ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PERMANENT QUATERNARIES OF POLYAMINES AND THEIR USE AS CLAY STABILIZERS AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING SAME

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

Embodiments of the present invention relate to new classes of temporary and permanent clay stabilization compositions and to methods for making and using same.

More particularly, embodiment of the present invention relate to new classes of temporary and permanent clay stabilization compositions, where the compositions includes one or a plurality of quaternary salts of alkanol amines, ether amines, cyclic amines, alkylated cyclic amines, polyamines, alkylated polyamines, or mixtures and combination of one or more of such quaternary salts. The invention also related to methods for making and using same.

2. Description of the Related Art

Clay stabilizer is a chemical additive used in stimulation treatments to prevent the migration or swelling of clay particles in reaction to water-base fluid. There are two types of clay stabilizers, temporary and permanent. There is a need for more environmentally friendly clay stabilizers and a need for more permanent clay stabilizers, especially those that are environmentally friendly.

During drilling and/or completion, zones that comprise shales and/or reactive clays can become unstable, when they are in contact with water in a drilling fluid. These zones contain clays that have been dehydrated over geologic time by overburden pressure. When these zone are exposed to a water containing material such as a drilling fluid, the clays osmotically imbibe water from the drilling fluid and swell. The swelling of the shale induces stresses, loss of mechanical strength, and shale failure. See Thomas W. Beihoffer et al in the May 16, 1992 Oil & Gas Journal, page 47 et seq., entitled “Cationic Polymer Drilling Fluid Can Sometimes Replace Oil-based Mud” for a more in depth explanation of the problem of drilling through clay containing zones. Shale crumbling into the borehole (“sloughing”) can ultimately place a burden on the drill bit which makes it impossible to retrieve.

Salts such as potassium chloride have been widely used in drilling treatments to convert the formation material from the sodium form by ion exchange to, for example, the potassium form which is less vulnerable to swelling; also the use of high concentrations of potassium salts affects the osmotic balance and tends to inhibit the flow of water away from the high potassium salt concentration fluids into the shale. However, it is difficult to maintain the required high concentrations of potassium salts in the drilling fluids. In addition, the physical introduction of such salts causes difficulties with the use of the viscosifying materials typically used for drilling. Inorganic salts can also have a harmful effect on the environment if released.

There are three general types of amine and/or quaternary ammonium cation sources which have been suggested for clay treatment during drilling operations and hydrocarbon recovery. The three types include: (a) compounds having a single-site quaternary ammonium cation and amine, (b) compounds having a few (two to about six) amine or quaternary ammonium cation sites, sometimes referred herein as “oligo-cationics”, and (c) quaternary ammonium or amine polymers, which may have from about six to thousands of cationic sites. Such prior art clay control compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,761,835; 2,761,840; 2,761,836; 4,842,073; 5,211,239; 2,761,843; 3,349,032; 4,447,342; 4,374,739; 4,366,071 and 6,921,742, incorporated herein by reference.

Although there are numerous examples of clay control additives, there is still a need in the art for new clay control additives, especially environmentally friendly clay control additives that are quaternary salts of polyamines, oligomeric amines, or polymeric amines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide clay stabilizing compositions of this invention include at least one quaternary salt of Formulas (I-III):

[R¹R²N(R^aN(R³))_nR^aNR¹R²(R⁰)_i]^j+(A_k)^j− (I),

[Z(R⁰)_i]^j+(A_k)^j− (II),

[Z(R^aZ′)_nR^aZ″(R⁰)_i]^j+(A_k)^j− (III),

reaction products of compounds of polyamines having at least one NH moiety with at least one aldehyde or aldehyde donor, or

mixtures and combinations thereof,

where:

- A and R⁰are derived from alkylating agents having the general formula R⁰A selected from the formulas consisting of R^IR^IISO₄, R^ISO₃H, R^IIICl, ArCl, ArR^IVCl, R^VO(R^VIO)R^VICl, ClR^VIO(R^VIO)R^VICl, or mixtures and combinations thereof, where R^I, R^II, R^III, and R^Vare a hydrogen atom or the same or different carbyl groups, Ar is an aryl group, and R^IVand R^VIare the same or different linking carbyl groups, where R⁰is selected from the group consisting of H, R^Ior R^II, R^III, Ar, ArR^IV, R^VO(R^VIO)R^VI, ClR^VIO(R^VIO(R^VIO)R^VI, R^VIO(R^VIO)R^VI, and mixtures thereof and A⁻ is selected from the group consisting of R^ISO₄⁻ or R^IISO₄⁻, R^ISO₃⁻, Cl⁻, [R^VIO(R^VIO)R^VICl]⁻, [R^VIO(R^VIO)R^VI]²⁻, and mixtures thereof,
- R¹, R², and R³are the same or different and are either hydrogen atoms (H), linear, branched, or cyclic carbyl groups having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms, R^bOH groups, R^b(OR^bb)_nOH groups, R^b(OR^bb)_nOR groups, or mixtures and combinations thereof,
- Z, Z′, and Z″ are the same or different heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups, alkylated heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups, ethoxylated heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups, propoxylated heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups, and alkoxylated heterocyclic nitrogen containing groups bonded through the nitrogen atoms of the groups,
- R^a, R^b, and R^bbis the same or different linear or branched carbyl linking groups having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms,
- R groups are the same or different linear, branched or cyclic carbyl group having between 1 and 20 carbon atoms,
- I is an integer having value between 1 and sum of NH moieties and N atoms,
- j is an integer having a value between 1 and the number of N atoms, and
- k is an integer having a value between 1 and the number of A counterions needed to neutralize the charge on the quaternary salt.

The above quaternary salts are prepared either by (a) reacting polyamines of Formulas (IV-VI):

R¹R²N(R^aN(R³))_nR^aNR¹R² (IV)

Z (V)

Z(R^aZ′)_nRaZ″ (VI)

directly with one or more alkylating agents R⁰A or (b) alkylating polyamines of Formulas (IV-VI) having at least one NH moiety with an aldehyde or mixture of aldehydes and then reacting the resulting reaction product with one or more alkylating agents R⁰A.

Embodiments of the present invention provide drilling fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention. Embodiments of the present invention provide completion fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention. Embodiments of the present invention provide fracturing fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for making compounds of this invention. Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for drilling using a drilling fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention. Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for completing using a completion fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention. Embodiments of the present invention provide methods for fracturing using a fracturing fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention can be better understood with reference to the following detailed description together with the appended illustrative drawings in which like elements are numbered the same:

FIG. 1A-D depict structures of exemplary of compounds of Formulas (I-VI).

FIG. 2 depicts water release data for 71.7 wt. % choline chloride available as Bio Add 1200 from Shrieve Chemical Company from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 3 depicts water release data for 40.3 wt. % choline chloride available as Bio Add 1200 from Shrieve Chemical Company from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 4 depicts water release data for 1.5 gpt to 3.0 gpt of XC-197, a clay control additive available from Pchem, A Weatherford Company, with 1 wt. % Charles B. Chrystle Co. versus 1 wt. % Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 5 depicts water release data for 1.5 gpt to 3.0 gpt of XC-197, a clay control additive available from Pchem, A Weatherford Company, with 1 wt. % Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 6 depicts components of Huntsman Amine C9 including their chemical names and structures used in the preparation of the quaternary salts of Example 1 and Example 2.

