible and prepared by mixing the components in specified amounts with water to produce the fire inhibiting composition. The order of mixing is discretionary. It is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by mixing the components other than water, into water.
The fire-retarding biochemical compositions of the present invention have a good fire inhibiting effect and, a good immediate fire extinguishing effect. This mixing of the constituent biochemical compounds can take place before or during their use. For example, an aqueous preparation may be set and kept in readiness for fire inhibiting use. However, it is also possible for the aqueous preparation not to be produced until it is produced, by diluting with water, during a fire defense deployment application.
The compositions of the present invention are also useful as a fire extinguishing agent for fighting fires of Class A, B, C and D. For example, an aqueous biochemical solution of the present invention may be prepared and deployed for firefighting uses in diverse applications. However, it is also possible for the aqueous biochemical composition to not to be produced until it is needed, and when so, by diluting and dissolving its components with a prespecified quantity of water, during firefighting deployments.
Specification of Preferred Embodiments of Aqueous-Based Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of Matter
In the first preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dispersing agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; and (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface.
In the second preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dispersing agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface; and (d) at least one biocide agent dissolved in the quantity of water.
In the third preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dispersing agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface; and (d) at least one biocide agent in the form of citric acid dissolved in the quantity of water.
In the fourth preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dispersing agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface; (d) at least one biocide agent dissolved in the quantity of water; and (e) at least one colorant.
Once prepared using any of formulations specified above, the liquid biochemical composition is then stored in a container, bottle or tote (i.e. its package) suitable for the end user application in mind. Then, the filled package should be sealed with appropriate sealing technology and immediately labeled with a specification of (i) its biochemical components, with weight percent measures where appropriate, and the date and time of manufacture, printed and recorded in accordance with good quality control (QC) practices well known in the art. Where necessary or desired, barcode symbols and/or barcode/RFID identification tags and labels can be produced and applied to the sealed package to efficiently track each barcoded package containing a specified quantity of clean fire inhibiting biochemical composition. All product and QC information should be recorded in globally accessible network database, for use in tracking the movement of the package as it moves along the supply chain from its source of manufacture, toward it end use at a GPS specified location.
Specification of Preferred Embodiments of the Dry Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of Matter Assembled as a Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Composition Kit for Use with Specified Quantities of Water
In the fifth preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal potassium ions to be dissolved and dispersed in a quantity of water; (b) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface; (c) if appropriate, at least one biocide in the form of citric acid, dissolved in the quantity of water; and (d) if appropriate, at least one colorant.
In the sixth preferred embodiment of the fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the fire inhibiting agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal potassium ions to be dissolved and dispersed in a quantity of water; (b) a coalescing agent realized the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal potassium ions when the fire inhibiting liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, and while water molecules in the water evaporate during drying, the metal potassium ions cooperate to form potassium citrate salt crystal structure on the treated surface; (c) at least one biocide in the form of citric acid, dissolved in the quantity of water; and (d) if appropriate, at least one colorant.
Selecting Tripotassium Citrate (TCP) as a Preferred Fire Inhibiting Agent for Use in the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, tripotassium citrate (TPC) is selected as active fire inhibiting chemical component in fire inhibiting biochemical composition. In dry form, TPC is known as tripotassium citrate monohydrate (C6H5K3O7·H2O) which is the common tribasic potassium salt of citric acid, also known as potassium citrate. It is produced by complete neutralization of citric acid with a high purity potassium source, and subsequent crystallization. Tripotassium citrate occurs as transparent crystals or a white, granular powder. It is an odorless substance with a cooling, salty taste. It is slightly deliquescent when exposed to moist air, freely soluble in water and almost insoluble in ethanol (96%).
Tripotassium citrate is a non-toxic, slightly alkaline salt with low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. In its monohydrate form, TPC is very hygroscopic and must be protected from exposure to humidity. Care should be taken not to expose tripotassium citrate monohydrate to high pressure during transport and storage as this may result in caking. Tripotassium citrate monohydrate is considered “GRAS” (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the United States Food and Drug Administration without restriction as to the quantity of use within good manufacturing practice. CAS Registry Number: [6100-05-6]. E-Number: E332.
Tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) is a non-toxic, slightly alkaline salt with low reactivity. It is a hygroscopic and deliquescent material. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. In its monohydrate form, it is very hygroscopic and must be protected from exposure to humidity. It properties are:
Jungbunzlauer (JBL), a leading Swiss manufacturer of biochemicals, manufactures and distributes TPC for food-grade, healthcare, pharmaceutical and over the counter (OTC) applications around the world. As disclosed in JBL's product documents, TPC is an organic mineral salt which is so safe to use around children and adults alike. Food scientists worldwide have added TPC to (i) baby/infant formula powder to improve the taste profile, (ii) pharmaceuticals/OTC products as a potassium source, and (iii) soft drinks as a soluble buffering salt for sodium-free pH control in beverages, improving stability of beverages during processing, heat treatment and storage.
Selecting Triethyl Citrate (TEC) as a Preferred Coalescing Agent with Surface Tension Reducing and Surfactant Properties for Use in the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention, the coalescing agent used in the fire inhibitor biochemical compositions of the present invention is realized as a food-grade additive component, namely, triethyl citrate (TEC) which functions as a coalescing agent with surface tension reducing properties and surfactant properties as well. Triethyl citrate belongs to the family of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs) and derivatives, organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
In the aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid composition, the coalescing agent functions as temporary dispersing agent for dispersing the metal ions dissolved and disassociated in aqueous solution. As water molecules evaporate from a coating of the biochemical composition, typically spray/atomized applied to a surface to be protected from fire, the coalescing agent allows the formation of thin metal (e.g. potassium citrate) salt crystal structure/films at ambient response temperature conditions of coating application. The coalescent agent promotes rapid metal salt crystal structure formation on surfaces to be protected against wildfire, and have a hardness evolution that promotes durability against rain and ambient moisture, while apparently allowing vital oxygen and CO2 gas transport to occur, without causing detrimental effects to the vitality of living plant tissue surfaces sought to be protected against wildfire.
A relatively minor quantity of triethyl citrate (TEC) liquid is blended with a major quantity of TCP powder in specific quantities by weight and dissolved in a major quantity of water to produce a clear, completely-dissolved liquid biochemical formulation consisting of food-grade biochemicals mixed with water and having highly effective fire inhibiting properties, as proven by testing. The resulting aqueous biochemical solution remains stable without the formation of solids at expected operating temperatures (e.g. 34 F to 120 F).
Jungbunzlauer (JBL) also manufactures and distributes its CITROFOL® A1 branded bio-based citrate esters for food-grade, healthcare, pharmaceutical and over the counter (OTC) applications around the world. CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters have an excellent toxicological and eco-toxicological profile, and provide good versatility and compatibility with the tripotassium citrate (TPC) component of the biochemical compositions of the present invention. CITROFOL® A1 branded citrate esters are particularly characterized by highly efficient solvation, low migration and non-VOC (volatile organic compound) attributes. As an ester of citric acid, triethyl citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid which historically has found use as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as a whipping aid for egg whites.
Broadly described, the fire inhibiting biochemical liquid coatings of the present invention consist of an aqueous dispersion medium such as water which carries dissolved metal salt cations that eventually form a thin metal salt crystalline structure layer on the surface substrate to be protected from ignition of fire. The aqueous dispersion medium may be an organic solvent, although the preferred option is water when practicing the present invention. After the application of a coating onto the combustible surface to be protected against fire ignition and flame spread and smoke development, the aqueous dispersion medium evaporates, causing the metal salt (i.e. potassium salt) cations to draw together. When these metal salt particles come into contact, the coalescing agent, triethyl citrate, takes effect, uniformly dispersing the same while reducing liquid surface tension, and giving rise to the formation of a relatively homogeneous metal salt crystalline structure layer over the surface. In practice, this interaction is more complex and is influenced by various factors, in particular, the molecular interaction of the potassium salt cations and the coalescing agent, triethyl citrate, as the water molecules are evaporating during the drying process.
While offering some surface tension reducing effects, the main function of the coalescing agent in the biochemical composition of the present invention is to ensure a relatively uniform and optimal formation of the salt crystalline structure layers on the combustible surfaces to be protected, as well as desired mechanical performance (e.g. offering scrub resistance and crystal coating hardness) and aesthetic values (e.g. gloss and haze effects).
The fact that CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters are bio-based, odorless, biodegradable and label-free, represents a great advantage over most other coalescing agents, and fully satisfies the toxicological and environmental safety requirements desired when practicing the biochemical compositions of the present invention.
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the use of CITROFOL® AI triethyl citrate (TEC) esters with tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) dissolved in water as a dispersion solvent, produce fire inhibiting biochemical formulations that demonstrate excellent adhesion, gloss and hardness properties. The chemical and colloidal nature of potassium salt ions (which are mineral salt dispersions) present in TPC dissolved in water, is highly compatible with the CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) ester used as the coalescing agent in the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Also, CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate esters are REACH registered and are safe, if not ideal, for use in environmentally sensitive products such as fire and wildfire inhibitors which must not adversely impact human, animal and plant life, ecological systems, or the natural environment.
CITROFOL® triethyl citrate esters were selected because they are biodegradable, and exhibit an excellent toxicological and eco-toxicological profile for the applications of the present invention. These esters are also versatile and demonstrate very good compatibility with the TPC solution, and are characterized by a high solvating efficiency.
Selecting Citric Acid as a Natural and Safe Biocidal Agent for Use in the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention
Polyphase® PW40 water-based biocidal agent from Troy Chemical can be added to the biochemical compositions of the present invention, as described and specified herein, to control and inhibit the growth of mold, mildew and fungus on wood products treated with the biochemical of the present invention. This biocidal agent (i.e. biocide) has shown to be effective in the applications described herein. However, the water-based Polyphase® PW40 biocide includes compounds (i.e. C8H12INO2 or IPBC) as active ingredients that have been shown to have a toxicity profile that is not as safe as common organic acids such as citric acid, which is ubiquitous in nature and all of nature's life processes. Thus, it would be highly desirable to use organic food grade compounds to provide effective biocidal properties to the biochemical compositions of the present invention, to control and inhibit the growth of mold, mildew and fungus on wood surfaces that are (i) proactively treated with the biochemical compositions of the present invention, and (ii) later exposed to rain, moisture and natural elements while in storage at lumber yards, and/or on wet damp building construction sites where projects may last for at least 3-6 or more months before the buildings under construction are closed in and protected from the natural elements.
As an alternative biocidal agent, an object of the present invention is to add a minor amount of citric acid to the biochemical compositions of the present invention to effectively realize a natural and safe biocidal agent in the fire inhibitor biochemical compositions of the present invention, based on a food-grade additive component, namely, citric acid, which functions to control and inhibit the growth of mold, mildew and fungus on the surface coated with the fire inhibiting biochemical composition of the present invention.
It is well known that citric acid also belongs to the family of tricarboxylic acids (TCA) and derivatives, organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof). Citric acid is a weak organic acid found in citrus fruits. In biochemistry, citric acid is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (i.e. tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle), and therefore occurs in the metabolism of almost all living things. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is also called the Krebs cycle which functions in the second stage of cellular respiration, a three-stage process by which living cells break down organic fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen to harvest the energy they need to grow and divide and maintain cellular vitality. TCA cycle is the predominant source in all aerobic organisms to generate NADH and FADH2 from acetyl CoA, a product obtained by the decarboxylation of pyruvate. In addition, TCA cycle is also a major pathway for interconversion of metabolites and provides substrates for amino acid synthesis by transamination as well as for fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. The cycle starts with the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, a reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase. The entire cycle can be divided into two stages: (a) a decarboxylating stage involving conversion of citrate to succinyl-CoA; and (b) a reductive stage involving successive oxidation of succinate to fumarate, fumarate to malate, and then malate to oxaloacetate.
Through control of PH and oxidation in the biochemical compositions of the present invention, the citric acid is used in minor amounts in these biochemical compositions of matter for the purpose of controlling, inhibiting and preventing the grow of mold, mildew and fungus without the use of toxic chemical compounds known to pose health effects to humans and animals alike.
Specification of Preferred Formulations for the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of Matter According to the Present Invention
FIG. 6A1 illustrates the primary components of a first environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of tripotassium citrate (TPC) and triethyl citrate (TEC) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant in the biochemical composition.
Example 1: Schematically illustrated in FIG. 6A1: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by stirring the components into water. The composition comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 9.61 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
FIG. 6A2 illustrates the primary components of a first fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC) and triethyl citrate (TEC) components for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting wood products.
Example 2: Schematically Illustrated in FIG. 6A2: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by blending the following components, in amounts proportional to the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); packaging the blended components together in a container or package for mixing with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 9.61 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
FIG. 6B1 illustrates the primary components of a second environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of tripotassium citrate (TPC), triethyl citrate (TEC) and citric acid (CA) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant in the biochemical composition.
Example 3: Schematically Illustrated in FIG. 6B1: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by stirring the components into water. The composition comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 by Troy Chemical); and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.00 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
FIG. 6B2 illustrates the primary components of the second fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), triethyl citrate (TEC) and citric acid (CA) components for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting wood products.
Example 4: Schematically Illustrated in FIG. 6B2: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by blending the following components in amounts proportional to the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent (e.g. Polyphase® PW40 by Troy Chemical); packaging the blended components together in a container or package for mixing with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.0 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
FIG. 6C1 illustrates the primary components of a second environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire inhibiting liquid biochemical composition of the present invention consisting of tripotassium citrate (TPC), triethyl citrate (TEC) and citric acid (CA) formulated with water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant in the biochemical composition.
