ENZYME PRODUCING BACILLUS STRAINS

Abstract

The disclosure relates to enzyme producing Bacillus strains that provide benefits to animals and methods of using these strains. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates compositions comprising the enzyme producing Bacillus strains. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a feed for an animal comprising enzyme producing Bacillus strains.

Description

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Complete bibliographic citations of the references referred to herein by the first author's last name in parentheses can be found in the Bibliography section, immediately preceding the claims.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to Bacillus strains producing enzymes that provide benefits to animals and methods of using these strains. In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods of improving growth performance of an animal. In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a direct fed microbial, and feed for an animal supplemented with a direct fed microbial. In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods for improving manure storage units. In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods for alleviating an inflammatory response.

BACKGROUND

The global swine industry has seen increased feeding of by-products (dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), wheat midds, etc.) initially from 0-10% to the current extremes of 30-60%. These diet cost savings have been a great opportunity for industry to save on feed input costs, but come with a set of challenges as well. The fermentation process to extract ethanol from corn removes almost all of the starch, leaving the resulting DDGS feed by-product containing approximately 40% fiber. This higher fiber content relative to corn results in reduced dry matter digestibility and approximately 10 percentage units less digestibility of most amino acids in DDGS compared to corn (Stein and Shurson, 2009).

Consequently the inclusion of DDGS in livestock diets can have negative impacts on animal growth performance and carcass characteristics. In addition to the negative effects on animal growth and carcass quality, alterations in nutrient digestibility as a result of adding DDGS with a high fiber content have implications for swine manure handling, storage, and decomposition. The commercial swine industry has indicated that manure holding capacity is less in anaerobic deep-pit swine manure storage units, and that the manure from pigs fed high level of DDGS has more solids accumulation, as well as ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions.

In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide Bacillus strains producing enzymes that provide benefits to animals and methods of using these strains.

SUMMARY

The disclosure relates to enzyme producing Bacillus strains. In one embodiment, the strains are Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the strains are Bacillus pumilus.

In at least some embodiments, the B. subtilis strain(s) is (are) Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the B. pumilus strain(s) is/are Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods comprising administering an effective amount of enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to a an animal, wherein the administration improves at least one of the following body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can be administered to an animal to improve at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of production, carcass characteristics, and performance when feeding high levels of DDGS.

In one embodiment, one or more enzyme producing strain(s) is (are) administered as a direct-fed microbial (DFM). A direct-fed microbial includes one or more Bacillus strain(s). The enzyme producing strain(s) is (are) effective at degrading otherwise indigestible feedstuffs such as DDGS. This allows increased nutrient availability, resulting in an improved animal growth response. Additionally, enzyme producing strain(s) abate(s) manure associated odors, thereby improving operational environment air quality. In at least some embodiments, odor reduction is by reducing volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and/or methane and hydrogen sulfide gas production.

In other embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method comprising administering an effective amount of the enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to a swine in an effective amount to improve the manure storage unit. In certain embodiments, the swine manure storage unit is a manure pit. In at least some embodiments, the administration improves at least one of the following: less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content when compared to a control manure pit.

In certain embodiments, the enzyme producing strain(s) are directly applied to a manure storage unit, such as a manure pit. Improvements resulting from contacting the enzyme producing strain(s) directly to a manure storage unit include at least one of less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content than control manure pits.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure pit comprising administering an effective amount of enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to animals whose manure is stored in the manure pit. In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can be contacted directly to the manure pit.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of altering gas emissions that accumulate in a room housing an animal comprising administering enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to animals in an effective amount to reduce gas emissions.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to methods for alleviating an inflammatory response comprising administering enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to animals in an effective amount to alleviate the inflammatory response.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5.

FIG. 2 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5.

FIG. 3 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442.

FIG. 4 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442.

FIG. 5 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521.

FIG. 6 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521.

FIG. 7 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918.

FIG. 8 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918.

FIG. 9 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013.

FIG. 10 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013.

FIG. 11 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068.

FIG. 12 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068.

FIG. 13 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069.

FIG. 14 is a partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069.

FIG. 15 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944.

FIG. 16 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944.

FIG. 17 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944.

FIG. 18 is the partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944.

FIG. 19 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

FIG. 20 is a photograph of a gel showing a RAPD PCR profile of Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

FIG. 21 is the partial 16S rDNA sequence of Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

FIG. 22 is a representative schematic of a cell culture plate design for screening Bacillus strains for anti-inflammatory effects. LPS was used to induce the inflammatory response but any agent that induces the inflammatory response may be used.

FIG. 23 is a bar graph depicting the anti-inflammatory effects of Bacillus strains as shown in a representative macrophage cell line (chicken HD11). The agent used to induce the inflammatory response was LPS. The effects on IL-1β gene expression are shown by the white bars (P<0.01). The effects on IL-8 gene expression are shown by the black bars (P<0.01). Differing letters (a, b, c) indicate means differ statistically (P<0.01).

FIG. 24 is a representative schematic of a plate design for cell culture screening for a candidate direct-fed microbial. LPS was used as the agent to induce the inflammatory response.

FIG. 25 is a bar graph depicting the anti-inflammatory effects of Bacillus strains in a mammalian cell line (rat intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6)). LPS was used to induce the inflammatory response. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression was measured. Differing letters (a or b) indicate means differ statistically (P<0.10).

FIG. 26 is a line graph showing foam characteristics in a pit over 3 samplings within 170 day trial period.

FIG. 27 is a representative schematic of a BioLuminescence measure in each pen in the area marked with an “x.”

Before explaining embodiments of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

The organizational framework of this disclosure should not limit any embodiments or elements within the disclosure. It is intended that elements and applications recited within one embodiment, can be applied to other embodiments within the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The numerical ranges in this disclosure are approximate, and thus may include values outside of the range unless otherwise indicated. Numerical ranges include all values from and including the lower and the upper values, in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if a compositional, physical or other property, such as, for example, molecular weight, viscosity, etc., is from 100 to 1,000, it is intended that all individual values, such as 100, 101, 102, etc., and sub ranges, such as 100 to 144, 155 to 170, 197 to 200, etc., are expressly enumerated. For ranges containing values which are less than one or containing fractional numbers greater than one (e.g., 1.1, 1.5, etc.), one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1, as appropriate. For ranges containing single digit numbers less than ten (e.g., 1 to 5), one unit is typically considered to be 0.1. These are only examples of what is specifically intended, and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value enumerated, are to be considered to be expressly stated in this disclosure. Numerical ranges are provided within this disclosure for, among other things, relative amounts of components in a mixture, and various temperature and other parameter ranges recited in the methods.

By “administer,” is meant the action of introducing at least one strain and/or supernatant from a culture of at least one strain described herein into the animal's gastrointestinal tract. More particularly, this administration is an administration by oral route. This administration can in particular be carried out by supplementing the feed intended for the animal with the at least one strain, the thus supplemented feed then being ingested by the animal. The administration can also be carried out using a stomach tube or any other way to make it possible to directly introduce the at least one strain into the animal's gastrointestinal tract.

By “at least one strain,” is meant a single strain but also mixtures of strains comprising at least two strains of bacteria. By “a mixture of at least two strains,” is meant a mixture of two, three, four, five, six or even more strains. In some embodiments of a mixture of strains, the proportions can vary from 1% to 99%. In certain embodiments, the proportion of a strain used in the mixture is at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. Other embodiments of a mixture of strains are from 25% to 75%. Additional embodiments of a mixture of strains are approximately 50% for each strain. When a mixture comprises more than two strains, the strains can be present in substantially equal proportions in the mixture or in different proportions.

By “contacting,” is meant the action of bringing at least one strain and/or supernatant from a culture of at least one strain described herein into close proximity with a substrate, container, or substance, which includes but is not limited to a manure storage unit. In some embodiments, the manure storage unit is a manure pit. Contacting can be through a direct or indirect manner. As used herein, contacting includes applying, spraying, inoculating, dispersing dispensing, pouring, and other like terms.

By “effective amount,” is meant a quantity of strain and/or supernatant sufficient to allow improvement in at least one of the following: the efficiency of animal production, carcass characteristics, growth performance of an animal, growth performance when feeding high levels of DDGS to an animal, nutrient digestibility, breakdown of complex dietary components, poultry growth performance, pig growth performance, feed efficiency, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, body weight gain:feed or feed:gain intake, and morality.

In other embodiments, “effective amount” is meant a quantity of strain and/or supernatant sufficient to allow improvement in at least one of the following: manure waste problems, the amount of foaming in a manure storage unit, the microbial ecology of a manure storage unit, the amount of volatile fatty acids in a manure storage unit, the amount of gas production in a room housing animals or a manure storage unit, including but not limited to methane and hydrogen sulfide.

In another embodiment, “effective amount” is meant a quantity of strain and/or supernatant sufficient to allow improvement in at least one of the following: the expression of a gene involved in the inflammatory response, the expression of a protein involved in the inflammatory response, and the activity of a protein involved in the inflammatory response.

As used herein, “performance” refers to the growth of an animal, such as a pig or poultry, measured by one or more of the following parameters: average daily gain (ADG), weight, scours, mortality, feed conversion, which includes both feed:gain and gain:feed, and feed intake. “An improvement in performance” or “improved performance” as used herein, refers to an improvement in at least one of the parameters listed under the performance definition.

As used herein, a “variant” has at least 80% identity of genetic sequences with the disclosed strains using random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis. The degree of identity of genetic sequences can vary. In some embodiments, the variant has at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity of genetic sequences with the disclosed strains using RAPD-PCR analysis. Six primers that can be used for RAPD-PCR analysis include the following: Primer 1 (5′-GGTGCGGGAA-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 1); PRIMER 2 (5′-GTTTCGCTCC-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 2); PRIMER 3 (5′-GTAGACCCGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 3); PRIMER 4 (5′-AAGAGCCCGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 4); PRIMER 5 (5′-AACGCGCAAC-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 5); and PRIMER 6 (5′-CCCGTCAGCA-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 6). RAPD analysis can be performed using Ready-to-Go™ RAPD Analysis Beads (Amersham Biosciences, Sweden), which are designed as pre-mixed, pre-dispensed reactions for performing RAPD analysis.

The inventors have found that certain Bacillus strains have enzymatic activity(ies) that break down fiber(s), lipid(s), carbohydrate(s), and protein(s). These strain(s) is (are) referred to herein as “enzyme producing strain(s),” “Bacillus strain(s),” or “strain(s).” In some embodiments, the enzymatic activity(ies) is (are) cellulase, a-amylase, xylanase, esterase, casein protease, corn starch amylase, β-mannanase, lipase, and/or protease, e.g., zeinase and soy protease.

The inventors have found that certain microorganisms can be used to address the challenging components in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS).

The inventors also have found that enzyme producing strains can improve at least one of the following: (1) breakdown of complex dietary components, (2) manure waste problems; (3) the efficiency of animal production; (4) animal carcass characteristics, (5) growth performance an animal; and (6) effects of an inflammatory response.

Enzyme Producing Strains

Enzyme producing strains include Bacillus strains, including, but not limited to, B. subtilis, B. lichenifonnis, B. pumilus, B. coagulans, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. stearothermophilus, B. brevis, B. alkalophilus, B. clausii, B. halodurans, B. megaterium, B. circulans, B. lautus, B. thuringiensis and B. lentus strains, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In at least some embodiments, the B. subtilis strain(s) is (are) Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the B. pumilus strain(s) is/are Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

These strains were deposited by Danisco USA, Inc. of Waukesha, Wis. at the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection (NRRL), 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill., 61604. The dates of original deposits and accession numbers are as follows: Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, May 13, 2011 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Aug. 4, 2011 (NRRL B-50542), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Aug. 4, 2011 (NRRL B-50545), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, May 13, 2011 (NRRL B-50508), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, May 13, 2011 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Aug. 4, 2011 (NRRL B-50544), Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Aug. 11, 2011 (NRRL B-50548), Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068, Aug. 4, 2011 (NRRL B-50543), and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, Aug. 5, 2011 (NRRL B-50546). All of the deposits were made under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure.

In some embodiments, the enzyme producing strains have enzymatic activity(ies) including but not limited to cellulase, α-amylase, xylanase, esterase, casein protease, corn starch amylase, β-mannanase, lipase, and/or protease, e.g., zeinase and soy protease.

In at least some embodiments, more than one of the strain(s) described herein is (are) combined.

Any Bacillus derivative or variant is also included and is useful in the methods described and claimed herein. In some embodiments, strains having all the characteristics of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 are also included and are useful in the methods described and claimed herein.

In certain embodiments, any derivative or variant of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068, and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 are also included and are useful in the methods described and claimed herein.

In at least some embodiments, the enzyme producing strain(s) is (are) used in combination. In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can be used in combination with bacterial strains from the Bacillus genus, and other bacterial strains from a different genus.

In at least some embodiments, the enzyme producing strain(s) and methods provided herein improve one or more of the following: the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of production, carcass characteristics, and performance when feeding high levels of DDGS when compared to a control.

Manure waste problems include, but are not limited to, undesirable manure nutrient and microbial composition, and undesirable gas emissions from the manure storage units, such as manure pits. An improvement in manure waste problems include, but are not limited to, at least one of (1) less nutrients accumulated in the manure, (2) shift manure microbial communities to favorable populations for solids breakdown, and (3) a decrease in ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions.

An improvement in carcass characteristics can be measured by at least one of increased percent lean yield and dressing percentage, and decreased fat iodine values. Performance can be measured by average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed required per unit of gain, and other measurements known in the art.

When ingested, the enzyme producing strain(s) produce(s) enzymes. In some embodiments, the enzyme producing strain(s) produce(s) enzymes in vivo. In other embodiments, the enzyme producing strain(s) survive(s) in the manure of animals to which the strain are administered and produce(s) enzymes in the excreted manure.

Methods of Culturing a Strain

Bacillus strains are produced by fermentation of the bacterial strains. Fermentation can be started by scaling-up a seed culture. This involves repeatedly and aseptically transferring the culture to a larger and larger volume to serve as the inoculum for the fermentation, which is carried out in large stainless steel fermentors in medium containing proteins, carbohydrates, and minerals necessary for optimal growth. A non-limiting exemplary medium is TSB. After the inoculum is added to the fermentation vessel, the temperature and agitation are controlled to allow maximum growth. Once the culture reaches a maximum population density, the culture is harvested by separating the cells from the fermentation medium. This is commonly done by centrifugation.

The count of the culture can then be determined. CFU or colony forming unit is the viable cell count of a sample resulting from standard microbiological plating methods. The term is derived from the fact that a single cell when plated on appropriate medium will grow and become a viable colony in the agar medium. Since multiple cells may give rise to one visible colony, the term colony forming unit is a more useful unit measurement than cell number.

In one embodiment, each Bacillus strain is fermented between a 5×10⁸ CFU/ml level to about a 4×10⁹ CFU/ml level. In at least one embodiment, a level of 2×10⁹ CFU/ml is used. The bacteria are harvested by centrifugation, and the supernatant is removed. The supernatant can be used in the methods described herein. In at least some embodiments, the bacteria are pelleted. In at least some embodiments, the bacteria are freeze-dried. In at least some embodiments, the bacteria are mixed with a carrier. However, it is not necessary to freeze-dry the Bacillus before using them. The strains can also be used with or without preservatives, and in concentrated, unconcentrated, or diluted form.

DFMs and Methods of Preparing a DFM

A composition including one or more strain(s) described herein is provided. The composition can be fed to an animal as a direct-fed microbial (DFM). One or more carrier(s) or other ingredients can be added to the DFM. The DFM may be presented in various physical forms, for example, as a top dress, as a water soluble concentrate for use as a liquid drench or to be added to a milk replacer, gelatin capsule, or gels. In one embodiment of the top dress form, freeze-dried bacteria fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sucrose, dextrose, limestone (calcium carbonate), rice hulls, yeast culture, dried starch, and/or sodium silico aluminate. In one embodiment of the water soluble concentrate for a liquid drench or milk replacer supplement, freeze-dried bacteria fermentation product is added to a water soluble carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sucrose, dextrose, dried starch, sodium silico aluminate, and a liquid is added to form the drench or the supplement is added to milk or a milk replacer. In one embodiment of the gelatin capsule form, freeze-dried bacteria fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sugar, limestone (calcium carbonate), rice hulls, yeast culture dried starch, and/or sodium silico aluminate. In one embodiment, the bacteria and carrier are enclosed in a degradable gelatin capsule. In one embodiment of the gels form, freeze-dried bacteria fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as vegetable oil, sucrose, silicon dioxide, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, butylated hydroxyanisole, citric acid, ethoxyquin, and/or artificial coloring to form the gel.