FIG. 7 depicts chemical structures of diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of Huntsman C9 amine as set forth in Example 1.

FIG. 8 depicts water release data for the quaternary salts of Example 1 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 9 depicts chemical structures of dimethyl sulfate quaternary salts of Huntsman C9 amine as set forth in Example 2.

FIG. 10 depicts water release data for the quaternary salts of Example 2 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 11 depicts water release data for the quaternary salts of Examples 1 and Example 2 from Cream Bentonite from Charles B. Chrystle.

FIG. 12 depicts chemical structures of possible reaction products of the reaction of diethanolamine and formaldehyde as described in Example 3.

FIG. 13 depicts chemical structures of possible diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of the reaction products of Example 3.

FIG. 14 depicts water release data for the quaternary salts of Example 3 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 15 depicts chemical structure of a possible benzyl chloride quaternary salt of triethanol amine of Example 4.

FIG. 16 depicts water release data for the quaternary salt of Example 4 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 17 depicts chemical structure of a possible diethyl sulfate quaternary salt of the triethanol amine of Example 5.

FIG. 18 depicts water release data for the quaternary salt of Example 5 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 19 depicts chemical structures of possible reaction products of aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and two moles of formaldehyde of Examples 11-13.

FIG. 20 depicts benzyl chloride, diethyl sulfate, and dichloroethylether quaternary salts of a possible amine formed in reaction mixture of Examples 11, 12, and 13.

FIG. 21 depicts water release data for the dichloroethylether quaternary salt of Example 11 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 22 depicts water release data for the dichloroethylether quaternary salt of Example 11 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite

FIG. 23 depicts water release data for the benzyl chloride quaternary salt of Example 12 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 24 depicts water release data for the diethyl sulfate quaternary salt of Example 13 from Cream Bentonite (Charles B. Chrystle Co, Inc.).

FIG. 25 depicts water release data for the diethyl sulfate quaternary salt of Example 14 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

FIG. 26 depicts possible chemical structures of the reaction product of aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and two moles of formaldehyde formed in Example 15.

FIG. 27 depicts possible chemical structures of benzyl chloride, diethyl sulfate, and dichloroethylether quaternary salts of the possible amines formed in Example 15.

FIG. 28 depicts water release data for the dichloroethylether quaternary salt of Example 15 from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors have found that new quaternary clay stabilizing compositions including one or a plurality of quaternary salts of hydroxy amines represent a new class of clay stabilization additives that have reduced toxicity and equivalent water release properties as conventional clay stabilization compounds. The inventors have found that the quaternary salts of compounds of Formulas (I-III) represent new quaternary salt clay stabilizing compounds. We have also found that some of these new quaternary salt clay stabilizing compounds have reduced adverse environmental effects compared to conventional quaternary salt clay stabilizing compounds. We have found that the new quaternary clay stabilizing compounds are effective both as temporary and permanent clay stabilizers, are effective clay stabilizers with reduced corrosion propensity for downhole and surface equipment such as piping, casing, pumps, etc. and many of the compounds have improved environmental properties including reduced toxicity to microorganisms and vertebrates. We have also found that the compounds may be tailored by selecting the amines and the quaternarizing agents needed to render them more environmentally friendly and less toxic.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to drilling fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to completion fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to fracturing fluids including an effective amount of at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to methods for making compounds of the Formulas (I-III).

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to methods for drilling using a drilling fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to methods for completing using a completion fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

Embodiments of the present invention also broadly relates to methods for fracturing using a fracturing fluid including at least one clay stabilizing composition of this invention.

In certain embodiments of this invention, the compounds of this invention may also include adding morpholine amines such as C6 amine available from Huntsman Corporation in the final stages of preparation so that the morpholine amines impart improved anti-corrosion characteristics to the formulation. The inventors have found that by adding C6 amine to the reaction mixtures during preparation, the morpholine amines imparted needed anti-corrosion characteristics to the compositions. The inventors believe that the new compounds are well suited as clay stabilizers, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors, de-emulsifiers, and/or collectors in ore floatation and other oil field and mining applications. These compositions are particularly useful as clay stabilizers that are environmentally friendly.

The quaternary salts of this invention are prepared by reacting polyamino compounds or reaction products of polyamino compounds having at least one NH moiety with one aldehyde or plurality of aldehydes with an effective amount of at least one alkylating agent R⁰A sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 40% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In certain embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 50% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In other embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 60% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In other embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 70% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In other embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 80% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In other embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 90% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts. In other embodiments, the effective amount sufficient to alkylate any NH moiety or all remaining NH moieties and converting at least 95% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into quaternary salts.

For example, aminoethylethanolamine may be reacted with sufficient R⁰A to alkylate aminoethylethanolamine to form R⁰,R⁰,R⁰-aminoethylethanolamine and then to convert 40 mole % of the resulting tertiary amines to form a mixture of R⁰,R⁰,R⁰,R⁰-aminoethylethanolammonium A salts and R⁰,R⁰,R⁰,R⁰,R⁰-aminoethylethonaldiammonium A₂salts.

In another example, aminoethylethanolamine is reacted with an aldehyde to alkylate or dimerize the aminoethylethanolamine. The reaction product is then reacted with sufficient R⁰A to convert at least 40% of the tertiary amines present in the compounds into corresponding quaternary salts.

In certain embodiments, the quaternary salts of the polyamines of this invention and the quaternary salts of reaction products of polyamines and aldehydes may also include primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, or mixtures and combinations thereof to augment the properties of the clay stabilization compositions of this invention.

Suitable Reagents

Suitable polyamines for use in the invention include, without limitation, any linear, branched, or cyclic carbyl polyamines having between about 1 carbon atoms to about 40 carbon atoms. The carbyl group may be alkanol groups, ether groups, amino groups, polyether alkanol groups, polyamine groups, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples include, without limitation, alkylpolyamine, alkanolpolyamines, alkylalkanolpolyamines, etherpolyamines, cyclicpolyamines, heterocyclic polyamines, alkylated analogs, alkoxylated analogs, and mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples of suitable polyamines include, without limitation, α,ω-linear or branched diamines, α,ω-alkyleneoxide diamines, a,w-alkyleneamino diamines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples of suitable polyamines include, without limitation, ethoxylated polyamines, ethoxylated morpholine polyamines, alkanol polyamines, ethylene polyamines, alkylated ethoxylated polyamines, alkylated ethoxylated morpholine polyamines, alkylated polyamines, alkylated ethylene polyamines, alkylated polyamines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. The alkylating agents include, without limitation, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, glyoxal, other formaldehyde donors, or mixtures and combinations thereof. FIGS. 1A-D shows illustrative examples of compounds of Formulas (I-VI).