Example 5: Schematically Illustrated in FIG. 6C1: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by stirring the components into water. The composition comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent (e.g. citric acid); and 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.00 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
FIG. 6C2 illustrates the primary components of the second fire inhibiting biochemical composition kit of the present invention, consisting of dry tripotassium citrate (TPC), triethyl citrate (TEC) and citric acid (CA) components for mixing with a predetermined quantity of water functioning as a solvent, carrier and dispersant, to make up a predetermined quantity of environmentally-clean liquid fire inhibiting biochemical composition for proactively protecting wood products.
Example 6: Schematically Illustrated in FIG. 6C2: A fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding biochemical composition was produced by blending the following components in amounts proportional to the formulation comprising: 0.05 pounds by weight of triethyl citrate as coalescing agent, (20.3 milliliters by volume); 5.2 pounds by weight of tripotassium citrate (64 fluid ounces by volume); 4.0 ounces by weight of a biocide agent (e.g. citric acid); packaging the blended components together in a container or package for mixing with 4.4 pounds by weight of water (64 fluid ounces by volume), to produce a resultant solution of total weight of 10.0 pounds having 128 ounces or 1 gallon of volume.
Preferred Weights Percentages of the Components of the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Formulation of the Present Invention
In the biochemical compositions of the present invention The ratio of the ester of citrate (e.g. triethyl citrate) to the alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate) may be major amount between 1:100: to 1:1000 and is typically in the range from 1:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:50, more preferably in the range from 1:4 to 1:25 and most preferably in the range from 1:8 to 1:15.
A preferred biochemical composition according to the present invention comprises: a major amount from 1% to 65% by weight, preferably from 20% to 50% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 55% by weight, of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate monohydrate or TPC); and minor amount from 0.08% to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2% by weight and more preferably from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight, of triethyl citrate (an ester of citrate acid); wherein the sum by % weight of the components (a) and (b) should not exceed 100% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, the fire inhibiting composition further comprises water. The water content is present in a major amount and is typically not less than 30% by weight, preferably not less than 40% by weight, more preferably not less than 50% by weight and most preferably not less than 60% by weight and preferably not more than 60% by weight and more preferably not more than 70% by weight, all based on the fire inhibiting biochemical composition.
The viscosity of the aqueous preparation is preferably at least 5 [mPas] (millipascal-seconds, in SI units, defined as the internal friction of a liquid to the application of pressure or shearing stress determined using a rotary viscometer), and preferably not more than 50 [mPas], or 50 centipois) [cps], for most applications.
Physical Examination and Fire-Performance Testing of the Thin Metal Salt Crystalline Structures Formed Using the Biochemical Compositions and Methods and Apparatus of the Present Invention
One method of viewing the resulting metal salt crystal structures formed upon a surface substrate to be protected against fire, as illustrated in
At Step A, a spray nozzle is used to spray a liquid coating of a biochemical composition of the present invention, and once applied, the water molecules being to evaporate at a rate determined by ambient temperature and wind currents, if any. When the minimum film formation temperature (MFT) is reached for the biochemical composition, the potassium cations can inter diffuse within the triethyl citrate (TEC) coalescent agent and water molecule matrix that is supported on the surface that has been sprayed and to be proactively treated with fire inhibiting properties by virtue of a thin film deposition of tripotassium salt crystalline structure, modeled and illustrated in
At Step B, potassium cations diffuse and the TPC crystalline structure deforms. During the coalescence of potassium cations, interparticle potassium cation diffusion (PCD) occurs within the TEC coalescing agent to produce a semi-homogenous tripotassium citrate salt crystalline structure.
At Step C, coalescence occurs to form the TPC salt crystalline structure. The mechanical properties of tripotassium citrate crystalline structures are highly dependent on the extent of PCD within the TEC coalescent agent.
Upon complete evaporation of water molecules from the biochemical liquid coating, the resulting fire inhibiting coating that is believed to be formed on the sprayed and dried surface comprises a thin film of tripotassium citrate salt crystalline structures formed on the structure, with substantially no water molecules present. The nature and character of such tripotassium citrate salt crystalline structures are believed to be reflected in models provided in
To determine and confirm that the fire inhibiting liquid compositions of the present invention produce potassium citrate salt crystalline structures on treated surfaces that have attained certain standards of fire inhibiting protection, it is necessary to test such treated surface specimens according to specific fire protection standards. In the USA, ASTM E84 Flame Spread and Smoke Development Testing can be used to test how well surfaces made of wood, cellulose and other combustible materials perform during E84 testing, and then compared against industry benchmarks. The environmentally-clean fire inhibiting chemical liquid solutions disclosed herein are currently being tested according to ASTM E84 testing standards and procedures, and it is expected that these ASTM test will show that fire-protected surfaces made of Douglas Fir (DF) will demonstrate Flame Spread Indices and Smoke Development Index to qualify for Class-A fire protected certification, when treated by the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention disclosed and taught herein.
Methods of Blending, Making and Producing the Biochemical Liquid Formulations
The fire inhibiting liquid chemical compositions illustrated in FIGS. 6A1, 6A2, 6B1, 6B2, 6C1 and 6C2 are reproducible by mixing the components described above. The order of mixing is discretionary. However, it is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by mixing the components other than water, into the quantity of water.
Specification of the Methods of Preparing and Applying the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention
Once the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions are prepared in accordance with the formations described above, the mixture is then stirred for several minutes at room temperature, and subsequently, the mixture is then packaged, barcoded with chain of custody information and then either stored, or shipped to its intended destination for use and application in accordance with present invention. As described herein, preferred method of surface coating application is using, for example, an atomizing sprayer having a backpack form factor suitable and adapted for rapidly spraying the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions on property surfaces as shown in
During examination and testing protocols, all fire inhibiting biochemical formulations of the present invention are proactively applied to combustible wood surfaces, allowed to dry, and are then analyzed tested for hardness, gloss and adhesion properties in a conventional manner, as well as subjected to strict ASTM E84 fire protection testing to ensure the fire inhibiting metal salt crystal coatings meet Class A Fire Protection Standards.
Useful Applications for the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Liquid Compositions of the Present Invention
As disclosed, the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention are very useful in two ways: (i) producing fire inhibiting (i.e. retarding) coatings formed by ultra-thin alkali metal (potassium citrate) salt crystal structures on surfaces to be protected against fire as illustrated in
The biochemical compositions of the present invention can be used for example for firefighting in forests, tire warehouses, landfill sites, coal stocks, oil fields, timberyards and mines, for proactively fighting wildfires from the air, by airplanes and helicopters and drone, as illustrated in
The biochemical compositions of the present invention can be used as an fire extinguishing agent dispensed from a hand-held device or automated dispensing system under real-time sensor control. For example, an aqueous solution may be prepared and filled in a hand-operated fire extinguisher, and configured for readiness during firefighting use. However, the aqueous composition of the present invention need not be prepared in aqueous solution until it is produced by diluting with water, during a firefighting deployment operation.
The fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention can be used to treat and protect combustible wood building materials and/or structural components, such as wood products and engineered wood products (EWPs) including panels and structural members, using the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention as disclosed and taught herein, and as illustrated in
When coated with the biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention, and allowed to dry and form ultra-thin fire inhibiting potassium salt crystal coatings over treated wood surfaces, these wood products remarkably demonstrate Class-A fire protection characteristics that can be reliably proven using the ASTM E84 Testing Standards, having ultra-low flame spread and smoke development indices, as illustrated in
The fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention are effective even in the dry state (long-term action) in giving a distinctly delayed ignition on the surface of a flammable material (ignition time), an appreciably reduced smoke evolution and development, and almost no afterglow (anti-smoldering effect).
The fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention are useful in extinguishing Class A, B, C and D fires. Also, an aqueous preparation of the biochemical composition may be prepared and stationed as ready for firefighting use when the occasion calls. However, it is also possible for the aqueous preparation not to be produced until it is needed, and then by diluting and dissolving the biochemical components in water, during a firefighting deployment.
The fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention are further useful as an extinguishing agent in fire extinguishers and/or fire extinguishing systems, and also via existing fire extinguishing pumps and fittings. Such fire extinguishers include, for example, portable and/or mobile fire extinguishers, as well as fixed installations, such as sprinkler systems disclosed in Applicant's US Patent Application Publication No. US2019/168047, incorporated herein by reference.
The fire inhibiting liquid biochemical compositions of the present invention can be used to produce an aqueous-based fire and smoke inhibiting slurry mixture that can sprayed on ground cover surfaces and allowed to dry to form Class-A fire-protected wildfire protected mulch to form wildfire breaks, barriers and protective zones around property, buildings and like structures, as illustrated in
In the preferred embodiments of the biochemical compositions of the present invention, potassium citrate salts are utilized in the biochemical formulations and are very readily biodegradable without harm or impact to the natural environment. This is highly advantageous especially in relation to the proactive defense of towns, communities, home owner associations (HOAs), homes, business buildings and other forms of public and private property, from the destructive impact of raging wildfires, using the systematic and organized application, tracking and mapping of fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention, over large property.
In such planned deployments of the present invention involving the proactive defense of a state, towns, communities and homes and property against the destructive effects of wildfires, as disclosed in
Also, and most significantly, the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention are substantially free of the many disadvantages and dangers associated with the use of ammonium-based compounds historically used in forest fire fighting, and which may at the same time have an adverse effect as fertilizers in watercourses.
Furthermore, the biochemical compositions of the present invention are very resistant to freezing when used or applied in sub-zero temperatures (e.g. less than 32 F). Thus, it is possible to obtain an aqueous biochemical composition according to the present invention which is still sprayable at temperatures below 0 C.
Notably, the biochemical compositions of the present invention are non-corrosive, especially not with regard to aluminum and other metals that may be used as containers for the biochemical solutions of the present invention, especially during mixing, storage and application operations. This features is of particular importance in relation to the proactive defense of wild fires from both the ground using GPS-tracked ground based spraying vehicles of the present invention, and from the air using GPS-tracked aircraft-based spraying vehicles of the present invention, as disclosed in
The biochemical compositions of the present invention can be used for proactively firefighting wildfires and fires that may break out in many places including, but not limited to, forests, WUI regions, tire warehouses, landfill sites, coal stocks, timberyards and even mines, as illustrated in
The biochemical compositions of the present invention can also be used to proactively fight wildfire fires from the air, for example by airplanes and helicopters and drones, applying and GPS-tracking the spray application of environmentally-clean fire inhibiting biochemical liquid over ground and property surfaces to create and maintain clean-chemistry fire breaks and barriers where wildfire are not to be permitted to targeted property to be protected, in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
The biochemical compositions of the present invention can also be used to proactively protect, in factory environments, carbon-storing building materials and/or structural components, such wood panel and engineering wood products (EWPs), from fire outbreaks caused by nature, accident, arson or terrorism, by applying Class-A fire-protected metal salt crystalline coatings using the biochemical compositions and methods of the present invention, as illustrated in
The biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention will also be useful as a rapid fire extinguishing agent, an illustrated in
The fire-extinguishing and/or fire-retarding composition of the present invention are further useful as an extinguishant in extinguishers and/or extinguishing systems and also via existing fire extinguishing pumps and fittings. Extinguishers are for example portable and/or mobile fire extinguishers. Extinguishing systems are fixed installations, such as sprinkler systems, as illustrated in
The biochemical compositions of the present invention are effective even in the dry state (long-term action) in giving a distinctly delayed ignition on the surface of a flammable material (ignition time), an appreciably reduced smoke evolution (light absorption) and almost no afterglow (anti-smoldering effect), as illustrated in
Specification of the Mobile GPS-Tracked Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid Spraying System of the Present Invention
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In the preferred embodiment, the environmentally-clean anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid is the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions described and taught herein with respect to
Specification of GPS-Tracked Manned or Autonomous Vehicle for Spraying Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on Building and Ground Surfaces
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked mobile anti-fire liquid spraying system 30 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 30 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 30G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Notably, because the chemical components of wildfire inhibiting biochemical solution of the present invention completely dissolve in water, without crystal formation in solution, it's possible to spray the biochemical liquid using atomization and/or misting spray techniques so that very fine liquid droplets of micron dimensions can be formed and projected over long throw distances—during spraying operations. This pure-liquid property of the fire inhibiting biochemical composition (i) allows its active fire inhibiting chemistry (e.g. potassium mineral salts) to efficiently cling onto combustible surfaces of natural fuels distributed widely across ground surfaces in the rapidly expanding WUI region, and (ii) promotes surface infusion of the potassium mineral salts within the microstructure of the sprayed surfaces during atomization spraying and quick drying operations. This promotes the formation of ultra-thin potassium salt crystal coatings that offer improved duration of fire protection of TPC-based potassium mineral salts contained in the wildfire inhibitor, when exposed to moisture and/or high levels of relative humidity.
Deposition of potassium mineral salt crystal coatings within the molecular surface structure surfaces being treated with the biochemical solution of the present invention using atomization-based spraying techniques, preferably at elevated spraying temperatures under the arid hot Sun, the wildfire inhibiting potassium salt coating, once dried, can be made either insensitive or less sensitive to water exposure, a property which will improve the wildfire inhibitor's duration of fire protection in the presence of rain and ambient moisture levels. Also, it is believed that better surface deposition of the biochemical composition of the present invention can be achieved by reducing the size of the spray or misting droplets of the wildfire inhibitor as small as possible using, for example, atomization-based spraying/misting techniques applied at elevated spraying temperatures. Such techniques will promote water molecules to be rapidly evaporated during spray application, and promote deposition and bonding of potassium mineral salts within surface molecules of the sprayed surface substrate, as they are deposited onto the organic fuel surfaces to be protected against the threat of ignition by wildfire. Such insights and practices inform and support optimized methods of wildfire inhibitor deposition in outdoor environments.