The strain(s) may optionally be admixed with a dry formulation of additives including but not limited to growth substrates, enzymes, sugars, carbohydrates, extracts and growth promoting micro-ingredients. The sugars could include the following: lactose; maltose; dextrose; malto-dextrin; glucose; fructose; mannose; tagatose; sorbose; raffinose; and galactose. The sugars range from 50-95%, either individually or in combination. The extracts could include yeast or dried yeast fermentation solubles ranging from 5-50%. The growth substrates could include: trypticase, ranging from 5-25%; sodium lactate, ranging from 5-30%; and, Tween 80, ranging from 1-5%. The carbohydrates could include mannitol, sorbitol, adonitol and arabitol. The carbohydrates range from 5-50% individually or in combination. The micro-ingredients could include the following: calcium carbonate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calcium chloride, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; dipotassium phosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calcium phosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; manganese proteinate, ranging from 0.25-1.00%; and, manganese, ranging from 0.25-1.0%.

To prepare DFMs described herein, the culture(s) and carrier(s) (where used) can be added to a ribbon or paddle mixer and mixed for about 15 minutes, although the timing can be increased or decreased. The components are blended such that a uniform mixture of the cultures and carriers result. The final product is preferably a dry, flowable powder. The strain(s) can then be added to animal feed or a feed premix, added to an animal's water, or administered in other ways known in the art. A feed for an animal can be supplemented with one or more strain(s) described herein or with a composition described herein.

The DFM provided herein can be administered, for example, as the strain-containing culture solution, the strain-producing supernatant, or the bacterial product of a culture solution.

Administration of a DFM provided herein to an animal can increase the performance of the animal. In one embodiment, administration of a DFM provided herein to an animal can increase the average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), or feed efficiency (gain:feed; G:F or feed:gain; F:G) (collectively, “performance metrics”). One or more than one of these performance metrics may be improved.

The DFM may be administered to the animal in one of many ways. For example, the strain(s) can be administered in a solid form as a veterinary pharmaceutical, may be distributed in an excipient, preferably water, and directly fed to the animal, may be physically mixed with feed material in a dry form, or the strain(s) may be formed into a solution and thereafter sprayed onto feed material. The method of administration of the strain(s) to the animal is considered to be within the skill of the artisan.

Methods of Administering to an Animal

In one embodiment, the strains can be administered in an effective amount to animals. In at least some embodiments, the disclosure relates to a method comprising administering to an animal an effective amount of the enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), or feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the animal is poultry. In yet another embodiment, the animal is a ruminant.

Administration of one or more enzyme producing strain(s) to animals is accomplished by any convenient method, including adding the strains to the animals'drinking water, to their feed, or to the bedding, or by direct oral insertion, such as by an aerosol or by injection.

In another embodiment, administration of one or more enzyme producing strains is by spraying the animal with the enzyme producing strains. The animal can clean or preen and ingest the enzyme producing strains.

In one embodiment, the Bacillus strains are administered as spores.

As used herein, the term “animal” includes but is not limited to human, mammal, amphibian, bird, reptile, swine, pigs, cows, cattle, goats, horses, sheep, poultry, and other animals kept or raised on a farm or ranch, sheep, big-horn sheep, buffalo, antelope, oxen, donkey, mule, deer, elk, caribou, water buffalo, camel, llama, alpaca, rabbit, mouse, rat, guinea pig, hamster, ferret, dog, cat, and other pets, primate, monkey, ape, and gorilla.

In some embodiments, the animals are birds of different ages, such as starters, growers and finishers. In certain embodiments, the animals are poultry and exotic fowl, including, but not limited to, chicks, turkey poults, goslings, ducklings, guinea keets, pullets, hens, roosters (also known as cocks), cockerels, and capons.

In some embodiments, the animals are pigs, including, but not limited to, nursery pigs, breeding stock, sows, gilts, boars, lactation-phase piglets, and finishing pigs. The strain(s) can be fed to a sow during the lactation period, although the strain(s) can be fed for different durations and at different times. In certain embodiments, the strain(s) is(are) administered to piglets by feeding the strain(s) to a gilt or sow. It is believed that the transfer to the piglets from the sow is accomplished via the fecal-oral route and/or via other routes.

The enzyme producing strains can be administered to an animal to improve at least one of nutrient digestibility, swine growth performances, poultry growth performance responses, feed efficiency (gain:feed or feed:gain), body weight, feed intake, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, the breakdown of complex dietary components, the efficiency of poultry production, the efficiency of swine production, and mortality. These benefits can be particularly useful when diets containing high levels of DDGS are fed. Initially, DDGS was from 0% to 10% of the animal's diet. Currently, DGGS is from 30% to 60%.

The amount of improvement can be measured as described herein or by other methods known in the art. These effective amounts can be administered to the animal by providing ad libitum access to feed containing the DFM. The DFM can also be administered in one or more doses.

In certain embodiments, the improvement is by at least 1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% as compared to an untreated control.

In at least some embodiments, the improvement in these measurements in an animal to which the strain(s) is/are administered is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98, 99%, and greater than 99% compared to a control animal.

In other embodiments, the improvement in these measurements in an animal to which the strain(s) is/are administered is 2-8% compared to a control animal. In certain other embodiments, the improvement in these measurements in an animal to which the strain(s) is/are administered is at least 8% compared to a control animal.

In some embodiments, a control animal is an animal that has not been administered the enzyme producing strains.

This effective amount can be administered to the animal in one or more doses. In some embodiments, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is(are) added to an animal's feed at a rate of at least 1×10⁴ CFU/animal/day.

In one embodiment, the administration improves at least one of nutrient digestibility, growth performance responses, e.g., feed efficiency, the breakdown of complex dietary components, the efficiency of production, body weight gain, feed intake, and mortality.

In certain embodiments of the method, the strain(s) is/are administered at about 1×10⁵ CFU/animal/day to about 1×10¹¹ CFU/animal/day. In some embodiments, the animal is a swine. In another embodiment, the animal is poultry.

In at least some embodiments, the method is used when the animal is fed high levels of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). The high levels of DDGS can be a rate of over 10% of the animal's diet. The high levels of DDGS can also be a rate of over 30% of the animal's diet.

In at least some embodiments, the effective amount of at least one strain of bacterium is administered to an animal by supplementing a feed intended for the animal with the effective amount of at least one strain of bacterium. As used herein, “supplementing,” means the action of incorporating the effective amount of bacteria provided herein directly into the feed intended for the animal. Thus, the animal, when feeding, ingests the bacteria provided herein.

The enzyme producing strains can be administered as a single strain or as multiple strains. Supernatant of one or more enzyme producing strains can be administered to an animal. When ingested, the enzyme producing strains produce enzymes.

In certain embodiments, one or more enzyme producing strain(s) is (are) fed to swine. The one or more enzyme producing strain(s) address(es) the challenging components in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS).

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strain(s) is(are) added to animal feed at a rate of 1×10³, 1×10⁴, 1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 1×10¹°, 1×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 1×10¹³ and greater than 1×10¹³ CFU per gram of animal feed.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strain(s) is(are) added to animal feed at a rate of 1×10³, 1×10⁴, 1×10⁵, 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, 1×10⁸, 1×10⁹, 1×10¹⁹, 1×10¹¹, 1×10¹², 1×10¹³ and greater than 1×10¹³ CFU per animal per day.

In one embodiment, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is(are) added to pigs' feed at a rate of about 3.75×10⁵ CFU per gram of feed. It(they) can also be fed at about 1×10⁴ to about 1×10¹¹ CFU/animal/day. In some embodiments, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is(are) fed at about 1×10⁸ CFU/animal/day.

For ruminants, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is(are) fed at about 5×10⁹ CFU/hd/day.

For poultry, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is(are) added to feed at about 1×10⁴ CFU/g feed to about 1×10¹⁰ CFU/g feed. In at least some embodiments, the one or more Bacillus strain(s) is fed at about 1×10⁵ CFU/bird/day to about 1×10⁸ CFU/bird/day.

Feed Material

In another embodiment, a feed for an animal comprises at least one strain of bacterium described herein. In at least some embodiments, feed is supplemented with an effective amount of at least one strain of bacterium. As used herein, “supplementing,” means the action of incorporating the effective amount of bacteria provided herein directly into the feed intended for the animal. Thus, the animal, when feeding, ingests the bacteria provided herein.

When used in combination with a feed material, for monogastric diets, the feed material can include corn, soybean meal, byproducts like distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and vitamin/mineral supplement. The feed material for ruminants can be grain or hay or silage or grass, or combinations thereof. Included amongst such feed materials are corn, dried grain, alfalfa, any feed ingredients and food or feed industry by-products as well as bio fuel industry by-products and corn meal and mixtures thereof. Other feed materials can also be used.

The time of administration can vary so long as an improvement is shown in one or more of the following: (1) breakdown of complex dietary components, (2) nutrient digestibility, (3) manure waste problems, (4) the efficiency of production, (5) carcass characteristics, (6) growth performance, (7) growth performance when feeding high levels of DDGS, (8) poultry growth performance responses, (9) swine growth performance responses, (10) the efficiency of poultry production, (11) the efficiency of swine production, (12) body weight gain, (13) feed intake, (14) feed efficiency, and (15) mortality. Administration is possible at any time with or without feed. However, the bacterium is preferably administered with or immediately before feed.

Methods for Improving Growth Performance of an Animal

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for improving growth performance of an animal comprising using one or more enzyme producing strains or supernatants therefrom to improve the growth performance of the animal relative to an animal that has not been administered the enzyme producing strains. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the animal is poultry. In another embodiment, the animal is a ruminant.

In one embodiment, growth performance includes but is not limited to nutrient digestibility, poultry growth performance responses, pig growth performance responses, feed efficiency, the breakdown of complex dietary components, average daily gain, averaging daily feed intake, body weight gain, feed intake, carcass characteristics and mortality. In yet another embodiment, the methods disclosed herein are used to improve the growth performance of an animal fed an animal feed comprising DDGS.

In certain embodiments, the improvement in growth performance is by at least 1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or greater than 99% as compared to an untreated control.

In at least some embodiments, the improvement in growth performance of an animal to which the strain(s) is/are administered is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98, 99%, and greater than 99% compared to a control animal.

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for improving growth performance of an animal comprise a Bacillus strain. In one embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for improving growth performance include but are not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

The enzyme producing strain(s) for improving growth performance of an animal may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

A. Nutrient Digestibility

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing digestibility of an animal feed comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an amount effective to increase the digestibility of an animal feed as compared to an animal not administered the enzyme producing strain. In another embodiment, the method further comprises measuring the amount of nutrients accumulated in a manure pit from the animal administered the enzyme producing strain and comparing these amount of nutrients to the amount of nutrients in a manure pit from an animal not administered the enzyme-producing strain. In yet another embodiment, the animal feed comprises DDGS.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing digestibility of an animal feed comprising administering an animal a feed supplemented with an enzyme producing strain in an amount effective to increase the digestibility of the animal feed as compared to an animal not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In one embodiment, methods for improving growth performance of an animal comprise administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal, and reducing the amount of undigested nutrients by the animal as compared to an animal that was not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, methods for improving growth performance of an animal comprise reducing the amount of undigested nutrients by an animal by administering an enzyme producing strain to the animal as compared to an animal that was not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, methods for improving growth performance of an animal comprise administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal, measuring the amount of nutrients accumulated in a manure pit from the animal administered the enzyme producing strain, and comparing the amount of nutrients in the manure pit from an animal administered the enzyme producing strains to the amount of nutrients in a second manure pit from an animal not administered the enzyme-producing strain.

In one embodiment, digestibility of an animal feed can be measured by the amount of nutrients in a manure pit. Any nutrient can be measured from the manure pit including but not limited to dry matter, ash, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, phosphorpus and calcium.

The enzyme producing strain(s) for improving nutrient digestibility may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

B. Poultry Growth Performance

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing poultry growth performance comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to increase the growth performance of the poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain. The methods disclosed herein can be used to improve growth performance regardless of the feed or the diet of the poultry.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing growth performance in poultry fed a high fibrous by-product diet comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a poultry, which are fed a high fibrous by-product diet, in an amount effective to increase the growth performance of the poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing the average daily gain in poultry comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to increase the average daily gain of the poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing the average daily feed intake in poultry comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to increase the average daily feed intake as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving feed efficiency of an animal feed in poultry comprising administering to poultry an animal feed supplemented with an enzyme producing strain in an amount effective to increase the feed efficiency in poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving carcass characteristics comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to improve the carcass characteristics of the poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain. Carcass characteristics that can be improved include but are not limited to fat depth, organ weights, breast characteristics, dressed weight, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In one embodiment, the measured value of the carcass characteristics may be increased or decreased.

In yet another embodiment, the measured value of one or more of the following carcass characteristics is increased: fat depth, organ weights, breast characteristics, dressed weight, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In still another embodiment, the measured value of one or more of the following carcass characteristics is decreased: fat depth, organ weights, breast characteristics, dressed weight, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of reducing mortality in poultry comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to reduce mortality of said poultry as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving lignin digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to improve lignin digestibility as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving lignin digestibility in high fibrous diets comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to improve lignin digestibility of the high fibrous diets as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain. In another embodiment, the high fibrous diets comprise by-product based diets. In yet another embodiment, the diet comprises DDGS.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving apparent ileal digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to improve apparent ileal digestibility as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving apparent total tract digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to improve apparent total tract digestibility as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of lowering the pH of ileal digesta comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to poultry in an amount effective to lower the pH of ileal digesta as compared to poultry not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In still another embodiment, the methods recited above further comprise administering a feed supplemented with an enzyme producing strain.

The enzyme producing strain(s) for improving poultry growth performance may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

C. Pig Growth Performance

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing growth performance of a pig comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to increase the growth performance of the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain. The methods disclosed herein can be used to improve growth performance regardless of the feed or the diet of the pig.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing growth performance in a pig fed a high fibrous by-product diet comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig, which is fed a high fibrous by-product diet, in an amount effective to increase the growth performance of the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing the average daily gain in a pig comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to increase the average daily gain of the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of increasing the average daily feed intake in a pig comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to increase the average daily feed intake as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving feed efficiency of animal feed in a pig comprising administering to a pig an animal feed supplemented with an enzyme producing strain in an amount effective to increase the feed efficiency in the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving carcass characteristics of a pig comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to improve the carcass characteristics of the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain. Carcass characteristics that can be improved include but are not limited to fat depth, loin depth; percent lean meat; hot carcass weight, organ weights, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In one embodiment, the measured value of the carcass characteristics may be increased or decreased.

In yet another embodiment, the measured value of one or more of the following carcass characteristics is increased: fat depth, loin depth; percent lean meat; hot carcass weight, organ weights, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In still another embodiment, the measured value of one or more of the following carcass characteristics is decreased: fat depth, loin depth; percent lean meat; hot carcass weight, organ weights, carcass grade, and carcass value.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of reducing mortality rate in pigs comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to pigs in an amount effective to reduce mortality of said pigs as compared to pigs not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving lignin digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to improve lignin digestibility as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving lignin digestibility in high fibrous diets comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to improve lignin digestibility of the high fibrous diets as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain. In another embodiment, the high fibrous diets comprise by-product based diets. In yet another embodiment, the diet comprises DDGS.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving apparent ileal digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to improve apparent ileal digestibility in the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of improving apparent total tract digestibility comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to improve apparent total tract digestibility in the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of lowering the pH of ileal digesta comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to a pig in an amount effective to lower the pH of ileal digesta in the pig as compared to a pig not administered the enzyme producing strain.

In still another embodiment, the methods recited above further comprise administering a feed supplemented with an enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains in the methods recited above related to pig growth performance is a composition comprising Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510).

The enzyme producing strain(s) for improving pig growth performance may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

Methods for Improving Manure Storage Units

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for improving manure storage units comprising administering enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof an animal in an effective amount to improve the manure storage unit. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In certain embodiments, the manure storage unit is a manure pit.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for improving air quality in a room housing an animal comprising administering enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to an animal in an effective amount to improve the air quality in the room. In one embodiment, improving air quality comprises abating odors in the room. In another embodiment, improving air quality comprises reducing production of one or more of the following: volatile fatty acids, ammonia, methane, or hydrogen sulfide.

