Patent Application
20060275855
This application claims priority from GB0311946.8, filed May 23, 2003, GB0224872.2, filed Oct. 25, 2002 and PCT/EP02/14859, filed Dec. 20, 2002 each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present invention relates to an enzyme array and assay and more particularly to a kinase array and assay for use with a mass spectrometer, particularly, though not exclusively, a laser desorption/ionisation, such as a MALDI mass spectrometer.
Proteomic applications for mass spectrometry have seen a strong growth in recent years. Analytical methods used in proteomics are mainly based on 2D-gel electrophoresis for protein separation, and either mass spectrometry or Edman degradation for protein identification. The limitations of 2D gel electrophoresis include relatively poor resolution, sensitivity and reproducibility. As a result proteomic methods which avoid 2D-gel electrophoresis such as Isotope Coded Affinity Tag (ICAT)1, Tandem Affinity Protein (TAP)2 purification and the use of protein microarrays3 are gaining popularity.
Furthermore, these new methods have broadened the scope of proteomics from collecting and cataloguing differential expression data to a stage where relations between molecules can be assigned and this has been referred to as functional proteomics. Protein microarrays have recently been used to analyze 119 yeast kinases4and a major fraction of the yeast proteome5.
Protein microarrays have been analyzed by enhanced chemi-luminescence (ECL), fluorescent or radioactive labels or via antibody based detection systems, but not to date by mass spectrometry.
The current reliance on the use of labeled ligands, such as antibodies or labeled probes, to analyze protein microarrays imposes constraints on the applications for protein microarrays. Hence a sensitive label free detection system would be of great advantage and would broaden the range of application to areas where labeled compounds either are not available, or are too expensive or where labeling would fundamentally alter the properties of the ligand. Such a label free method would be particularly useful in the early stages of drug discovery, where great numbers of compounds are screened against proteins.
Such a mass spectrometry probe, upon which an enzyme microarray has been fabricated, enables interrogation of enzymatic reactions and the effect compounds have thereon in a label-free manner by desorption and ionisation of reactants and products. The probe and methods are particularly useful in the drug discovery process, for example in hit series evaluation, lead optimisation, predictive toxicogenomics and metabolite profiling.
The probes and method could however be used as a diagnostic tool to both diagnose disease states and monitor disease progression.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a method of determining the activity of an enzyme, or the effect a test compound has on the activity of the enzyme, using mass spectrometry comprising:
Preferably the mass spectrometry uses a MALDI mass spectrometer. However, since the principal mass spectrometry requirement for analysis is that the molecule be converted to gaseous ions, the skilled person will appreciate that numerous other mass spectrometry methods which enable this ionisation event can also be used, including without limitation: laser desorption-ionisation mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry; desorption-ionisation on silicon (DIOS) mass spectrometry; electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry; and atmospheric pressure ionization (API) mass spectrometry. Clearly fourier transform mass spectrometry (FT/MS) methods such as fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry can be used to enhance the mass accuracy of the various ionisation methods.
For example, in the case of electrospray ionisation methods, enzymes can be immobilised on individual nozzles of a multi-nozzle spraying probe (for example the NanoMate-100 nanoelectrospray probe sold by Advion), the reactions carried out by introducing one or more reactants into each nozzle, introducing the probe into the spectrometer and ionising the reactants and products by electrospray ionisation.
Whilst the method can be used to study any enzymatic reaction where one or more reactants are converted to one or more products and either the reactants and or the products can be discerned using e.g. MALDI mass spectrometry it is particularly suitable as a method for investigating kinases as all kinases use and/or generate a nucleotide tri phosphate (NTP) or a nucleotide di phosphate (NDP) e.g. adenine tri phosphate (ATP) or adenine di phosphate (ADP) which can be readily and distinguishably detected. The skilled person will understand that other nucleotide species such as guanine, uridine and cytosine may also be used, although adenine is preferred due to the fact it provides for a more sensitive assay as detection can be achieved at pico (10−12) Molar levels. Sensitivity is improved using MALDI mass spectrometry due to the enhancing effects of matrix.