Using GPS-Tracking, Mapping and Recording Techniques to Know where Clean-Chemistry Wild Fire Breaks and Zones where Formed by Whom, and when
Using the cloud-based wildfire defense network's integrated GPS-tracking, mapping and recording techniques, as illustrated in
In hot dry climates, conditioned by hot dry prevailing winds, the relative humidity will be expectedly low, and in the absence of rain, the all-natural (clear) wild fire inhibiting sprayed over wild fire break and zone regions, will last for durations into weeks and months in many situations. However, whenever rain occurs, the Network will know and advise fire departments and homeowner alike that clean-chemistry wildfire breaks and zones need to be maintained by an additional spraying of wildfire inhibiting biochemical liquid, while GPS-tracked, mapped and recorded for management purposes.
Specification of GPS-Tracked Autonomously-Driven Drone System Adapted for Spraying Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on Buildings and Ground Surfaces
As shown, the drone vehicle system 40 comprises: a lightweight airframe 40A0 supporting a propulsion subsystem 40I provided with a set of eight (8) electric-motor driven propellers 40A1-40A8, driven by electrical power supplied by a rechargeable battery module 409, and controlled and navigated by a GPS-guided navigation subsystem 40I2; an integrated supply tank 40B supported on the airframe 40A0, and connected to either rechargeable-battery-operated electric-motor driven spray pump, or gasoline/diesel or propane operated motor-driven spray pump, 40C, for deployment on private and public property parcels having building structures; a spray nozzle assembly 40D connected to the spray pump 40C by way of a flexible hose 40E, for misting and spraying the same with environmentally-clean anti-fire (AF) liquid under the control of GPS-specified coordinates defining its programmed flight path when operating to suppress or otherwise fight wild fires.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 40 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 40 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 40G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracked Aircraft (i.e. Helicopter) for Spraying Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on Ground Surfaces
As shown, the aircraft system 50 comprises: a lightweight airframe 50A0 supporting a propulsion subsystem 50I provided with a set of axially-mounted helicopter blades 50A1-50A2 and 50A5, driven by combustion-engine and controlled and navigated by a GPS-guided navigation subsystem 50I2; an integrated supply tank 50B supported on the airframe 50A0, and connected to a gasoline/diesel operated motor-driven spray pump, 50C, for deployment on private and public property parcels having building structures; a spray nozzle assembly 50D connected to the spray pump 50C by way of a hose 50E, for misting and/or spraying the same with environmentally-clean anti-fire (AF) liquid under the control of GPS-specified coordinates defining its programmed flight path when operating to suppress or otherwise fight wild fires.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 50 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 50 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 50G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracked Autonomously-Driven Aircraft for Spraying Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on Building and Ground Surfaces
As shown, the aircraft system 60 comprises: a lightweight frame/chassis 60A0 supporting a propulsion subsystem 60I provided with a set of wheels 60A1-60A4, driven by combustion-engine, and controlled and navigated by a GPS-guided navigation subsystem 60I2; an integrated supply tank 60B supported on the frame 60A0, and connected to a gasoline/diesel operated motor-driven spray pump, 60C, for deployment on private and public property parcels; a spray nozzle assembly 60D connected to the spray pump 60C by way of a hose 60E, for misting and/or spraying the same with environmentally-clean anti-fire (AF) liquid under the control of GPS-specified coordinates defining its programmed flight path when operating to suppress or otherwise fight wild fires.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 60 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 60 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracking Backpack-Mounted Atomizing Spray Cannon System for Spraying Environmentally-Clean Anti-Fire/Fire Inhibiting Liquid Biochemical Composition on the Surfaces of Buildings and Property Ground Surfaces
As shown, the GPS-tracked spray cannon system 70 comprises: a lightweight frame/chassis 60A a GPS-guided navigation subsystem 60I2 for providing the user with navigation control during GPS-tracked and mapped spraying operations; an integrated supply tank 60B supported on the frame 60A0, and connected to a gasoline/diesel or battery-powered operated motor-driven spray pump, 60C, for deployment on private and public property parcels; a spray nozzle assembly 60D connected to the spray pump 60C by way of a hose 60E, for misting and/or spraying the same with environmentally-clean anti-fire (AF) liquid under the control of GPS-specified coordinates defining its programmed flight path when operating to suppress or otherwise fight wild fires.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 70 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 70 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracked Mobile Atomizing Spray Cannon System for Spraying Environmentally-Clean Anti-Fire Biochemical Liquid on Buildings and Ground Surfaces
As shown, the GPS-tracked system 80 comprises: a lightweight frame/chassis 60A provided with a set of wheels mounted on a trailer 60B2 that is pulled by tractor 60A2 driven by combustion-engine or electric battery-powered motor, that is controlled and navigated by a GPS-guided navigation subsystem 60I2; an integrated supply tank 60B supported on the frame 60A3, and connected to a gasoline/diesel operated motor-driven spray pump, 60C, for deployment on private and public property parcels; an atomizing spray nozzle assembly 60D comprising a ring a atomizing spray nozzles mounted about the aperture of a cannon-like air-blowing engine, powered by a turbine fan blower unit, and connected to the spray pump 60C by way of a hose 60E, for producing a forceful airstream enriched with atomized mist developed from a supply of the environmentally-clean fire inhibiting (i.e. anti-fire) biochemical liquid of the present invention, under the control of GPS-specified coordinates defining its programmed path or course when operating to suppress or otherwise fight wild fires.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 80 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 80 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracking Mobile Atomizing Spray Cannon System for Spraying Environmentally-Clean Anti-Fire Biochemical Liquid on Buildings and Ground Surfaces
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As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 90 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 90 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracking Back-Pack Atomizing-Spray Fire Extinguishing System for Spraying Environmentally-Clean Fire-Inhibiting Biochemical Liquid Compositions on Active Fires, and Also on Surfaces of Buildings and Ground Surfaces to be Protectively Protected Against Fire
As shown, the backpack-mounted fire extinguishing system 100 comprises: a liquid storage tank 401 containing 5 gallons of environmentally-clean water-based free-radical chemical-reaction interrupting liquid of the present invention, charged with 100 [PSIG] pressure from a small pressurized air or CO2 tank 402 integrated with the housing 403. The hand-activated gun-style misting head (i.e. spray misting gun) 404 is provided with a stainless-steel misting nozzle 45 that is connected to two flexible hoses 406A and 406B. Hose 406A is connected to the water tank 41 and hose 406B is connected to the pressurized air tank 402. The hand-held gun-style misting head 404 with misting nozzle 405 is manually activated by the user depressing a finger-activated trigger 406 to discharge clean-chemistry water-based chemical-reaction interrupting mist clouds 407 from the nozzle 405 onto a fire for quick suppression and extinguishment. The portable system can be either back-mounted, or carried in one hand while the other hand is used to hold and operate the spray-misting gun 404. Fire Inhibitor chemical liquid 410 has the required free-radical chemical reaction interrupting chemistry of the present invention, such that the chemical molecules in chemical liquid will interfere with the free radicals generated during the combustion phase of a fire, and interrupt these free-radical chemical reactions within the combustion phase, to suppress and extinguish the fire. Specifically, the biochemical liquid has the required metal ions to interrupt free-radical chemical reaction interrupting chemistry of the present invention, such that chemical molecules in the chemical liquid, when transformed into a clean-chemistry-water-based mist, provides a countless supply of water-based micro-droplets, each containing dissolved ions (i.e. electrically-charged atoms or molecules) supplying free-electrons that pair with and stabilize the free-radicals (H+, OH−, O) before any other molecules in the combustion phase can do so to sustain the chemical-reactions (i.e. free-electrons that reduce and stabilize the free-radicals before rapidly-oxidizing molecules within the combustion phase of the fire to sustain the chemical-reactions), and thereby quickly suppressing and extinguishing the fire.
The superior performance of system 400 over conventional portable water mist systems can be attributed to the fact that the micro-droplets of the clean-chemistry water mist 407 will vaporize when absorbing the radiant heat energy of the hot fire, rapidly expanding into a vapor, cooling down the fire, and displacing oxygen. Also the chemical molecules in the micro-droplets will interfere with the free radicals (H+, OH−, O) and interrupt these free-radical chemical reactions within the combustion phase of a fire, and extinguishing the fire.
As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying system 100 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) biochemical liquid from the system 100 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of GPS-Tracking Mobile Remotely-Controllable Atomizing Spray Cannon System for Spraying Environmentally-Clean Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on Buildings and Ground Surfaces
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As configured in the illustrative embodiment, the GPS-tracked anti-fire liquid spraying cannon system 110 enables and supports (i) the remote monitoring of the spraying of anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid from the system 110 when located at specific GPS-indexed location coordinates, and (ii) the logging of all such GPS-indexed spray application operations, and recording the data transactions thereof within a local database maintained within the micro-computing platform 60G, as well as in the remote network database 9C1 maintained at the data center 8 of the system network 1.
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Specification of an Exemplary Network Database Schema for Supporting the System Network of the Present Invention and GPS-Specified Operations Involving the Spraying of Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid on GPS-Specified Ground, Property and Building Surfaces in Regions at Risk Prior to and During the Outbreak of Wild Fires
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Specification of Exemplary Graphical User Interfaces Supported on the Mobile Application Deployed on System Network of the Present Invention, for the Purpose of Delivering the Various Services Supported on the System Network
In the illustrative embodiment, the mobile application 12 on mobile computing device 11 supports many functions to provide many services: (i) sends automatic notifications from the command center 19 to home/business owners with the mobile application 12, instructing them to spray their real property and home/building at certain times with anti-fire (AF) liquid contained in the tanks of GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems 20, 30, 40, 40, 50 and 60; (ii) automatically monitors consumption of sprayed AF-liquid and generate auto-replenish order (via its onboard GSM-circuits) so as to achieve compliance with the home/neighborhood spray defense program, and report AF chemical liquid levels in each home-owner tank; and (iii) shows status of wild fire risk in the region, and actions to the taken before wild fire outbreak.
Specification of an Exemplary Anti-Fire (AF) Spray Protection Map Generated by the System Network of the Present Invention
In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the application servers 9B supported by the system network 1 will automatically generate anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid spray-protection task reports, as illustrated in
The AFCL Spray Command Program files, containing GPS-indexed commands and instructions, generated by the application servers 9B are transmitted over the system network 1 to the numerous deployed GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 110 so as to orchestrate and choreograph the spray application of clean anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid over GPS-specified properties, before and during the presence of wild fires, so as to implement an orchestrated strategic and collective defense against wild fires that break out for various reasons, threatening states, counties, towns, neighborhoods homes, business, and human and animal life.
In some embodiments, the application servers 9B will generate and issue AFCL Spray Command Program files that are transmitted to specific GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems 30, 40, 5060, 70, 80, 90, and 110 and containing automated instructions (i.e. commands) on when and where (i.e. in terms of time frame and GPS-specified coordinates) the GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems should automatically apply, via spraying operations, clean AF biochemical liquid on GPS-specified property during their course of movement over land. During such spraying operations, the system network 1 will automatically meter, dispense and log how much clean AF chemical liquid has been sprayed over and on certain GPS-specified properties. Real-time wind-speed measurements can be made and used to compensate for spraying operations in real-time, as may be required under certain weather conditions.
In other embodiments, the application servers 9B will generate and issue AFCL Spray Command Program files that are transmitted to other GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 110 providing automated instructions (i.e. commands) on when and where the GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems should spray-apply clean AF chemical liquid on GPS-specified property during course of movement over land, but allowing the human operator to override such spraying instructions, and compensate and ensure greater accuracy, using human operator skill and judgment during spraying operations. While such spraying operations, the system will automatically meter, log and record all dispensed AF biochemical liquid sprayed over and over certain GPS-specified properties under the supervision and control of the human operator.
Specification of an Exemplary Anti-Fire Spray Protection Task Report Generated by the System of the Present Invention
As contracted AF-spray operators, and home owners alike, protect properties and homes using the GPS-tracked AF liquid spraying systems (20, 30, 40, 50, 6070, 80, 90, and 110) the system network 1 automatically receives GSM or other RF-based signals transmitted from the GPS-tracked anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid spraying systems, indicating that certain amounts of AF chemical liquid has been dispensed and sprayed from the system onto GPS-specified property. Notably, the amounts of AF chemical liquid dispensed and sprayed from the system over and onto GPS-specified property should closely match the amounts requested in the task report transmitted to the user, to achieve the AF spray protection task directed by AI-driven management processes supported by the wild fire suppression system network of the present invention.
Specification of New and Improved Wild Fire Suppression Methods in Accordance with Principles of the Present Invention
Having described the various GPS-tracked anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid spraying systems of the illustrative embodiments 20, 30, 40, 5060, 70, 80, 90, and 110 shown in the Figure Drawings, and the various functions supported by the mobile application 12 supported by the data center 8 of the system network 1, it is appropriate at this juncture to now described the various new and improved wild fire suppression methods in accordance with principles of the present invention, each involving GPS-guided spray application of clean anti-fire (AF) chemical liquid having a chemistry that works to break a wild fire by interfering with the free-radicals produced during the combustion phase of a ranging wild fire. The benefits and advantages provided by such new and improved methods will become apparent hereinafter.
Specification of a Method of Suppressing a Wild Fire Raging Across a Region of Land in the Direction of the Prevailing Winds
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Specification of a Method of Reducing the Risks of Damage to Private Property Due to Wild Fires by Managed Application of Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid Spray
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Specification of a Method of Reducing the Risks of Damage to Public Property Due to Wild Fires, by Managed Spray Application of Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Liquid to Ground Cover and Building Surfaces Prior to the Arrival of Wild Fires
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Specification of a Method of Remotely Managing the Application of Anti-Fire (AF) Liquid Spray to Ground Cover and Buildings so as to Reduce the Risks of Damage Due to Wild Fires
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In the illustrative embodiment, the fire inhibiting biochemical liquid of the present invention is used when practicing the present invention. A liquid dye of a preferred color can be added to biochemical liquid to help visually track where AF chemical liquid has been sprayed during the method of wild fire suppression. However, in some applications, it may be desired to maintain the AF biochemical liquid in a clear state, and not employ a colorant.