In at least some embodiments, the administration improves at least one of the following: less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content when compared to a control manure pit.

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for improving manure storage units comprise a Bacillus strain. In one embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for improving a manure storage unit include but are not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for improving a manure storage unit comprising contacting enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), compositions including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof directly to a manure storage unit, such as a manure pit. Improvements resulting from contacting the enzyme producing strain(s) directly to a manure storage unit include at least one of less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content than control manure pits.

In another embodiment, the methods described above can be used to improve manure waste problems, which include but are not limited to foaming in the manure pit, accumulation of solids, increases in (a) nitrogen, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, (d) fiber-bound nitrogen, (e) total protein, (f) fat, and (g) fiber content.

A. Methods for Controlling or Reducing Foam in a Manure Storage Unit

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for controlling or reducing foam in a manure storage unit comprising administering an effective amount of enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to an animal in an effective amount to control or reduce the amount of foam in a manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit where animals were not administered the enzyme producing strains. In yet another embodiment, the foam:liquid ratio of the manure storage unit is reduced.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for controlling or reducing foam in a storage pit comprising contacting enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), compositions including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof directly to a manure storage pit in an effective amount to control reduce the foam in a manure storage pit as compared to a manure storage pit without the enzyme producing strains. In another embodiment, the foam:liquid ratio of the manure storage unit is reduced.

The amount of foam in a manure storage unit is associated with the amount of solids in the manure storage unit. Manure storage units with a higher percentage of solids generally have greater foam:liquid ratio, and hence more foam.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for controlling or reducing foam in a manure storage unit comprising administering an effective amount of enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to an animal in an effective amount to reduce the amount of solids, and thereby reduce the amount of foam, in a manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit where animals were not administered the enzyme producing strains. In yet another embodiment, the foam:liquid ratio of the manure storage unit is reduced.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for controlling or reducing foam in a manure storage unit comprising contacting enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), compositions including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof directly to a manure storage unit in an effective amount to reduce the amount of solids in the manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit without the enzyme producing strains. In another embodiment, the foam:liquid ratio of the manure storage unit is reduced.

B. Methods for Altering a Microbial Ecology in a Manure Storage Unit

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering a microbial ecology in a manure storage unit comprising administering enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof to a an animal in an effective amount to alter the microbial ecology in the manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit where animals were not administered the enzyme producing strains.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering a microbial ecology in a manure storage unit comprising contacting enzyme producing strain(s), one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), compositions including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof directly to the manure storage unit in an effective amount to alter the microbial ecology in the manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit where the enzyme producing strains were not used.

In one embodiment, enzyme producing strains can alter, either directly or indirectly, the microbial ecology in a manure storage unit and cause an increase in the population of certain bacterial species and a decrease in the population of other bacterial species. Bacterial species that can be altered, either directly or indirectly, by the enzyme producing strains include but are not limited to methanogens, bacteroides, Clostridium cluster I, clostridium cluster IV, clostridium cluster XIVa, and sulfate reducing bacteria.

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains have the ability to shift nutrient utilization by the microbial population and subsequently alter the microbial ecology such that aggregated foaming incidents are alleviated, either by lessening gas production available to be trapped in the foam matrix, altering the availability of molecular compounds making up the foam matrix, or directly inhibiting the growth of bacteria associated with foaming incidents.

C. Methods of Altering Volatile Fatty Acid Composition

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering volatile fatty acid composition in manure comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter fatty acid composition in manure from said animal as compared to manure from a second animal not administered an enzyme producing strain. In one embodiment, altering fatty acid composition may result in an increase in certain fatty acids and a decrease in other fatty acids. In another embodiment, altering fatty acid compositions may occur in a direct or indirect manner.

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure storage unit comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter the fatty acid composition in manure from said animal that is stored in said manure storage unit as compared manure from a second animal not administered an enzyme producing strain. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the manure storage unit is a manure pit.

In still another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure storage unit comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal; measuring the amount of volatile fatty acid in manure from the animal fed the enzyme producing strains; and adjusting the concentration of enzyme producing strain fed to the animal to achieve a desired volatile fatty acid concentration in the manure stored in the manure pit.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure storage unit comprising contacting an enzyme producing strain directly to the manure storage unit in an effective amount to alter fatty acid composition in the manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit without an enzyme producing strain.

In another embodiment, the volatile fatty acids that can be altered by the methods disclosed herein include but are not limited to acetate, propionate, butyrate, 1-butyrate, 4-methyl-valerate. In another embodiment, methods disclosed herein increase the fatty acid butyrate in the manure. In still another embodiment, the methods disclosed herein decrease the fatty acid 4-methyl-valerte in the manure.

In another embodiment, total volatile fatty acids can be altered. In another embodiment, methods disclosed herein reduce total volatile fatty acids in the manure.

Methods for Altering Gas Emissions

In one embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering gas emissions comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter gas emissions as compared to an animal not administered an enzyme producing strain. In one embodiment, altering gas emissions may result in an increase in certain gas emissions and a decrease in other gas emissions. In another embodiment, altering gas emissions may occur in a direct or indirect manner.

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for altering gas emissions comprise a Bacillus strain. In one embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus.

In another embodiment, enzyme producing strains for altering gas emissions include but are not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

The enzyme producing strain(s) for altering gas emissions may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

Gases that can be altered by the enzyme producing strains include but are not limited to ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane, and hydrogen sulfide.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a to a method for altering gas emissions in a room housing an animal comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter gas emissions in the room as compared to a room housing animals that were not administered the enzyme producing strains. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the room is located in a barn. In one embodiment, methane and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions are reduced in the room housing animals that were administered the enzyme producing strains.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering gas emissions in a room housing animals comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter gas emissions in the room housing the animal; and measuring the amount of gas in the room.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering gas emissions in a manure storage unit comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to an animal in an effective amount to alter gas emissions in the manure storage unit as compared to a manure storage unit with manure from animals that were not administered the enzyme producing strains. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the manure storage unit is a manure pit.

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method for altering gas emissions in a manure storage unit comprising contacting an enzyme producing strain directly to the manure storage unit in an effective amount to alter gas emissions as compared to a manure storage unit without the enzyme producing strains. In one embodiment, the animal is a pig. In another embodiment, the manure storage unit is a manure pit.

In one embodiment, methane and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions are reduced.

Methods for Alleviating an Inflammatory Response

In another embodiment, the disclosure relates to a method of alleviating inflammatory effects in an animal comprising administering an enzyme producing strain to the animal in an amount effective to alleviate or inhibit the inflammatory response. In one embodiment, the animal is a mammal. In another embodiment, the animal is poultry. In another embodiment, the animal is a chicken. In still another embodiment, the animal is a pig.

The enzyme producing strains can alleviate or inhibit the inflammatory response from 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% as compared to a reference control (e.g., an agent with no anti-inflammatory properties, such as a buffered saline or a strain with no anti-inflammatory properties).

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for alleviating inflammatory effects in an animal comprise a Bacillus strain. In one embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis. In another embodiment, the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for alleviating inflammatory effects in an animal comprise Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1, strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains for alleviating inflammatory effects in an animal is a composition comprising Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944.

The enzyme producing strains can alleviate or inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response. In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can reduce the expression of a gene from 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% as compared to a reference control (e.g., an agent with no anti-inflammatory properties, such as a buffered saline or a strain with no anti-inflammatory properties).

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can alleviate or inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing the expression of a protein involved in the inflammatory response.

In still another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can alleviate or inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing the activity of a protein involved in the inflammatory response.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can reduce the expression or activity of a protein from 2-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, 30-35%, 35-40%, 40-45%, 45-50%, 50-55%, 55-60%, 60-65%, 65-70%, 70-75%, 75-80%, 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, and greater than 95% as compared to a reference control (e.g., an agent with no anti-inflammatory properties, such as a buffered saline or a strain with no anti-inflammatory properties).

In another embodiment, enzyme producing strains can reduce expression of a gene or reduce activity of a protein involved in any pathway involved in the inflammatory response including but not limited to adhesion-extravasation-migration; apoptosis signaling; calcium signaling; complement cascade; cytokines, and cytokine signaling; eicosanoid synthesis and signaling; glucocorticoid/PPAR signaling; G-protein coupled receptor signaling; innate pathogen detection; leukocyte signaling; MAPK signaling; natural killer cell signaling; NK-kappa B signaling; antigen presentation; PI3K/AKT signaling; ROS/glutathione/cytotoxic granules; and TNF superfamily and signaling.

In one embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can reduce the activity of or expression of cytokines including but not limited to interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, erythropoietin, Tpo, Fit-3L, SCF, M-CSF, and MSP.

In one embodiment, interleukins include but are not limited to interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1α, IL-1-like, IL-β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-6-like, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-10-like, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, IL-19, IL-20, IL-21, IL-22, GM-CSF, and OSM.

In another embodiment, interferons include but are not limited to IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-gamma.

In another embodiment, tumor necrosis factor includes but is not limited to CD154, LT-β, TNF-α, TNF-β, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, 4-1BBL, APRIL, CD70, CD153, CD178, GITRL, LIGHT, OX40L, TALL-1, TRAIL, TWEAK, and TRANCE.

In another embodiment, the enzyme producing strains can be used to reduce the activity of or reduce the expression of chemokines including but not limited to C chemokines, CC chemokines, CXC chemokines, and CXC3 chemokines.

In one embodiment, C chemokines include but are not limited to XCL1, and

XCL2.

In another embodiment, CC chemokines include but are not limited to CCL1, CCL 2, CCL 3, CCL 4, CCL 5, CCL 6, CCL 7, CCL 8, CCL 9, CCL 10, CCL 11, CCL 12, CCL 13, CCL 14, CCL 15, CCL 16, CCL 17, CCL 18, CCL 19, CCL 20, CCL 21, CCL 22, CCL 23, CCL 24, CCL 25, CCL 26, CCL 27, and CCL 28.

In another embodiment, CXC chemokines include but are not limited to CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL12, CXCL13, and CXCL14.

The enzyme producing strain(s) for alleviating an inflammatory response may be administered as a single strain, one or more combination(s) of the strain(s), one or more supernatant(s) from a culture of the strain(s), feed including one or more strain(s) or mixtures thereof.

Strains, methods and compositions disclosed herein can be further described by the number paragraphs.

1. An isolated Bacillus strain having enzymatic activity.

2. The strain of paragraph 1, wherein the enzymatic activity is selected from the group consisting of cellulase activity, α-amylase activity, xylanase activity, esterase, β-mannanase, lipase activity, protease activity, and combinations thereof.

3. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the enzymatic activity is selected from the group consisting of zeinase activity and soy protease activity, and combinations thereof.

4. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance when feeding high levels of DDGS as compared to a control animal.

5. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance when feeding high levels of DDGS by at least 2% compared to a control animal.

6. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the following: body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems as compared to a control animal.

7. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the following: body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems by at least 2% compared to a control.

8. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the strain is selected from the group consisting of the species B. subtilis and B. pumilus, strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

9. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the strain(s) is(are) selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (NRRL B-50542), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544), Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944 (NRRL B-50548), Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 (NRRL B-50543), and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546), and strains having all the characteristics thereof and any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

10. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the strain(s) is(are) selected from the group consisting of Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (NRRL B-50542), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544), Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944 (NRRL B-50548), Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 (NRRL B-50543), and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546) any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

11. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510).

12. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (NRRL B-50542).

13. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545).

14. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508).

15. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

16. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 (NRRL B-50543).

17. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544).

18. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944 (NRRL B-50548).

19. The strain of any of the preceding paragraphs, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546).

20. A composition comprising supernatant from one or more culture(s) of one or more strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, and mixtures thereof

21. A composition comprising one or more strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, and mixtures thereof

22. The composition of paragraphs 20 or 21, wherein the strains are Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

23. The composition of paragraphs 20 or 21, wherein the strains are Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS944 (NRRL B-50509), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

24. A feed for an animal, wherein the feed is supplemented with the isolated strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19 or with the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23 or mixtures thereof

25. A method comprising the step of administering to an animal an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19 or the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24 or mixtures thereof, wherein administration enzymatically breaks down at least one of fiber, protein, carbohydrate, and lipid in a diet fed to the animal when feeding high levels of DDGS to the animal.

26. A method comprising the step of administering to an animal an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof, wherein the administration improves at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance.

27. A method comprising the step of administering to an animal an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof, wherein the administration improves at least one of the following body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems as compared to a control animal.

28. A method comprising the step of administering to poultry an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof, wherein the administration improves at least one of the following body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems as compared to a control animal.

29. A method comprising the step of administering to a pig an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof, wherein the administration improves at least one of the following body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems as compared to a control animal.

30. The method of paragraphs 25-29, wherein the composition is the composition of paragraph 22 or 23.

31. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-30, wherein the strain(s) is/are administered at about 1×10⁵ to about 1×10¹¹ CFU/animal/day.

32. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-27, and 29-31, wherein the animal is a swine.

33. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-32, wherein the animal is fed high levels of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS).

34. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-33, wherein the animal is fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) at a rate of over 10% of the animal's diet.

35. The method of any one of paragraphs 25-34, wherein the animal is fed dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) at a rate of over 30% of the animal's diet.

36. A method comprising the step of administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19 or with the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23 to a swine manure storage unit.

37. The method of paragraph 36, wherein the swine manure storage unit is a manure pit.

38. The method of paragraph 36 or 37, further comprising improving at least one of the following: less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content when compared to a control manure pit.

39. A method of forming a composition, the method comprising: (a) growing, in a liquid broth, a culture including one of the isolated strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19; and (b) separating the strain from the liquid broth.

40. The method of paragraph 39, further comprising freeze drying the isolated strain and adding the freeze-dried strain to a carrier.

41. The method of paragraph 39 or 40, further comprising retaining the liquid broth after the strain has been separated from it to generate a supernatant.

42. A method for improving growth performance of an animal comprising administering to an animal an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof as compared to a control animal.

43. The method of paragraph 42 wherein the administration improves at least one of the following body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems.

44. A method for improving manure storage units comprising administering to an animal an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof in an effective amount to improve the manure storage unit as compared to the manure from an control animal, which is stored in a second manure storage unit.

45. A method for improving manure storage units comprising contacting an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof directly to the manure storage unit.

46. The method of paragraphs 44 or 45 wherein improvements include at least one of the following: less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content than control manure pits.

47. A method of controlling or reducing foam in a manure pit comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals whose manure is stored in the manure pit.

48. A method of controlling or reducing foam in a manure pit comprising contacting an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof directly to the manure pit.

49. A method of altering the microbial ecology in a manure pit comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals whose manure is stored in the manure pit.

50. A method of altering the microbial ecology in a manure pit comprising contacting an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof directly to the manure pit.

51. A method of altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure pit comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals whose manure is stored in the manure pit.

52. A method of altering volatile fatty acid composition in a manure pit comprising contacting an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof directly to the manure pit.

53. A method of altering gas emissions in a room housing an animal comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals in an effective amount to reduce gas emissions.

54. A method of altering gas emissions in a manure storage unit comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals in an effective amount to reduce gas emissions.

55. A method of altering gas emissions in a manure storage unit comprising contacting an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof directly to the manure storage unit in an effective amount to reduce gas emissions.

56. A method of alleviating an inflammatory response comprising administering an effective amount of the strain(s) according to any one of paragraphs 1-19, the composition(s) according to any one of paragraphs 20-23, the feed according to paragraph 24, or mixtures thereof to animals in an effective amount to alleviate the inflammatory response.

57. An isolated strain according to paragraphs 1-19 or composition according to paragraphs 20-23 or a feed according to paragraph 24 for use as a medicament to improve at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance when feeding high levels of DDGS.

58. Use of isolated strain according to paragraphs 1-19 or composition according to paragraphs 20-23 or a feed according to paragraph 24 in preparation of a medicament to provide on or more enzymes(s).

60. An isolated strain of Bacillus described in paragraphs 1-19 for use in improving the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance when feeding high levels of DDGS.

61. Use of isolated strain of Bacillus described in paragraphs 1-19 in preparation of a medicament to providing enzymatic activity.

