Patent Grant
12093447
This disclosure generally relates to managing applications in artificial reality (AR) environments.
Artificial reality is a form of reality that has been adjusted in some manner before presentation to a user, which may include, e.g., an augmented reality, a virtual reality, a mixed reality, a hybrid reality, or some combination and/or derivatives thereof. Artificial reality content may include completely generated content or generated content combined with captured content (e.g., real-world photographs). The artificial reality content may include video, audio, haptic feedback, or some combination thereof, and any of which may be presented in a single channel or in multiple channels (such as stereo video that produces a three-dimensional effect to the viewer). Artificial reality may be associated with applications, products, accessories, services, or some combination thereof, that are, e.g., used to create content in an artificial reality and/or used in (e.g., perform activities in) an artificial reality. The artificial reality system that provides the artificial reality content may be implemented on various platforms, including a head-mounted display (HMD) connected to a host computer system, a standalone HMD, a mobile device or computing system, or any other hardware platform capable of providing artificial reality content to one or more viewers.
A traditional method of managing applications on a user device (such as a virtual reality or artificial reality headset) is to download an application, install the application on a hard drive, and execute the application when the user desires to use it. For example, the user may access an application store to locate and identify the application they would desire to use, download, and install the application. That is, the user would be required to actively seek out the desired application. This process may increase the friction that detracts from a user's artificial reality experience.
In particular embodiments, an artificial reality (AR) system may be able to execute native applications on an AR operating system such that a user can experience instant interaction with the application via an AR interface. The interaction with the application may be based on a “introductory” and only partially downloaded and installed version of the application that allows the user to experience the application, without fully downloading and installing on the user's device. As the user continues to use and experience the application, the AR operating system can progressively download and install the native application to allow the user to “delve deeper” into the experience offered by the application. That is, the user can begin to experience and engage with the application, and continue to experience and engage with the application without having to detract from the immersive AR experience.
In particular embodiments, one or more computing systems may instruct sensors on an AR headset to capture sensor data of a real-world environment. The one or more computing systems may discover, based on the sensor data, a 3D location at which a native application configured to run natively on the operating system is downloadable. The one or more computing systems may generate and display a virtual object to represent the native application at the 3D location. The one or more computing systems may, in response to detecting a user of the AR system interacting with the virtual object, download a first executable portion of the native application. The one or more computing systems may execute the first executable portion within a sandbox process executing on the operating system, where the first sandbox process may have a predetermined set of access permissions. The one or more computing systems may progressively download a remaining executable portion of the native application while the user is interacting with the executed first executable portion of the native application. The one or more computing systems may, in response to a determination that the native application is completely downloaded, install the native application on the operating system.
Certain technical challenges exist for managing applications in AR environments. One technical challenge may include ensuring user privacy is not breached by downloading, installing, and executing applications without the user's consent. The solution presented by the embodiments disclosed herein to address this challenge may be to progressively download and install an application, but only execute the full application once the user has granted the application the requisite permissions. Another technical challenge may include determining an appropriate method of presenting application experiences to the user. The solution presented by the embodiments disclosed herein to address this challenge may be to determine where a glint or virtual object corresponding to an application appears based on the user's proximity to objects and locations in the real-world environment. Certain embodiments disclosed herein may provide one or more technical advantages. A technical advantage of the embodiments may include allowing the user to immerse themselves within the AR experience and only breaking this immersion to grant the application permissions once the user has decided to commit to the application. Another technical advantage of the embodiments may include allowing the user to tailor the applications presented to them by basing the appearance of the applications on user settings and preferences. One or more other technical advantages may be readily apparent to one skilled in the art in view of the figures, descriptions, and claims of the present disclosure.
The embodiments disclosed herein are only examples, and the scope of this disclosure is not limited to them. Particular embodiments may include all, some, or none of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps of the embodiments disclosed herein. Embodiments according to the invention are in particular disclosed in the attached claims directed to a method, a storage medium, a system and a computer program product, wherein any feature mentioned in one claim category, e.g. method, can be claimed in another claim category, e.g. system, as well. The dependencies or references back in the attached claims are chosen for formal reasons only. However any subject matter resulting from a deliberate reference back to any previous claims (in particular multiple dependencies) can be claimed as well, so that any combination of claims and the features thereof are disclosed and can be claimed regardless of the dependencies chosen in the attached claims. The subject-matter which can be claimed comprises not only the combinations of features as set out in the attached claims but also any other combination of features in the claims, wherein each feature mentioned in the claims can be combined with any other feature or combination of other features in the claims. Furthermore, any of the embodiments and features described or depicted herein can be claimed in a separate claim and/or in any combination with any embodiment or feature described or depicted herein or with any of the features of the attached claims.