In one embodiment step ii) is essential, and the effect the test compound has on the enzymatic activity is determined by comparison with the results obtained where the test compound is absent. The assay may be run on a single array, by running two or more assays in parallel, or by comparison to a standard. The test compound may be added pre, post or most preferably with the one or more reactants.
The method may be used to provide either a qualitive or quantitive result.
Preferably the method will determine the activity of one or more kinases or the effect a test compound has on the activity of one or more kinases by using MALDI mass spectrometry. Thus a kinase array for use in the method may comprise one or more kinases, for example, at least 10, through 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300 or more of the some 500 plus kinases of the kineome. These may be arranged on a microarray, each kinase being deposited at a discrete target area
For a kinase assay the one or more reactants may comprise a phosphate donor, a phosphate acceptor and a divalent cation. The phosphate donor may be a phosphorylated substrate and the phosphate acceptor may be a nucleotide di phosphate (NDP). The simplicity of the method resides in the fact that these reactants are common to all kinase reactions thus enabling a single set of conditions to be applied across a range of kinases. This means the assay is robust and enables it be used for high throughput screening.
Of course it is possible to use discrete as well as generic substrates and examples of kinases and their substrates are shown in Tables 1 and 2, annexed hereto.
In one embodiment the phosphate donor is a nucleotide tri phosphate (NTP) and the phosphate acceptor is a substrate to be phosphorylated. Preferably the divalent cation (M2+) is magnesium or manganese.
In another embodiment the product is a nucleotide tri phosphate or a nucleotide di phosphate, the presence of which is detected. Of course since a typical kinase reaction is reversible the reactants may be the products and vice versa.
Typically the nucleotide tri phosphate or nucleotide di phosphate are detected as [NTP] − or [NDP]− and/or as one or more adduct peaks thereof. The one or more adduct peaks are typically adduct peaks with a monovalent cat ion (M+) (e.g. Na, K, Li.) depending on the reagents/buffers used. The one or more adduct peaks may, for example, include [ATP M]−, [ATP M2]−, and [ATP M3]− and/or [ADP M]−, [ADP M2]−, and [ADP M3]−.
An important factor in being able to achieve good detection is in the selection of a low salt buffer. Preferably the low salt buffer is a “semi volatile buffer” such as, ammonium bicarbonate buffer. Such buffers do not leave a residue on evaporation as they are converted into gases, which in the case of ammonium bicarbonate are ammonia, carbon dioxide and water. Alternatively, since the reaction mix need only be a “low salt” buffer at the point of vaporisation/ionisation it would be possible to use a buffer containing a higher concentration of a semi-volatile salt and then, after the reaction is finished, remove the semi-volatile buffer in vacuo (either in the mass spec vacuum chamber or in an external vacuum chamber). This however is more complex and less desirable.
A further and significant feature of the invention resides in the fact that in a kinase assay the detected products/reactants are small; typically less than 1000 daltons and consequently the mass spectrometry analysis can be conducted without having to overlay the probe with energy absorbing molecules (matrix). This simplifies and speeds up the procedure as well as saving costs. However, the addition of matrix increases sensitivity.
Where energy absorbing molecules are applied these should be applied to the probe in register with the immobilised enzyme.
The one or more reactants, and if present the test compound, are preferably introduced to the immobilised enzyme in a compartmentalised form, such as in the form of a droplet. Preferably the droplet has a volume of less than 1 microlitre.
Additionally it is preferred that the assay is conducted in a humid environment.
Of course, as well as kinases the method of the invention is applicable to other enzymes. Thus, it is possible to study enzyme reactions of immobilized proteins on protein arrays by mass spectrometry wherever the reactants and/or products are ionisable and where the enzymatic reaction leads to a mass change in the reactant and or product. This can be the case for Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases and Ligases.
Typical subclasses of enzymes from these groups of enzymes are listed in table 3 below:
Alternatively the method can be used to monitor enzymatic reactions involving co-substrates (also reactants in the context of this application) including NAD, NADP, NADH, NADPH, ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP, UDP-glucose, UDP-glucosamine, UDP-galactose, pyridoxalphosphate, UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, GDP-D-mannose, dTDP-6-deoxy-L-mannose, GDP-6-deoxy-D-talose, UDP-N-acetylmuramate, S)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, acetyl-CoA, L-selenoseryl-tRNAMSec, (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA, 5,10-methylentetrahydrofolate, ascorbate, 2-oxoglutarate, glutathione, pyruvate and tetrahydropteridine.