62. Use of isolated strain of Bacillus described in paragraphs 1-19 in preparation of a medicament to improve at least one of the breakdown of complex dietary components, manure waste problems, the efficiency of swine production, carcass characteristics, and swine performance when feeding high levels of DDGS.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are provided for illustrative purposes only. The Examples are included herein solely to aid in a more complete understanding of the presently described invention. The Examples do not limit the scope of the invention described or claimed herein in any fashion.

Example 1

Isolation of Environmental Bacteria and Identification of Enzymatic Activities

Agricultural and environmental waste samples were collected from diverse source locations over a period of several years. Upon arrival, all samples were diluted in a 1% peptone solution, spore treated for 35 minutes at 65° C. and serially diluted onto tryptic soy agar plates (BD Difco, Franklin Lakes, N.J.). Following incubation at 32° C. for 48 hours, growth of diverse unknown environmental colonies were cultured from the plates into tryptic soy broth (TSB), similarly re-incubated and stored frozen at −85° C. for later analysis.

Approximately 4000 presumptive Bacillus isolates of environmental origin were collected and screened for their ability to degrade a variety of substrates of interest. Environmental cultures were picked from library freezer stocks and incubated in 0.5 ml TSB at 32° C. for 24 hours in an orbital shaking incubator, with speed set to 130 (Gyromax 737R). High-throughput screening of these test strains was performed by replicate spot plating of 2 microliters liquid culture onto 15.0 ml of various substrate media types of interest in 100×100×15 mm grid plates. Cellulase, α-amylase, zeinase, soy protease, esterase, lipase, and xylanase activities were determined based on specific substrate utilization by the individual strains. Media components used to assay the substrate utilization properties from enzymatic activity of the environmentally derived strains are described in Table 1. Assay plates were left to dry for 30 minutes following culture application, and then incubated at 32° C. for 24 hours. Enzymatic activities for each strain were determined by measuring the zone of substrate degradation in millimeters, as indicated by clearing of the surrounding edge of colony growth. Mean values from replicate plates were recorded.

Nine strains were selected from the approximately 4000 screened as candidate direct-fed microbial strains demonstrating a range of substrate activities representing the top 10% and the top 2% of enzyme activities of all the strains screened (Table 2). Based on their ability to utilize or degrade an array of relevant substrates associated with the inclusion of DDGs in feedstuffs, nine isolates were chosen as candidates for one or more direct-fed microbial(s) (DFM(s)). RAPD PCR profiles and partial 16S rDNA sequences of each strain were determined. Genus and presumptive species determination of each was made by amplifying 16S rDNA using an 8F and 1541R primer set. Purified PCR products were sequenced from both forward and reverse ends, and a contiguous sequence generated using a CAP3 assembly program. The nine selected strains are: Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (FIGS. 1 & 2), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (FIGS. 3 & 4), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (FIGS. 5 & 6), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (FIGS. 7 & 8), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (FIGS. 9 & 10), Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 (FIGS. 11 & 12), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (FIGS. 13 & 14), Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, (FIGS. 15-18), and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (FIGS. 19-21).

TABLE 1
Media components used to assay the enzymatic activities illustrated by
substrate utilization properties of environmentally derived Bacillus.
		Extra Visualization
Plate Assay	Media Composition	Requirements
α-Amylase	Nutrient Agar, 2% Corn Starch	.05% Iodine Stain Solution
Soy Protease	Nutrient agar, 2% Purified Soy Protein	None; Measure Zone of
		Clearing in opaque media
Cellulase	0.1% Ammonium Sulfate, 0.1%	30 minute 0.05% Congo Red
	Potassium Phosphate Dibasic, 0.1%	Dye stain, follwed by 1M NaCl
	Yeast Extract, 1.0% Polypeptone, 1.5%	rinse.
	Agar, 0.75% Carboxymethyl Cellulose
	(CMC)
Esterase/Lipase	1.0% Polypeptone, 1.5% Agar, 0.5%	None; Measure Zone of
	Yeast Extract, 1.5% Tween 80, 1.5%	Clearing in opaque media
	Tributyrin, 0.01% Victoria Blue B Dye
	(filtered).
Zeinase	Nutrient Agar, 2% Purified Zein,	None; Measure Zone of
	solubilized in 70% methanol	Clearing in opaque media
Xylanase	Nutrient Agar, 2% Xylan	None; Measure Zone of
		Clearing in opaque media

TABLE 2
Summary of direct fed microbial candidate strain enzymatic activity.a
			Corn
Isolate	CMCase	Es-	Starch	Soy	Zein
Numberb	(Cellulase)	terase	Amylase	Protease	Protease	Xylanase
BS442	1.67	3.921	0.92	2.00	3.00	2.50
BS521	7.001	2.002	1.00	1.75	3.692	4.00
BS918	3.25	3.251	0.50	4.001	5.001	5.50
BS1013	6.501	2.002	2.502	2.752	4.382	4.00
BP1068	3.00	0.50	4.001	4.001	4.252	6.00
BS1069	4.002	0.50	2.002	4.001	5.001	4.00
BS9444	6.5	2.25	3.25	0.50	4.50	3.5
KX11-1	2.5	—	—	2.00	—	5
BS3BP5	3.25	2.582	2.002	1.50	4.001	3.00
aValues represent the zone of substrate degradation in millimeters (mm), as indicated by clearing of the surrounding edge of colony growth for each strain.
bFor strain isolate designations, BS = Bacillus subtilis; BP = Bacillus pumilus
1Values represent the top 2% of enzymatic activity in the specific class of all 4000 strains screened.
2Values represent the top 10% of enzymatic activity in the specific class of all 4000 strains screened.

Example 2

Comparison of the Enzymatic Activity of Novel Bacillus Strains and the Three-Strain Commercial Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial, Microsource® S

The three Microsource® S Bacillus strains (B. subtilis 27 (BS 27), B. licheniformis (previously thought to be B. amyloliquefaciens) 842, and B. licheniformis 21 (B121)) were picked from individual library freezer stocks and incubated in 0.5 ml TSB at 32° C. for 24 hours in an orbital shaking incubator, with speed set to 130 (Gyromax 737R). High-throughput screening of these product strains was performed by replicate spot plating of 2 microliters liquid culture onto 15.0 ml of various substrate media types of interest in 100×100×15 mm grid plates. Cellulase, soy protease, and esterase/lipase activities were determined based on specific substrate utilization by the individual strains. Media components used to assay the substrate utilization properties from enzymatic activity of the environmentally derived strains are described in Table 3. Assay plates were left to dry for 30 minutes following culture application, and then incubated at 32° C. for 24 hours. Enzymatic activities for each strain were determined by measuring the zone of substrate degradation in millimeters, as indicated by clearing of the surrounding edge of colony growth. Mean values from replicate plates were recorded and compared to the values derived from the novel Bacillus strains identified in Example 1 (Table 4). Only one strain of the three Microsource® S Bacillus strains demonstrated any substantial enzymatic activity when compared to the novel Bacillus strains selected for their substrate degradation activity; this was exemplified by the soy protease activity of Microsource® S Bacillus subtilis strain BS27.

TABLE 3
Media components used to assay the enzymatic activities illustrated by
substrate utilization properties of environmentally derived Bacillus.
Plate		Extra Visualization
Assay	Media Composition	Requirements
Soy	Nutrient agar, 2% Purified Soy	None; Measure Zone of
Protease	Protein	Clearing in opaque media
Cellulase	0.1% Ammonium Sulfate,	30 minute 0.05% Congo
	0.1% Potassium Phosphate	Red Dye stain, follwed
	Dibasic, 0.1% Yeast Extract,	by 1M NaCl rinse.
	1.0% Polypeptone, 1.5%
	Agar, 0.75% Carboxymethyl
	Cellulose (CMC)
Esterase/	1.0% Polypeptone, 1.5% Agar,	None; Measure Zone of
Lipase	0.5% Yeast Extract, 1.5% Tween	Clearing in opaque media
	80, 1.5% Tributyrin, 0.01%
	Victoria Blue B Dye (filtered).

TABLE 4
Enzymatic activity of Microsource ® S Bacillus product strains compared
to novel Bacillus strains selected for enhanced substrate degradation.a
		CMCase
	Isolate Name	(Cellulase)	Esterase	Soy Protease
MicroSource ® S product strains
	BS27	0.00	0.60	2.502
	BL21	0.30	0.50	0.80
	BL842	0.00	0.30	0.00
	BS3BP5	3.25	2.582	1.50
	BS442	1.67	3.921	2.00
	BS521	7.001	2.002	1.75
	BS918	3.25	3.251	4.001
	BS1013	6.501	2.002	2.752
	BP1068	3.00	0.50	4.001
	BS1069	4.002	0.50	4.001
	aValues represent the zone of substrate degradation in millimeters (mm), as indicated by clearing of the surrounding edge of colony growth for each strain.
	1Values represent the top 2% of enzymatic activity in the specific class of all 4000 strains screened.
	2Values represent the top 10% of enzymatic activity in the specific class of all 4000 strains screened.

Example 3

Animal Feeding Trial Demonstrating Improved Growth Performance in Response to Bacillus subtilis Strain 3BP5 Added to Swine Diets

A pig feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) feed additive on body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency of grower-finisher pigs. Approximately 180 pigs (Monsanto Choice Genetics GPK 35 females mated to EB Ultra sires) were blocked into three weight blocks by initial body weight and penned in groups of 5 pigs/pen at the completion of the nursery period. Pigs were moved to a wean-to-finish facility and housed 5 pigs/pen in totally slatted pens (1.52 m×3.05 m) equipped a single-hole feeder, and wean-to-finish cup waterers. Initial minimum ambient room temperature was maintained at approximately 78° F. During the finishing phase, minimum temperature was further reduced to 70° F. Feed and water were available freely throughout the study.

One of two dietary treatments were assigned to each pen (18 pens/treatment) within each block, and administered during Phase 1 (50 to 90 lbs), Phase 2 (90 to 130 lbs), Phase 3 (130 to 180 lbs), Phase 4 (180 to 230 lbs) and Phase 5 (230 lbs to market at approximately 270 lbs). The two dietary treatments consisted of a basal control diet devoid of DFM 3BP5 and the basal diet with DFM 3BP5 in a five phase grower-finisher pig study. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1988) requirements and consisted predominately of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS at 47%, 18.6%, and 30% of the diet, respectively. Strain Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 was added to the diet at 7.3×10⁷ CFU/kg feed and supplied approximately 1×10⁸ CFU/head/day based on average daily feed intake (ADFI). Data collected were average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed required per unit of gain during each of the five growing-finishing phases. Pigs were removed from the study when the average pig weight of the entire barn reached approximately 270 lbs.

Performance data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit and blocks based on initial body weight. Analysis of variance was performed using the GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.).

Pigs fed diets containing strain Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 had greater (P<0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed during the Phase 1 growing period and tended (P<0.08) to have greater ADG and gain:feed in the combined Phase 1 and Phase 2 periods compared to pigs fed the control diet (Table 5). The increase in ADG during the first growing period resulted in pigs fed strain Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 having greater (P<0.01) body weight at the end of the Phase 1 period compared to pigs fed the control diet.

TABLE 5
Growth performance responses of pigs fed Bacillus subtilis
AGTP 3BP5 compared to pigs fed control diets.
	Treatment
	Trait	Control	3BP5	SE1	P-value
	ADG, g
	Phase 1	704	766	10	<0.01
	Phase 2	1020	1017	19	0.92
	Phase 1-2	861	890	11	0.08
	Phase 3	1114	1103	18	0.68
	Phase 1-3	942	958	8	0.15
	Phase 4	983	959	28	0.55
	Phase 1-4	952	958	9	0.67
	Phase 5	881	858	19	0.39
	Phase 1-5	939	939	8	0.97
	ADFI, kg
	Phase 1	1.571	1.604	0.028	0.42
	Phase 2	2.591	2.562	0.042	0.64
	Phase 1-2	2.074	2.077	0.032	0.95
	Phase 3	3.331	3.291	0.033	0.41
	Phase 1-3	2.475	2.464	0.029	0.80
	Phase 4	3.120	3.130	0.055	0.90
	Phase 1-4	2.640	2.647	0.032	0.94
	Phase 5	3.503	3.426	0.049	0.28
	Phase 1-5	2.801	2.788	0.032	0.78
	Gain:feed
	Phase 1	0.445	0.477	0.008	<0.01
	Phase 2	0.393	0.396	0.006	0.67
	Phase 1-2	0.413	0.428	0.005	0.07
	Phase 3	0.333	0.336	0.007	0.75
	Phase 1-3	0.379	0.388	0.005	0.14
	Phase 4	0.314	0.306	0.005	0.30
	Phase 1-4	0.359	0.363	0.003	0.32
	Phase 5	0.252	0.250	0.005	0.77
	Phase 1-5	0.334	0.337	0.002	0.45
	Weight, kg
	Initial	24.85	24.71	0.04	0.02
	Phase 1	39.63	40.80	0.22	<0.01
	Phase 2	61.07	62.14	0.49	0.13
	Phase 3	83.40	84.21	0.56	0.31
	Phase 4	105.04	105.30	0.86	0.83
	Phase 5	123.04	122.46	0.88	0.65
	1SE = standard error

Example 4

Animal Feeding and Manure Pit Mass Balance Trial Demonstrating the Effects of a Bacillus subtilis Strain Combination Added to Swine Diets

A pig feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) administered in the diet to grower-finisher pigs on growth performance responses (average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed), carcass yield and quality measurements, manure nutrient composition, microbial composition of manure pit, and gas emissions (ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide) from the manure pit. A total of 720 pigs (Yorkshire-Landrace×Duroc genotype) were housed in 12 rooms with 12 pens/room and 5 pigs/pen. Each room contained two manure pits with capacity to store manure for an entire wean-to-finish period. Each manure pit is located under 6 pens with a wall under the central walkway dividing the two pits in each room. Each of the twelve rooms was equipped to monitor gas emissions from each independently ventilated room. Pigs were weaned and placed in pens prior to the start of the study and began to receive experimental test feed when they had reached an average body weight of 29.5 kg. Pigs were fed for five feeding phases lasting three weeks each, and ending when pigs reached an average slaughter weight of 120 kg.

Two dietary treatments were administered to pigs on trial, consisting of a control diet and a diet supplemented with a combination of Bacillus strains (strains BS1013, BS918, and BS3BP5). Diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (1988) requirements and consisted predominately of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS at 50%, 20%, and 30% of the diet, respectively. The three strains in the Bacillus combination DFM were equally represented in the experimental test material that contained 1.47×10⁸ CFU of the DFM per gram of material. The Bacillus combination DFM was added to the diet at 7.3×10⁷ CFU/kg feed and supplied approximately 1×10⁸ CFU/head/day based on average daily feed intake.

Pig performance measures (average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed) were determined at the end of each feeding phase. These data were represented by 72 replicates/treatment). Manure pits were vacuum sampled at week 0 (initially and prior to pigs receiving treatment), week 9, and week 15 and proximate analysis was performed on the nutrients contained in the swine manure waste (12 replicates/treatment). A subsample on each day was also obtained to determine volatile fatty acid content and microbial community analysis (12 replicates/treatment).

Furthermore, at the week 15 sampling at the end of the trial, pits were emptied into a mixing container to homogenize the entire manure pit contents, determine manure pit volume and to sample for nutrient analysis. Gas emissions were measured in each room to determine ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gas production (6 replicates/treatment). At the end of the study, pigs were sent to a commercial slaughter facility and carcass data such as percent lean yield, dressing percentage, and iodine value were collected (72 replicates/treatment).

Referring now to Table 6, preliminary performance data from the study indicate that pigs fed the Bacillus combination DFM had greater (P≦0.05) ADG and gain:feed during the last phase of the trial. Furthermore, pigs fed the DFM tended (P=0.15) to weigh 4.4 lb more at the end of the trial than pigs fed the control diet. Data analysis on carcass characteristics, manure nutrient and microbial composition, and gas emissions from the manure storage units including, but not limited to, manure pits have not yet been completed, but expectations are that the DFM treatment will increase percent lean yield and dressing percentage, decrease fat iodine values, result in less nutrients accumulated in the manure, shift manure microbial communities to favorable populations for solids breakdown, and decrease ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions.