Method of and Apparatus for Applying Fire and Smoke Inhibiting Slurry Compositions on Ground Surfaces Before the Incidence of Wild-Fires, and Also Thereafter, Upon Smoldering Ambers and Ashes to Reduce Smoke and Suppress Fire Re-Ignition
The system 500 also includes a second CFIC liquid tank 112 for storing a secondary CFIC liquid 113, and supplying an air-less spray system 111 for spraying CFIC liquid 113 using a spray nozzle applicator 111A. The spray applicator 112 can be mounted on the vehicle 90, alongside or in tandem with primary slurry spray nozzle 101A, or it can be via connected to a reel of hose for application of CFIC liquid 113 to the surface of the slurry coating 102 after it has been applied to the ground surface. Preferably, biochemical liquid spray 113 will be provided with a colored dye to assist in spray application over the fire and smoke inhibiting slurry 102. By providing a vehicle 90 with two tanks, one tank 93 containing the slurry mixture 102, and the other tank 112 containing a CFIC liquid 113, the system 90 has an added capacity to suppress fire and smoke created by wildfires, and other sources of fire.
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In the illustrative embodiment, the processed wood fibers, cellulose fiber, wetting agents, tackling agents 96 can be provided in a number of different ways and formulations. For example, one can use Hydro-Blanket® Bonded Fiber Matrix (BFM) from Profile Products, which combines Profile Product's Thermally Refined® wood fiber and multi-dimensional pacifiers for greater water-holding capacity. This BFM anchors intimately to the soil through proprietary cross-linked, hydro-colloidal pacifiers and activators and is completely biodegradable and non-toxic. When Hydro-Blanket® Bonded Fiber Matrix is blended and mixed with CFIC 97, and water 98, the slurry compositing 102 sprays on as mulch, but dries to form a breathable blanket that bonds more completely with the soil. Thermally Refined® wood fiber starts with 100% recycled wood chips which are thermally processes to create fine, long and highly absorbent fibers, engineered fibers are the source for Profile's superior: yield and coverage; water-holding capacity; growth establishment; wet-bond strength; and erosion control performance. Profile Products offers other brands of wood, cellulose, wood-cellulose blended hydraulically-applied mulches which are preblended with one or more performance enhancing additions.
Because paper does not hold as much moisture, and does not prevent erosion nearly as well as thermally refined wood fiber mulch, many states and provinces have prohibited the use of paper mulch. Large-scale independent testing has shown that paper mulch is only 25% effective at preventing erosion, whereas wood fiber mulch with no performance enhancing additives is 45% effective at preventing erosion. ASTM standard testing methods also indicate that wood fiber mulches are superior to paper at promoting vegetation establishment. In addition, where steeper or longer slopes exist, and where greater erosion protection is required (greater than 50% effective), there are advanced technologies, beyond basic paper and wood fiber mulches, that are indicated to ensure erosion prevention and vegetation establishment.
Examples of preblended mulch materials from Profile Products which may be used to practice the manufacture of the fire and smoke inhibiting slurry mixtures of the present invention 102, include the following wood-based and paper-based mulches described below. The Base Hydraulic Mulch Loading Chart shown in
Wood Fiber Mulch
Materials: 100% wood fiber, made from thermally processed (within a pressurized vessel) wood fiber heated to a temperature greater than 380 degrees Fahrenheit (193 degrees Celsius) for 15 minutes at a pressure greater than 80 psi (552 kPa) and dark green marker dye.
Moisture Content: 12%+/−3%
Water-Holding Capacity: 1,100% minimum
Approved Large-Scale Erosion Control Effectiveness: 45% minimum.
When comparing the four base paper and wood mulches listed below, the key items to note are the differences in the maximum slope inclinations, slope lengths and the erosion prevention capabilities.
Cellulose (Paper) Fiber Mulch
Maximum slope inclination: 4:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 1,500-2,000 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length*: 18 feet
Functional longevity: up to 3 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 25%
Cellulose (Paper) Fiber Mulch with Tackifier
Maximum slope inclination: 4:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 1,500-2,000 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length*: 20 feet
Functional longevity: up to 3 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 30%
Wood Fiber Mulch
Maximum slope inclination: 2:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 3,000 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length*: 28 feet
Functional longevity: up to 3 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 45%
Wood Fiber Mulch with Tackifier
Maximum slope inclination: 2:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 3,000 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length*: 30 feet
Functional longevity: up to 3 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 50%
*Maximum slope length is based on a 4H:1V slope. For applications on steeper slopes, the maximum slope length may need to be reduced based on actual site conditions.
If greater than 50% erosion prevention effectiveness is desired, then the technologies should be specified and not the four base mulch products listed above.
Stabilized Mulch Matrix (SMM)
Maximum slope inclination: 2:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 3,500 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length**: 50 feet
Minimum cure time: 24 hours
Functional longevity: 3 to 6 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 90%
Bonded Fiber Matrix (BFM)
Maximum slope inclination: 1:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 4,000 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length**: 75 feet
Minimum cure time: 24 hours
Functional longevity: 6 to 12 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 95%
Engineered Fiber Matrix™ (EFM)
Maximum slope inclination: >2:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 3,500 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length**: 50 feet
Minimum cure time: 24-48 hours
Functional longevity: Up to 12 months
Erosion control effectiveness: >95%
High Performance-Flexible Growth Medium™ (HP-FGM™)
Maximum slope inclination: >1:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 4,500 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length**: 100 feet
Minimum cure time: 2 hours*
Functional longevity: 12 to 18 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 99.9%
Extended-Term Flexible Growth Medium (ET-FGM)
Maximum slope inclination: >1:1
Appl. rate on maximum slope: 4,500 pounds/acre
Maximum slope length**: 125 feet
Minimum cure time: 2 hours*
Functional longevity: 18 to 24 months
Erosion control effectiveness: 99.95%
Profile Product's HP-FGM and ET-FGM mulches have very short cure times, and therefore, fire and smoke inhibiting slurry mixtures, employing these mulches, can be applied onto wet soils and during a light rainfall. Maximum slope length is based on a 3H:1V slope. For applications on steeper slopes, the maximum slope length may need to be reduced based on actual site conditions.
In applications where the fire and smoke inhibiting slurry 102 is applied onto smoldering ashes and ambers of houses destroyed by wildfires, there slope will be generally zero. However, alongside roads and embankments, where wildfires may travel, following specified application rates for specified ground slopes should be followed for optimal performance and results.
In the illustrative embodiments, the CFIC liquid component 97, added to the fire and smoke inhibiting slurry mixture 102, will be realized using biochemical clean anti-fire inhibiting biochemical liquid compositions specified in FIGS. 6A1 through 6C2, and described in detail above.
When blending the fire inhibiting biochemical liquid composition 97 with Profile's hydraulic mulch fiber products in the mixing tank 93, the following mixture ratio should be used for biochemical liquid 97: about 1 gallon of biochemical liquid composition per 10 gallons of water added to the mixing tank 93 during the blending and mixing of the fire and smoke inhibiting slurry 102. So, as shown in
However, additional amounts of biochemical liquid 97 can be added to the 2800 gallons of water so as to increase the amount of fire inhibiting biochemical liquid that infuses into the surface of the mulch fibers when being mixed within the mixing tank 93 during the blending and mixing steps of the process. Notably, a large percentage of the water in the mixing tank 93 will function as a hydraulic carrier fluid when spraying biochemical liquid infused mulch fibers in the slurry mixture to the ground surface being coated during spray applications, and thereafter, this water will quickly dry off when curing under the hot Sun, leaving behind infused fire inhibiting biochemicals (e.g. potassium citrate salt crystal structures) embodied within the mulch fibers to provide during proactive fire protection.
As indicated at Block C in
As indicated at Block D in
As indicated at Block E in
Specification of the Automated Wildfire Ember Detection and Suppression System/Module of Present Invention
Specification of the Wireless GPS-Tracked Wildfire Ember Detection and Notification Network Employing the Wildfire Ember Detection and Suppression Systems of the Present Invention
As shown in
In the illustrative embodiment, the wildfire ember detection system 604A supports a computing platform, network-connectivity (i.e. IP Address), and is provided with native application software installed on the system as client application software designed to communicate over the system network and cooperate with application server software running on the application servers of the system network, thereby fully enabling the functions and services supported by the system, as described above. In the illustrative embodiment, a wireless mess network is implemented using conventional IEEE 802.15.4-based networking technologies to interconnect these wireless subsystems into subnetworks and connect these subnetworks to the internet infrastructure of the system of the present invention.
Preferably, the optical bandwidth of the IR sensing arrays 4A2 used in the thermal sensors will be adequate to perform 360 degrees thermal-activity analysis operations, and automated detection of wildfire and wildfire embers. Specifically, thermal sensing in the range of the sensor can be similar to the array sensors installed in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) cameras, as well as those of other thermal imaging cameras, use detection of infrared radiation, typically emitted from a heat source (thermal radiation) such as fire, to create an image assembled for video output and other image processing operations to generate signals for use in early fire detection and elimination system of the present invention.
Pixel processing algorithms known to those skilled in the art will be used to automatically process captured and buffered pixels from different color channels and automatically determine the presence of fire, wildfire and flying embers within the field of view (FOV) of the wildfire ember detection module 604A. Reference can be made to “Automatic Fire Pixel Detection Using Image Processing: A Comparative Analysis of Rule-based and Machine Learning Methods” by Tom Loulouse et al, 2015, University of Corsica, France; and “Fast Detection of Deflagrations Using Image Processing” by Thomas Schroeder et al, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg, Germany, 2014.
The pyroelectric detectors 4A3 detect the typical spectral radiation of burning, organic substances such as wood, natural gas, gasoline and various plastics. To distinguish a flame from the sun or other intense light source such as light emissions from arc welding, and thus exclude a false alarm, the following independent criteria are considered: a typical flame has a flicker frequency of (1 . . . 5) Hz; a hydrocarbon flame produces the combustion gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2); and in addition, burning produces water which can also be detected in the infrared range. Each pyroelectric detector 4A3 is an infrared sensitive optoelectronic component specifically used for detecting electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range from (2 to 14) μm. A receiver chip of a pyroelectric infrared detector consists of single-crystalline lithium tantalite. On the upper electrode of the crystal, an absorbing layer (black layer) is applied. When this layer interacts with infrared radiation, the pyroelectric layer heats up and surface charge arises. If the radiation is switched off, a charge of the opposite polarity originates. However, the charge is very low. Before the finite internal resistance of the crystal can equalize the charges, extremely low-noise and low leakage current field-effect transistors (JFET) or operational amplifier (Pomp) convert the charges into a signal voltage.
In general, most streams of digital intelligence captured by the wireless network 604 will be time and data stamped, as well as GPS-indexed by a local GPS receiver within the sensing module, so that the time and source of origin of each data package is recorded within the system database. The GPS referencing system supporting the system transmits GPS signals from satellites to the Earth's surface, and local GPS receivers located on each networked device or machine on the system network receive the GPS signals and compute locally GPS coordinates indicating the location of the networked device within the GPS referencing system.
When practicing the wireless network of the present invention, any low power wireless networking protocol of sufficient bandwidth can be used. In one illustrative embodiment, a Zigbee® wireless network would be deployed inside the wood-framed or mass timber building under construction, so as to build a wireless internetwork of a set of wireless PIR thermal-imaging fire outbreak detection systems deployed as a wireless subnetwork deployed within the building under construction. While Zigbee® technology, using the IEEE 802.15.1 standard, is illustrated in this schematic drawing, it is understood that any variety of wireless networking protocols including Zigbee®, WIFI and other wireless protocols can be used to practice various aspects of the present invention. Notably, Zigbee® offers low-power, redundancy and low cost which will be preferred in many, but certainly not all applications of the present invention. In connection therewith, it is understood that those skilled in the art will know how to make use of various conventional networking technologies to interconnect the various wireless subsystems and systems of the present invention, with the internet infrastructure employed by the system of the present invention.
The Automated Hybrid Clean Wildfire Inhibitor Misting and Sprinkler System of the Present Invention, Controlled by the Wireless Automated Wildfire Ember Detection and Notification Network
As disclosed in Applicant's prior US Patent Applications, when treating combustible organic materials so they will not burn in the presence of a wildfire, it will be helpful in many instances to spray clean anti-fire chemical liquid over the target surfaces so that the droplets are relatively large and an adequate coating of anti-fire chemical dries over the treated surface. This way, when the chemically treated organic material is exposed to fire, the treated surface has adequate chemicals to break the free-radical chain reactions of the fire and thereby quickly suppress and/or extinguish the fire.
However, during wildfire storms, producing burning wildfire embers flying through dried heated air, driven by strong prevailing winds, it has been discovered that clean aqueous-based anti-fire biochemical liquid of the present invention will perform as a more effective fire suppressant if provided to the burning fire in the form of a mist cloud, so that it can work on a wildfire and its embers, as described in the wildfire ember suppression process described herein.
While most mist producing apparatus disclosed herein operates on the principle of transmitting an anti-fire chemical liquid through a misting nozzle under low, medium or high hydraulic pressure, it is understood that when spraying anti-fire chemical liquids over the surfaces of organic material during fire-protection treating operations, then spray-type nozzles will be often used as provided on the mobile spraying apparatus 5 shown herein. Using spray-type nozzles, it is possible to quickly deposit and form sufficient coatings of anti-fire chemical material on the treated surfaces, because spray-type nozzles produce liquid drops substantially larger in size than microscopic droplets formed by misting nozzles during misting operations, illustrated herein.