In certain embodiments, the amine suitable for this invention include alkanolamines of the general formula:

HO—(Y)_k4—(OY′)_k3—N(Y″)—(Y′O)_k2—(Y)_k1OH

where k1 and k4 are integers independently having a value between 1 and 6, k2 and k3 are integers independently having a value between 0 and 20, Y is a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups, Y′ is a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups, and Y″ is hydrogen atom or a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl group. Exemplary examples of linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups include, without limitation, methylene groups, ethylene groups, propylene group, butylene groups, pentylene groups, hexylene group, higher alkylene groups, cyclopentylene group, cyclohexylene group, phenylene groups, benzylene groups, alkylated analog thereof, or mixtures and combinations thereof and the linear, branched, or cyclic carbyl groups are analogs having two attachment sites. Exemplary amines include, without limitation monoalkanol amines such as methanolamine, ethanolamine, or higher alkanol amines, dialkanolamines such as dimethanolamine, diethanolamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl-methylamino)ethanol, bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethyl)methylamine, N,N′-bis(2-hydroxyethy)ethylenediamine, bis(hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)piperazine, bis(hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, tris(hydroxyethyl) ethylenediamine, or mixtures and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the amine suitable for this invention include alkanolamines of the general formula:

GO—(Y)_k4—(OY′)_k3N(Y″)—(Y′O)_k2—(Y)_k1OG

where k1 and k4 are integers independently having a value between 1 and 6, k2 and k3 are integers independently having a value between 0 and 20, Y is a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups, Y′ is a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups, Y″ is hydrogen atom or a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl group, and G is a linear, branched or cyclic carbyl group. Exemplary examples of linear, branched or cyclic carbyl linking groups include, without limitation, methylene groups, ethylene groups, propylene group, butylene groups, pentylene groups, hexylene group, higher alkylene groups, cyclopentylene group, cyclohexylene group, phenylene groups, benzylene groups, alkylated analog thereof, or mixtures and combinations thereof and the linear, branched, or cyclic carbyl groups are analogs having two attachment sites. Exemplary amines include, without limitation monoetheralkylamines such as methoxymethylamine, ethoxyethylamine, or higher alkoxyalkylamines; dietheralkylamines such as dimethoxyethylamine, diethoxydiethylamine, N-(2-methoxyethyl)ethylendiamine, 2-(2-(2-ethoxy)ethyl-methylamino)ethane, bis(2-ethoxyethyl)methylamine,N,N′-bis(2-bis(ethoxyethy)ethylendiamine, 1-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[2-(2-ethoxy)ethyl)piperazine, bis(ethoxyethyl)ethylendiamine, tris(ethoxyethyl)ethylendiamine, 3-methoxypropylamine, N,N-bis(methoxypiperazine), or mixtures and combinations thereof.

Other suitable amines include, without limitation, ethyleneamines such as ethylenediamine, monoethanolamine, diethylentriamine, 2-aminoethylethanolamine, triethylenetetramine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 5-methyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-4,6-diene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-6-ene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene, 4-(2-amino ethyl) diethylenetriamine, N,N′-bis(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 1,2-dipiperazinoethane, N-(2-piperazinylethyl)ethylenediamine, tetraethylenepentamine, 4-(2-aminoethyl)triethylenetetramine, N-(2-piperazinoethyl)diethylenetriamine, 4-(2-piperazinoethyl)diethylentriamine, N-(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethyl)-N′-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, bis(2-piperazinoethyl)amine, N-(2-piperazino ethyl)-N′-(2-amino ethyl)piperazine, pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), hexaethyleneheptamine (HEHA), heptaethyleneoctamine (HEOA), higher molecular weight ethyleneamine and piperazine oligomers, their piperazine constituents thereof, Molex ethyleneamines such as Molex A-1328, Molex A-1320, Molex A-1303, Molex 1783L, and the corresponding alkylated ethyleneamines and hydroxylated ethyleneamines, 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylethylenediamine, other alkylated ethyleneamines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Molex A-1328 is a mixture of N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 2-aminoethylethanolamine, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-6-ene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene and triethylenetetramine. Ethoxylated ethyleneamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[(2-aminoethypamino]-1-hydroxy-ethyl, crude aminoethylethanolamine, N-hydroxyethyl diethylentriamine, 1,7-bis(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tris(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, hydroxyethyltriethylenetetramine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tris(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, penta(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, N-hydroxyethyl tetraethylenepentamine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, penta(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, hexa(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, ethoxylated pentaethylenehexamine, ethoxylated hexaethyleneheptamine, ethoxylated heptaethyleneoctamine, ethoxylated E-100, other ethoxylated ethyleneamines, ethoxylated amines and their mixtures. Other amines include, without limitation, aminocyclohexane, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine, propyleneamines, propylenediamines, similar amines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the compositions of this invention include secondary alkanolamines, ethyleneamines, alkylated ethylenamines, alkylated amines, hydroxylated amine, which may be partially or totally alkylated with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, 1-chlorohexadecane, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, glyoxal and other alkylating agents. In other embodiments, the compositions of this invention include tertiary alkanolamines, secondary alkanolamines, partially alkylated or totally alkylated ethyleneamines, amines or mixtures and combinations thereof. Other amines include amine head's which are a combination of hexamethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, 3-aminopropan-1-ol, 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine, 2-aminocyclopentanemethylamine, and 1,2-cyclohexanediamine. Other suitable amines are JEFFCAT tertiary amines from Huntsman. These include N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tetramethylbis(amino ethyl)ether, N,N-dimethyl-2 (2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, pentmethyldipropylenetriamine, tetramethyldipropylenetriamine, benzyldimethylamine, the like and their mixtures.

Ethyleneamines include linear, branched and some contain piperazine rings. Exemplary ethyleneamines include compounds of Formulas (a-d):

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where n1 is an integer having a value between 0 and 9, n2 is an integer having a value between 0 and 8, n3 is an integer having a value between 0 and 8, and n4 is an integer having a value between 1 and 8.

Fused bicyclic rings are also found in the ethyleneamines, especially in the Molex amines. Exemplary fused bicyclic rings are 5-methyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-4,6-diene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-6-ene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene. Exemplary fused ring system include compounds of Formulas (e-g):

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Ethoxylated ethyleneamines include linear, branched and some contain piperazine rings. Exemplary ethoxylated ethyleneamines include compounds of Formulas (h-x):

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mixtures or combinations thereof.

Suitable quaternizing agents for forming the A counterions include, without limitation, compounds of the general formula R⁰A including, without limitation, dialkylsulfates, where the alkyl groups are the same or different and have between 1 and 6 carbon atoms, chloroalkylbenzenes such as benzylchloride, 1,4-chloromethylbenzene, etc., where the alkyl group has between 1 and 6 carbon atoms, alkylchlorides, where the alkyl group has between 1 and 24 carbon atoms, chloroethers, where the alkyl group has between 4 and 24 carbon atoms and alkylsulfonates, where the alkyl group is a straight chain alkyl group, or branched alkyl group, or cyclic alkyl group has 1 to 24 carbon atoms. In all of these compounds one or more of carbon atoms may be replaced by oxygen atoms. Exemplary examples of dialkylsulfate compounds include, without limitation, dimethylsulfate, methylethylsulfate, diethylsulfate, dipropylsulfate, methylpropylsulfate, ethylpropylsulfate, higher dialkyl sulfates and mixed dialkyl sulfates, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples of chloroalkylbenzenes include, without limitation, benzyl chloride, chloroxylene, chloroethylbenzene, chloropropylbenzene, chlorobutylbenzene, higher chloroalkylbenzenes, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples of alkylchlorides include, without limitation, methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, propyl chloride, butyl chloride, pentyl chloride, hexyl chloride, heptyl chloride, octyl chloride, 1-chlorohexadecane, higher alkyl chloride, or mixtures and combinations. Exemplary examples of chloroethers include, without limitation, chloroethylethanolether, dichloroethylether, higher chlorinated ethers, or mixtures and combinations. Exemplary examples of alkylsulfonates are methylsulfonate, ethane sulfonic acid, 1-butanesulfonic acid, petroleum sulfonic acids, benzenesulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, and mixtures or combinations thereof.