TABLE 6
Effect of a three-strain combination Bacillus DFM administered as a
dietary supplement on grower-finisher pig growth performance responses
compared to pigs fed a control diet.*
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE1	P-Value
	ADG, lb
	Phase 1 (wk 1-3)	1.81	1.82	0.104	0.71
	Phase 2 (wk 3-6)	1.67	1.70	0.165	0.51
	Phase 3 (wk 6-9)	1.93	1.95	0.127	0.58
	Phase 4 (wk 9-12)	1.98	2.01	0.172	0.64
	Phase 5 (wk 12-15)	1.88	1.99	0.190	0.054
	ADFI, lb
	Phase 1 (wk 1-3)	3.71	3.7	0.230	0.87
	Phase 2 (wk 3-6)	4.61	4.56	0.385	0.65
	Phase 3 (wk 6-9)	5.75	5.75	0.391	0.95
	Phase 4 (wk 9-12)	6.52	6.58	0.506	0.64
	Phase 5 (wk 12-15)	6.68	6.71	0.611	0.87
	Gain:Feed
	Phase 1 (wk 1-3)	0.493	0.495	0.023	0.742
	Phase 2 (wk 3-6)	0.362	0.378	0.035	0.127
	Phase 3 (wk 6-9)	0.343	0.337	0.025	0.369
	Phase 4 (wk 9-12)	0.305	0.307	0.024	0.780
	Phase 5 (wk 12-15)	0.282	0.298	0.021	0.011
	Body Weight, lb
	Initial	63.7	63.9	1.06	0.48
	Week 9	175.5	177.0	6.10	0.38
	Week 15	258.5	262.9	10.51	0.15
	*Data are the means of 24 pens/treatment.
	1MSE = means standard error

Example 5

Demonstration of the Effectiveness of a Bacillus-Based Swine Manure Pit Additive Treatment to Improve Swine Manure Waste Storage, Management, and Handling

A study will be conducted to assess the efficacy of a Bacillus-based swine manure pit additive on solids accumulation, nutrient composition, and manure foaming characteristics. Multiple production sites will be identified that contain at least three barns with separate manure handling and storage units. Manure pits at each site will be treated with a Bacillus-based additive at two doses and one manure pit will be left untreated. The low dose pit treatment will be added to one manure pit on each production site in 500 g of test material per 100,000 gallons of manure formulated to contain 4×10¹⁰ CFU per gram of test material. The high dose treatment will be added to a different manure pit from the low dose at each production site in 500 g of test material per 100,000 gallons of manure formulated to contain 1×10¹¹ CFU per gram of test material. The third manure pit on each site will be left untreated as a control.

Samples will be obtained from each manure pit at each production site on test initially prior to any treatment and periodically (approximately once every month) over a three to six month period. Data from manure pits will be collected to assess the incidence of foaming and manure samples will be analyzed to assess solids accumulation and nutrient composition. Expectations are that treated swine manure pits will have less incidence of foaming, less accumulation of solids, and less nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fiber-bound nitrogen, total protein, fat, and fiber content than control manure pits.

Example 6

Poultry Feeding Trial Demonstrating Improved Growth Performance in Response to Bacillus Strain Combinations Added to Poultry Diets

Poultry feeding trials will be conducted to assess the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) feed additive on body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality of turkeys, broilers, and layers. In these studies, approximately 22 birds per treatment replicate will be randomly assigned to dietary treatments. Dietary treatments may consist of several combinations of Bacillus strains administered as a DFM and experimental DFM treatments combined with enzymes, compared to a relative control group of birds. Bacillus DFM treatments will be added to the diet at 1.5×10⁵ CFU/g feed and supplied approximately 1×10⁷ to 5×10⁷ CFU/head/day based on average daily feed intake of various production systems (turkeys, broilers, layers). Diets will consist of corn-soybean meal-DDGS based diets. Energy and all other nutrient levels will be formulated to meet or exceed the requirements of the test birds. Diets will be fed for an approximate 42-day test period and will be fed in three feeding phases: starter (dl-20) and grower (d 21-38) and finisher (d38-42). Diets will be pelleted (approximately 75° C.), and starter feed will be crumbled.

Data from the treated groups will be compared with those of their relevant control group using the appropriate statistical tests. Body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, FCR, FCE and mortality will be analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference tests.

When completed, it is expected that the data will support efficacy of the DFM treatment(s). Specifically, it is expected that the DFM treatment will increase percent lean yield and dressing percentage, shift gastrointestinal microbial communities to favorable populations for nutrient utilization, and improve the efficiency of bird growth, and improve egg case weights.

Example 7

Effect of Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial on Swine Growth Performance, Carcass Measurements, Manure Pit Characteristics, and Environmental Gas Emissions

A total of 444 pigs (200 barrows and 244 gilts) were used in a 15-wk grow-finish study to investigate the use of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial supplement on growth performance, carcass measurements, manure pit characteristics and gas emissions. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled barn, which contained 12 identical rooms with 12 pens per room. Two manure pits were contained in each of under each of the 12 rooms with 6 pens over each manure pit. Prior to the start of the experiment, manure pits were thoroughly cleaned. Manure pits were then charged with a small amount of water (˜600 gallons).

Pigs allocated to test were weaned, blocked by body weight and sex, and randomly assigned to dietary treatments (Control and Bacillus DFM) with 4-5 pigs per pen (2-3 barrows and 2-3 gilts per pen). Prior to the start of dietary treatments, pigs were fed an adjustment diet for two weeks to seed the pits with manure. Pigs were then fed either a control diet or the control diet with Bacillus DFM supplementation. The Bacillus DFM microbial consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) adding up to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, and included at a rate of 1 lb/ton in feed resulting in a concentration of 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in feed.

Dietary treatments were maintained throughout the experiment, but diets were adjusted every three weeks to better meet the nutritional needs of the pigs, resulting in 5 dietary phases (3 grower phases, 2 finisher phases) formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of pigs at each production stage in each of the five phases (NRC, 1998). Diet formulations were based on corn and soybean meal with varying levels of corn-based dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) over the five phases. Specifically, diets for grower Phases 1, 2, and 3 were formulated to contain 25% DDGS, the finisher Phase 4 diet contained 20% DDGS, and the second finisher Phase 5 diet contained 10% DDGS.

Pig body weight and pen feed intake were recorded every three weeks at the end of each phase. Manure pits were sampled at the start and end of each of the grower and finisher phases using a vacuum core sampler designed with a vacuum pump connected to two vacuum flasks with clear plastic tubing with a hard plastic core sampler end. Core samples of the manure pit were obtained by sampling four locations under every pen over each pit on test. Manure pit sampling locations relative to the pen included: (1) beneath the center of the pen; (2) under the pen waterer; (3) under the front of the pen feeder; and (4) beneath the far corner of the pen opposite the feeder. Manure contents were analyzed for total N, ammonium N, dry matter (DM), ash content, Ca and P (AOAC 2007). Throughout the experiment, gas concentrations in the pit air plenum and in front of the wall exhaust fan were monitored using continuous real time measuring equipment. These data were combined with ventilation rates to determine emission rates per room per day for ammonia, methane, and hydrogen sulfide gas. These data were expressed as grams of gas per pound of pig body weight gain. Methane and hydrogen sulfate concentrations were also measured for 10 consecutive days (days 70-80 for CH₄, days 80-90 for H₂S) and averaged on a room basis for total gas production analysis (n=12).

Pit samples were analyzed for nutrient (AOAC 2007) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition. For high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection of volatile fatty acids, 10 mL of each sample was aliquoted into 15 mL falcon tubes and stored at −20° C. until HPLC analysis. After thawing, samples were centrifuged at 16.1 rad for 15 minutes. One milliliter (1 mL) of supernatant was diluted in 9 mL of 16.8 mM phosphoric acid in water/acetonitrile (98:2, v/v). Diluted supernatant was vortexed for 10 seconds and then centrifuged at 16.1 rad for 15 minutes. The supernatant was filtered (0.22 μm) and analyzed for acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, 1-butyric acid, I-valeric acid, valeric acid, 4-methylvalerate using a Waters 2695 separation module (Waters Corp., Milford, Mass.) equipped with a 300×7.8 mm Aminex HPX-87H column (Biorad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, Calif.). An isocratic method was applied with a mobile phase solvent consisting of 16.8 mM phosphoric acid in water/acetonitrile (98:2, v/v) at 0.85 mL/min flow rate and 65° C. column temperature. All analytes were detected with a 2996 PDA detector (Waters) at 211 nm absorption.

Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of SAS to test for treatment and replicate differences. Pen was the experimental unit for growth performance and carcass data, pit was the experimental unit for excretion and VFA data and room was the experimental unit for gas emission data.

Results

Pigs averaged 64.5 lb at the start of the experiment and weighed an average of 257.1 lb after 15 wk of feeding. Pigs fed the diet containing the supplemental DFM were 4 lb heavier (P=0.10) at the end of the experiment compared to control fed pigs (Table 7). This response resulted from faster growth when pigs were fed the DFM supplement compared to control pigs (2.01 vs. 1.93 lb/d, respectively; P<0.03; Table 8). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was unaffected by dietary treatment (Table 9). This lack of response difference between treatments for feed intake, coupled with greater average daily gain in pigs treated with the DFM, resulted in improved (P<0.08) feed efficiency during the two finisher phases (Phase 4 and 5) and in the overall 15-week trial when pigs were fed the DFM supplemented diet compared to pigs fed the control diet. (Table 10).

TABLE 7
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM)
supplementation on pig body weight.
	Diet		P
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	value
	Body Weight, lb
	Initial	64.30	64.73	1.21	0.17
	wk 3	97.96	98.74	2.96	0.20
	wk 6	132.44	132.95	5.96	0.68
	wk 9	172.07	172.6	7.74	0.74
	wk 12	212.82	215.51	10.14	0.20
	wk 15	255.05	259.13	12.17	0.10

TABLE 8
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM)
supplementation on average daily gain (ADG).
	Diet		P
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	value
	ADG, lb
	wk 0-3	1.72	1.74	0.129	0.39
	wk 3-6	1.64	1.63	0.224	0.78
	wk 0-6	1.68	1.68	0.145	0.90
	wk 6-9	1.89	1.89	0.182	0.98
	wk 0-9	1.75	1.75	0.123	0.91
	wk 9-12	1.94	2.04	0.327	0.13
	wk 0-12	1.8	2.01	0.119	0.25
	wk 6-12	1.91	1.97	0.198	0.20
	wk 12-15	1.92	1.98	0.292	0.30
	wk 0-15	1.82	1.86	0.114	0.13
	wk 9-15	1.93	2.01	0.176	0.03

TABLE 9
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM)
supplementation on average daily feed intake (ADFI).
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	P value
	ADFI, lb
	wk 0-3	3.28	3.31	0.243	0.55
	wk 3-6	4.56	4.46	0.432	0.24
	wk 0-6	3.93	3.9	0.292	0.64
	wk 6-9	5.51	5.49	0.528	0.88
	wk 0-9	4.46	4.44	0.336	0.86
	wk 9-12	6.41	6.21	0.75	0.21
	wk 0-12	4.94	4.89	0.393	0.52
	wk 6-12	5.96	5.85	0.591	0.38
	wk 12-15	6.65	6.78	0.646	0.325
	wk 0-15	5.29	5.28	0.395	0.9
	wk 9-15	6.53	6.5	0.6	0.82

TABLE 10
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on
feed efficiency (lb body weight gain per lb of feed consumed).
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	P value
	Gain: Feed
	wk 0-3	0.536	0.535	0.036	0.86
	wk 3-6	0.360	0.368	0.039	0.32
	wk 0-6	0.430	0.435	0.030	0.45
	wk 6-9	0.345	0.347	0.032	0.80
	wk 0-9	0.396	0.398	0.024	0.68
	wk 9-12	0.306	0.337	0.066	0.03
	wk 0-12	0.367	0.377	0.028	0.06
	wk 6-12	0.324	0.340	0.040	0.05
	wk 12-15	0.289	0.293	0.036	0.55
	wk 0-15	0.347	0.355	0.022	0.08
	wk 9-15	0.297	0.311	0.028	0.01

Hot carcass weights were 4.5 lb heavier (P<0.01) for pigs fed DFM supplemented diets compared to control fed pigs (Table 11). Furthermore, carcass grade premiums tended to be higher (P=0.15) when pigs were supplemented with the DFM. The observed increase in carcass weight from DFM supplementation resulted in $0.39 more carcass value compared to control carcasses.

TABLE 11
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM)
supplementation on carcass characteristics.
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	P value
	Carcass
	Characteristics
	Fat Depth, in	0.92	0.93	0.11	0.69
	Loin Depth, in	2.94	2.92	0.09	0.34
	Lean, %	54.9	54.77	0.86	0.45
	Hot Carcass Wt, lb	202.7	207.2	7.84	0.01
	Carcass Grade	5.41	5.70	0.96	0.15
	Premium
	Carcass Value	94.44	94.83	1.58	0.23
	($/cwt)

Manure nutrient values measured from samples obtained throughout the trial period are reported in Table 12. Dry matter (P=0.20), ash (P=0.11), and ammonium nitrogen (P=0.15) tended to be reduced in manure pits associated with pigs fed the Bacillus DFM compared to control pigs. Bacillus DFM supplementation decreased dry matter 7%, ash by 8%, and ammonium nitrogen by 5% in manure from treated pigs compared to control. The observed reductions in dry matter and ash excretion may be attributable to improvements in feed efficiency.

TABLE 12
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM)
supplementation on nutrient accumulation in the manure pit
(g/lb of body weight gain) over the total trial.
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	P value
	Overall
	DM	296.8	276.4	36.31	0.20
	Ash	55.06	50.79	5.89	0.11
	Total N	19.25	18.98	2.82	0.83
	Ammonium N	14.71	13.94	1.21	0.15
	P	5.65	5.29	0.73	0.26
	Ca	8.50	8.03	2.09	0.63

The lack of difference in total nitrogen excretion in manure between treatments suggests that the observed reductions in ammonia nitrogen from the DFM treatment is a result of shifts in the microbial ecology and activity in manure pits associated with DFM treatment compared to control. When expressed as grams per pound of pig body weight, methane gas emissions tended to be reduced (P=0.16; 17% reduction) when pigs were fed the DFM supplemented diets (Table 13). Hydrogen sulfide gas emissions, expressed as grams per pound of pig body weight, were not significantly different from control, but were decreased by 10% when pigs were fed the DFM supplemented diets. Ammonia emissions were numerically lower for DFM fed pigs at all time points. Total methane and hydrogen sulfide gas emissions (grams/day) were reduced (P=0.08) by 14% and 19%, respectively in rooms housing the DFM supplemented pigs compared to control pigs (Table 14).

TABLE 13
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on
environmental gas emissions (g/lb of BW gain).
	Diet
	Item	CTL	DFM	MSE	P value
	Overall
	NH3	4.31	4.14	0.821	0.74
	CO2	1.36	1.37	0.137	0.97
	CH4	8.07	6.72	1.43	0.16
	H2S	0.61	0.55	0.133	0.51

TABLE 14
Effects of dietary DFM supplementation on average methane (CH4) and
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas emissions.1
	Dietary treatment
	Emissions	Control	Test DFM	SEM	P-value
	Methane (CH4)	1072.8	922.6	47.1	0.086
	Hydrogen sulfide	95.3	77.3	7.8	0.149
	(H2S)
	1Data in g/day; SEM = standard error of the mean.

Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were reduced (P=0.01) in manure from pigs fed the Bacillus DFM supplemented diets compared to manure from control pigs (Table 15). Specifically, this reduction was the result of less production of 1-butyrate (P=0.04), 4-methly-valerate (P=0.05), and propionate (P=0.12) during the anaerobic microbial fermentation in the manure. Conversely, DFM supplementation resulted in increased (P=0.06) butyrate production.

TABLE 15
Effects of dietary DFM supplementation on
manure volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition.1
		Dietary
	Volatile Fatty Acid	Treatment			P-
	(VFA)	Control	DFM	SEM	value
	Acetate	15.46	15.09	0.74	0.724
	Propionate	6.92	5.79	0.50	0.120
	Butyrate	2.89	4.06	0.42	0.062
	I-Butyrate	1.54	1.19	0.11	0.042
	4-Methyl-Valerate	16.29	11.66	1.61	0.053
	Total VFA	45.71	40.18	1.52	0.017
	1Data in ppm dry matter weighted by body weight gain.