In particular embodiments, an artificial reality (AR) system (e.g., an operating system) may be able to execute native applications on an AR operating system such that a user can experience instant interaction with the application via an AR interface. The interaction with the application may be based on a “introductory,” partially downloaded and installed, or “light” version of the application that allows the user to experience the application, without fully downloading and installing on the user's device. As the user continues to use and experience the application, the AR operating system can progressively download and install the native application to allow the user to “delve deeper” into the experience offered by the application. That is, the user can begin to experience and engage with the application, and continue to experience and engage with the application without having to detract from the immersive AR experience. Although this disclosure describes managing applications in AR environments in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates managing applications in AR environments in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may instruct sensors on an AR headset to capture sensor data of a real-world environment 150.
Referring again to
The 3D representation may be generated based on depth measurements of physical objects observed by the cameras 105A-B. Depth may be measured in a variety of ways. In particular embodiments, depth may be computed based on stereo images. For example, the two forward-facing cameras 105A-B may share an overlapping field of view and be configured to capture images simultaneously. As a result, the same physical object may be captured by both cameras 105A-B at the same time. For example, a particular feature of an object may appear at one pixel pA in the image captured by camera 105A, and the same feature may appear at another pixel pB in the image captured by camera 105B. As long as the depth measurement system knows that the two pixels correspond to the same feature, the artificial reality system 100 could use triangulation techniques to compute the depth of the observed feature. For example, based on the camera 105A's position within a 3D space and the pixel location of pA relative to the camera 105A's field of view, a line could be projected from the camera 105A and through the pixel pA. A similar line could be projected from the other camera 105B and through the pixel pB. Since both pixels are supposed to correspond to the same physical feature, the two lines should intersect. The two intersecting lines and an imaginary line drawn between the two cameras 105A and 105B form a triangle, which could be used to compute the distance of the observed feature from either camera 105A or 105B or a point in space where the observed feature is located.
In particular embodiments, the pose (e.g., x-y-z position and r-p-y orientation) of the AR display device 135 within the environment may be needed. For example, in order to render the appropriate display for the user 102 while he is moving about in a augmented environment, the artificial reality system 100 may need to determine his position and orientation at any moment. Based on the pose of the AR display device, the artificial reality system 100 may further determine the viewpoint of either of the cameras 105A and 105B or either of the user's eyes. In particular embodiments, the AR display device 135 may be equipped with inertial-measurement units (“IMU”). The data generated by the IMU, along with the stereo imagery captured by the external-facing cameras 105A-B, allow the artificial reality system 100 to compute the pose of the AR display device 135 using, for example, SLAM (simultaneous localization and mapping) or other suitable techniques.
In particular embodiments, the artificial reality system 100 may further have one or more controllers 106 that enable the user 102 to provide inputs. The controller 106 may communicate with the AR display device 135 or a separate one or more computing systems 110 via a wireless or wired connection. The controller 106 may have any number of buttons or other mechanical input mechanisms. In addition, the controller 106 may have an IMU so that the pose of the controller 106 may be tracked. The controller 106 may further be tracked based on predetermined patterns on the controller. For example, the controller 106 may have several infrared LEDs or other known observable features that collectively form a predetermined pattern. Using a sensor or camera, the artificial reality system 100 may be able to capture an image of the predetermined pattern on the controller. Based on the observed orientation of those patterns, the system may compute the controller's position and orientation relative to the sensor or camera.
The artificial reality system 100 may further include one or more computing systems 110. The one or more computing systems 110 may be a stand-alone unit that is physically separate from the AR display device 135 or the computer system 110 may be integrated with the AR display device 135. In embodiments where the one or more computing systems 110 is a separate unit, the one or more computing systems 110 may be communicatively coupled to the AR display device 135 via a wireless or wired link. The one or more computing systems 110 may be a high-performance device, such as a desktop or laptop, or a resource-limited device, such as a mobile phone. A high-performance device may have a dedicated GPU and a high-capacity or constant power source. A resource-limited device, on the other hand, may not have a GPU and may have limited battery capacity. As such, the algorithms that could be practically used by an artificial reality system 100 depends on the capabilities of its one or more computing systems 110.
In embodiments where the one or more computing systems 110 is a high-performance device, an embodiment of the passthrough feature may be designed as follows. Through the external-facing cameras 105A-B of the AR display device 135, a sequence of images of the surrounding physical environment may be captured. The information captured by the cameras 105A-B, however, may be misaligned with what the user's eyes may capture since the cameras could not spatially coincide with the user's eyes (e.g., the cameras may be located some distance away from the user's eyes and, consequently, have different viewpoints). As such, simply displaying what the cameras captured to the user may not be an accurate representation of what the user should perceive.