Huntsman C-6 amine may be added to these quaternaries to raise the pH. Huntsman C-6 amine is a mixture of 2-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethoxy)ethanol, 4-(2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethyl)morpholine, 4-(4-morpholinyl)ethoxyethyl)morpholine.

Suitable cyclic amines include, without limitation, imidazolidines, oxazolidines, piperazines, morpholines, similar higher heterocyclic amines, and mixtures or combinations thereof.

Amines, Alkanol Amines, and Alkyleneether Amines

Suitable amines, alkanol amines, and alkyleneether amines for use in the invention include, without limitation, any linear, branched or cyclic carbyl amine having between about 1 carbon atoms to about 40 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the amines are primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, or mixtures or combinations thereof. The carbyl group may be any carbon containing group having between 1 and 30 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the carbyl groups are linear, branched, and/or cyclic alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, or mixtures and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the carbyl groups are aryl groups, alkaryl groups, arylalkyl groups, or mixtures and combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the carbyl groups are alkanol groups, ether groups, polyether alkanol groups, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples include, without limitation, monocarbylamines, dicarbylamines, tricarbylamines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples include, without limitation, monoalkylamine, dialkylamine, trialkylamines, monoalkanolamines, dialkanolamines, trialkanolamines, monoetheramines, dietheramines, trietheramines, cyclicamines, heterocyclic amines, alkylated analogs, alkoxylated analogs, alkylalkanolamines, dialkylalkanolamines, alkyldialkanolamines, alkyletheramines, dialkyletheramines, alkyldietheramines, alkanoletheramines, dialkanoletheramines, alkanoldietheramines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. Exemplary examples of suitable amines include, without limitation, ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated morpholine amines, alkanolamines, ethyleneamines, alkylated ethoxylated amines, alkylated ethoxylated morpholine amines, alkylated alkanolamines, alkylated ethyleneamines, alkylated amines, or mixtures and combinations thereof. The alkylating agents include, without limitation, formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, glyoxal, other formaldehyde donors, or mixtures and combinations thereof.

EXPERIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Referring now to FIGS. 2-5, clay testing of prior art clay control additives are shown. Looking at FIG. 2, a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using a 71.7 wt. % choline chloride solution is shown. Looking at FIG. 3, a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using a 40.3 wt. % choline chloride solution is shown. Looking at FIG. 4, a plot of water release data from 1% Charles B. Chystle Co. Cream Bentonite compared to Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite for XC-197 at different GPT values is shown. Looking at FIG. 5, a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using XC-197 is shown.

Example 1

324.09 grams of C9 amine from Huntsman and 80.81 grams of water were added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. C9 amine is a blend of 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-methylamino)ethanol and bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethyl)methylamine shown pictorially in FIG. 6. The reaction mixture was agitated and heated to 190° F. 250.26 grams diethyl sulfate were added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 84 minute period, while maintaining the temperature below 215° F. The reaction mixture was held at a temperature of 200° F. for 81 minutes. The reaction mixture had a Total Amine Value (TAV) of 46.89 and a pH of 8.11. The reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature below 150° F. and 48 grams of a 31% HCl solution was added to adjust the pH to a pH of 3.09. Finally, 135 grams of water were added to the reaction mixture to yield a product having 70.0% solids and a final pH of 3.15. FIG. 7 depicts the chemical structures of the diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of C9 amines, while FIG. 8 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 1.

Example 2

324.03 grams of C9 amine from Huntsman and 103.70 grams water were added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. C9 amine is a blend of 2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-methylamino)ethanol and bis(2-hydroxyethoxyethyl)methylamine shown pictorially in FIG. 6. The reaction mixtures was agitated and heated to 180° F. 204.32 grams of dimethyl sulfate was added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 56 minute period, while the temperature of the reaction mixtures was maintained 244° F. The reaction mixtures was held at a temperature between 187° F. and 207° F. for 3 hours and 53 minutes. The reaction mixture had a TAV of 31.97 and pH of 7.75. The reaction mixture was cooled to a temperature below 166° F. and 64.01 grams of 31% HCl was added the reaction mixture to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to a pH of 2.33. 2.91 grams of Huntsman C-9 amine were then added to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to a pH of 2.14. 97.90 grams of water was then added to the reaction product to yield a product having 69.4% solids and a final pH of 2.4. FIG. 9 depicts the chemical structures of the dimethyl sulfate quaternary salts of C9 amines, while FIG. 10 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 2. FIG. 11 shows a plot of water release data for the clay control additives of Example 1 and Example 2 using Cream Bentonite from Charles B. Chrystle.

Example 3

169.66 grams diethanolamine and 221.65 grams of water were added to a liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was heated to 113° F. with agitation. 64.86 grams of 37% formaldehyde in water was added dropwise to the reaction mixture over a 23 minute period. FIG. 12 shows possible amines formed in this reaction mixture. 250.43 grams diethyl sulfate was added between 100° and 204° F. in a 176 minute period. Reactor contents are a yellowish colored liquid with a pH of 2.8. 30.65 grams C6 Amine from Huntsman is added with an addition funnel to the reactor contents between 207° and 230° F. to give a black colored liquid with a final pH of 5.67 and TAV of 7.62. FIG. 13 shows chemical structures of possible diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of the reaction mixture of this example, while FIG. 14 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 3.

Example 4

Add triethanolamine (351.0 grams) and water (82.8 grams) to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was heated to at temperature of 153° F. with agitation. 283.68 grams of benzyl chloride were added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 182 minute period of time, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 167° F. and 227° F. 112.15 grams of water was added to the reaction mixture to yield a product having 77.58% solids and being the form of a slight yellow transparent liquid. FIG. 15 shows a possible chemical structure of the benzyl chloride quaternary salts of triethanolamine, while FIG. 16 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 4.

Example 5

319.96 grams of triethanolamine and 82.83 grams of water were added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was heated to a temperature of 127° F. with agitation. 314.93 grams of diethyl sulfate (DES) were added dropwise from addition funnel over a 63 minute period, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature below 250° F. 82.95 grams of water were added to give a product having 78.13% solids and in the form of a golden yellow transparent liquid having a TAV of 9.76 and pH of 5.95. FIG. 17 depicts the chemical structures of the diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of triethanolamine, while FIG. 18 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 5.

Example 6
Clay Stabilization Test

Clay Solution Preparation

To make 100 mL of a clay solution, measure 1 g of Cream Bentonite Clay or Weatherford Bentonite Clay material. Add 99 g of distilled water and shake bottle until all the clay is dissolved.

Blank Preparation

Measure 100 ml of clay solution in a graduated cylinder. Shake 10 times. Record separation time and clay precipitation.

Test Sample Preparation

Measure 100 mL of clay solution in a graduated cylinder and add 0.5 mL of the desired clay stabilizer. Shake 10 times. Record separation time and clay coagulation. Record clay deposition, swelling and water release. The results are tabulated in Table I.

TABLE I

Clay Stability

Clay Stabilizer
Dosage (wt. %/100 mL)
Final Water (mL)

Blank
0
15% (Top)

Choline Chloride
0.5
27 mL/60 minutes (Top)

Example 1
0.5
30 mL/60 minutes (Top)

Example 2
0.5
31 mL/60 minutes (Top)

Example 5
0.5
20 mL/60 minutes (Middle)

The data in Table 1 indicates that Example 1 and Example 2 break the water out faster than choline chloride and break out more water than choline chloride.