Data from this experiment indicates that feeding pigs diets supplemented with this Bacillus DFM during the growing and finishing production phases results in improved growth rate, feed efficiency, and final hot carcass weight. Supplementation with the DFM also can reduce dry matter, ash, and ammonium N in the manure pit. Furthermore, reductions in methane and hydrogen sulfide emissions from stored swine manure were evident when the Bacillus DFM was supplemented to pig diets.

Example 8

Effect of Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial on the Microbial Ecology in Stored Swine Manure

Manure pit samples were obtained from the 15-week grow-finish study described in Example 7. Manure samples for microbial analysis were collected at the end of the trial as described previously in Example 7, from each of the two individual pits per room and analyzed individually resulting in a total of 24 observations. Methane producing archaea (Spence et al., 2008) and bacterial groups of interest were enumerated via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis (Metzler-Zebeli et al., 2010, Yu et al., 2005). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA via Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with significance level α=0.10. Trends were declared for 0.20≧P>0.10.

The addition of the Bacillus DFM to swine diets resulted in shifts in microbial populations in stored swine manure. The proteolytic Clostridium cluster I group of bacteria was reduced (P<0.01) in stored manure resulting from pigs fed the DFM compared to manure from control pigs (Table 16). Administration of the Bacillus DFM to pigs resulted in an increase in the fibrolytic Clostridium cluster XIVa (P=0.09) associated with butyrate production. This increase in Clostridium cluster XIVa supports the observed increase in butyrate production associated with the DFM treatment, as reported in Table 15 in Example 7. Bacteroides and Prevotella species, producing a wide variety of VFA, were significantly reduced (P=0.08) in manure from pigs supplemented with the DFM. Methanogens tended to be reduced (P=0.13) in the stored manure from pigs fed the Bacillus DFM compared to manure from control pigs, and sulfate reducing bacteria were numerically decreased. The observed reductions in these archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria support the observed decreases in methane and hydrogen sulfide gas production with DFM supplementation documented in Table 13 and Table 14 in Example 7.

TABLE 16
Effects of dietary Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation on
microbial populations in stored swine manure.1
	Dietary treatment
Microorganism group	Control	DFM	SEM	P-value
Methanogens (Archaea)	0.181	0.103	0.03	0.132
Bacteroides/Prevotella	1.193	0.626	0.19	0.083
Clostridium cluster I	0.386	0.079	0.04	0.002
Clostridium cluster IV	2.551	1.200	0.62	0.176
Clostridium cluster XIVa	3.525	4.835	0.47	0.097
Sulfate-reducing bacteria	0.027	0.017	0.01	0.379
1Data in Δct relative to total bacteria and adjusted for manure dry matter (DM) and weighted by body weight gain; SEM = standard error of the mean.

Example 9

The Effect of Supplementation of a Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial (DFM) to Pigs Reared in a Commercial Wean-to-Finish Facility and Fed Diets Formulated with a High Level of by-Products and Limited Energy Levels

To determine the growth performance of pigs fed commercial corn-soy based diets with increasing amounts of by-product, a wean-to-finish study was conducted. A total of 1024 pigs were weaned at approximately 3 weeks of age, separated by gender and weight category, distributed over 32 pens on trial and phase fed for 105 days. Pigs were weighed every two weeks during the initial three nursery phases. Initial phase diets contained up to 20% corn distiller's grains and solubles (cDDGS). Pigs were continued on two grower phases and one finisher phase lasting 21 days each. The two grower as well as the finisher phase diets contained 35% cDDGS and 15% wheat middlings replacing corn in the diet (Table 17).

TABLE 17
Feeding phases and diet composition.1
	Phase
	1) Early	2) Late	3) Early	4) Late	5) Early
	Initial	Initial	Grower	Grower	Finish
	Duration (Days)
Ingredient (%)	0-28	28-42	42-63	63-84	84-105
Corn	53.1	48.6	28.2	31.9	35.4
SBM (46.5% CP)	25.0	27.2	18.2	14.5	11.3
Spray dried whey	10.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sel. menh. fishmeal	4.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
cDDGS	0.0	20.0	35.0	35.0	35.0
Wheat Midds	0.0	0.0	15.0	15.0	15.0
Fat	3.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
MCP (21% P)	1.200	0.800	0.000	0.000	0.000
Limestone (CaCO2)	0.800	1.115	1.475	1.470	1.450
Salt	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350
Vitamin premix	0.150	0.150	0.090	0.090	0.075
Mineral premix	0.125	0.125	0.125	0.125	0.085
Lysine HCl	0.150	0.450	0.470	0.400	0.350
DL-Methionine	0.050	0.075	0.000	0.000	0.000
L-Threonine	0.250	0.100	0.055	0.020	0.000
Phyzyme 2500TPT	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.020
ZincOxide	0.350	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Mecadox 2.5	1.000	0.500	0.000	0.000	0.000
1SBM, soybean meal; CP, crude protein; cDDGS, corn dried distiller's grains with solubles with ~10% oil content; treatment included to the expense of corn.

Diets were formulated to simulate standard commercial diets with excess crude protein but limited energy. Except for the first 6 weeks of trial, no antibiotic growth promoters were fed. Treatment consisted of direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation compared to control diet without DFM. The direct-fed microbial consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, included at a rate of 1 lb/ton in feed, resulting in a concentration of 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in the diet. Growth performance and losses were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with significance level α=0.10. Trends were declared for 0.15≧P>0.10. Data was blocked for gender and weight category and balanced for initial weight.

Average daily gain of pigs fed the DFM was greater (P<0.05) from d 0 to 14 and d 14 to 28 of the trial compared to control pigs (Table 18), which resulted in a greater (P<0.05) body weight of DFM supplemented pigs on d14 and d 28 of the study (Table 19). This increase in body weight gain exhibited by the DFM supplemented pigs was a result of greater (P<0.10) average daily feed intake during the d 0 to 14 and d 0 14 to 28 periods (Table 20). Feed efficiency was also improved (P=0.03) during the first two week period of the trial (Table 20b).

TABLE 18
Average daily gain (adg) over the duration of the study.
	Control	DFM	SEM	P-Value
	adg0-14	0.419	0.474	0.012	0.003
	adg14-28	1.067	1.133	0.022	0.041
	adg28-42	1.414	1.370	0.022	0.169
	adg0-42	0.967	0.992	0.016	0.268
	adg42-63	1.798	1.837	0.016	0.097
	adg63-84	1.996	1.964	0.024	0.335
	adg42-84	1.897	1.900	0.012	0.857
	adg0-84	1.432	1.446	0.013	0.432
	adg84-105	1.994	2.045	0.016	0.027
	adg42-105	1.447	1.461	0.007	0.150
	adg0-105	1.287	1.305	0.009	0.143
	1SEM = standard error of the mean.

TABLE 19
Pig body weight (lb) and percent health loss (mortality and culls)
throughout the duration of the study.
	Control	DFM	SEM1	P-Value
	d0	13.46	13.57	0.19	0.699
	d14	19.38	20.23	0.29	0.051
	d28	34.32	36.09	0.54	0.027
	d42	54.11	55.27	0.79	0.308
	d63	91.87	93.84	0.96	0.155
	d84	133.80	135.08	1.19	0.447
	d105	175.67	178.03	1.18	0.167
	% mortality	2.95	1.37	0.61	0.076
	1SEM = standard error of the mean.

TABLE 20
Average daily feed intake (adfi) over the duration of the study.
	Control	DFM	SEM	P-Value
	adfi0-14	0.624	0.671	0.013	0.017
	adfi14-28	1.634	1.726	0.038	0.102
	adfi28-42	2.544	2.510	0.045	0.600
	adfi0-42	1.601	1.636	0.028	0.385
	adfi42-63	3.747	3.873	0.049	0.077
	adfi63-84	5.061	5.044	0.053	0.823
	adfi42-84	4.404	4.459	0.043	0.373
	adfi0-84	3.002	3.047	0.032	0.322
	adfi84-105	6.191	6.099	0.048	0.180
	adfi42-105	3.750	3.754	0.028	0.912
	adfi0-105	3.034	3.048	0.026	0.691
	1SEM = standard error of the mean.

TABLE 20b
Feed conversion (feed: gain, fg) over the duration of the study.
	Control	DFM	SEM	P-Value
	fg0-14	1.499	1.424	0.024	0.038
	fg14-28	1.533	1.524	0.021	0.769
	fg28-42	1.801	1.831	0.019	0.255
	fg0-42	1.611	1.593	0.010	0.235
	fg42-63	2.082	2.108	0.022	0.408
	fg63-84	2.539	2.571	0.032	0.486
	fg42-84	2.311	2.340	0.018	0.258
	fg0-84	1.961	1.966	0.011	0.721
	fg84-105	3.107	2.982	0.031	0.008
	fg42-105	1.932	1.915	0.013	0.369
	fg0-105	1.825	1.808	0.010	0.222
	1SEM = standard error of the mean.

Direct-fed microbial supplementation resulted in greater (P<0.10) ADG and ADFI during the early grower phase (d 42 to 63 of the trial). During the finisher phase of the trial, ADG was greater (P=0.02) from d 84 to 105 when pigs were fed diets supplemented with the DFM compared to control pigs, and tended to be greater (P=0.14) for the overall d 0 to 105 time period. The improved ADG response with DFM treatment from d 84 to 105 and lack of ADFI response, resulted in improved (P<0.01) feed conversion during this period. The improvements in ADG from DFM supplementation throughout the trial resulted in about a 3 pound heavier pig at the end of the study (d 105) compared to control pigs (Table 19). Furthermore, health losses due to mortality and culls as a result of flu, Streptococcus suis infection, etc. were reduced (P=0.07; Table 19).

Example 10

The effect of supplementation of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) to pigs reared in a commercial wean-to-finish facility and fed diets formulated with a high level of by-products and limited energy levels on efficiency of feed conversion.

The effect of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial on the efficiency of feed utilization by pigs, which are reared in a wean-to-finish facility, was assessed. A total of 2160 pigs were weaned at approximately 3 weeks of age, separated by gender, balanced for initial weight, and distributed over 68 pens in two rooms at the same site on trial. Animals were phase fed for 105 days. Pigs were weighed every two weeks during the initial nursery phase lasting until day 42, post-weaning. Initial phase diets contained up to 20% corn distiller's grains and solubles (cDDGS). Pigs were continued on trial through two grower phases and one finisher phase, each 21 days. The grower as well as the finisher phase diets contained 35 cDDGS and 15% wheat middlings replacing corn in the diet (Table 21). Diets were formulated to simulate standard commercial diets with limited crude protein and energy.

TABLE 21
Feeding phases and diet composition.1
	Phase
	1) Early	2) Late	3) Early	4) Late	5) Early
	Initial	Initial	Grower	Grower	Finish
	Duration (days)
Ingredient (%)	0-28	28-42	42-63	63-84	84-105
Corn	46.5	49.6	36.7	39.6	41.5
SBM (46.5% CP)	37.0	27.0	10.0	7.0	5.0
Spray dried whey	10.0	—	—	—	—
Spray dried plasma	2.2	—	—	—	—
cDDGS	—	20.0	35.0	35.0	35.0
Wheat Midds	—	—	15.0	15.0	15.0
Fat	2.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
MCP (21% P)	0.800	—	—	—	—
Limestone (CaCO2)	0.800	1.000	1.350	1.350	1.350
Salt	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350
Vitamin premix	0.150	0.150	0.090	0.090	0.075
Mineral premix	0.125	0.125	0.125	0.125	0.085
Lysine HCl	—	0.250	0.350	0.450	0.550
DL-Methionine	0.080	0.060	0.020	0.010	0.030
L-Threonine	—	0.100	0.020	0.060	0.100
ZincOxide	0.350	—	—	—	—
Mecadox 2.5	0.400	0.400	—	—	—
TOTAL	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
1SBM, soybean meal; CP, crude protein; cDDGS, corn dried distiller's grains with solubles with ~10% oil; treatment included to the expense of corn.

With the exception of the first 6 weeks of trial, no antibiotic growth promoters were fed. Treatments consisted of direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation compared to a control diet without DFM. The direct-fed microbial consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, included at a rate of 1 lb/ton in feed, resulting in a concentration of 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in the diet. Feed conversion was analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with significance level α=0.10. Trends were declared for 0.15≧P>0.10. Data were blocked for room and gender for analysis.

Less (P=0.02) feed was required per pound of body weight gain from d 0 to 14 of the trial when pigs were fed diets containing the Bacillus DFM supplement, and this feed efficiency response tended (P=0.13) to be evident over the entire nursery phase from d 0 to 42 of the study. (Table 22). Direct-fed microbial supplementation also improved (P=0.08) feed efficiency during the finishing phase (d 84 to 105).

TABLE 22
Feed conversion (feed: gain, fg) over the duration of the study.
	Control	DFM	SEM	P-value
	fg0-14	1.599	1.455	0.045	0.027
	fg14-28	1.360	1.389	0.015	0.191
	fg28-42	1.674	1.656	0.011	0.267
	fg0-42	1.537)	1.520	0.008	0.134
	fg42-63	2.020	2.015	0.009	0.707
	fg63-84	2.311	2.336	0.016	0.267
	fg42-84	2.177	2.187	0.009	0.445
	fg0-84	1.960	1.957	0.007	0.797
	fg84-105	2.740	2.677	0.025	0.081
	fg42-105	2.376	2.361	0.010	0.294
	1SEM = standard error of the mean.

Example 11

The Effect of Supplementation of a Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial (DFM) on Feed Efficiency Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Diets Formulated with a High Levels of Fibrous by-Products

A total of 480 pigs (initial body weight: approximately 6.0 kg) were weaned at 21 days of age and penned 10 pigs/pen in an environmentally controlled nursery pig facility. Pigs were placed on test from 21 days of age to 63 days of age and fed a two phase feeding program with diets formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and 40% corn DDGS (Table 23) and to meet the nutrient requirements of pigs at each of the two production phases (Table 24).

TABLE 23
Basal diet composition of Phase 1 and 2 nursery pig diets.
	Nursery Diet:
	NC - Nursery 1	NC - Nursery 2
	Body Weight, lb
	Ingredient, % in diet	15 to 25	25 to 45
	Corn, yellow dent	38.66	43.76
	Corn DDGS	20	20
	Soybean meal, 46.5% CP	27.2	27.2
	Wheat middlings, <9.5% fi	5	5
	Fish meal, menhaden	2	0
	Whey, dried	3	0
	Choice white grease	1	1
	Dicalcium phosphate 18.5%	0.4	0.35
	Limestone	1.08	1.16
	Salt	0.3	0.3
	NSNG Nursery Vit. Premix	0.5	0.5
	L-lysine HCl	0.53	0.48
	DL-methionine	0.16	0.12
	L-threonine	0.17	0.13
	L-tryptophan	0.01	0.01

TABLE 24
Calculated composition of basal diets, %.
	Phase 1	Phase 2
	(15 to 25 lb)	(25 to 45 lb)
	Dry Matter %	89.73	89.45
	DE - kcal/lb.	1604.2	1603.43
	ME - kcal/lb.	1520.6	1523.19
	NE - kccal/lb.	1078	1078.46
	Crude Protein %	24.47	23.18
	Lys %	1.45	1.31
	Thr %	0.91	0.82
	Met %	0.52	0.45
	Met + Cys %	0.84	0.77
	Trp %	0.24	0.22
	Calcium %	0.74	0.64
	Phos. % - total	0.63	0.55
	Phos. % - available	0.33	0.25
	Phos. % - digestible	0.32	0.25

All diets contained phytase (500 FTU/kg feed). One of three dietary treatments was randomly assigned to pens such that each treatment was represented by eight replicate pens. Treatments consisted of direct-fed microbial (DFM) supplementation at two levels of inclusion (0.5 and 1.0 lb/ton of feed) compared to a control diet without the DFM supplement (Table 25).

The direct-fed microbial consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, included at a rate of 0.5 or 1.0 lb/ton of feed resulting in a concentration of 7.5×10⁴ cfu/g or 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in the diet, respectively. Pig body weight gain and pen feed intake were determined on d 21 and d 42 of the trial to calculate feed efficiency as gain:feed. Feed efficiency may also be calculated as feed:gain.

TABLE 25
Dietary treatments and DFM inclusion rates
			DFM
			Inclusion	Phyzyme
		Processing	rate,	XP,
Treatment	Diet	condition1	lb/ton	FTU/kg2
T-1	Control	mash	0.0	500
T-2	Control + DFM	Mash	0.5	500
T-3	Control + DFM	Mash	1.0	500
1Diets were processed as mash, unpelleted feed.
2All diets contained 500 FTU/kg feed of Phytase.