Instead of simply displaying what was captured, the passthrough feature may re-project information captured by the external-facing cameras 105A-B to the user. Each pair of simultaneously captured stereo images may be used to estimate the depths of observed features. As explained above, to measure depth using triangulation, the one or more computing systems 110 may find correspondences between the stereo images. For example, the one or more computing systems 110 may determine which two pixels in the pair of stereo images correspond to the same observed feature. A high-performance one or more computing systems 110 may solve the correspondence problem using its GPU and optical flow techniques, which are optimized for such tasks. The correspondence information may then be used to compute depths using triangulation techniques. Based on the computed depths of the observed features, the one or more computing systems 110 could determine where those features are located within a 3D space (since the one or more computing systems 110 also knows where the cameras are in that 3D space). The result may be represented by a dense 3D point cloud, with each point corresponding to an observed feature. The dense point cloud may then be used to generate 3D models of objects in the environment. When the system renders a scene for display, the system could perform visibility tests from the perspectives of the user's eyes. For example, the system may cast rays into the 3D space from a viewpoint that corresponds to each eye of the user. In this manner, the rendered scene that is displayed to the user may be computed from the perspective of the user's eyes, rather than from the perspective of the external-facing cameras 105A-B.
The process described above, however, may not be feasible for a resource-limited computing unit (e.g., a mobile phone may be the main computational unit for the AR display device 135). For example, unlike systems with powerful computational resources and ample energy sources, a mobile phone cannot rely on GPUs and computationally-expensive algorithms (e.g., optical flow) to perform depth measurements and generate an accurate 3D model of the environment. Thus, to provide passthrough on resource-limited devices, an optimized process is needed.
In particular embodiments, the computing device may be configured to dynamically determine, at runtime, whether it is capable of or able to generate depth measurements using (1) the GPU and optical flow or (2) the optimized technique using video encoder and motion vectors, as described in further detail below. For example, if the device has a GPU and sufficient power budget (e.g., it is plugged into a power source, has a full battery, etc.), it may perform depth measurements using its GPU and optical flow. However, if the device does not have a GPU or has a stringent power budget, then it may opt for the optimized method for computing depths.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may generate and display a virtual object 165 to represent the native application at the 3D location (e.g., by generating and displaying the virtual object 165 at a 3D location within the AR environment 155).
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may discover, based on the sensor data, a 3D location at which a native application configured to run natively on the operating system may be downloadable. The 3D location may correspond to a location in the AR environment 155. The one or more virtual objects 165 may be provided within the AR environment 155 based on preferences or settings of the user 102. In particular embodiments, the user 102 may determine or identify (e.g., via user settings) their settings and preferences. As an example and not by way of limitation, if the user 102 indicates they enjoy trying new foods, one or more of the virtual objects presented to the user 102 may correspond to virtual menus outside a restaurant in the AR environment 155 when the user is in the vicinity of a restaurant in the corresponding real-world environment 150. As another example and not by way of limitation, if the user 102 connected their AR display device 135 to their social media accounts, and the user 102 is looking at their friend who's birthday is coming up, one or more virtual objects (such as the friend's online wish-list) may appear in the AR environment 155 next to the friend to encourage the user 102 to purchase a birthday gift for their friend. Alternatively, and as an example and not by way of limitation, if the user 102 indicates they do not enjoy shopping, the AR system 100 will not present the user 102 with virtual objects corresponding to shopping experiences.
A technical challenge may include determining an appropriate method of presenting application experiences to the user. The solution presented by the embodiments disclosed herein to address this challenge may be to determine where a glint 160 or virtual object 165 corresponding to an application appears based on the user's proximity to objects and locations in the real-world environment 150.