Example 7

Acute toxicity survival tests of Example 3, Example 4, and Example 5 and tetramethylammonium chloride (TMAC) were performed using Fathead Minnow (pimephales promelas). Because the expected toxicity of these chemical was unknown, the testing was performed in a phased approach consisting of an initial “range-finding” test, where test concentrations were progressively increased by orders of magnitude to determine a threshold toxicity range. Once the range where no minnows survived was identified, the “range-finding” test was followed by a “definitive” test, where test concentrations were progressively increased by a factor of two to determine specific toxicity ranges. As a consequence, the “definitive” test gave a more precise LC50 value. LC50 was determined using a log-normal transformation coupled with linear regression between the bracketing no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC). Both the range finding and definitive tests were run on Example 4 and Example 5. Only the ranging finding test was run for TMAC and Example 3. The LC-50's are summarized in Table II.

TABLE II

Acute Toxicity Minnow

Survival Test Results

Clay Stabilizer
LC50

tetramethylammonium
737
mg/L

chloride (TMAC)

Example 3
379
mg/L

Example 4
3160
mg/L

Example 5
6030
mg/L

In terms of toxicity to Flathead Minnows, Example 4 and Example 5 are much less toxic than TMAC. Example 3 and TMAC exhibit similar Flathead Minnows toxicity values.

Example 8

362 grams of ethyleneamine E-100 from Huntsman was charged to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. Ethyleneamine E-100 is a complex mixture of various linear, cyclic, and branched products with a number-average molecular weight between 250 and 300 g/mole. H₂NCH₂CH₂(NHCH₂CH₂)_xNH₂where (x=3, 4, 5, and higher) including tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), hexaethyleneheptamine (HEHA), and higher molecular weight products polyamines. The reaction mixtures was agitated and heated to a temperature of 180° F. 482 grams of diethyl sulfate (DES) was added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 120 minute period of time, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature below 250° F. The reaction mixture was then maintained at a temperature between 187° F. and 250° F. for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled down to a temperature to 200° F., then 138 grams of water were added. The reaction mixture was cooled to keep the reaction mixture temperature below 166° F. 18 grams of 31% HCl was added to the reaction mixture to give a product having 90.31% solids, a TAV of 151 mg KOH/g and a final pH of 7.8.

Example 9

290 grams of Amine Heads II from Ascend were charged to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. Amine Heads II is a mixture of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), tetramethylendiamine (TMDA), 1,2 diaminocyclohexane, hexamethyleneimine (HMI). The reaction mixtures was agitated and heated to a temperature of 180° F. 710 grams diethyl sulfate (DES) was added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 120 minute period of time, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature below 250° F. The reaction temperature was then maintained at a temperature between 187° F. and 250° F. for 3 hours to yield a product having 93.24% solids, a TAV of 0 mg KOH/g and a final pH of 2.4. The composition of Amine Heads II is given in Table III.

TABLE III

Amine Heads II Composition

Concentration

Components
CAS No
range
Units

1,2-cyclohexanediamine
694-83-7
>25.0-<55.0
%

hexamethylenediamine
124-09-4
>10.0-<30.0
%

water
7732-18-5
>10.0-<20.0
%

tetramethylenediamine
110-60-1
>7.0-<20.0
%

3-aminopropan-1-ol
156-87-6
>5.0-<15.0
%

2-aminocyclopentanemethylamine
21544-02-5
>1.0-<5.0
%

1,5-pentanediamine, 2-methyl
15520-10-2
>1.0-<5.0
%

Example 10

120.02 grams; 1.15 moles of aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and 266.09 grams of water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixtures was agitated and heated to a temperature of 89° F. 181.04 grams; 2.23 moles of 37% formaldehyde in water were added dropwise from an addition funnel at a rate where temperature remained below 114° F. The reaction mixtures was then heated to a temperature of 180° F. A possible reaction scheme for reactions that occurred in this example is shown in FIG. 19; while this reaction scheme is possible, the inventors are not meaning to be bound thereby. 144.7 grams; 1.14 moles of benzyl chloride were then added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 14 minute period, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 180° F. and 212° F. The reaction mixture was in the form of an orange opaque liquid. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 180° and 204° F. for 2 hours and 58 minutes. The reaction mixture was in the form of a dark purple transparent liquid having 46.10% solids. 91.59 grams of water were then added to the reaction mixture to yield a product having 40 wt. % solids.

Example 11

120.05 grams; 1.15 moles aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and 308.54 grams water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. TAV was 303. The reaction mixture was agitated and heated to 96° F. 187.05 grams; 2.3 moles of 37% formaldehyde in water were added dropwise from an addition funnel at a rate where temperature remained below 131° F. TAV was 194. A possible reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 19. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 128° to 131° F. for an additional 25 minutes and heated to 180° F. 82 grams; 0.57 moles dichloroethylether were added dropwise from addition funnel in 10 minutes. Reactor contents were an orange transparent liquid. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 184° F. and 229° F. for 17 hours and 49 minutes. TAV was 61.5. The reaction product was a 69.9 wt. % dark burgundy transparent liquid. 237 grams of water were added to give a solution with 40 wt. % solids. FIG. 20 depicts the chemical structures of the dichloroethylether quaternary salts of di-(3-hydroxyethylimidazolidenyl)methane. FIG. 21 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 11. FIG. 22 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 11.

Example 12

120.02 grams; 1.15 moles of aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and 264.86 grams water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was agitated and heated to 97° F. 187.23 grams; 2.30 moles of 37% formaldehyde in water were added dropwise from an addition funnel at a rate in 14 minutes where the temperature remained below 140° F. The reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 19. The reaction mixtures was maintained at a temperature between 134° to 199° F. for 14 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to 180° F. 140.20 grams; 1.10 moles of benzyl chloride were added dropwise from addition funnel in 20 minutes. The reactor contents are a red brown transparent liquid. The reaction mixtures was maintained at a temperature between 199° and 217° F. for 5 hours. TAV was 17. 67.23 grams of water were added to give a solution with 40 wt. % solids. FIG. 20 depicts the chemical structures of the benzyl chloride quaternary salts of triethanolamine. FIG. 23 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 12.

Example 13A

120.13 grams; 1.15 moles aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA) and 238.95 grams water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. TAV was 363. The reaction mixtures was agitated and heated to 95° F. 187.60 grams; 2.30 moles of 37% formaldehyde in water were added dropwise from an addition funnel at a rate in 45 minutes, where the temperature remained below 140° F. The reactor contents are a lime green transparent liquid and had a TAV of 144. The reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 19. The reaction mixtures was maintained at a temperature between 127° to 155° F. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was heated to 174° F. 175.97 grams; 0.985 moles diethyl sulfate were added dropwise from addition funnel in 45 minutes. The reactor contents were a burgundy transparent liquid. The reaction mixtures was maintained at a temperature between 100° F. and 218° F. for 4 hours and 45 minutes. TAV was 24. 166 grams of water were added to give a burgundy colored solution with 39.72 wt. % solids and had a TAV of 18.34. FIG. 20 depicts the chemical structures of the diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of triethanolamine. FIG. 24 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 13A.

Example 13B

200 grams Molex Amine 1328 (a mixture of aminoethylethanolamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-6-ene, triethylenetetramine, and other polyamines) and 400 grams water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was heated and maintained at a temperature of 180° F. 398 grams diethyl sulfate were added dropwise from addition funnel. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature of 180° F. for 2 hours. The reaction product was an amber liquid with a pH of 6.7 and 59.3 wt. % solids.