Pigs fed the Bacillus DFM treated diets had greater (P=0.03) body weight gain per unit of feed intake compared to the pigs fed the control diet during the early nursery phase (d 0 to 21, post-weaning; Table 26).

TABLE 26
Body weight and feed efficiency of nursery pigs fed high-fibre-based diets
supplemented with a Bacillus DFM at two inclusion levels in the diet.
	Phytase, FTU/kg
	500	500	500
	Bacillus DFM, lb/ton
	0	0.5	1.0
	Diet
	1	3	4	SEM	P value
Body weight, kg
Initial	6.79	6.79	6.79	0.021	0.378
day 21	11.60	11.92	11.93	0.135	0.270
day 42	26.0	26.7	26.5	0.38	0.482
Gain: Feed
day 0_21	0.656b	0.721a	0.729a	0.0192	0.039
day 21_42	0.655	0.661	0.641	0.0124	0.808
day 0_42	0.651	0.675	0.662	0.0106	0.286
N, Pens*/Diet	8	8	8
*Pigs per pen = 10

Example 12

Effect of a Bacillus Direct Fed Microbial on Energy and Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs Fed Diets Containing 40% Corn DDGS

A digestibility study was conducted on growing pigs to measure the effects of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM) on ileal and total tract digestibilities of energy and nutrients in diets containing 40% corn dried distillers grains including solubles (DDGS). Twenty four pigs (initial BW: approximately 25 kg) originating from the matings of G-Performer boars to F-25 females (Genetiporc, Alexandria, Minn.) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. Following surgeries, pigs were allowed 21 d to recuperate. A standard corn-soybean meal based diet was provided on an ad libitum basis during this period. Three weeks after surgery, pigs were allotted to two dietary treatments consisting of a control basal diet and a Bacillus DFM. Pigs were housed in individual pens (1.2×1.5 m) in an environmentally controlled room. Each pen was equipped with a feeder and a nipple drinker and had fully slatted concrete floors

The experimental basal diet was formulated based on corn, soybean meal, and 40% corn DDGS (Table 27). The dietary treatments were: (1) a basal diet with no DFM; or (2) the basal diet with 0.05% DFM added at the expense of cornstarch. The direct-fed microbial consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, included at a rate of 1.0 lb/ton of feed resulting in a concentration of 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in the diet. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements for growing pigs (NRC, 1998).

TABLE 27
Composition of experimental basal diet1
Ingredient, %
Corn                    32.60
DDGS                    40.00
Wheat middlings         10.00
SBM, 48% CP             14.00
Cornstarch              0.60
Limestone               1.30
Lysine HCl              0.40
Salt                    0.40
Titanium dioxide        0.40
Vitamin-mineral premix3 0.30
Total                   100.00
Calculated composition, %
CP (N × 6.25)           21.9
ME, kcal/kg             3,295
SID Lys                 1.19
ADF                     8.7
NDF                     14.9
Ca                      0.64
Total P                 0.59
Digestible P            0.29
1Direct-fed microbial treatment was added at 0.05% of the diet at the expense of cornstarch.
3The vitamin-micromineral premix provided the following quantities of vitamins and minerals per kilogram of complete diet: Vitamin A, 10,990 IU; vitamin D3, 1,648 IU; vitamin E, 55 IU; vitamin K, 4.4 mg; thiamin, 3.3 mg; riboflavin, 9.9 mg; pyridoxine, 3.3 mg; vitamin B12, 0.044 mg; D-pantothenic acid, 33 mg; niacin, 55 mg; folic acid, 1.1 mg; biotin, 0.17 mg; Cu, 16 mg as copper sulfate; Fe, 165 mg as iron sulfate; I, 0.36 mg as potassium iodate; Mn, 44 mg as manganese sulfate; Se, 0.3 mg as sodium selenite; Zn, 165 mg as zinc oxide.

Titanium dioxide was used as an indigestible marker in all diets. The diets were fed to the 12 pigs, providing 6 pigs per diet for 17 days. Pigs were allowed ad libitum intake of diets and water throughout the experiment. To minimize cross contamination of control pens with DFM, pens fed diets without DFM were fed first followed by DFM-treated pens. After feeding each treatment, feed delivery carts were completely cleaned.

Pigs fed diets without DFM were also weighed and collected first before pigs fed DFM-containing diets.

Fecal samples were collected on d 12 via grab sampling and ileal samples were collected on d 13 and 14. Ileal samples were collected continuously for 9 h starting at 0800 on each collection day. Cannulas were opened and 225-mL plastic bags were attached to the cannula barrel using cable ties, which allowed digesta to flow from the cannula to the bag. Bags were changed whenever filled with digesta or at least once every 30 min. The pH in the digesta was measured in the first bag collected after 0900, 1100, 1300 and 1500 on each collection day. Following the final ileal collection, pigs were fed their respective experimental diets for 3 additional days. The morning meal (at 0700) that is fed on the day following the last ileal collection contained a green marker. During the following 36 h, ileal digesta and feces were scored every 30 min from all pigs, and the first time the marker appears at any of these sites were recorded and used as a measure of rate of passage for this particular diet.

At the conclusion of the experiment, samples were thawed and mixed within animal and diet and a sub-sample was collected for chemical analysis. All samples were lyophilized and ground prior to analysis. All samples were also analyzed for dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and lignin. Values for apparent ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility of nutrients were calculated as described previously (Stein et al., 2007). Homogeneity of variances was confirmed and outliers were tested using the UNIVARIATE procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, N.C.). No outliers were detected. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure. The model included dietary treatment as fixed effect whereas pig was the random effect. Least square means were calculated for each independent variable. The pig was the experimental unit for all calculations, and the a level used to determine significance and tendencies between means was 0.05 and <0.10, respectively. Ileal pH was lower (P=0.03) in pigs fed the diet containing the Bacillus DFM compared to the ileal pH of control pigs (Table 28). Rate of passage and fecal pH were not affected by dietary treatment. Although ADF and NDF were not affected, the addition of the Bacillus DFM to the diet resulted in improved (P<0.03) AID (Table 29) and ATTD (Table 30) of lignin compared to the control diet.

These data indicate the Bacillus DFM lowers the pH of ileal digesta and improves the digestibility of lignin in high fibrous, by-product based diets.

TABLE 28
Effect of Bacillus DFM on pH and rate of passage of ileal digesta and
feces in growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 40% DDGS1
			Bacillus
	Item	Control	DFM	SEM	P value
	pH
	IIeal digesta	6.78	6.64	0.04	0.03
	Feces	6.05	6.14	0.08	0.48
	Rate of passage, h
	IIeal digesta	5.29	4.82	0.25	0.19
	Feces	30.67	29.29	1.03	0.36

TABLE 29
Effect of Bacillus DFM on apparent ileal digestibility (AID, %) of fibrous
nutrients in growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets containing
40% DDGS1
	Control	Bacillus DFM	SEM	P value
	ADF	10.0	6.5	2.6	0.35
	NDF	25.4	19.7	2.7	0.80
	Lignin	30.9	37.0	1.8	0.02
	1Data are least squares means of 6 observations for all treatments.

TABLE 30
Effect of Bacillus DFM on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD, %)
of fibrous nutrients in growing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets
containing 40% DDGS1
	Control	Bacillus DFM	SEM	P value
	ADF	32.4	32.8	2.5	0.92
	NDF	42.2	39.3	2.3	0.39
	Lignin	10.4	28.5	3.0	<0.001
	1Data are least squares means of 6 observations for all treatments.

Example 13

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bacillus Strains in a Chicken HD11 Macrophage Cell Line

The chicken macrophage cell line HD11 was used to determine the inflammatory response to LPS and determine the potential of direct-fed microbial Bacillus strains to alleviate inflammation associated with a gram negative bacterial infection. Bacillus strains were screened in a cell culture assay to determine changes in inflammatory cytokine gene expression responses to LPS and each of the Bacillus strains (Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS944 (NRRL B-50548).

HD11 cells were incubated either: (1) alone (unstimulated); (2) with LPS,; (3) with each Bacillus strain, and (4) with LPS+Bacillus strain. The plate template design is illustrated in FIG. 22.

HD11 cells were grown to confluence and plated in 24-well tissue culture plates with antibiotic free Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI) media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Atlanta Biologicals, Inc., Lawrenceville, Ga.). Once confluent, media was removed and the treatments were administered in antibiotic free media and were then incubated for 1 hour at 41° C. After the incubation, cells were washed twice with PBS and were incubated in 380 μL TRIzol (Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) for 5 minutes. Samples were removed from plates, placed in 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes, snap frozen, and stored at −80° C. until RNA isolation. To separate RNA from the organic phase, 2 ml heavy phase lock gel tubes were used (Five Prime, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). RNA cleanup was done using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and DNase digestion was done using the RNase-Free DNase kit (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesized using the qScript cDNA SuperMix (V WR, Radnor, Pa.) immediately following the RNA isolation.

Real-time PCR was used to determine gene expression of the HD11 cells using primer sets displayed in Table 31. β-actin was used as a reference gene. One-way ANOVA was performed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.). Means were separated by Student-Newman-Keuls test, significance level α=0.10.

TABLE 31
Chicken specific primer sets used in
screening assay
		PCR
Primer		Product
Name	Primer Sequence	(bp)
IL-1β	F: 5′-AGGTCAACATCGCCACCTAC-3′	196
	(SEQ ID NO .7 )
	R: 5′-CAACGGGACGGTAATGAAAC-3′
	(SEQ ID NO. 8)
IL-8	F: 5′-GCTCTGTCGCAAGGTAGGAC-3′	231
	(SEQ ID NO. 9)
	R: 5′-GGCCATAAGTGCCTTTACGA-3′
	(SEQ ID NO. 10)
β-actin	F: 5′-ATGAAGCCCAGAGCAAAAGA-3′	223
	(SEQ ID NO. 11)
	R: 5′-GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA-3′
	(SEQ ID NO. 12)

Lipopolysaccharide challenge in the HD11 chicken macrophage cell line resulted in an increase (P<0.01) in gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines, Interleukin (IL)-113 and IL-8, compared to unstimulated HD11 cells (FIG. 23). When strain AGTP BS1013 was added to the HD11 cells with LPS in spore state, this Bacillus strain decreased (P<0.01) the gene expression of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 (3 and IL-8, resulting from the administration of LPS alone and was more similar to the gene expression profile of unstimulated HD11 cells. Furthermore, chicken cell response to LPS in presence of vegetative Bacillus strain BS1013 was numerically lower, as were Bacillus strain AGTP BS3BP5 in spore state, and the spores and vegetative cells of Bacillus strain AGTP BS944.

These data demonstrate the efficacy of Bacillus DFM strains for alleviating inflammation associated with a bacterial infection, and their effectiveness in avian species. The Bacillus DFM strains can be used to alleviate macrophage inflammation. In addition, the Bacillus DFM strains can be used to alleviate gram negative bacterial infections, and the effects of these bacterial infections.

Example 14

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Bacillus Strains in a Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cell Line (Iec-6)

The rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 was used to determine the inflammatory response to LPS and determine the potential of direct-fed microbial Bacillus strains to alleviate inflammation associated with a gram negative bacterial infection. Bacillus strains were screened in a cell culture assay to determine changes in inflammatory cytokine gene expression responses to LPS and each of the Bacillus strains (Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS944 (NRRL B-50548), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS 442 (NRRL B-50542), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508)). Additional Bacillus strains could be used including but not limited to Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068, (NRRL B-50543) and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546).

IEC-6 cells were incubated either: (1) alone (unstimulated); (2) with LPS; (3) with each DFM Bacillus strain, and (4) with LPS+Bacillus strain. The plate template design is illustrated in FIG. 24.

IEC-6 cells were grown to confluence and plated in 24-well tissue culture plates with Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Invitrogen, Life Technologies Corp., Carlsbad, Calif.) containing 10% FBS (Atlanta Biologicals, Inc., Lawrenceville, Ga.) and 1% antibiotic-antimycotic (Atlanta Biologicals). Once the plates were confluent, IEC-6 cells were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The treatments were administered in antibiotic free media and were then incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. After the incubation, cells were washed twice with PBS and were incubated in 380 μL TRIzol (Invitrogen) for 5 minutes.

Samples were removed from plates, placed in 2 mL microcentrifuge tubes, snap frozen, and stored at −80° C. until RNA isolation. To separate RNA from the organic phase, 2 ml heavy phase lock gel tubes were used (Five Prime, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). RNA cleanup was done using the RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, Calif.) and DNase digestion was done using the RNase-Free DNase kit (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesized using the qScript cDNA SuperMix (VWR, Radnor, Pa.) immediately following the RNA isolation.

Real-time PCR was used to determine gene expression of the IEC-6 cells using primer sets displayed in Table 32. β-actin was used as a reference gene. One-way ANOVA was performed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.). Means were separated by Student-Newman-Keuls test, significance level α=0.10.

TABLE 32
Rat specific primer sets used in screening assay.
		PCR
Primer		Product
Name	Primer Sequence	(bp)
TNF-α	F: 5′-GGCAGCCTTGTCCCTTGAAGAG-3′	171
	(SEQ ID NO. 13)
	R: 5′-GTAGCCCACGTCGTAGCAAACC-3′
	(SEQ ID NO. 14)
β-actin	F: 5′-TGACGAGGCCCAGAGCAAGA-3′	331
	(SEQ ID NO. 15)
	R: 5′-ATGGGCACAGTGTGGGTGAC-3′
	(SEQ ID NO. 16)

Lipopolysaccharide challenge in the IEC-6 rat intestinal epithelial cell line resulted in an increase (P<0.01) in gene expression of the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, compared to unstimulated IEC-6 cells (FIG. 25). Bacillus strains BS1013 and BS1069 decreased (P<0.10) the gene expression of TNF-α resulting from the administration of LPS alone when in either spore or vegetative states. Bacillus strains BS3BP5, BS442, and BS521 also decreased (P<0.10) the gene expression of TNF-α resulting from the administration of LPS alone, but only when in spore form. Conversely, Bacillus strain BS918 decreased (P<0.10) the gene expression of TNF-α resulting from the administration of LPS alone, but only in its vegetative form.

These data demonstrate the efficacy of Bacillus DFM strains for alleviating inflammation associated with a bacterial infection, and their effectiveness in a mammalian species. The Bacillus DFM strains can be used to alleviate macrophage inflammation. In addition, the Bacillus DFM strains can be used to alleviate gram negative bacterial infections, and the effects of these bacterial infections.

Example 15

Efficacy of a Bacillus DFM to Reduce Foam Formation in Commercial Deep Pit Swine Manure Storage Systems

Deep swine manure pit systems are common in the US Midwest and have high potential for foaming. This is believed to be the result of the steadily increasing inclusion of fibrous by-products in swine feed and the resulting shifts in microbial ecology and fermentation characteristics in the stored manure. The efficacy of a three-strain Bacillus DFM was assessed to determine if its application in swine manure pits could positively alter the manure pit microbial fermentation profile and provide a tool for pit foam control. Five production sites each with three identical grow-finish barns (1400 head each) over individual deep pit systems were selected for evaluation. All sites were traditionally at high risk for foam production based on high inclusion levels of dried distillers grains containing solubles (DDGS) and other fibrous by-product ingredients in diets and from past historical incidences of foaming.

For each of the 3 pits per site, a baseline sampling was established prior to trial start using a 1∝ PVC pipe fitted with a ball valve to trap the sample. For each sampling, liquid depth and foam depth were measured and liquid:foam ratio calculated to accommodate varying pit volumes throughout the duration of the study since pit volumes varied tremendously after 21 day sampling. The tested product consisted of equal proportions of strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) as for examples 9 and 10. Other Bacillus strains can be used including but not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

Two Bacillus product inclusion rates were applied directly to the manure pit and tested against untreated control pits. The Bacillus pit inoculant was applied at a rate of 5.3×10⁴ cfu/mL manure to be equivalent to the inoculation rate if fed to the animal at 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g of feed and a 2.5-fold increased dose (2.5×) applied to the manure pit at a rate of 1.3×10⁶ cfu/mL manure. The Bacillus product was re-applied every 60 days over the complete trial duration of 170 days. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA via Proc Mixed procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with repeated measures for detection over time. Significance level α=0.10, averages were separated using Least Square Difference (LSD) test.