As shown in
As shown in
The dual-mode lawn misting system 6A shown in
In the preferred embodiment the hybrid wildfire misting system 600 also has at least two modes operation: (i) a manual mode where a building/home owner or manager can manually activate and operate the anti-fire chemical liquid misting system 600 to protect either the building 17 and/or the lawn and ground surfaces around the building 17, as desired or required, based on intelligence in the possession of the human operator or manager; and (ii) an automated mode where the wildfire ember misting controller 6B, in cooperation with the local electronic wildfire and ember detection module 604A and associated wireless wildfire detection network 4, automatically activate and operate the anti-fire chemical liquid misting system 600 to protect both the building 17 and/or the lawn and ground surfaces around the building 17, as required, based on intelligence automatically collected by the wireless wildfire detection and notification network.
Preferably, modules 6I, 6K, 6B, 6C, 6E and 6F shown in
The system 600 will be remotely controllable by the building manger/home-owner using a mobile computing system 11 running the mobile application 12, as shown and described in
The system 600 will include and supported automated mechanisms for remotely monitoring and reporting the amount of anti-fire chemical liquid 6E available and remaining for use in supporting anti-fire misting operations, during an automatically detected wildfire ember storm. Preferably, adequate reserves of anti-fire chemical liquid 6E will be stored on each property before any given wildfire strike, to support several hours of wildfire ember suppression misting operations, which is typically expected during a wildfire storm before passes through and consumes the organic material that is desperately seeks to fuel its combustion process.
As shown in
Typically, the locked and loaded home wildfire defense system will be manually triggered by the owners several hours and just before the owners are required to evacuate their homes and property for safety reasons, by authorities such as the local fire chief and deputies. Alternatively, the wildfire home defense system can also be remotely triggered using a mobile smartphone, if required, with the property owners not home to manually triggering the spraying defense mode of the system.
To provide adequate protection against flying wildfire embers combusting in a low humidity environment, the misting nozzles 64 will be mounted about the building 17 so as to provide adequate coverage over all air-inlet vents provided on the specific building being equipment with the wildfire misting/sprinkler system of the present invention, as well as on wood and other organic surfaces that might be vulnerable to hot wildfire embers during a wildfire ember storm, as illustrated in
In the illustrative embodiment, the clean anti-fire biochemical liquid to be used for wildfire ember misting operations disclosed herein. It is expected that service-oriented businesses will support the rapid design, installation and installation of the automated wildfire detection and misting suppression systems of the present invention, as well as the supplying and replenishing of clean anti-fire chemical liquid on each GPS-indexed property. It is expected that this can occur with the efficiency currently provided by conventional liquid propane supply companies around the country. Because of the reduced risk of loss of wood-framed or other buildings to wildfire, which the systems and method of the present invention will provide, while advancing the best practices for home and building property protection against wildfires, it is expected that fire insurance companies will embrace the best practices represented by the present invention, for reason of the great benefits such inventions will provide, predicted by Benjamin Franklin's time-honored principle of fire protection: “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
When encountering the cloud of anti-fire liquid droplets, combustible wildfire embers will be suppressed or readily extinguished. The chemical molecules in the droplets formed with fire inhibiting biochemical liquid of the present invention will interfere with the free radicals (H+, OH−, O) involved in the free-radical chemical reactions within the combustion phase of a fire, or wildfire embers, breaking these free-radical chemical reactions and extinguishing the fire's flames. Also, the droplets will vaporize when absorbing the radiant heat energy of the hot wildfire ember(s), rapidly expanding into a vapor, cooling down the embers, and displaying oxygen, causing the combustion phase of the embers to be suppressed if not extinguished.
Best Practices on when to Spray and Respray the Fire Inhibiting Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention on Dry Native Vegetation, Decks, Fences, Patio Covers and Vertical Framing for Best Early Fire Elimination Results
Below are some best practices on when to spray and respray the fire inhibiting biochemical compositions of the present invention on dry native vegetation, decks, fences, patio covers and vertical framing, to get the best early fire elimination results.
When vegetation is bright green, it will not support easy ember ignition and fire advance the way it will when vegetation starts to dry out and turn brown and gold in color. When proactively spraying the biochemical compositions of the present invention, its best to spray using spray equipment during dry conditions when lumber and vegetation are bone dry. Also, after wood or dry vegetation has been sprayed with the biochemical compositions, one needs to consider any reduction in early proactive fire defense that may have resulted to sprayed fire-protective salt crystal structure coatings that may have been exposed to heavy water sprays from rain, garden sprinklers and/or a hose. After any type of heavy watering or rain to treated surfaces, it is advised to respray to surfaces to be re-protected and insure that the best proactive fire defense has been provided to such surfaces. When property owners or contractors are proactive spraying the biochemical compositions for wildfire defense, best results can be obtained using the GPS-tracking back-pack atomizing spray cannon system shown in
Bio-Degradable Fire Extinguishing Liquid Concentrate (LC) Compositions of the Present Invention for Producing Fire Extinguishing Sprays, Mists and Clouds of Fine Vapor Engineered for Use in Actively Fighting Fires Involving Class A/B Fuels, as Well as Proactively Inhibiting Fires to Defend Against Fire Ignition, Flame Spread, and Flash Over
Referring now to
Specification of Fire Extinguishing Liquid Concentrate Compositions of the Present Invention for Mixing with Water to Produce Streams of Fire Extinguishing Water, Mist and Vapor Clouds for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As will be described herein, the fire extinguishing biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention can be premixed and bottled/containerized at full strength for final usage and application, as illustrated for use in applications shown in
Specification of Environmentally-Clean Aqueous-Based Fire Extinguishing Bio-Chemical Liquid Compositions and Formulations, and Methods of Making the Same in Accordance with the Principles of the Present Invention
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire extinguishing biochemical solutions (i.e. liquid compositions and liquid concentrate for proportioning and mixing with prespecified supplies of water) for producing biochemical liquid products that demonstrate very good immediate extinguishing effects when applied to extinguish a burning or smoldering fire.
In general, the novel biochemical fire extinguishing liquid compositions of the present invention comprise: (a) a dissolving agent in the form of a quantity of water, for dissolving salts and dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; (b) a fire extinguishing agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a dispersing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the fire extinguishing liquid composition is applied to a surface to be protected against fire; and (d) optional additives to the resulting liquid solution, to provide coloring and stability.
As will be described herein, the fire extinguishing biochemical liquid compositions of the present invention can be premixed and bottled/containerized at full strength for final usage and direct spray application, as illustrated using the apparatus shown in
Alternatively, these biochemical liquid compositions can be formulated into a liquid concentrate (LC), and then bottled/containerized, and transported to end user location, for mixing with a supply of clean water in correct prespecified proportions using a hydraulic inductor device, to produce fire inhibiting liquid compositions in an in-line proportioning/mixing mode, with proper chemical constituent proportions maintained, as described herein, as illustrated for use in applications shown in
In general, useful alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids for inclusion in the compositions of the present invention preferably comprise: alkali metal salts of oxalic acid; alkali metal salts of gluconic acid; alkali metal salts of citric acid; and also alkali metal salts of tartaric acid. Alkali metal salts of citric acid are particularly preferred, as will be further explained hereinafter.
Notably, while the efficacy of the alkali metal salts increases in the order of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium and rubidium, the salts of sodium and salts of potassium are preferred for cost of manufacturing reasons. Potassium carboxylates are very particularly preferred, but tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) is the preferred alkali metal salt for use in formulating the environmentally-clean fire extinguishing biochemical compositions of the present invention.
While it is understood that other alkali metal salts are available to practice the biochemical compositions of the present invention, it should be noted that the selection of tripotassium citrate as the preferred alkali metal salt, includes the follow considerations: (i) the atomic ratio of carbon to potassium (the metal) in the utilized alkali metal salt (i.e. tripotassium citrate); (ii) that tripotassium citrate is relatively stable at transport and operating temperatures; (iii) tripotassium citrate is expected to be fully dissociated to citrate and potassium when dissolved in water, and that the dissociation constant is not relevant for the potassium ions, while citric acid/citrate has three ionizable carboxylic acid groups, for which pKa values of 3.13, 4.76 and 6.4 at 25° C. are reliably reported the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) handbook; and (iv) that tripotassium citrate produces low carbon dioxide levels when dissolved in water.
Preferably, the water soluble dispersing agent should have a melting point at least 32 F (0 C) or lower in temperature, and be soluble in water. Triethyl citrate (TEC) is a preferred dispersing agent when used in combination with tripotassium citrate (TPC) having excellent compatibility given that both chemical compounds are derived from citric acid. Triethyl citrate (TEC) also functions as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension of the final liquid solution to improve wettability or sticking to Class A fuel surfaces, and promote thin film formation on Class B fuels.
The fire extinguishing liquid biochemical compositions of the present invention are produced and prepared by mixing the components in specified amounts with prespecified quantities of water to produce the fire extinguishing liquid compositions. The order of mixing is discretionary. However, it is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by first mixing the components other than water, into a quantity of water.
The fire extinguishing liquid compositions of the present invention have a very good immediate fire extinguishing effect, and a good inhibiting effect after application to reduce reignition of fire once extinguished. This mixing of the constituent biochemical compounds can take place before or during their use. It is preferred, however, that an aqueous preparation is made and kept ready for fire extinguishing use. Preferably, the fire extinguishing liquid solution is made as a liquid concentrate (e.g. 1% by volume) to be added to 99% water by volume, using conventional in-line venturi-based fluid proportioning/mixing devices (e.g. eductor device) available from numerous manufacturers around the globe. However, other concentrations such as 3%, 6% and other concentration percentages can be prepared as required or desired by the applications at hand. When prepared in the form of a fire extinguishing liquid concentrate (LC), the liquid solution can be mixed with the correct proportions of pressured water at a fire pumping engine during a fire outbreak, to produce streams of water with the biochemical additive of the present invention, so as to significantly enhance the fire extinguishing properties of water, while reducing the quantity of water required to extinguish any given fire involving Class A and/or B type fuels.
Using such biochemical fire extinguishing additives of the present invention, it is possible to more quickly extinguish fires using water as a fire extinguishing agent, while reducing water damage to property during fire extinguishing operations. Also, while extinguishing Class A and/or B fires are preferred fire applications for the biochemical additives of the present invention, it is noted that the fire extinguishing liquid compositions of the present invention are also useful as fire extinguishing agents when fighting fires involving Class D fuels as well, and even Class C (electrical) fires if and when the situation requires.
Specification of Preferred Embodiment of the Aqueous-Based Biochemical Fire Extinguishing Liquid Concentrate (LC) Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred embodiment of the fire extinguishing biochemical liquid concentrate (LC) composition of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dissolving agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dissolving salts and dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire extinguishing agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; and (c) a dispersing agent realized in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), specifically triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing the metal potassium ions when the fire extinguishing liquid composition is applied to surfaces to extinguish active fire and/or protected against fire ignition and flame spread, while (i) water molecules in the water stream are evaporated by the heat of the fire to cool off fuel surfaces, and (ii) metal potassium ions interact with free radical hydrocarbon vapors in the combustion phase of the fire to interrupt such chemical reactions and help extinguish the fire using less quantities of water.
Once the preferred formulation specified above is prepared in the form of a biochemical liquid concentrate (LC) composition (e.g. 1% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 99% water by volume, 3% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 97% water by volume, or 6% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 94% water by volume), then this fire extinguishing liquid concentrate (LC) is then stored in a container, bottle or tote (i.e. package) suitable for the end user application in mind. Then, the filled container of liquid concentrate should be sealed with appropriate sealing technology and immediately labeled with a specification of (i) its biochemical components, with weight percent measures where appropriate, and the date and time of manufacture, printed and recorded in accordance with good quality control (QC) practices well known in the art. Where necessary or desired, barcode symbols and/or barcode/RFID identification tags and labels can be produced and applied to the sealed package to efficiently track each barcoded package containing a specified quantity of clean fire extinguishing biochemical composition concentrate. All product and QC information should be recorded in globally accessible network database, for use in tracking the movement of the package as it moves along the supply chain from its source of manufacture, toward it end use at a GPS specified location.
Selecting Tripotassium Citrate (TCP) as a Preferred Fire Extinguishing Agent for Use in the Fire Exhibiting Liquid Biochemical Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, tripotassium citrate (TPC) is selected as active fire extinguishing chemical component in fire extinguishing biochemical composition of the present invention. In dry form, TPC is known as tripotassium citrate monohydrate (C6H5K3O7·H2O) which is the common tribasic potassium salt of citric acid, also known as potassium citrate. It is produced by complete neutralization of citric acid with a high purity potassium source, and subsequent crystallization. Tripotassium citrate occurs as transparent crystals or a white, granular powder. As discussed above, it is an odorless substance with a cooling, salty taste. It is slightly deliquescent when exposed to moist air, freely soluble in water and almost insoluble in ethanol (96%).
Tripotassium citrate is a non-toxic, slightly alkaline salt with low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. In its monohydrate form, TPC is very hygroscopic and must be protected from exposure to humidity. Care should be taken not to expose tripotassium citrate monohydrate to high pressure during transport and storage as this may result in caking. Tripotassium citrate monohydrate is considered “GRAS” (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the United States Food and Drug Administration without restriction as to the quantity of use within good manufacturing practice. CAS Registry Number: [6100-05-6]. E-Number: E332.
Tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) is a non-toxic, slightly alkaline salt with low reactivity. It is a hygroscopic and deliquescent material. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. In its monohydrate form, it is very hygroscopic and must be protected from exposure to humidity. It properties are:
Jungbunzlauer (JBL), a leading Swiss manufacturer of biochemicals, manufactures and distributes TPC for food-grade, healthcare, pharmaceutical and over the counter (OTC) applications around the world. As disclosed in JBL's product documents, TPC is an organic mineral salt which is so safe to use around children and adults alike. Food scientists worldwide have added TPC to (i) baby/infant formula powder to improve the taste profile, (ii) pharmaceuticals/OTC products as a potassium source, and (iii) soft drinks as a soluble buffering salt for sodium-free pH control in beverages, improving stability of beverages during processing, heat treatment and storage.