Example 14

277 grams; 0.99 moles tetrahydroxyethyl diethylenetriamine (THEDEA) and 413 grams water were added into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was agitated and heated to 175° F. 310 grams; 2.01 moles of diethyl sulfate were added dropwise from addition funnel in 90 minutes. The reactor contents were a orange to red transparent liquid. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 175° F. and 200° F. for 4 hours. The final product has 56% solids and had a TAV of 9. FIG. 25 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 14.

Example 15

336 g (1.45 mole) of tetrahydroxyethyl diethylenetriamine and 423 g out of 447 g total water were added to a 2 liter pressure reactor kettle. 47 g of 37% inhibited formaldehyde were added dropwise from an addition funnel. The rate of addition was adjusted to maintain reaction temperature of below 140° F. After formaldehyde addition was complete, the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature of 130° F. for 1 hour, then the temperature was increased to 150° F. The reaction scheme is shown in FIG. 26. Charge 112 g out of 126 g (2.50 moles) total of methyl chloride in even increments over a 2 hour period, maintaining the temperature of between 175° F. and 225° F. The methyl chloride quaternary salts are shown structurally in FIG. 27. After methyl chloride addition was complete, the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature of 200° F. for one hour. Use reserved 14 g of methyl chloride to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to a pH below 5.5 and adjust the total amine value to below 20. Use reserved 24 g of water to adjust the reaction mixture to have a 50 wt. % solids solution. The appearance of the final product was clear to pale yellow transparent liquid. FIG. 28 shows a plot of water release data from Weatherford Wyoming Bentonite using the clay control additive of Example 15.

Example 16

75.3 grams of methanol and 407.2 grams ETHYLENEAMINE E-100 from Huntsman was charged into a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. ETHYLENEAMINE E-100 is a mixture of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), hexaethyleneheptamine (HEHA), and higher molecular weight products. E-100 is a complex mixture of various linear, cyclic, and branched products with a number-average molecular weight of 250-300 g/mole. H₂NCH₂CH₂(NHCH₂CH2)_xNH₂where (x=3, 4, 5 and higher). The reaction mixture was agitated and 185 grams of formalin solution (37% Active) were added dropwise from an addition funnel, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 130° F.-140° F. When all the formalin was added, 250 grams diethyl sulfate (DES) was added dropwise from an addition funnel over a 100 minute period of time, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature below 200° F. The reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 187° F. and 200° F. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled down to a temperature of 150° F. 82.5 grams of methanol was then added to yield a product having 78.52% solids, a TAV of 295 mg KOH/g and a final pH of 9.2.

Example 17

275.2 grams Amine Heads II from Ascend were charged to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column and Friedrichs column on top. Amine Heads II is a mixture of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), tetramethylenediamine (TMDA), 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and hexamethyleneimine (HMI). The reaction mixture was agitated and 724.8 grams diethyl sulfate were added dropwise from an addition funnel, while maintaining the temperature between 187° F. and 200° F. for 3 hours to give a product with 94.12% solids, TAV of 0 mg KOH/g and a final pH: 1.45

Example 18

267.3 grams of 3-methoxypropylamine were added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. The reaction mixture was agitated and 202.9 grams of formalin solution (37% Active) was added dropwise from an addition funnel, while the reaction mixture were maintained at a temperature between 130° F. and 140° F. When all the formalin was added, then 385.4 grams of diethyl sulfate (DES) were added dropwise from an addition funnel, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature below 200° F. The reaction mixture was then maintained at a temperature between 187° F. and 200° F. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled down to a temperature of 150° F. 144.4 grams of water were added to give a product with 48.89% solids, a TAV of 362.70 mg KOH/g and a final pH of 11.32.

Example 19
Step 1

100 grams methanol and 542.9 grams of ETHYLENEAMINE E-100 from Huntsman was added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. ETHYLENEAMINE E-100 is a mixture of tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), hexaethyleneheptamine (HEHA), and higher molecular weight products. ETHYLENEAMINE E-100 is a complex mixture of various linear, cyclic, and branched products with a number-average molecular weight of 250-300 g/mole. H₂NCH₂CH₂(NHCH₂CH2)_xNH₂where (x=3, 4, 5 and higher). The reaction mixture was agitated and 246.7 grams of formalin solution (37% Active) were added dropwise from an addition funnel, while the reaction mixture was maintained at a temperature between 130° F. and 140° F. The reaction mixture was mixed for 1 hour and then 110.4 grams of methanol were added to yield a product having 59.62% solids, a TAV of 487 mg KOH/g and a final pH of 11.9.

Step 2

750 grams of the product of step 1 was added to a 1 liter resin kettle equipped with a thermocouple, thermocouple well, Vigreux distillation column, and Friedrichs column on top. 250 grams of methylsulfonic acid were added dropwise from an addition funnel. The reaction mixtures was maintained at a temperature between 187° F. and 200° F. for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled down to a temperature below 100° F. to yield a product having 73.37% solids, a TAV of 230 mg KOH/g and a final pH: 8.6

Example 20

This Example compares the Linear Swell after 23 hours for Bentonite (blank), Example 9, and Comparative Example (Choline Chloride; CC-120). The lower the curve the better the Linear Swell.

The Linear Swell Meter was OFITE 115V Dynamic Linear Swell Meter Model #150-80. 14 g of Bentonite was added to a pelletizer/compactor and 10,000 psi pressure was applied for 30 minutes. The pellet was removed from the compactor. Ensure all components of the Linear Swell Meter are clean: transfer stand, cap for wafer tube, bottom plate, magnetic stir bar, Teflon washer, and cup. With both the screens in the linear swell meter cell, the swell meter was zeroed out by clicking on the specific cell(s) to be zeroed out and clicked “apply”. One of the screens from the cell was removed and the pellet was added on top of the other screen. The other screen was put on top of the pellet. The transfer stand was gently placed on top of the pellet. The cell was placed on the magnetic stir plate underneath the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) to make sure that the spindle was directly centered on top of the transfer stand. The fluid to be tested was poured through the hole on the cap for the wafer tube, the box was checked to start the cell and “apply” was clicked. Doing this will start the test for the specific cell. The test results are tabulated in Table IV.

TABLE IV

The Linear Swell after 23 hours Data

Sample
Description
Concentration
% Swell

Blank
Bentonite

98.5

Comparative
Choline Chloride
6000 ppm
88.9

Example
(CC-120)

Example 9
Amine Heads II/Et₂SO₄
6000 ppm
75.9

Diethyl sulfate quaternary salts of Amine Head II (Example 8) swelled the clay less than choline chloride.

Example 21
Water Release Clay Stabilization Test

Clay Solution Preparation

To make 1 wt. % clay solution, 23 g of Wyoming Bentonite Clay and 2277 g of distilled water were added to a bottle and shaken until all the clay was dissolved.

Blank Preparation

Measure 100 mL of clay solution into a graduated cylinder. The clay solution was shaken for 10 times. The clay solution separation time and clay precipitation was recorded.