Virtual objects corresponding to AR experiences may be customized based on the user 102's location, status, or other factor. As an example and not by way of limitation, if the user is in a shopping mall, the virtual objects that may appear in the AR environment 155 may correspond to shopping experiences, which may show the user sales, advertisements, or samples of products. As another example and not by way of limitation, if the user 102 is celebrating their birthday, virtual objects in the AR environment 155 may show the user activities or games the user 102 can experience as a fun event on their birthday. Thus, a technical advantage of the embodiments may include allowing the user to tailor the applications presented to them by basing the appearance of the applications on user settings and preferences.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may, in response to detecting a user 102 of the AR system 100 interacting with the virtual object 165, download a first executable portion of the native application. The one or more virtual objects 165 may be represented in the AR environment 155 using one or more glints 160. The one or more glints 160 are virtual objects that the uservi 102 may interact with. The one or more glints 160 may be application icons that appear in the AR environment 155. The user 102 may indicate they would like to select an experience offered by the glint 160 by engaging with the glint 160 corresponding to the virtual object 165. As an example and not by way of limitation, the user may walk to or approach the glint 160 to indicate they would like to select the experience offered by the glint 160 (e.g., by detecting the user's motion toward the glint 160 or virtual object 165). As an example and not by way of limitation, the user may point to the glint 160 to indicate they would like to select the experience offered by the glint 160, e.g., by pointing to the glint 160 for a threshold amount of time (e.g., by detecting the controller 06 pointing at the glint 160 or virtual object 165 for 5 seconds). As an example and not by way of limitation, the user may stare at the glint 160 to indicate they would like to select the experience offered by the glint 160, e.g., by staring at the glint 160 for a threshold amount of time (e.g., by detecting an eye gaze at the glint 160 or virtual object 165 for 5 seconds). Although this disclosure describes generating and displaying a virtual object to represent the native application at the 3D location in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates generating and displaying a virtual object in any suitable manner. Although this disclosure describes downloading a first executable portion of the native application in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates downloading a portion of the native application in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may execute the first executable portion within a sandbox process executing on the AR operating system 100. The first sandbox process may have a predetermined set of access permissions. As an example and not by way of limitation, the user 102 may trigger an application experience that correlates to a small “introductory” portion of the application. That is, the virtual object 165 or glint 160 corresponding to the application can offer an ephemeral experience that allows the user 102 to explore the AR environment, settings, or other feature offered by the application. Thus, the user 102 can get a preview, glance, or “test run” of the experience offered by the application, without having to install the full application onto a hard drive and launch it in response to a user command. For example, a glint 160 corresponding to an all-natural materials clothing store may display a an introductory experience such as a promotional video detailing how the clothing store manufactures their clothing in an environmentally conscious manner. Although this disclosure describes executing the first executable portion within a sandbox process executing on the operating system in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates executing the first executable portion in any suitable manner.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may progressively download a remaining executable portion of the native application while the user 102 is interacting with the executed first executable portion of the native application. That is, the user 102 can experience instant interaction with an application through an AR interface by “entering” an AR experience that is native within the AR platform. After the user can be “invited” into an AR experience of an application accessible through the AR interface and while the user continues to engage with the native application, the operating system may progressively download and install the native application to allow the user 102 to “delve deeper” into the native application. While the user 102 continues to interact with the partially downloaded and installed application, the operating system can progressively download and install the full application. As an example and not by way of limitation, as the user views the all-natural materials clothing store's promotional video detailing how the clothing store manufactures their clothing in an environmentally conscious manner, the user can continue to peruse the all-natural materials clothing store's selection of clothing. Thus, the user can continue to experience and engage with the native application by diving deeper into the application with less “friction” (i.e., breaks from user immersion) detracting from the AR experience. Although this disclosure describes progressively downloading a remaining executable portion of the native application in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates progressively downloading a remaining executable portion of the native application in any suitable manner.
A technical challenge may include ensuring user privacy is not breached by downloading, installing, and executing applications without the user's consent. The solution presented by the embodiments disclosed herein to address this challenge may be to progressively download and install an application, but only execute the full application once the user has granted the application the requisite permissions. Traditionally, installing a native application would prompt the operating system to ask the user 102 to grant permissions (e.g., to use camera, microphone, GPS, motion sensors, etc. features of the user device). Such requests may be intrusive to AR immersion and add “friction” to the user's AR experience. To reduce this “friction,” the user 102 may approach or interact with the virtual object 165 or glint 160 to initially and immediately access a starting experience for the application. As stated earlier, this can be achieved by downloading and installing a partial, incomplete, or otherwise small portion of the application to allow immediate access to the application. However, even though applications may operate natively on the operating system, the user's security is still paramount. Thus, while native applications may execute on the AR platform/operating system—even partially—the user 102 may set permissions that limit what applications may run. That is, the user may set the implicit permissions that allow an application to execute to a limited extent, such that the application does not have access to the user's camera, microphone, GPS, motion sensors, etc. The partially downloaded and installed application can then launch in a secure sandbox process that requires only minimal permissions, which can be set by the user 102 to ensure user security. Thus, the user 102 may begin to enjoy the AR experience associated with the application without the intrusion of the operating system breaking the user's immersion by requesting the user 102 to grant the application certain permissions. Then, while the user 102 continues to interact with the partially downloaded and installed application, the operating system may progressively download and install the full application. However, to grow into the full user experience, only then may the operating system ask the user 102 for all the necessary permissions to execute the full application. Thus, applications will have to receive explicit permission from the user 102 to fully execute on the operating system (e.g., applications will not have implicit access to run natively if the user's permissions do not allow them to). A technical advantage of the embodiments may include allowing the user to immerse themselves within the AR experience and only breaking this immersion to grant the application permissions once the user has decided to commit to the application.