Selecting Triethyl Citrate (TEC) as a Preferred Dispersing Agent with Surface Tension Reducing and Surfactant Properties for Use in the Fire Extinguishing Biochemical Liquid Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention, the dispersing agent and surfactant used in the fire extinguishing biochemical compositions of the present invention is realized as a food-grade additive component, namely, triethyl citrate (TEC) which functions as a dispersing agent with strong surface tension reducing properties and surfactant properties as well. Triethyl citrate belongs to the family of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs) and derivatives, organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
In the aqueous-based fire extinguishing liquid composition concentrate, the dispersing agent functions as temporary dispersing agent for dispersing the metal ions dissolved and disassociated in aqueous solution. As water molecules evaporate from a spray coating of the biochemical composition, typically spray/atomized applied to a surface being attacked by or to be proactively protected from fire, the dispersing agent (i.e. TEC) allows and promotes the formation of thin metallic (e.g. potassium) salt crystal films on surfaces of Class A and Class B fuels. Also, the dispersing agent promotes durability against water and ambient moisture once dried. Thus, spraying smoldering ashes of an extinguished fire, using pressurized water treated with the fire extinguishing additive of the present invention, should significantly help to prevent reignition of fire, while significantly reducing smoke production, and mitigate further damage to the environment.
In the preferred embodiment, a relatively minor quantity of triethyl citrate (TEC) liquid is blended with a major quantity of TCP powder in specific quantities by weight and dissolved in a major quantity of water to produce a clear, completely-dissolved liquid biochemical formulation consisting of food-grade biochemicals mixed with water and having highly effective fire extinguishing properties, as proven by testing. The resulting aqueous biochemical solution remains stable without the formation of solids at expected operating temperatures (e.g. 34 F to 120 F).
Jungbunzlauer (JBL) also manufactures and distributes its CITROFOL® A1 branded bio-based citrate esters for food-grade, healthcare, pharmaceutical and over the counter (OTC) applications around the world. CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters have an excellent toxicological and eco-toxicological profile, and provide good versatility and compatibility with the tripotassium citrate (TPC) component of the biochemical compositions of the present invention. CITROFOL® A1 branded citrate esters are particularly characterized by highly efficient solvation, low migration and non-VOC (volatile organic compound) attributes. As an ester of citric acid, triethyl citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid which historically has found use as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as a whipping aid for egg whites.
Broadly described, the fire extinguishing biochemical liquid concentrate solution of the present invention, once proportioned and mixed with proper quantities of water, consist of an aqueous dispersion medium such as water which carries dissolved metal salt cations that (i) interfere with the free radical chemical reactions with the combustion vapor phase of the active fire, and (ii) eventually form thin metal salt crystalline films on the surface substrates being protected from the ignition of fire, as the case may be. The aqueous dispersion medium may be an organic solvent, although the preferred option is water when practicing the present invention, because of its abundance on the planet earth. After the application of liquid spray onto the combustible surface to extinguish an active fire, or to protect against fire ignition, flame spread and smoke development, the aqueous dispersion medium evaporates in the presence of heat, causing the metal salt (i.e. potassium salt) cations to interfere with the free radical chemical reactions within the vapor combustion phase of the fire.
While offering some surface tension reducing effects, the main function of the dispersing agent in the biochemical liquid composition is to ensure a relatively uniform and optimal formation of the salt crystalline films on combustible surfaces to be protected, as well as desired uniform dispersion of metal (i.e. potassium) salt cations within the sprayed droplets, misting, add/or vapor clouds produced from the nose of the fire nozzle used to extinguish an actively burning fire, or fuel being sprayed with the fire extinguishing liquid compensation.
The fact that CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters are bio-based, odorless, biodegradable and label-free, represents a great advantage over most other dispersing agents, and fully satisfies the toxicological and environmental safety requirements desired when practicing the biochemical compositions of the present invention.
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the use of CITROFOL® AI triethyl citrate (TEC) esters with tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) dissolved in water as a dispersion solvent, produce fire extinguishing biochemical liquid formulations that demonstrate excellent fire extinguishing properties, and once applied to active fires and Class A fuel, very good fire inhibiting properties. The chemical and colloidal nature of potassium salt ions (which are mineral salt dispersions) present in TPC dissolved in water, is highly compatible with the CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) ester used as the dispersing agent in the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Also, CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate esters are REACH registered and are safe, if not ideal, for use in environmentally sensitive products such as fire extinguishing agents which must not adversely impact human, animal and plant life, ecological systems, or the natural environment.
Specification of Preferred Formulations for the Fire Extinguishing Biochemical Liquid Compositions of Matter According to the Present Invention
Example 1: Schematically illustrated in
Preferred Weights Percentages of the Components of the Fire Extinguishing Biochemical Liquid Formulation of the Present Invention
In the biochemical compositions of the present invention, the ratio of the ester of citrate (e.g. triethyl citrate) to the alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate) may be major amount between 1:100: to 1:1000 and is typically in the range from 1:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:50, more preferably in the range from 1:4 to 1:25 and most preferably in the range from 1:8 to 1:15.
A preferred biochemical liquid composition according to the present invention comprises: a major amount from 1% to 65% by weight, preferably from 20% to 50% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 55% by weight, of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate monohydrate or TPC); and minor amount from 0.08% to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2% by weight and more preferably from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight, of triethyl citrate (an ester of citrate acid); wherein the sum by % weight of the components (a) and (b) should not exceed 100% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, the fire extinguishing composition further comprises water. The water content is present in a major amount and is typically not less than 30% by weight, preferably not less than 40% by weight, more preferably not less than 50% by weight and most preferably not less than 60% by weight and preferably not more than 60% by weight and more preferably not more than 70% by weight, all based on the fire extinguishing biochemical composition.
The viscosity of the aqueous preparation is preferably at least 5 [mPas] (millipascal-seconds, in SI units, defined as the internal friction of a liquid to the application of pressure or shearing stress determined using a rotary viscometer), and preferably not more than 50 [mPas], or 50 centipois) [cps], for most applications. Preferably, the pH of the aqueous solution is in the range of 6.0 to 8.0.
Methods of Blending, Making and Producing the Biochemical Liquid Formulations
The fire extinguishing liquid chemical compositions illustrated above are reproducible by mixing the components described above. The order of mixing is discretionary. However, it is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by first mixing the components other than water, into the quantity of water.
Conversion of the Fire Extinguishing Liquid Composition Make-Up Formulation into X % Liquid Concentrate (LC) Formulation
A highly-effective fire extinguishing solution is produced by adding the chemical additive of the present invention to a pressurized water stream being supplied to a fire hose having a spray gun nozzle at its terminal end. Such mixing can be achieved using an in-line venturi-type proportioning/mixing device (e.g. eductor) between a 200 PSI water pumping engine and the spray gun nozzle being directed at an active fire. Examples of suitable proportioning/mixing devices to practice the present invention are made and sold by LEADER Group S.A.S. of France. Specifically, the LEADER MIX 200-1000 V2 automatic proportioning/mixing system is capable proportioning all types of liquid and foam concentrates from 0.03% to 6.0% over a large range of flow rates from 200 to 1050 liter/min. (43 to 230 gallons/min), over a wide operating pressure range from 5 to 16 bar (72 to 232 PSI). When used in combination with the apparatus specified in
To perform an X % Liquid Concentrate (LC) conversion of the mass and volume measures of the components of the fire extinguishing liquid composition (make-up working solution), it is necessary to first list all mass measures in the formulation, including the amount of water to be mixed with the components to make up the working solution formulation. Then, a total volume is selected for the amount of liquid concentrate to be formulated in a standard container (e.g. 30 gallons), and a X % is selected for the liquid concentrate formulation (e.g. 6%). Based on such selections, 94 gallons of water will be added to each 6 gallons of liquid concentrate suctioned (e.g. educated) from the 30 gallon liquid concentrate container, and 30/6×94=564 gallons of working liquid solution will be produced from the 30 gallons of liquid concentrate, for a 6% proportioning/mixing. Thus, using the original formulation for the fire extinguishing liquid composition of the present invention, one calculates how much mass (lbs.) of each chemical ingredient/component (e.g. TPC, TEC and water) must be dissolved in 30 gallons of water to make a 6% liquid concentrate for the fire extinguishing liquid composition of the present invention.
Specification of Portable Apparatus for Proportioning and Mixing Fire Extinguishing Liquid Concentrate of the Present Invention with Pressurized Streams of Water, and then with Air within an Aerating Nozzle to Generate Fire Extinguishing Spray, Mist or Vapor Clouds for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As shown in
Specification of Fixed/Stationary Apparatus for Proportioning and Mixing Fire Extinguishing Liquid Concentrate of the Present Invention with Pressurized Streams of Water, and then with Air within an Aerating Nozzle to Generate Fire Extinguishing Spray, Mist or Vapor Clouds for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As shown in
Overview of the Use of Firefighting Foam Concentrates and Aerating/Aspirating Nozzles in the Generation of Finished Firefighting Foam Materials for Use in Extinguishing Fires
Foam is a great tool for extinguishing multiple types of fires, and does so in a shorter timeframe, making more efficient use of water, and providing more firefighting capability from the same volume of water, while resulting in more cost-effective and simpler operations. Foam is made by first mixing foam concentrate with water to create a foam solution, using a foam proportioner/mixer commercially available on the market. Once the solution is made, it must then be combined with air, and the mixture must be agitated to create finished foam materials consisting of billions of bubbles.
There are three commonly used methods of agitation. The most common method is using pumping foam solution out of a fog nozzle, which allows agitation to occur when the product hits its target. The second method involves using a compressed air foam system (CAFS) in which air is injected into the foam solution at the discharge, and when agitation occurs as the mixture rubs against the inside of the hose. The third method is to use an aspirating foam nozzle, which creates agitation and forms the foam bubbles within the nozzle.
Aspirating nozzles have several key qualities that make them an optimal choice when using producing firefighting foam. They are a low-energy system, meaning that the only energy available to produce bubbles in the nozzle comes from the water pump. They're easy to make, but there's also a wide variety of aspirating nozzles on the market. Some are fixed tubes with no adjustment. Others are adjustable usually by changing the stream pattern. Each nozzle manufacturer also makes clip-on aspirating foam producing nozzles, which attach to the bumper of a fog nozzle when needed. Today, manufacturers produce a wide variety of foam types and volumes, and can be used with both Class A and B concentrates. The foam forming nozzles can be designed to draw air into either the front or the back of the nozzle, using the Venturi effect. As the foam solution passes through the center of the nozzle, a low level of pressure is created, which allows the air to enter the nozzle. The more air that is drawn into the nozzle, the more energy is consumed (i.e. resulting in a pressure drop), and causing a reduction in the “reach” of the foam stream—measured in the distance the finished foam can travel towards a target.
The “expansion ratio” of an aerating/aspirating nozzle determines the difference between the volume of foam solution pumped into the nozzle, and the volume of finished foam bubbles exiting the foam producing nozzle. For example, if one gallon of foam solution enters the nozzle and 50 gallons of foam bubbles exit the nozzle, the expansion ratio is 50/1. Expansion ratios are broken into three categories: low, medium and high. Low expansion starts at 1/1 and goes up to 20/1. Medium expansion starts at 21/1 and goes up to 200/1. High expansion begins at 201/1 and can go as high as 1,000/1.
Low-expansion nozzles are typically fixed tubes with no adjustment, and produce a wet foam, which is appropriate for many tactical applications, such as fire attack and mop-up. These nozzles typically operate at 80 to 100 psi nozzle pressure with a Class A foam percentage of 0.5%.
Medium-expansion nozzles are typically adjustable, allowing variations in foam volume and foam consistency. Tactical applications include wildland firebreak (i.e. fireline) work, and mop-up and overhaul of vehicle fires. The operating pressure for these medium-expansion nozzles is typically 60 psi. This lower pressure is necessary because as the bubble size increases, the foam bubbles become more fragile. Higher pressure will cause the bubbles to break, reducing the effective production of the nozzle. Larger foam bubbles also require more structure, which comes from an increase in foam percentage, usually 0.5% to 0.7%.
High-expansion nozzles produce a large volume of dry foam due to the large volume of air taken in and low water content. As the foam bubbles become even bigger, the nozzle pressures drop to around 40 psi and the foam percentage must be increased to the range of 0.7% to 1.0%, which is the maximum percentage for Class A foams. High-expansion foams are typically used on compartment fires or to fill void spaces, such as in large aircraft hangers.
As the expansion ratio increases, the foam stream reach of the nozzle will decrease. Again, this is due to the entrainment of more air consuming more energy and the lower nozzle pressure that's needed to prevent destruction of the bubbles in the nozzle.
The medium-expansion nozzles are the most effective because they are the most versatile. These nozzles can be used for everything from initial attack, to mop up and overhaul, to wildland fire breaks and pretreatment of fuels. As a general rule, every foam-capable apparatus, including compressed-air-foam-system (CAFS) equipped rigs, should be equipped with an adjustable, medium-expansion nozzle.
Bio-Degradable Fire Extinguishing Foam Concentrate (FC) Compositions of the Present Invention for Producing Finished Fire Extinguishing Foam Material for Use in Actively Fighting Fires Involving Class A/B Fuels, as Well as Proactively Inhibiting Fires to Defend Against Fire Ignition, Flame Spread, and Flash Over
Referring now to
Specification of Fire Extinguishing Foam Concentrate Compositions of the Present Invention for Mixing with Pressurized Streams of Water and Air to Generate Fire Extinguishing Foam for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As shown in
As shown in
Specification of Environmentally-Clean Aqueous-Based Fire Extinguishing Bio-Chemical Foam Concentrate Formulations, and Methods of Producing the Same in Accordance with the Principles of the Present Invention
Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved environmentally-clean aqueous-based fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrate (FC) composition designed and engineered for proportioning and mixing with pressurized supplies/quantities of water, and then aerated/aspirated within an aerating/aspirating spray foam forming nozzle so as to generate a stream of finished fire extinguishing biochemical foam that demonstrates (i) excellent immediate fire extinguishing effects when applied to an active fire involving Class A and/or Class B fuels, and (ii) excellent fire inhibiting effects after a fire has been extinguished, to prevent fire reignition.