Test Sample Preparation

Measure 100 mL of clay solution into 6 graduated cylinders. To each graduated cylinders was added 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.8 mL, and 1.0 mL of Examples 1-5, 8-19. The addition of the clay stabilizers at 0.1 mL, 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL, 0.8 mL, and 1.0 mL in 100 mL of a clay solution corresponds to 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 Gallons per Thousand (or gpt). Invert the cylinders 20 times. Start timer and record separation time and clay coagulation. Record clay deposition, swelling and water release. The water release volumes at 60 minutes are tabulated in Table V.

TABLE V

Water Release Clay Stabilization Test Results

WR*

WR*

0.5
WR*
2.0
WR*
WR*
WR*
WR*

Example
gpt
1.0 gpt
gpt
4.0 gpt
6.0 gpt
8.0 gpt
10.0 gpt

TW**
n.a.
n.a.
0
0
0
1
2

1
n.a.
n.a.
23
30
29
28
29

2
n.a.
n.a.
0
29
33
35
36

3
n.a.
n.a.
4
26
32
34
36

4
n.a.
n.a.
27
33
34
33
32

5
n.a.
n.a.
2
9
22
26
31

8
33
33
28
29
28
26
25

9
3
45
3
46
45
45
44

10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

11
n.a.
n.a.
1
11
28
26
26

12
n.a.
n.a.
0
10
14
14
14

13
n.a.
n.a.
0
0
30
33
33

14
n.a.
n.a.
27
32
31
30
30

15
3
27
32
31
28
20
18

16
n.a.
n.a.
22
20
18
18
14

17
n.a.
n.a.
38
43
43
42
42

18
n.a
n.a.
12
33
34
33
33

19
n.a.
n.a.
33
30
27
26
23

*water release at 60 minutes

**tap water

Example 22
Capillary Suction Timer Clay Stabilization Test

Rock Sample Preparation

A rock sample was placed in a Gyral Grinder and grinding of the rock sample was begun. The rock sample was ground for 1 hour using a timer. The ground rock sample was placed into a 200-mesh sieve. The aggregate that passed through the sieve was placed in a pan for testing and placed to the side.

Mixture Preparation

Using a 100 mL volumetric flask, a solution was prepared that will be used to mix with the rock sample. At least one solution should be prepared as the sample with straight tap water will be used as a reference blank. 100 g of solution was added to a 250 mL beaker equipped with a magnetic stir bar. A specified amount of each shale inhibitor was added to the beaker. The beaker was placed on stir plate and stirring was begun at a speed at which a vortex reaches the bottom of the beaker. 2 g of the untreated Bentonite sample was added and a timer was set for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes, the stir plate was turned off, the solution was poured into a 100 mL graduated cylinder, and a timer was set for 15 minutes. After 15 minutes, the mixture was poured back into the beaker, the beaker was placed on the magnetic stir plate and stirring was restarted on the plate. Wait until the vortex returned and the clay had become dispersed.

Test Procedure

A Venture Innovations capillary suction timer (CST) from Venture Chemicals, Inc. in Lafayette, La. was used in the tests. Before each test, the test head, filter paper, and stainless steel funnel were cleaned and dried. Make sure the cable from the test head was plugged into the control box and the reading on the control box display was reset to zero. A piece of 7×9 cm CST filter paper from Venture Innovations Inc. (part no. IFP-9053) was placed on the test head with the stainless steel probes facing down. The stainless steel funnel was fitted into the test head.

Using a 5-mL syringe, 5-mL of sample was withdrawn from the vortex. Consecutive samples were removed from the same position in the vortex, where the previous sample was taken. A 5 mL sample was charged into the stainless steel funnel. The 5 mL sample charge was repeated twice more. Instrument started automatically when a beep sounds from the control box. When this beep sounded, the timer started. After the second beep, the timer stopped and the time in seconds was displayed. The data was recorded in seconds and tabulation in Table VI.

TABLE VI

Capillary Suction Timer Clay

Stabilization Test Results

CST Concen-
CST Time

Example
tration (ppm)
(seconds)

Tap Water

906.35

1
4000
43

2
Not tested
Not tested

3
Not tested
Not tested

4
4000
18

5
4000
90

5
5000
68

5
6000
92

8
4000
17

8
6000
17

9
6000
15

10
6000
323

11
6000
55

12
Not tested
Not tested

13
6000
38

14
2000
394

15
6000
19

16
6000
19

17
6000
15

18
6000
19

19
6000
18

The data clearly shows that the amine quaternary salts represent a reduced toxicity option to prior art more toxic clay control additives and stabilize the clay in a shorter period of time compared to prior art clay stabilizers.

All references cited herein are incorporated by reference. Although the invention has been disclosed with reference to its preferred embodiments, from reading this description those of skill in the art may appreciate changes and modification that may be made which do not depart from the scope and spirit of the invention as described above and claimed hereafter.