In particular embodiments, the AR system 100 may, in response to a determination that the native application is completely downloaded, install the native application on the operating system. As an example and not by way of limitation, if the user 102 decides to purchase items from the all-natural materials clothing store, full application permissions may be required to connect the user's credit card to pay for the items and to fill in the user's home address for the shipping information. Although this disclosure describes installing the native application on the operating system in a particular manner, this disclosure contemplates installing the native application on the operating system in any suitable manner.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable network 710. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more portions of network 710 may include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual private network (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a wide area network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a portion of the Internet, a portion of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), a cellular telephone network, or a combination of two or more of these. Network 710 may include one or more networks 710.
Links 750 may connect client system 730, social-networking system 760, and third-party system 770 to communication network 710 or to each other. This disclosure contemplates any suitable links 750. In particular embodiments, one or more links 750 include one or more wireline (such as for example Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) or Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)), wireless (such as for example Wi-Fi or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), or optical (such as for example Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) or Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)) links. In particular embodiments, one or more links 750 each include an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a VPN, a LAN, a WLAN, a WAN, a WWAN, a MAN, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PSTN, a cellular technology-based network, a satellite communications technology-based network, another link 750, or a combination of two or more such links 750. Links 750 need not necessarily be the same throughout network environment 700. One or more first links 750 may differ in one or more respects from one or more second links 750.
In particular embodiments, client system 730 may be an electronic device including hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components and capable of carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by client system 730. As an example and not by way of limitation, a client system 730 may include a computer system such as a desktop computer, notebook or laptop computer, netbook, a tablet computer, e-book reader, GPS device, camera, personal digital assistant (PDA), handheld electronic device, cellular telephone, smartphone, augmented/virtual reality device, other suitable electronic device, or any suitable combination thereof. This disclosure contemplates any suitable client systems 730. A client system 730 may enable a network user at client system 730 to access network 710. A client system 730 may enable its user to communicate with other users at other client systems 730.
In particular embodiments, client system 730 may include a web browser 732, and may have one or more add-ons, plug-ins, or other extensions. A user at client system 730 may enter a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other address directing the web browser 732 to a particular server (such as server 762, or a server associated with a third-party system 770), and the web browser 732 may generate a Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request and communicate the HTTP request to server. The server may accept the HTTP request and communicate to client system 730 one or more Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) files responsive to the HTTP request. Client system 730 may render a webpage based on the HTML files from the server for presentation to the user. This disclosure contemplates any suitable webpage files. As an example and not by way of limitation, webpages may render from HTML files, Extensible Hyper Text Markup Language (XHTML) files, or Extensible Markup Language (XML) files, according to particular needs. Such pages may also execute scripts, combinations of markup language and scripts, and the like. Herein, reference to a webpage encompasses one or more corresponding webpage files (which a browser may use to render the webpage) and vice versa, where appropriate.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may be a network-addressable computing system that can host an online social network. Social-networking system 760 may generate, store, receive, and send social-networking data, such as, for example, user-profile data, concept-profile data, social-graph information, or other suitable data related to the online social network. Social-networking system 760 may be accessed by the other components of network environment 700 either directly or via network 710. As an example and not by way of limitation, client system 730 may access social-networking system 760 using a web browser 732, or a native application associated with social-networking system 760 (e.g., a mobile social-networking application, a messaging application, another suitable application, or any combination thereof) either directly or via network 710. In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may include one or more servers 762. Each server 762 may be a unitary server or a distributed server spanning multiple computers or multiple datacenters. Servers 762 may be of various types, such as, for example and without limitation, web server, news server, mail server, message server, advertising server, file server, application server, exchange server, database server, proxy server, another server suitable for performing functions or processes described herein, or any combination thereof. In particular embodiments, each server 762 may include hardware, software, or embedded logic components or a combination of two or more such components for carrying out the appropriate functionalities implemented or supported by server 762. In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may include one or more data stores 764. Data stores 764 may be used to store various types of information. In particular embodiments, the information stored in data stores 764 may be organized according to specific data structures. In particular embodiments, each data store 764 may be a relational, columnar, correlation, or other suitable database. Although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular types of databases, this disclosure contemplates any suitable types of databases. Particular embodiments may provide interfaces that enable a client system 730, a social-networking system 760, or a third-party system 770 to manage, retrieve, modify, add, or delete, the information stored in data store 764.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may store one or more social graphs in one or more data stores 764. In particular embodiments, a social graph may include multiple nodes—which may include multiple user nodes (each corresponding to a particular user) or multiple concept nodes (each corresponding to a particular concept)—and multiple edges connecting the nodes. Social-networking system 760 may provide users of the online social network the ability to communicate and interact with other users. In particular embodiments, users may join the online social network via social-networking system 760 and then add connections (e.g., relationships) to a number of other users of social-networking system 760 to whom they want to be connected. Herein, the term “friend” may refer to any other user of social-networking system 760 with whom a user has formed a connection, association, or relationship via social-networking system 760.