This is particularly useful when the substrates or products are not ionisable or when the reaction does not cause a mass change, as is seen for Isomerases (for example phenylalanine racemase which is ATP-hydrolysing). Typical isomerases are listed in table 4.
More specifically, the enzyme is drawn from one or more of the group or groups of those enzyme families that are common drug targets, such as protein kinases (including serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases), proteases (including serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartyl proteases and metalloproteinases), carboxylases, esterases, phosphodiesterases, protein phosphatases (including tyrosine phosphatases), G-protein coupled receptors, ATP-dependent chaperones, cyclooxygenases, cytochrome P450s, sialidases, and short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a probe for use with a mass spectrometer, comprising a support having an electroconductive target surface thereon characterised in that the target surface comprises an array having a plurality of enzymes immobilised thereon.
In a preferred embodiment the enzymes are selected from the groups of enzymes listed above. Particularly preferred are those enzyme families that are common drug targets, particularly though not exclusively kinases.
Preferably the array is a micro array.
The enzymes are preferably attached to the probe as fusion proteins, typically via a tag, such as, for example, biotin, or a sh ble protein.
Related aspects to the invention are described in full in a number of the applicant's earlier patent applications including WO 01/57198 and are thus not dealt with in depth herein, but as others are as yet unpublished, such as GB 0224872.2, further supporting and related details are given below:
Thus, the probes referred to herein include microarrays, as well as arrays in which the protein spots will be visible to the naked eye, and are adapted so that they may be interrogated by means of laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, particularly, though not exclusively, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI).
Additional aspects relevant to the invention include methods leading to the production of such a probe which can be interrogated by means of laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, particularly matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) and methods of analysing such a probe or protein microarray.
Thus, the development of a MALDI MS-compatible protein microarray which term includes enzyme microarrays was complex since existing methods of forming protein microarrays did not transfer readily to a MALDI target. There are a number of reasons why this was the case, including the specialised nature of the probe surfaces and the potential for salts present in reaction buffers to interfere with the detection method.
Procedures known in the art for MALDI typically require the co-crystallization of the aqueous analyte with acidic energy absorbing molecules, or ‘matrix’, to promote ionization of the analytes (Karas and Hillenkamp, 1988). The method of co-crystallizing analyte and matrix for MALDI, as known in the art, typically results in a heterogeneous crystallization process and yields discrete, spatially separated crystals that each contains differing amounts of matrix and analyte. As a consequence it is often observed that individual crystals contain insufficient analyte for analysis by MALDI. This in turn results in a requirement for the analyser to sample multiple (i.e. 10-100 or more) discrete locations within a given target area in order to obtain a good analyte signal; this is sometime referred to as “the search for the sweet spot”. This has previously prevented miniaturization since protein spots needed to be large. They were generally in the order of at least 0.5 mm2.
In order to generate MALDI MS-compatible protein microarrays, solutions for the aforementioned shortcomings of the prior art were required that enabled both miniaturization of the target areas and functional analysis of the arrayed proteins.
As defined herein a probe is a support which is capable of acting as a target in analysis by laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, for example matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI). The probe carries the enzymes, e.g. kinases and the reactants (and optionally test compounds) are added. After a time sufficient for a reaction to take place, and products to be formed, the probes are dried and subjected to mass spectrometry. The reactants and or the products interact with the repeller lens of the ion-optic assembly found in laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers of the art, such that the converted to gaseous ions which permits analysis. For example, the probes of the invention may be derived from targets for MALDI analysis as known in the art, which are treated such that a high affinity protein binding moiety e.g. streptavidin, avidin or neutravidin molecules are present on the probe surface which bind biotinylated enzymes for subsequent analysis. For example, conventional glass or gold MALDI targets may be used.