Claims

1. A clay stabilize composition comprising at least one quaternary salt of: at least one polyamine,at least one reaction product of at least one polyamine having at least one NH moiety and at least one aldehyde or aldehyde donor, ormixtures and combinations thereof,where the quaternary salts include counterions A selected from the group consisting of RISO4− or RIISO4−, RISO3−, Cl−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVICl]−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVI]2−, and mixtures thereof and where the counterions A are derived from compounds of the general formula R0A selected from the formulas consisting of RIRIISO4, RISO3H, RIIICl, ArCl, ArRIVCl, RVO(RVIO)RVICl, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVICl, or mixtures and combinations thereof, where RI, RII, RIII, and RV are the same or different carbyl groups, Ar is an aryl group, and RIV and RVI are the same or different linking carbyl groups, where R0 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), RI or RII, RIII, Ar, ArRIV, RVO(RVIO)RVII, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVI, RVIO(RVIO)RVI, and mixtures thereof.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts are selected from compounds of the Formulas (I-III): [R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (III),[Z(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (II),[Z(RaZ′)nRaZ″(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (III), ormixtures and combinations thereof,
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the quaternary salts comprise compounds of Formula (I) or compounds of Formula (II) or compounds of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (II) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (II) and compound of Formula (III).
4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the polyamines comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI): R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2 (IV),Z (V), and/orZ(RaZ′)nRaZ″ (VI),
5. The composition of claim 4, wherein the reaction products comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI) reacted with an aldehyde or aldehyde donor, where at least 40% of tertiary amines are in the form of quaternary salts.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise aminoethylethanolamine reacted with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise aminoethylethanolamine reacted with formaldehyde or a formaldehyde donor and the resulting reaction product reacted with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise tetrahydroxyethyl diethylenetriamine reacted with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the quaternary salts comprise tetrahydroxyethyl diethylenetriamine reacted with diethyl sulfate.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise tetrahydroxyethyl diethylenetriamine reacted with formaldehyde or formaldehyde donor and the resulting reaction product reacted with dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, benzyl chloride, methyl chloride, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise the polyamines
12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise a mixture of aminoethylethanolamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-6-ene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene and triethylenetetramine reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise a mixture of aminoethylethanolamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-6-ene, 5-ethyl-1,4,7-triazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4,6-diene and triethylenetetramine reacted with formaldehyde or a formaldehyde donor and the resulting reaction product reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine reacted with formaldehyde or formaldehyde donor and the resulting reaction product reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid, dichloroethylether, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise a mixture of linear, cyclic, and branched polyamines having a number-average molecular weight between 250 and 300 g/mole of the general formula H2NCH2CH2(NHCH2CH2)xNH2, where x is an integer having a value between 3 and 6 reacted with formaldehyde or formaldehyde donor and the resulting reaction product reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, dichloroethylether, methane sulfonic acid, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise a mixture of linear, cyclic, and branched polyamines having a number-average molecular weight between 250 and 300 g/mole of the general formula H2NCH2CH2(NHCH2CH2)xNH2, where x is an integer having a value between 3 and 6 reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, dichloroethylether, methane sulfonic acid, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-1-hydroxy-ethyl, crude aminoethylethanolamine, N-hydroxyethyl diethylentriamine, 1,7-bis(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tris(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, hydroxyethyltriethylenetetramine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tris(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, penta(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, N-hydroxyethyl tetraethylenepentamine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, penta(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, hexa(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, ethoxylated pentaethylenehexamine, ethoxylated hexaethyleneheptamine, ethoxylated heptaethyleneoctamine, ethoxylated E-100, other ethoxylated ethyleneamines, or their mixtures are reacted with formaldehyde or a formaldehyde donor and then reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid or dichloroethylether.
19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the quaternary salts comprise N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, 1-[(2-aminoethyl)amino]-1-hydroxy-ethyl, crude aminoethylethanolamine, N-hydroxyethyl diethylentriamine, 1,7-bis(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tris(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)diethylenetriamine, hydroxyethyltriethylenetetramine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tris(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)triethylenetetramine, N-hydroxyethyl tetraethylenepentamine, N,N′-bis(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, tetra(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, penta(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, hexa(hydroxyethyl)tetraethylenepentamine, or their mixtures are reacted with methyl chloride, benzyl chloride, dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, methane sulfonic acid or dichloroethylether.
20. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an anti-corrosion system including a mixture of 2-(2-(4-morphlinyl)ethoxy)ethanol, 4-(2-2-aminoethoxy) ethyl)morpholine, 4-(4-morpholinyl)ethoxyethyl)morpholine, or mixtures and combinations thereof.
21. A method for making a stabilizing clay composition comprising: reacting at least one polyamine with a compound of the general formula R0A selected from the formulas consisting of RIRIISO4, RISO3H, RIIICl, ArCl, ArRIVCl, RVO(RVIO)RVICl, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVICl, OR mixtures and combinations thereof, where RI, RII, RIII, and RV are the same or different carbyl groups, Ar is an aryl group, and RIV and RVI are the same or different linking carbyl groups, where R0 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), RI or RII, RIII, Ar, ArRIV, RVO(RVIO)RVII, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVI, RVIO(RVIO)RVI, and mixtures thereof to form a polyamine quaternary salt or a mixture of polyamine quaternary salts.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising: prior the reacting step, alkylating and/or coupling at least one polyamine having at least one NH moiety and at least one aldehyde or aldehyde donor to form a reaction product.
23. The method of claim 22, wherein the quaternary salts are selected from compounds of the Formulas (I-III): [R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (I),[Z(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (II),[Z(RaZ′)nRaZ″(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (III), ormixtures and combinations thereof,
24. The method of claim 23, wherein the quaternary salts comprise compounds of Formula (I) or compounds of Formula (II) or compounds of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (II) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (II) and compound of Formula (III).
25. The method of claim 23, wherein the polyamines comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI): R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2 (IV),Z (V), and/orZ(RaZ′)nRaZ″ (VI),
26. The method of claim 25, wherein the reaction products comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI) reacted with an aldehyde or aldehyde donor, where at least 40% of tertiary amines are in the form of quaternary salts.
27. A method of stabilizing clay during drilling comprising: drilling a borehole with a drilling fluid including: a clay stabilize composition comprising at least one quaternary salt of: at least one polyamine,at least one reaction product of at least one polyamine having at least one NH moiety and at least one aldehyde or aldehyde donor, ormixtures and combinations thereof,where the quaternary salts include counterions A selected from the group consisting of RISO4− or RIISO4−, RISO3−, Cl−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVICl]−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVI]2−, and mixtures thereof and are derived from compounds of the general formula R0A selected from the formulas consisting of RIRIISO4, RISO3H, RIIICl, ArCl, ArRIVCl, RVO(RVIO)RVICl, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVICl, or mixtures and combinations thereof, where RI, RII, RIII, and RV are the same or different carbyl groups, Ar is an aryl group, and RIV and RVI are the same or different linking carbyl groups, where R0 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), RI or RII, RIII, Ar, ArRIV, RVO(RVIO)RVII, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVI, RVIO(RVIO)RVI, and mixtures thereof.
28. The method of claim 27, wherein the quaternary salts are selected from compounds of the Formulas (I-III): [R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (I),[Z(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (II),[Z(RaZ′)nRaZ″(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (III), ormixtures and combinations thereof,
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the quaternary salts comprise compounds of Formula (I) or compounds of Formula (II) or compounds of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (II) or a combination of compounds of Formula (I) and compound of Formula (III) or a combination of compounds of Formula (II) and compound of Formula (III).
30. The method of claim 28, wherein the polyamines comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI): R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2 (IV),Z (V), and/orZ(RaZ′)nRaZ″ (VI),
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the reaction products comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI) reacted with an aldehyde or aldehyde donor, where at least 40% of tertiary amines are in the form of quaternary salts.
32. A method of stabilizing clay during production comprising: circulating a production fluid through a borehole with a circulating fluid including: a clay stabilize composition comprising at least one quaternary salt of: at least one polyamine,at least one reaction product of at least one polyamine having at least one NH moiety and at least one aldehyde or aldehyde donor, ormixtures and combinations thereof,where the quaternary salts include counterions A selected from the group consisting of RISO4− or RIISO4−, RISO3−, Cl−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVICl]−, [RVIO(RVIO)RVI]2−, and mixtures thereof and are derived from compounds of the general formula R0A selected from the formulas consisting of RIRIISO4, RISO3H, RIIICl, ArCl, ArRIVCl, RVO(RVIO)RVICl, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVICl, or mixtures and combinations thereof, where RI, RII, RIII, and RV are the same or different carbyl groups, Ar is an aryl group, and RIV and RVI are the same or different linking carbyl groups, where R0 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom (H), RI or RII, RIII, Ar, ArRIV, RVO(RVIO)RVII, ClRVIO(RVIO)RVI, RVIO(RVIO)RVI, and mixtures thereof.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the quaternary salts are selected from compounds of the Formulas (I-III): [R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (I),[Z(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (II),[Z(RaZ′)nRaZ″(R0)i]j+(Ak)j− (III), ormixtures and combinations thereof,
34. The method of claim 33, wherein the polyamines comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI): R1R2N(RaN(R3))nRaNR1R2 (IV),Z (V), and/orZ(RaZ′)nRaZ″ (VI).where at least 40% of tertiary amines are in the form of quaternary salts.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the reaction products comprise compounds of Formulas (IV-VI) reacted with an aldehyde or aldehyde donor, where at least 40% of tertiary amines are in the form of quaternary salts.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/790,299 filed Mar. 15, 2013 (15 Mar. 2013). This application is also related to U.S. patent Ser. No. ______, filed concurrently therewith and entitled “Environmentally Friendly Permanent Quaternaries of Amines and Their Use as Clay Stabilizers and Methods for Making and Using Same”.

Provisional Applications (1)

	Number	Date	Country
	61790299	Mar 2013	US

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY PERMANENT QUATERNARIES OF POLYAMINES AND THEIR USE AS CLAY STABILIZERS AND METHODS FOR MAKING AND USING SAME

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RELATED APPLICATIONS

Provisional Applications (1)