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may provide users with the ability to take actions on various types of items or objects, supported by social-networking system 760. As an example and not by way of limitation, the items and objects may include groups or social networks to which users of social-networking system 760 may belong, events or calendar entries in which a user might be interested, computer-based applications that a user may use, transactions that allow users to buy or sell items via the service, interactions with advertisements that a user may perform, or other suitable items or objects. A user may interact with anything that is capable of being represented in social-networking system 760 or by an external system of third-party system 770, which is separate from social-networking system 760 and coupled to social-networking system 760 via a network 710.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may be capable of linking a variety of entities. As an example and not by way of limitation, social-networking system 760 may enable users to interact with each other as well as receive content from third-party systems 770 or other entities, or to allow users to interact with these entities through an application programming interfaces (API) or other communication channels.
In particular embodiments, a third-party system 770 may include one or more types of servers, one or more data stores, one or more interfaces, including but not limited to APIs, one or more web services, one or more content sources, one or more networks, or any other suitable components, e.g., that servers may communicate with. A third-party system 770 may be operated by a different entity from an entity operating social-networking system 760. In particular embodiments, however, social-networking system 760 and third-party systems 770 may operate in conjunction with each other to provide social-networking services to users of social-networking system 760 or third-party systems 770. In this sense, social-networking system 760 may provide a platform, or backbone, which other systems, such as third-party systems 770, may use to provide social-networking services and functionality to users across the Internet.
In particular embodiments, a third-party system 770 may include a third-party content object provider. A third-party content object provider may include one or more sources of content objects, which may be communicated to a client system 730. As an example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include information regarding things or activities of interest to the user, such as, for example, movie show times, movie reviews, restaurant reviews, restaurant menus, product information and reviews, or other suitable information. As another example and not by way of limitation, content objects may include incentive content objects, such as coupons, discount tickets, gift certificates, or other suitable incentive objects.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 also includes user-generated content objects, which may enhance a user's interactions with social-networking system 760. User-generated content may include anything a user can add, upload, send, or “post” to social-networking system 760. As an example and not by way of limitation, a user communicates posts to social-networking system 760 from a client system 730. Posts may include data such as status updates or other textual data, location information, photos, videos, links, music or other similar data or media. Content may also be added to social-networking system 760 by a third-party through a “communication channel,” such as a newsfeed or stream.
In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may include a variety of servers, sub-systems, programs, modules, logs, and data stores. In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may include one or more of the following: a web server, action logger, API-request server, relevance-and-ranking engine, content-object classifier, notification controller, action log, third-party-content-object-exposure log, inference module, authorization/privacy server, search module, advertisement-targeting module, user-interface module, user-profile store, connection store, third-party content store, or location store. Social-networking system 760 may also include suitable components such as network interfaces, security mechanisms, load balancers, failover servers, management-and-network-operations consoles, other suitable components, or any suitable combination thereof. In particular embodiments, social-networking system 760 may include one or more user-profile stores for storing user profiles. A user profile may include, for example, biographic information, demographic information, behavioral information, social information, or other types of descriptive information, such as work experience, educational history, hobbies or preferences, interests, affinities, or location. Interest information may include interests related to one or more categories. Categories may be general or specific. As an example and not by way of limitation, if a user “likes” an article about a brand of shoes the category may be the brand, or the general category of “shoes” or “clothing.” A connection store may be used for storing connection information about users. The connection information may indicate users who have similar or common work experience, group memberships, hobbies, educational history, or are in any way related or share common attributes. The connection information may also include user-defined connections between different users and content (both internal and external). A web server may be used for linking social-networking system 760 to one or more client systems 730 or one or more third-party system 770 via network 710. The web server may include a mail server or other messaging functionality for receiving and routing messages between social-networking system 760 and one or more client systems 730. An API-request server may allow a third-party system 770 to access information from social-networking system 760 by calling one or more APIs. An action logger may be used to receive communications from a web server about a user's actions on or off social-networking system 760. In conjunction with the action log, a third-party-content-object log may be maintained of user exposures to third-party-content objects. A notification controller may provide information regarding content objects to a client system 730. Information may be pushed to a client system 730 as notifications, or information may be pulled from client system 730 responsive to a request received from client system 730. Authorization servers may be used to enforce one or more privacy settings of the users of social-networking system 760. A privacy setting of a user determines how particular information associated with a user can be shared. The authorization server may allow users to opt in to or opt out of having their actions logged by social-networking system 760 or shared with other systems (e.g., third-party system 770), such as, for example, by setting appropriate privacy settings. Third-party-content-object stores may be used to store content objects received from third parties, such as a third-party system 770. Location stores may be used for storing location information received from client systems 730 associated with users. Advertisement-pricing modules may combine social information, the current time, location information, or other suitable information to provide relevant advertisements, in the form of notifications, to a user.