There was no difference in foam depth, liquid depth, or foam:liquid ratio between the pits at the sites identified for the test (Table 33). However, three weeks after the treatment applications, foam depth was decreased (P=0.03) in pits treated with the Bacillus pit inoculant at either application rate compared to the untreated pits. Liquid depth did not differ between the three treatments three weeks after application of the Bacillus pit inoculant, resulting in a decrease (P=0.01) foam:liquid ratio when the Bacillus pit inoculant was applied at either application rate compared to untreated pits. Foam:liquid ratio was also reduced (P<0.10) with Bacillus inoculant at either application rate compared to control pits, when values were averaged over all three sampling points in the course of the 170 day trial (Table 34). Data indicate that the higher inclusion rate of the Bacillus inoculant resulted in more consistent reduction of foam over the course of the study (FIG. 26).

These data indicate that the use of a three-strain Bacillus inoculant applied directly to deep pit swine manure storage facilities controls accumulation of foam.

TABLE 33
Comparison of foam characteristics between baseline and
21 day sampling averaged over 5 sites o
	before application	Day 21 after 1st application
	foam	liquid		foam
Pit	depth	depth		depth	liquid
Treatment	(ft)	(ft)	foam:liquid	(ft)	depth (ft)	foam:liquid
Control	0.41	1.94	0.21	1.16b	2.92	0.26b
1.0x	0.22	1.83	0.12	0.70a	2.87	0.14a
Bacillus
2.5x	0.17	2.08	0.09	0.60a	2.99	0.13a
Bacillus
P-value	0.378	0.856	0.311	0.031	0.945	0.011
SEM1	0.08	0.09	0.04	0.10	0.14	0.02
a,baverages with differing superscripts were significantly different (P ≦ 0.10), means were separated using LS standard error of the mean.
indicates data missing or illegible when filed

TABLE 34
Comparison of foam characteristics averaged over 3 samplings within
170 day trial period.
Pit           Average
Treatment     Foam: Liquid
Control       0.23b
1.0x Bacillus 0.15a
2.5x Bacillus 0.10a
P-value       0.049
SEM1          0.03
a, baverages with differing superscripts were significantly different (P ≦ 0.10), means were separated using LS standard error of the mean.

Example 16

Direct Application of Bacillus Product to Manure Pits on Commercial Grow-Finish Sites Alters Manure Characteristics

To compare the efficacy of a three strain Bacillus pit product containing strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) in equal proportions to a current commercial swine manure waste treatment product (MicroSource S®; DSM), the three-strain Bacillus product was directly applied to the manure pits of three commercial production sites in the US Midwest that were currently feeding MicroSource S®. Other Bacillus strains can be used including but not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

The Bacillus product was tested at three production sites for one 60 day period to determine if it could improve manure management characteristics above the effect from MicroSource S® administration in the swine feed. Each site consisted of two identical rooms with individual manure pits and a capacity for 2250 market hogs. Per site, one barn was used as untreated control whereas the other barn received Bacillus pit treatment. For treated pits, Bacillus product inclusion rate was based on manure volume, with an application rate of 5.3×10⁴ cfu/mL manure. Initial volume of the swine manure pits on test was estimated to be 120,000 gallons of manure, therefore a total of 2.4×10¹³ cfu of Bacillus product was applied directly to the pit.

Control and treatment pits were sampled before and 60 days after Bacillus product application. Sampling over the entire pit depth was accomplished using a 1′ PVC pipe fitted with a ball valve to trap the sample. Test indicator of improved manure characteristics was determined to be reduced % solids after 60 days of treatment. One-tailed Jonckheere-Terpstra non-parametric test with exact statistics and significance level α=0.10 was performed using SPSS statistical software (v. 17.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y.), to analyze difference between % solids before and after treatment application testing the mean differences. There was no difference on average manure solids between any of the sites on test, in which MicroSource S® was included as standard operating procedure in all (Table 35). However, there was a 24.3% reduction (P=0.10) in solids over the 3 sites monitored when the three-strain Bacillus inoculant was added to the manure pit. These data indicate that application of the three-strain Bacillus inoculant improves manure management characteristics as indicated by reduction in percent solids beyond the MicroSource S® commercial product.

TABLE 35
Solid reduction after 60 days past Bacillus pit product application to
treatment manure pits compared to control manure pit at the same
production site.
	Solids (%)
			60 days	% difference
		before	after	(before vs.
Site - Barn	Treatment	application	application	after)
1 - North	Control	9.58	10.02	+4.6
1 - South	Bacillus	10.21	5.70	−44.2
2 - North	Control	7.03	7.68	+9.3
2 - South	Bacillus	8.31	8.35	+0.5
3 - North	Control	8.44	7.27	−13.9
3 - South	Bacillus	7.26	5.14	−29.2
Average	Control			+/−0.0a
	Bacillus			−24.3b
P-value (SEM1)				0.100 (8.60)
1SEM, Standard error of the mean.

Example 17

Comparison of the Effect of a Three-Strain Bacillus Direct Fed Microbial and Microsource S® on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

A study was conducted to compare the efficacy of a novel three-strain Bacillus DFM and MicroSource S® (DSM) for improving growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 144 pigs (initial body weight: approximately 23 kg) were placed on test and penned in 36 pens with four pigs/pen in an environmentally controlled grower pig facility. One of three dietary treatments was assigned to each pen (12 replicates/treatment) and fed for the 6-week duration of the study. Treatments consisted of a control basal diet, a three-strain Bacillus direct-fed microbial (DFM), and MicroSource S® (DSM), which is a Bacillus-based commercial swine waste treatment DFM.

The basal diet was formulated to contain 50% by-product (35% DDGS and 15% wheat middlings; Table 36). Phytase (500 FTU/kg) was added to all diets. The novel Bacillus DFM consisted of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, included at a rate of 0.25 lb/ton of feed resulting in a concentration of 3.75×10⁴ cfu/g in the diet. Other Bacillus strains can be used including but not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

TABLE 36
Basal diets Compositions
Ingredients, %
Corn, %         26.510
DDGS, %         35.00
Wheat middlings 15.00
SBM, 48%        19.00
HP DDG          0.00
Soy bean oil    1.00
Corn starch     1.00
Limestone       1.25
DCP             0.00
Lysine HCL      0.45
DL-Met          0.04
L-Threonine     0.03
L-Tryptophan    0.00
Salt            0.40
Vit min-mix     0.30
Phytase         0.02
Total           100.00
Calculated composition, %
ME, kcal/kg     3315
CP              23.20
Dig Lys         1.17
Dig Met         0.39
Dig M + C       0.74
Dig Thr         0.73
Dig Tryp        0.20
Ca              0.63
Total P         0.61
Dig P           0.35

MicroSource S® was included in the diet at 1 lb/ton of feed, resulting in 7.5×10⁴ cfu/g in the diet. Pig body weight gain and pen feed intake were determined on d 21 and d 42 of the trial, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) were calculated.

Pigs fed diets supplemented with the novel Bacillus DFM had greater ADG from d 0 to 21 of the trial than pigs fed the control diets or diets supplemented with the commercial DFM, Microsource S® (Table 37). This increase in daily gain tended to result in greater (P<0.10) body weight in pigs fed the novel Bacillus DFM on d 21 of the study compared to the other two treatments. These data indicate that the novel Bacillus DFM improves body weight gain in growing pigs compared to an existing commercial Bacillus-based DFM (MicroSource S®).

TABLE 37
Growth performance of pigs fed a novel Bacillus DFM compared to
MicroSource S ®.
	Diet
		Bacillus	Microsource
Item	Control	DFM	S ®	SEM	P-value
d 0-21
Initial BW, kg	23.89	23.87	23.77	1.04	0.6317
ADG, kg	0.77b	0.82a	0.77b	0.02	0.0435
ADFI, kg	1.47	1.53	1.43	0.05	0.0640
G: F, kg/kg	0.53	0.54	0.54	0.02	0.1602
Final BW, kg	40.09d	41.09c	39.94d	1.19	0.0673
d 21-42
ADG, kg	0.96	0.94	0.88	0.04	0.4593
ADFI, kg	1.45	1.38	1.23	0.12	0.5022
G: F, kg/kg	0.66	0.69	0.75	0.05	0.6712
Final BW, kg	60.17	60.75	58.32	1.64	0.2348
a.bMeans without common superscripts are different, P < 0.05.
c,dMeans without common superscripts are different, P < 0.10.

Example 18

Identification of Enzymatic Activities of Novel Bacillus Strains

In vitro assays were conducted to test for enzyme activity of novel Bacillus strains against fibrous feed substrates commonly found in feed ingredients used to formulate swine and poultry diets. High-throughput screening of these test strains was performed by replicate spot plating of 2 microliters liquid culture onto 15.0 ml of various substrate media types of interest in 100×100×15 mm grid plates. Cellulase, xylanase, and f3-mannanase activities were determined based on specific substrate utilization by the individual strains.

Media components used to assay the substrate utilization properties from enzymatic activity of the environmentally derived strains are described in Table 38. Assay plates were left to dry for 30 minutes following culture application, and then incubated at 32° C. for 24 hours. Enzymatic activities for each strain were determined by measuring the zone of substrate degradation in millimeters, as indicated by clearing of the surrounding edge of colony growth. Mean values from replicate plates were recorded.

TABLE 38
Media components used to assay the enzymatic activities illustrated by
substrate utilization properties of environmentally derived Bacillus.
		Extra Visualization
Plate Assay	Media Composition	Requirements
Cellulase	0.1% Ammonium Sulfate,	30 minute 0.05%
	0.1% Potassium Phosphate	Congo Red Dye stain,
	Dibasic, 0.1% Yeast Extract, 1.0%	follwed by 1M
	Polypeptone, 1.5% Agar, 0.75%	NaCl rinse.
	Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)
Xylanase	Nutrient Agar, 2% Xylan	None; Measure
		Zone of Clearing in
		opaque media
β-	Nutrient Agar,	0.05% Iodine
Mannanase	0.6% Locust Bean Gum	Stain Solution

The fibrolytic degrading enzyme activities of several Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus strains are reported in Table 39. All strains exhibit degrading activity against at least two of the three fibrous substrates evaluated. These data indicate that these novel Bacillus strains have enzyme degrading capacity against cellulose, xylan, and β-mannose.

TABLE 39
Cellulase, xylanase, and β-mannanase activities of Bacillus strains.
	Isolate	CMCase		β-
	Name	(Cellulase)	Xylanase	Mannanase
	BS3BP5	3.3	3.0	N/A
	BS442	1.8	2.5	2.0
	BS521	6.0	4.0	2.0
	BS918	4.0	5.5	3.3
	BS1013	6.5	4.0	2.5
	BP1068	3.0	6.0	4.5
	BS1069	4.0	4.0	2.5
	BS944	6.5	3.5	1.0
	KXII-1	2.5	5.0	N/A

Example 19

The Effect of Supplementation of a Bacillus Direct-Fed Microbial (DFM) in Feed on Residual Bacterial Load after Washing in Commercial Grow-Finish Facility

To determine the growth performance of pigs fed commercial corn-soy based diets with increasing amounts of by-product, a grow-to-finish study was conducted. A total of 1040 pigs were weaned at approximately 3 weeks of age and weaned using standard commercial starter diet. Animals were separated by gender, distributed over 40 pens on trial and phase fed. From day 42 on, a direct-fed microbial consisting of equal proportions of Bacillus subtilis strains AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509) and AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510) summing to a guaranteed 3.0×10⁸ cfu/g of DFM product, was included at a rate of 1 lb/ton in feed, resulting in a concentration of 1.5×10⁵ cfu/g in the diet (Table 40). Other Bacillus strains can be used including but not limited to Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442, Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069, and Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944, Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 and Bacillus pumilus KX11-1.

TABLE 40
Feeding phases and diet composition.1
	Phase
						8)
	3) Early	4) Late	5) Early	6) Mid	7) Late	With-
	Grower	Grower	Finish	Finish	Finish	drawal
	Duration (Days)
Ingredient (%)	42-63	63-84	84-105	105-126	126-151	151+
Corn	28.2	31.9	35.4	37.4	41.0	71.5
SBM	18.2	14.5	11.3	9.4	5.8	6.0
(46.5% CP)
Spray dried	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
whey
Sel. menh.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
fishmeal
cDDGS	35.0	35.0	35.0	35.0	35.0	20.0
Wheat Midds	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	15.0	0.0
Fat	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	0.050
MCP (21% P)	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.550
Limestone	1.475	1.470	1.450	1.415	1.400	1.150
(CaCO2)
Salt	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.350	0.300
Vitamin premix	0.090	0.090	0.075	0.150	0.150	0.150
Mineral premix	0.125	0.125	0.085	0.150	0.150	0.150
Lysine HCl	0.470	0.400	0.350	0.200	0.200	0.150
DL-Methionine	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
L-Threonine	0.055	0.020	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Phyzyme	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.020	0.020
2500TPT
1SBM, soybean meal; CP, crude protein; cDDGS, corn dried distiller's grains with solubles with ~10% oil content; treatment included to the expense of corn.

After animal load-out, washing and 24 hour air drying of the facility, residual bacterial load was determined as indicator for pen cleanliness. Samples were collected in the laying area in the back of each pen in the corner closest to the feeder, approximately 1 foot from side and end panel (FIG. 27).

A 16 in² area of the facility flooring was swabbed using a pre-moistened sterile swab (PocketSwab Plus, Charm Sciences, Lawrence, Mass.). The sample area was passed 10 times for each swab and analyzed in triplicate. Within 15 seconds following the swabbing procedure, the swab was placed in LUMT Bioluminescence reader (Charm Sciences, Lawrence, Mass.). The resulting relative light unit (RLU) values were recorded and averaged by pen before statistical analysis.

Data was analyzed using NPAR1WAY procedure of SAS (v. 9.1.3, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, N.C.) with significance level α=0.05. Data indicated significantly reduced (P<0.05) bacterial load in pens fed diets containing DFM compared with control diets after pen load-out, washing and drying (Table 41).

TABLE 41
Comparison of relative light unit (RLU) indicating residual bacterial load
in commercial pens fed control diets or diets with direct-fed microbial
(DFM) inclusion after washing and air-drying of barn.
Treatment RLU
Control   558,324b
DFM       421,388a
P-value   0.025
SEM1      39,231
a, baverages with differing superscripts were significantly different (P ≦ 0.05);
1SEM, standard error of the mean.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations that operate according to the principles of the invention as described. Therefore, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof. The disclosures of patents, references and publications cited in the application are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

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Claims

1. An isolated Bacillus strain having enzymatic activity selected from the group consisting of: Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (NRRL B-50542), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544), Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944 (NRRL B-50548), Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS1068 (NRRL B-50543), Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546), and strains having all the characteristics thereof, any derivative or variant thereof, and mixtures thereof.

2. The strain of claim 1, wherein the enzymatic activity is selected from the group consisting of cellulase activity, α-amylase activity, xylanase activity, esterase, β-mannanase, lipase activity, protease activity, and combinations thereof.

3. The strain of claim 1, wherein the enzymatic activity is selected from the group consisting of zeinase activity and soy protease activity, and combinations thereof.

4. The strain of claim 1, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the following: body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems.

5. The strain of claim 1, wherein, when the strain is administered to an animal, the strain provides an improvement in at least one of the following: body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and manure waste problems by at least 2% compared to a control.

6. The strain of claim 4, wherein the animal is poultry or pig.

7. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510).

8. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS442 (NRRL B-50542).

9. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS521 (NRRL B-50545).

10. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508).

11. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

12. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus AGTP BS 1068 (NRRL B-50543).

13. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1069 (NRRL B-50544).

14. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus subtilis AGTP 944 (NRRL B-50548)

15. The strain of claim 1, wherein the Bacillus strain is Bacillus pumilus KX11-1 (NRRL B-50546).

16. A composition comprising supernatant from one or more culture(s) of one or more strain(s) of claim 1.

17. A composition comprising two or more strain(s) of claim 1.

18. The composition of claim 16 comprising Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS944 (NRRL B-50509), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

19. A composition comprising Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).

20. A feed for an animal, wherein the feed is supplemented with Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS3BP5 (NRRL B-50510), Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS918 (NRRL B-50508), and Bacillus subtilis AGTP BS1013 (NRRL B-50509).