As defined herein a micro array is an array where the size of the discrete target areas i.e. the individual areas probed by a laser, is in the order of micrometers or less. Whilst at the upper end of the scale, around 1000 micrometers diameter, they may be visible to the naked eye at the lower end of the scale the discrete target areas will not be clearly distinguished by the naked eye.
The arrays will typically be arranged in matrices comprising several rows and columns. The number of discrete target areas will depend upon what is being screened though it is generally desirable to have a high density of these discrete areas on the probe surface as this will facilitate high through put screening. Typically a probe will comprise at least 10, more preferably at least 100, more preferably at least 1000 and as many as 10,000 or more target areas produced thereon. (Typically a probe surface will have an area of around 10,000 mm2—Bruker probe has an area of 10,292 mm2 although there is no requirement to use the whole of the probe and the microarray can be applied in one or more matrices thereon.) The actual density in a given matrices will depend upon the size of the discrete target area (which will typically be printed as a spot) and the spacing between adjacent spots. Thus the discrete target areas will typically be present at a density of greater than 1 discrete target areas per mm2 within any matrices.
The enzyme is the moiety about which the reaction occurs.
The term “enzyme” as used herein is used to include both whole enzymes and sub units or domains thereof
“Fusion protein” as used herein is used to refer to an enzyme, which has a tag, for example, a biotinylation consensus sequence or phleomycin/zeocin resistance binding protein attached thereto.
“Linker molecules” are molecules which function as their name suggests. They are molecules comprising functional groups which allow bridges to be formed between different molecules.
Another significant development enabling the “miniaturization” of an enzyme array formed on a MALDI target derives from the application of the Applicant's COVET technology described in WO 01/57198. Briefly, using this technology they are able to create from cDNA libraries expressed enzymes, which carry a “sequence tag” that can be used to capture the enzymes with a high affinity and in a specific orientation on the microarray surface. This firstly enables enzymes e.g. a kinase library to be stably immobilized such that leaching of enzymes from the surface is avoided and secondly the oriented immobilization of the fusion protein onto the surface ensure maximum biological activity.
Yet another significant aspect of the invention, when compared to current protein microarrays, is the provision of such a probe with an electro conductive surface. This surface which includes semi conductive surfaces is essential where the probe is to be subjected to MALDI MS analysis. Whilst the support could be made wholly of an electro conductive material (which term is used herein to include semi conducive materials) it is preferred to coat a rigid support, e.g. a glass, with an electro conductive material such as, for example, gold although any suitable metal, for example, silver, platinum, iridium, wolfram, copper, cobalt, nickel, and iron or mixtures thereof, or a semiconductor e.g. silicon oxide, graphite or germanium oxide could be used.
Where the probe or enzyme microarray is produced on e.g. a standard size microscope glass slide it can be mounted in an adapter, which carries it into a mass spectrometer. Such an adaptor is described in Applicant's co pending UK application no. 0216387.1.
A further significant development, and one which may be viewed independently of the specific applications described herein, has been in the way the Applicant has overcome the problems caused by non specific protein binding. The Applicant has overcome this particular problem by providing a layer resistant to non specific protein binding onto the probe surface. More particularly, the microarray surface is modified by the inclusion of a layer of molecules which repel proteins. These protein repellant molecules which include, for example, polyethylene glycol may be bound to the probe surface via a linker, such as, for example, a poly amino acid which readily binds to e.g. a glass or gold surface and whose amino or carboxyl side groups can be used to bind the protein repellant molecules such that they reach out from the probe surface. The skilled man will appreciate that other functionalized molecules could be used. Preferably the enzyme binding moieties are incorporated in a position where they extend out from the surface. Preferred enzyme binding moieties include e.g. biotin, biotin-neutravidin, and bleomycin, and these and other moieties can be incorporated into the layer either via these functional groups on the linker molecules and/or via functional groups on the protein repellant molecules. Typically the affinity capture moieties are incorporated in small proportions (typically less than 20%) relative to the protein repellant molecules.
In this way the Applicant has been able to introduce the enzyme capture moieties not only in a homogeneous, spatial defined arrangement but also in a manner which enables high affinity binding in a specific manner. The resulting surface combines selectivity for the capture of biological macromolecules on the probe with reduced non specific binding of the type commonly observed on underivatised glass or metal surfaces and additionally results in a homogeneous distribution and orientation of the captured biological macromolecules.