In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be text (which may be HTML-linked), one or more images (which may be HTML-linked), one or more videos, audio, other suitable digital object files, a suitable combination of these, or any other suitable advertisement in any suitable digital format presented on one or more webpages, in one or more e-mails, or in connection with search results requested by a user. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may be one or more sponsored stories (e.g., a news-feed or ticker item on social-networking system 760). A sponsored story may be a social action by a user (such as “liking” a page, “liking” or commenting on a post on a page, RSVPing to an event associated with a page, voting on a question posted on a page, checking in to a place, using an application or playing a game, or “liking” or sharing a website) that an advertiser promotes, for example, by having the social action presented within a pre-determined area of a profile page of a user or other page, presented with additional information associated with the advertiser, bumped up or otherwise highlighted within news feeds or tickers of other users, or otherwise promoted. The advertiser may pay to have the social action promoted. As an example and not by way of limitation, advertisements may be included among the search results of a search-results page, where sponsored content is promoted over non-sponsored content.
In particular embodiments, an advertisement may be requested for display within social-networking-system webpages, third-party webpages, or other pages. An advertisement may be displayed in a dedicated portion of a page, such as in a banner area at the top of the page, in a column at the side of the page, in a GUI of the page, in a pop-up window, in a drop-down menu, in an input field of the page, over the top of content of the page, or elsewhere with respect to the page. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may be displayed within an application. An advertisement may be displayed within dedicated pages, requiring the user to interact with or watch the advertisement before the user may access a page or utilize an application. The user may, for example view the advertisement through a web browser.
A user may interact with an advertisement in any suitable manner. The user may click or otherwise select the advertisement. By selecting the advertisement, the user may be directed to (or a browser or other application being used by the user) a page associated with the advertisement. At the page associated with the advertisement, the user may take additional actions, such as purchasing a product or service associated with the advertisement, receiving information associated with the advertisement, or subscribing to a newsletter associated with the advertisement. An advertisement with audio or video may be played by selecting a component of the advertisement (like a “play button”). Alternatively, by selecting the advertisement, social-networking system 760 may execute or modify a particular action of the user.
An advertisement may also include social-networking-system functionality that a user may interact with. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to “like” or otherwise endorse the advertisement by selecting an icon or link associated with endorsement. As another example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may enable a user to search (e.g., by executing a query) for content related to the advertiser. Similarly, a user may share the advertisement with another user (e.g., through social-networking system 760) or RSVP (e.g., through social-networking system 760) to an event associated with the advertisement. In addition or as an alternative, an advertisement may include social-networking-system content directed to the user. As an example and not by way of limitation, an advertisement may display information about a friend of the user within social-networking system 760 who has taken an action associated with the subject matter of the advertisement.
This disclosure contemplates any suitable number of computer systems 800. This disclosure contemplates computer system 800 taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, a tablet computer system, an augmented/virtual reality device, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system 800 may include one or more computer systems 800; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; span multiple data centers; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems 800 may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems 800 may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 800 may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate.
In particular embodiments, computer system 800 includes a processor 802, memory 804, storage 806, an input/output (I/O) interface 808, a communication interface 810, and a bus 812. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular computer system having a particular number of particular components in a particular arrangement, this disclosure contemplates any suitable computer system having any suitable number of any suitable components in any suitable arrangement.