In general, the novel biochemical fire extinguishing foam concentrate compositions of the present invention comprise: (a) a dissolving agent in the form of a quantity of water, for dissolving salts and dispersing metal ions dissolved in water; (b) a fire extinguishing agent in the form of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, for providing metal ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a foaming agent consisting of hydrolyzed protein isolate (HPI) material, such as plant-based protein (e.g. soy, whey or soy whey) or animal-based protein, having fine particle size (e.g. 600 to 100 microns) and being at least 80% pure (i.e. free of fat, starch, and sugar molecules) and dissolvable in water, with other surfactants and fire extinguishing components, for setting up the finished structure of foam during the aeration process, as disclosed and taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,361,057; 4,424,133; and 5,824,238, incorporated herein by reference; (d) a dispersing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the finished fire extinguishing foam is applied to a surface to be protected against fire; and (e) optional additives to the resulting foam concentrate solution, to provide coloring, preserve shelf-life of the contained product, and inhibit fermentation processes within the resulting foam concentrate solution while stored in its container awaiting use.
As will be described herein, the fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrate of the present invention can be premixed and bottled/containerized at its prescribed concentrated strength (e.g. 1%. 3% or 6%) for transport to end-users (e.g. fire departments) who store the foam concentrate containers aboard the pumping fire engine truck, having onboard portable or fixed fire extinguishing foam generation equipment, as illustrated in
In general, useful alkali metal salts of nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acids for inclusion in the foam concentrate (FC) compositions of the present invention preferably comprise: alkali metal salts of oxalic acid; alkali metal salts of gluconic acid; alkali metal salts of citric acid; and also alkali metal salts of tartaric acid. Alkali metal salts of citric acid are particularly preferred, as will be further explained hereinafter.
Notably, while the efficacy of the alkali metal salts increases in the order of lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium and rubidium, the salts of sodium and salts of potassium are preferred for cost of manufacturing reasons. Potassium carboxylates are very particularly preferred, but tripotassium citrate monohydrate (TPC) is the preferred alkali metal salt for use in formulating the fire extinguishing foam concentrate (FC) compositions of the present invention.
While it is understood that other alkali metal salts are available to practice the biochemical foam compositions of the present invention, it should be noted that the selection of tripotassium citrate as the preferred alkali metal salt, includes the following considerations: (i) the atomic ratio of carbon to potassium (the metal) in the utilized alkali metal salt (i.e. tripotassium citrate); (ii) that tripotassium citrate is relatively stable at transport and operating temperatures; (iii) tripotassium citrate is expected to be fully dissociated to citrate and potassium when dissolved in water, and that the dissociation constant is not relevant for the potassium ions, while citric acid/citrate has three ionizable carboxylic acid groups, for which pKa values of 3.13, 4.76 and 6.4 at 25° Celsius are reliably reported the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) handbook; and (iv) that tripotassium citrate produces low carbon dioxide levels when dissolved in water.
Preferably, the water soluble dispersing agent should have a melting point at least 32 F (0 C) or lower in temperature, and be soluble in water. Triethyl citrate (TEC) is a preferred dispersing agent when used in combination with tripotassium citrate (TPC) having excellent compatibility given that both chemical compounds are derived from citric acid. Triethyl citrate (TEC) also functions as a surfactant, reducing the surface tension of the final proportioned and mixed foam liquid solution to be injected to an aerating/aspirating foam forming nozzle or gun, and to improve wettability or sticking of resulting foam to Class A fuel surfaces, and promote thin film liquid formation on Class B fuels after application of finished foam.
The fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrates (FC) of the present invention are produced and prepared by mixing the components in specified amounts with water to produce the fire extinguishing foam concentrate (LC) liquid material. The order of mixing is discretionary. It is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by first mixing the components other than water, into a predetermined quantity of water.
The fire extinguishing foam concentrates of the present invention have a good immediate fire extinguishing effect, and a good inhibiting effect after application to reduce reignition of fire once extinguished. This mixing of the constituent biochemical compounds takes place before use while making the foam concentrate (FC) liquid material. For example, it is preferred that the fire extinguishing foam concentrate be made as a liquid concentrate (e.g. 1%, 3% or 6% by volume) to be added to 99%, 97% or 94% water by volume, respectively, using conventional in-line venturi-based fluid proportioning/mixing devices (e.g. eductor device) shown in
Specification of Preferred Embodiment of the Aqueous-Based Biochemical Fire Extinguishing Foam Concentrates of the Present Invention
In the preferred embodiment of the fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrate of the present invention, the components are realized as follows: (a) the dissolving agent is realized in the form of a quantity of water, for dissolving salts and dispersing metal ions dissolved in the water; (b) the fire extinguishing agent is realized in the form of an alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid, specifically, tripotassium citrate, for providing metal (potassium) ions dispersed in the water when the at least one alkali metal salt is dissolved in the water; (c) a foaming agent consisting of hydrolyzed protein isolate (HPI) material, such as soy, whey or soy whey protein isolate (SPI) or animal protein isolate having a fine particle size (e.g. 500 to 50 microns) and being at least 80% purity (i.e. at lease 80% free of fat, starch, and sugar molecules) and dissolvable in water, and other surfactant and fire extinguishing components, for setting up the structure of foam during the aeration process; (d) a dispersing agent in the form of an organic compound containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof), such as triethyl citrate, an ester of citric acid, for dispersing and coalescing the metal ions when the finished fire extinguishing foam is applied to a surface to be protected against fire, while water molecules are being evaporated by the heat of the fire, to cool off fuel surfaces, and metal potassium ions interact with free radical hydrocarbon vapors in the combustion phase of the fire, so as to interrupt these free-radical chemical reactions and help extinguish the fire using significantly less water; and (e) optional additives to the resulting foam concentrate solution that provide coloring, stability to components, and inhibiting fermentation processes involving the hydrolyzed protein isolate (HPI) added to the foam concentrate.
The preferred formulation specified above is prepared as an X % foam concentrate (FC) composition (e.g. 1% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 99% water by volume; 3% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 97% water by volume; or 6% liquid concentrate by volume to be proportioned and mixed with 94% water by volume). Then this fire extinguishing foam concentrate (FC) is stored in a container, bottle or tote (i.e. package) suitable for the end user application in mind. The filled container should be sealed with appropriate sealing technology and immediately labeled with a specification of (i) its biochemical components, with weight percent measures where appropriate, and the date and time of manufacture, printed and recorded in accordance with good quality control (QC) practices well known in the art. Where necessary or desired, barcode symbols and/or barcode/RFID identification tags and labels can be produced and applied to the sealed package to efficiently track each barcoded package containing a specified quantity of clean fire extinguishing biochemical composition concentrate. All product and QC information should be recorded in globally accessible network database, for use in tracking the movement of the package as it moves along the supply chain from its source of manufacture, toward it end use at a GPS specified location.
Selecting Tripotassium Citrate (TCP) as a Preferred Fire Extinguishing Agent for Use in the Fire Exhibiting Foam Biochemical Foam Concentrate Compositions of the Present Invention
In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, tripotassium citrate (TPC) is selected as active fire extinguishing chemical component in fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrates of the present invention. In dry form, TPC is known as tripotassium citrate monohydrate (C6H5K3O7·H2O) which is the common tribasic potassium salt of citric acid, also known as potassium citrate. It is produced by complete neutralization of citric acid with a high purity potassium source, and subsequent crystallization. Tripotassium citrate occurs as transparent crystals or a white, granular powder. It is an odorless substance with a cooling, salty taste. It is slightly deliquescent when exposed to moist air, freely soluble in water and almost insoluble in ethanol (96%).
Tripotassium citrate is a non-toxic, slightly alkaline salt with low reactivity. It is chemically stable if stored at ambient temperatures. In its monohydrate form, TPC is very hygroscopic and must be protected from exposure to humidity. Tripotassium citrate monohydrate is considered “GRAS” (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the United States Food and Drug Administration without restriction as to the quantity of use within good manufacturing practice. CAS Registry Number: [6100-05-6]. E-Number: E332.
Selecting Triethyl Citrate (TEC) as a Preferred Dispersing Agent with Surface Tension Reducing and Surfactant Properties for Use in the Fire Exhibiting Biochemical Foam Concentrates of the Present Invention
In the preferred illustrative embodiments of the present invention, the dispersing agent and surfactant used in the fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrates of the present invention is realized as a food-grade additive component, namely, triethyl citrate (TEC) which functions as a dispersing agent with surface tension reducing properties and surfactant properties as well. Triethyl citrate belongs to the family of tricarboxylic acids (TCAs) and derivatives, organic compounds containing three carboxylic acid groups (or salt/ester derivatives thereof).
In the aqueous-based fire extinguishing foam concentrate, the dispersing agent and surfactant functions to disperse the metal ions dissolved and disassociated in aqueous solution. As foam concentrate expands when air is injected into the structure of dissolved solution of hydrolyzed protein molecules, surfactant molecules and water, the potassium ions are able to uniformly disperse throughout the structure of the finished foam generated during aeration ad expansion of the finished foam material produced from the aerating/aspirating foam nozzle.
A relatively minor quantity of triethyl citrate (TEC) liquid is blended with a major quantity of TCP powder and foaming agent (e.g. soy protein molecules) in specific quantities by weight and dissolved in a major quantity of water to produce a translucent completely-dissolved biochemical foam concentration consisting of food-grade biochemicals mixed with water and having highly effective fire extinguishing properties, as proven by testing. The resulting aqueous foam solution remains stable without the formation of solids at expected operating temperatures (e.g. 34 F to 120 F).
Jungbunzlauer (JBL) manufactures and distributes its CITROFOL® A1 branded bio-based citrate esters for food-grade, healthcare, pharmaceutical and over the counter (OTC) applications around the world. CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters have an excellent toxicological and eco-toxicological profile, and provide good versatility and compatibility with the tripotassium citrate (TPC) component of the biochemical compositions of the present invention. CITROFOL® A1 branded citrate esters are particularly characterized by highly efficient solvation, low migration and non-VOC (volatile organic compound) attributes. As an ester of citric acid, triethyl citrate is a colorless, odorless liquid which historically has found use as a food additive (E number E1505) to stabilize foams, especially as a whipping aid for egg whites.
The primary function of the dispersing agent and surfactant (i.e. TEC) in the biochemical foam composition is to ensure relatively uniform dispersal of dissolved potassium ions in solution, while significantly reducing surface tension of the liquid foam solution containing dissolved hydrolyzed protein molecules and surfactant (i.e. TEC), so that the finished fire extinguishing foam is produced from the aerating foam nozzle with the desired stability and wetness/dryness.
The fact that CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) esters are bio-based, odorless, biodegradable and label-free, represents a great advantage over most other surfactants (e.g. fluoro-surfactants used in conventional Fluoroprotein foam concentrates adversely impacting the environment), and fully satisfies the toxicological and environmental safety requirements desired when practicing the biochemical concentrate of the present invention.
The chemical and colloidal nature of potassium salt ions (which are mineral salt dispersions) present in TPC dissolved in water with dissolved hydrolyzed protein isolate, is highly compatible with the CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate (TEC) ester used as the dispersing agent and surfactant in the preferred embodiments of the present invention. Also, CITROFOL® A1 triethyl citrate esters are REACH registered and are safe, if not ideal, for use in environmentally sensitive products such as fire extinguishing agents which must not adversely impact human, animal and plant life, ecological systems, or the natural environment.
Specification of Preferred Formulations for Fire Extinguishing Biochemical Foam Concentrates According to the Present Invention
Example 1: Schematically illustrated in
Preferred Weights Percentages of the Components of the Fire Extinguishing Biochemical Foam Concentrate Formulation of the Present Invention
In the biochemical foam concentrates of the present invention, the ratio of the ester of citrate (e.g. triethyl citrate) to the alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate) may be major amount between 1:100: to 1:1000 and is typically in the range from 1:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:50, more preferably in the range from 1:4 to 1:25 and most preferably in the range from 1:8 to 1:15. Also, the ratio of the alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate) to the hydrolyzed protein isolate (e.g. HPI of 80% or greater purity) may be major amount between 1:100: to 1:1000 and is typically in the range from 1:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:50, more preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:30 and most preferably in the range from 1:2 to 1:4.
A preferred biochemical foam concentrate according to the present invention comprises: a major amount from 1% to 65% by weight, preferably from 20% to 50% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 55% by weight, of at least one alkali metal salt of a nonpolymeric saturated carboxylic acid (e.g. tripotassium citrate monohydrate or TPC); a major amount from 1% to 65% by weight, preferably from 20% to 50% by weight and more preferably from 30% to 55% by weight, of at least one hydrolyzed protein isolate (e.g. soy, whey or soy whey protein isolate of 80% purity or greater; and minor amount from 0.08% to 5% by weight, preferably from 0.5% to 2% by weight and more preferably from 0.1% to 1.0% by weight, of triethyl citrate (an ester of citrate acid) as dispersing agent and surfactant; wherein the sum by % weight of the components (a) and (b) should not exceed 100% by weight.
In a preferred embodiment, the fire extinguishing foam concentrate further comprises water. The water content is present in a major amount and is typically not less than 30% by weight, preferably not less than 40% by weight, more preferably not less than 50% by weight and most preferably not less than 60% by weight and preferably not more than 60% by weight and more preferably not more than 70% by weight, all based on the fire extinguishing biochemical foam concentrate composition.