The component molecules responsible for repelling non specific proteins include molecules which are generally hydrophilic in nature. They include polymers, such as, for example, polyethylene glycol, dextran, polyurethane and polyacrylamide and self assembled monolayers (SAM). Preferably the polymers comprise one or more functional side groups via which the protein capturing moieties can be attached. In the case of polyethylene glycol the functional group is a hydroxyl group. The molecules responsible for repelling non specific proteins may be bound directly to the surface as in, for example the case of SAM's or they may be attached via a linker. Particularly preferred as linkers are poly amino acids such as, for example, poly L lysine, poly L aspartic acid, poly L glutamic acid or mixtures thereof.
These have amino or carboxy side chains via which the molecules responsible for repelling non specific proteins can be attached and which can additionally be used to attach the protein capturing moieties. Alternatively, or in addition, the protein capturing moieties can be attached via the component molecules responsible for repelling non specific proteins.
In a preferred embodiment the probe has as it's enzyme capture moieties either a biotin binder e.g. neutravidin, avidin or streptavidin or a bleomycin resistant protein binder e.g. bleomycin. The enzymes are bound to the probe to create a protein microarray by printing a plurality of bacterial, yeast, sf9 or mammalian cell lysates containing fusion proteins in which a high affinity tag e.g. biotin or zeocin resistant protein (ZRP) is expressed onto the capture surface. Proteins are derived from the expression of a cDNA library and each individual clone is tagged at the C-terminus and/or on the N-terminus with a consensus sequence, which will enable high affinity recognition of the enzyme even in the presence of the otherwise protein repellent molecules. Only the recombinant, tagged enzyme can recognise the capture surface and other proteins from the lysate can be washed away as they do not bind to the protein repellent surface and do not have a high affinity to the protein binding moieties present in the layer.
A further aspect of the present invention provides a method of producing an enzyme microarray for use with a mass spectrometer comprising providing a probe of the invention and depositing the enzyme in registration with the protein capturing moieties in the discrete target area.
Yet a further aspect of the present invention provides a method of analyzing a probe of the invention in which energy absorbing molecules are deposited in a manner which denatures and thus unbinds an enzyme from a protein capturing moiety leaving the denatured enzyme lying unbound on the surface.
The energy absorbing molecules form a homogenous layer of crystals in a discrete location in registration with the protein capturing moieties and captured enzyme.
The homogenous layer of crystals is substantially continuous such that individual crystals are not visible at a 100 fold magnification and there are no visible gaps. It also has a substantially uniform depth, such that there is no apparent variation in crystal size at a 100 fold magnification.
The energy absorbing molecules are deposited onto the surface in a non aqueous solvent and the non aqueous solvent is evaporated off. Preferably the non aqueous solvent is an organic solvent, such as, for example, acetone or butanone.
Preferably the non aqueous solvent includes a modifier which controls the rate of evaporation such that crystallization of the energy absorbing molecules occurs on the probe. Suitable modifiers include glycerol, polyethylene glycol and thioglycerol. Preferably the energy absorbing molecules are deposited in a mixture of from 80-99.9%, preferably 99% organic solvent e.g. acetone to 20-0.1%, preferably 1% of modifier e.g. glycerol (vol/vol) Typical energy absorbing molecules include crystals of α-cyano-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, sinapinic acid, gentisic acid, nifidine, succinic acid, 1,8,9,-anthracenitriol, 3-Indoleacrylic acid, 2-(hydroxyphenylazo) benzoe-acid, 4-nitroanilin and combinations thereof.
Preferably the energy absorbing molecules are deposited in registration with the protein and each protein spot is overlaid with a similar sized spot of the energy absorbing molecules.
In order to achieve a high density of individual samples on the microarray the energy absorbing molecules need to be arranged in microcrystals on the surface. The matrix forms a homogenous layer of flat crystals without significant gaps between them and can be deposited in very small quantities on the microarray.