The viscosity of the aqueous preparation is preferably at least 4 [mPas] (millipascal-seconds, in SI units, defined as the internal friction of a liquid to the application of pressure or shearing stress determined using a rotary viscometer), and preferably not more than 50 [mPas], or 50 centipois) [cps], for most applications. Preferably, the pH of the aqueous concentrate solution is in the range of 6.0 to 8.0.
Methods of Blending, Making and Producing the Biochemical Foam Concentrate Formulation
The fire extinguishing foam concentrate illustrated above is reproducible by mixing the components described above. The order of mixing is discretionary. However, it is advantageous to produce aqueous preparations by first mixing the components other than water, into a predetermined quantity of water.
When seeking to produce a highly-effective fire extinguishing foam material, the foam concentrate is added and mixed with a proportioned quantity of pressurized water flowing through a venturi-driven proportioning/mixing system (e.g. as shown in
To formulate an X % foam concentrate (FC), all of the mass measures in the foam concentrate formulation should be listed in a table format, including the amount of water to be mixed with the components to make up the foam concentrate formulation. For a 6% foam concentration, 94 gallons of water will be added to each 6 gallons of foam concentrate suctioned by the venturi-type proportioning/mixing system shown in
Specification of Portable Apparatus for Proportioning and Mixing Fire Extinguishing Foam Concentrate of the Present Invention with Pressurized Streams of Water, and then with Air within an Aerating Nozzle to Generate Fire Extinguishing Foam for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As shown in
Using this system, a proportioned quantity (i.e. 1%, 3% or 6%) of fire extinguishing foam concentrate (FC) is mixed with a pressurized supply of water flowing through the automated venturi-based proportioning/mixing device that continuously produces, as output, a mixed foam liquid/solution to the input port of an aerating-type foam spray nozzle, flexibly mounted on platform, or hand-supportable, so as to generate a finished fire extinguishing foam from the foam gun nozzle for application to Class A and/or B fuel sources proactively, or during an active fire.
Specification of Fixed/Stationary Apparatus for Proportioning and Mixing Fire Extinguishing Foam Concentrate of the Present Invention with Pressurized Streams of Water, and then with Air within an Aerating Nozzle to Generate Fire Extinguishing Foam for Use in Actively Extinguishing Fire Involving Class A Fuel and/or Class B Fuel
As shown in
The system shown in
Applications for the Fire Fighting Liquid Concentrate (LC) Compositions and Foam Concentrate (FC) Compositions of the Present Invention
The fire fighting (e.g. inhibiting and extinguishing) liquid concentrates and foam concentrate compositions of the present invention have diverse applications beyond inhibiting and extinguishing Class A and B fires in the wildfire and wildland fire defense industry including, for example, preventing and fighting against fires arising in the aviation, industrial, marine and offshore, and oil, gas and petrochemical industries.
Aviation applications include inhibiting and extinguishing fires in aircraft hangers, airports, heliports, maintenance bays, and engine test facilities.
Industrial application include inhibiting and extinguishing fires in chemical plants, hazardous material spills, blending operations, power plants, waste treatment, pumping stations, truck loading racks, and warehouses.
Marine and offshore application include inhibiting and extinguishing fires in engine and pump rooms, cargo holds, helidecks, offshore platforms, floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs), floating offshore stations (FOSs), jetties, dry docks, and onshore-offshore storage.
Oil, gas and petrochemical applications include inhibiting and extinguishing fires in refineries, tank farms, storage tanks and dikes, petrochemical facilities, liquid natural gas (LNG) terminals, and pipelines.
Modifications to the Present Invention which Readily Come to Mind
The illustrative embodiments disclose the formulation, application and use of environmentally-clean fire inhibiting liquid concentrates, fire extinguishing liquid concentrates, and fire extinguishing foam concentrates. Such fire inhibiting compositions, methods and apparatus are disclosed and taught herein for use in proactively coating the surfaces of wood, lumber, and timber, and other combustible matter, wherever wild fires may travel. Such fire extinguishing liquid concentrates, methods and apparatus are disclosed and taught herein for use in actively producing fire extinguishing mists, sprays, clouds and streams of water with additives that more effectively extinguish fire involving Class A and/or B fuels, using significantly less water. Also, fire extinguishing foam concentrates, methods and apparatus are disclosed and taught herein for use in actively producing fire extinguishing foams that more effectively extinguish fire involving Class A and/or B fuels, using significantly less water.
These and other variations and modifications will come to mind in view of the present invention disclosure.
While several modifications to the illustrative embodiments have been described above, it is understood that various other modifications to the illustrative embodiment of the present invention will readily occur to persons with ordinary skill in the art. All such modifications and variations are deemed to be within the scope and spirit of the present invention as defined by the accompanying Claims to Invention.
The present Patent Application is a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/167,084 filed Feb. 4, 2021; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/805,811 filed Mar. 1, 2020; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/449,389 filed Jun. 22, 2019; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/829,944 filed Dec. 3, 2017; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/914,067 filed Jun. 26, 2020; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/029,861 filed Jun. 9, 2019; wherein each said US Patent Application is commonly owned by M-Fire Holdings, LLC and incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth herein.
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| 20060113513 | Nilsson | Jun 2006 | A1 |
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| 20080099580 | Gunter | May 2008 | A1 |
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| 20080168798 | Kotliar | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080176141 | Pan | Jul 2008 | A1 |
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| 20080202772 | Twum | Aug 2008 | A1 |
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| 20080217086 | Ferreira Neves | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080236846 | Gamble | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080276556 | Flint | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080289831 | Kaimart | Nov 2008 | A1 |
| 20080314601 | Cafferata | Dec 2008 | A1 |
| 20090039660 | Gonzalez | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090044484 | Berger | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090065646 | Hale | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090075539 | Dimanshteyn | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090090520 | Lee | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090107064 | Bowman | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090120653 | Thomas | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090126948 | DeSanto | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090126951 | Baek | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090145075 | Oakley | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090188567 | McHugh | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090194605 | Lepeshinsky | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090212251 | Taylor | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090215926 | Kozlowski | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090216163 | Evans | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090249556 | Dermeik | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090255605 | Filion | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090266025 | Toas | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090280345 | Maynard | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090301001 | Kish | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090313748 | Guedes Lopes Da Fonseca | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090313931 | Porter | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090314500 | Fenton | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20090326117 | Benussi | Dec 2009 | A1 |
| 20100000743 | Cohen | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100018725 | Ramos Rodriguez | Jan 2010 | A1 |
| 20100032175 | Boyd | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| 20100062153 | Curzon | Mar 2010 | A1 |
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| 20100175897 | Crump | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100176353 | Hanna | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100181084 | Carmo | Jul 2010 | A1 |
| 20100200819 | Mans Fibla | Aug 2010 | A1 |
| 20100218959 | Adiga | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| 20100252648 | Robinson | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100263886 | Rahgozar | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100267853 | Edry | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100269735 | Shichtel | Oct 2010 | A1 |
| 20100281784 | Leo | Nov 2010 | A1 |
| 20100314138 | Weatherspoon | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20100326677 | Jepsen | Dec 2010 | A1 |
| 20110000142 | Bui | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110005780 | Rennie | Jan 2011 | A1 |
| 20110015411 | Goto | Jan 2011 | A1 |
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| 20130000239 | Winterowd | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130001331 | Palle | Jan 2013 | A1 |
| 20130101839 | Dion | Apr 2013 | A1 |
| 20130111839 | Efros | May 2013 | A1 |
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| 20130264076 | Medina | Oct 2013 | A1 |
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| 20130328322 | Julian | Dec 2013 | A1 |
| 20140027131 | Kawiecki | Jan 2014 | A1 |
| 20140079942 | Lally | Mar 2014 | A1 |
| 20140123572 | Segall | May 2014 | A1 |
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| 20140290970 | Izumida | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140295164 | Parker | Oct 2014 | A1 |
| 20140299339 | Klaffmo | Oct 2014 | A1 |
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| 20140338930 | Smith | Nov 2014 | A1 |
| 20140366598 | Carmo | Dec 2014 | A1 |
| 20150020476 | Winterowd | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150021053 | Klaffmo | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150021055 | Klaffmo | Jan 2015 | A1 |
| 20150052838 | Ritchie | Feb 2015 | A1 |
| 20150071978 | Chang | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150076842 | Bendel | Mar 2015 | A1 |
| 20150129245 | Weber | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150147478 | Shutt | May 2015 | A1 |
| 20150167291 | Bundy | Jun 2015 | A1 |
| 20150175841 | Parker | Jun 2015 | A1 |
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| 20150321033 | Statter | Nov 2015 | A1 |
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| 20150335926 | Klaffmo | Nov 2015 | A1 |
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| 20160024779 | Clus | Jan 2016 | A1 |
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| 20160082298 | Dagenhart | Mar 2016 | A1 |
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| 2653817 | Dec 2007 | CA |
| 2705140 | May 2009 | CA |
| 2974796 | Jul 2010 | CA |
| 2811358 | Jan 2013 | CA |
| 2792793 | Apr 2013 | CA |
| 2846076 | Sep 2014 | CA |
| 2862380 | Apr 2015 | CA |
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| 2898925 | Jul 2015 | EP |
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| 429207 | May 1935 | GB |
| 831720 | Mar 1960 | GB |
| 832691 | Apr 1960 | GB |
| 1112553 | May 1968 | GB |
| 2301122 | Nov 1996 | GB |
| 2370766 | Jul 2002 | GB |
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| 2375047 | Nov 2002 | GB |
| 2386835 | Oct 2003 | GB |
| 2486959 | Jul 2012 | GB |
| 2533262 | Jun 2016 | GB |
| 2549980 | Nov 2017 | GB |
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| 9803228 | Jan 1998 | WO |
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| 0006667 | Feb 2000 | WO |
| 0022255 | Apr 2000 | WO |
| 0029067 | May 2000 | WO |
| 0006667 | Aug 2000 | WO |
| 0107116 | Feb 2001 | WO |
| 0139599 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| 0145932 | Jun 2001 | WO |
| 0166669 | Sep 2001 | WO |
| 0208015 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| 0228484 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| 0228708 | Apr 2002 | WO |
| 0139599 | May 2002 | WO |
| 0243812 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| 0244305 | Jun 2002 | WO |
| 0244305 | Aug 2002 | WO |
| 0228708 | Jan 2003 | WO |
| 03015873 | Feb 2003 | WO |
| 0243812 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| 03024618 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| 2003018695 | Mar 2003 | WO |
| 03015873 | May 2003 | WO |
| 03057317 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| 03072201 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| 03073128 | Sep 2003 | WO |
| 2004000422 | Dec 2003 | WO |
| 2004108528 | Dec 2004 | WO |
| 2005014115 | Feb 2005 | WO |
| 2005046800 | May 2005 | WO |
| 2004108528 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| 2005049144 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| 2005054407 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| 2005058423 | Jun 2005 | WO |
| 2005119868 | Dec 2005 | WO |
| 2006006829 | Jan 2006 | WO |
| 2006010667 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006013180 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006017566 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2006032130 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2006036084 | Apr 2006 | WO |
| 2006045167 | May 2006 | WO |
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| 2006017566 | Jun 2006 | WO |
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| 2006072672 | Jul 2006 | WO |
| 2006079899 | Aug 2006 | WO |
| 2006081156 | Aug 2006 | WO |
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| 2007001403 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| 2007008098 | Jan 2007 | WO |
| 2007027170 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| 2007030982 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| 2007033450 | Mar 2007 | WO |
| 2007048149 | May 2007 | WO |
| 2007065112 | Jun 2007 | WO |
| 2007092985 | Aug 2007 | WO |
| 2007138132 | Dec 2007 | WO |
| 2007140676 | Dec 2007 | WO |
| 2008031559 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008045460 | Apr 2008 | WO |
| 2008071825 | Jun 2008 | WO |
| 2008071825 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008100348 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2008104617 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| 2008111864 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| 08118408 | Oct 2008 | WO |
| 2008150157 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| 2008150265 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| 2008155187 | Dec 2008 | WO |
| 2009004105 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| 2009012546 | Jan 2009 | WO |
| 2009020251 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| 2009022995 | Feb 2009 | WO |
| 2005049144 | Mar 2009 | WO |
| 2009022995 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009042847 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009057104 | May 2009 | WO |
| 2009061471 | May 2009 | WO |
| 2009086826 | Jul 2009 | WO |
| 2009097112 | Aug 2009 | WO |
| 2009121682 | Oct 2009 | WO |
| 2009139668 | Nov 2009 | WO |
| 2009150478 | Dec 2009 | WO |
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| 2010028416 | Mar 2010 | WO |
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| 2010046696 | Apr 2010 | WO |
| 2010061059 | Jun 2010 | WO |
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| 2010082073 | Jul 2010 | WO |
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| 2010089604 | Aug 2010 | WO |
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| 2011015411 | Feb 2011 | WO |
| 2011016773 | Feb 2011 | WO |
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| 2012002777 | May 2012 | WO |
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| 2012071577 | May 2012 | WO |
| 2012076905 | Jun 2012 | WO |
| 2012078916 | Jun 2012 | WO |
| 2012071577 | Aug 2012 | WO |
| 2012147677 | Nov 2012 | WO |
| 2012164478 | Dec 2012 | WO |
| 2013003097 | Jan 2013 | WO |
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| 2013145207 | Oct 2013 | WO |
| 2013179218 | Dec 2013 | WO |
| 2014001417 | Jan 2014 | WO |
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| 2014115036 | Jul 2014 | WO |
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| 2014127604 | Aug 2014 | WO |
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| 2015172619 | Nov 2015 | WO |
| 2016004801 | Jan 2016 | WO |
| 2016005650 | Jan 2016 | WO |
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| 2017015585 | Jan 2017 | WO |
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