In contrast to the prior art in which matrix and analyte are co crystallized in an aqueous solvent, the Applicant uses two distinct steps in which first the protein is deposited in an aqueous solvent and then the energy absorbing molecules are deposited such that they crystallise out from the non aqueous solvent on the probe. This has the advantage that the protein is deposited in its biological form. However, using a non aqueous solvent to deliver the energy absorbing molecules allows the formation of a homogenous layer of microcrystals.
This has two benefits. First the formation of a homogenous layer means it is not necessary to search for a sweet spot as the homogenous layer guarantees protein in the presence of energy absorbing molecules and secondly it results in more accurate measurement due to the even nature of the layer.
The various aspects of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following figures and examples in which:
Referring to
Control reactions in which either one of the substrates ADP or creatine phosphate or the enzyme creatine phosphate kinase was omitted didn't show ATP peaks.
Referring to
Material:
Creatine kinase from rabbit muscle ATP: creatine N-phosphotransferase ADP, creatine phosphate, 1 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl2, gold coated glass slide, PEG-PLL-biotin, Neutravidin
Solutions:
Washing buffer: 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 with 0.1% Triton X-100; desalting buffer: 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5.
Affinity Capture Polymer Synthesis
The poly-L-lysine PEG-biotin (PEG-PLL-biotin) was synthesized according to the protocol of Ruiz Taylor6. Briefly, 100 mg poly-L-lysine (average size 17-30 kDa; Sigma, Dorset, UK) was reacted with 109 mg mPEG-SPA and 1.1 mg biotinPEG-CO-NHS (Shearwater Corporation, Huntsville, Ala.) in 1 ml 100 mM sodium carbonate buffer pH 9 for a period of 30 minutes. The reaction was terminated by dialysis in 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 overnight. The product from this reaction was called PEG-PLL-biotin (1% PEG derivatives contain a biotin headgroup).
Biotinylation of Creatine Kinase
Creatine kinase (100 mg) was dissolved in 1 ml 1 mM Tris HCl pH 7.5 and 1 mg of EZ link biotin PEO amine and 1 mg ethylene diamine carbodiimide were reacted for 20 minutes at room temperature.
Affinity Capture Surface Preparation
Protein microarray probes were thoroughly cleaned before use with sequential washing steps in acetone, acetonitrile, double distilled water and dried under nitrogen. Freshly prepared affinity capture polymer PEG-PLL-Biotin was then pipetted on the surface of the probe and was then evenly distributed on the surface by covering it with Nesco film (Azwell Inc., Osaka, Japan). After 30 min the probe was washed in 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, dried under nitrogen and then coated with 0.5 mg/ml neutravidin for one hour at RT in a humid chamber. The probe was then rinsed with washing buffer, washed twice with desalting buffer and dried under nitrogen. The surface was now ready to be used as a highly specific affinity capture device for biotinylated macromolecules.
Capture and Detection of Biotinylated Proteins on the Probe Surface
A PLL-PEG-biotin neutravidin surface on a MALDI target was overlaid with 50 ng of biotinylated creatine kinase (Roche, Mannheim, Ger) The biotinylated protein was captured for a period of 2 hours on the MALDI target in a humid chamber to prevent drying, washed twice with washing buffer followed by two washes with desalting buffer, surface was dried under nitrogen and overlaid with 300 nl of a saturated solution of cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid in acetone.
Monitoring the Kinase Activity of the Immobilized Creatine Kinase on the Protein Array
The array with the immobilized creatine kinase is washed with 100 ml 1 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 and is then overlaid with a mixture 1 mM creatine phosphate, 1 mM ADP, 1 mM MgC12 and 25 mM ammoniumbicarbonate buffer in a volume less than 1 microlitre. The enzyme and the substrates are incubated in a humid chamber at 37° C. for a period of 30 minutes. Reactions which omitted either ADP, creatine phosphate or the kinase were run in parallel as specificity controls.
Results
Control reactions in which either one of the substrates ADP or creatine phosphate or the enzyme creatine kinase was omitted didn't show ATP peaks.
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| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0224872.2 | Oct 2002 | GB | national |
| PCT/EP02/01859 | Dec 2002 | WO | international |
| 0311946.8 | May 2003 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB03/05427 | 10/27/2003 | WO | 5/23/2006 |