In particular embodiments, processor 802 includes hardware for executing instructions, such as those making up a computer program. As an example and not by way of limitation, to execute instructions, processor 802 may retrieve (or fetch) the instructions from an internal register, an internal cache, memory 804, or storage 806; decode and execute them; and then write one or more results to an internal register, an internal cache, memory 804, or storage 806. In particular embodiments, processor 802 may include one or more internal caches for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 802 including any suitable number of any suitable internal caches, where appropriate. As an example and not by way of limitation, processor 802 may include one or more instruction caches, one or more data caches, and one or more translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). Instructions in the instruction caches may be copies of instructions in memory 804 or storage 806, and the instruction caches may speed up retrieval of those instructions by processor 802. Data in the data caches may be copies of data in memory 804 or storage 806 for instructions executing at processor 802 to operate on; the results of previous instructions executed at processor 802 for access by subsequent instructions executing at processor 802 or for writing to memory 804 or storage 806; or other suitable data. The data caches may speed up read or write operations by processor 802. The TLBs may speed up virtual-address translation for processor 802. In particular embodiments, processor 802 may include one or more internal registers for data, instructions, or addresses. This disclosure contemplates processor 802 including any suitable number of any suitable internal registers, where appropriate. Where appropriate, processor 802 may include one or more arithmetic logic units (ALUs); be a multi-core processor; or include one or more processors 802. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular processor, this disclosure contemplates any suitable processor.
In particular embodiments, memory 804 includes main memory for storing instructions for processor 802 to execute or data for processor 802 to operate on. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may load instructions from storage 806 or another source (such as, for example, another computer system 800) to memory 804. Processor 802 may then load the instructions from memory 804 to an internal register or internal cache. To execute the instructions, processor 802 may retrieve the instructions from the internal register or internal cache and decode them. During or after execution of the instructions, processor 802 may write one or more results (which may be intermediate or final results) to the internal register or internal cache. Processor 802 may then write one or more of those results to memory 804. In particular embodiments, processor 802 executes only instructions in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 804 (as opposed to storage 806 or elsewhere) and operates only on data in one or more internal registers or internal caches or in memory 804 (as opposed to storage 806 or elsewhere). One or more memory buses (which may each include an address bus and a data bus) may couple processor 802 to memory 804. Bus 812 may include one or more memory buses, as described below. In particular embodiments, one or more memory management units (MMUs) reside between processor 802 and memory 804 and facilitate accesses to memory 804 requested by processor 802. In particular embodiments, memory 804 includes random access memory (RAM). This RAM may be volatile memory, where appropriate. Where appropriate, this RAM may be dynamic RAM (DRAM) or static RAM (SRAM). Moreover, where appropriate, this RAM may be single-ported or multi-ported RAM. This disclosure contemplates any suitable RAM. Memory 804 may include one or more memories 804, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular memory, this disclosure contemplates any suitable memory.
In particular embodiments, storage 806 includes mass storage for data or instructions. As an example and not by way of limitation, storage 806 may include a hard disk drive (HDD), a floppy disk drive, flash memory, an optical disc, a magneto-optical disc, magnetic tape, or a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive or a combination of two or more of these. Storage 806 may include removable or non-removable (or fixed) media, where appropriate. Storage 806 may be internal or external to computer system 800, where appropriate. In particular embodiments, storage 806 is non-volatile, solid-state memory. In particular embodiments, storage 806 includes read-only memory (ROM). Where appropriate, this ROM may be mask-programmed ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), electrically alterable ROM (EAROM), or flash memory or a combination of two or more of these. This disclosure contemplates mass storage 806 taking any suitable physical form. Storage 806 may include one or more storage control units facilitating communication between processor 802 and storage 806, where appropriate. Where appropriate, storage 806 may include one or more storages 806. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates particular storage, this disclosure contemplates any suitable storage.
In particular embodiments, I/O interface 808 includes hardware, software, or both, providing one or more interfaces for communication between computer system 800 and one or more I/O devices. Computer system 800 may include one or more of these I/O devices, where appropriate. One or more of these I/O devices may enable communication between a person and computer system 800. As an example and not by way of limitation, an I/O device may include a keyboard, keypad, microphone, monitor, mouse, printer, scanner, speaker, still camera, stylus, tablet, touch screen, trackball, video camera, another suitable I/O device or a combination of two or more of these. An I/O device may include one or more sensors. This disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O devices and any suitable I/O interfaces 808 for them. Where appropriate, I/O interface 808 may include one or more device or software drivers enabling processor 802 to drive one or more of these I/O devices. I/O interface 808 may include one or more I/O interfaces 808, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular I/O interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable I/O interface.
In particular embodiments, communication interface 810 includes hardware, software, or both providing one or more interfaces for communication (such as, for example, packet-based communication) between computer system 800 and one or more other computer systems 800 or one or more networks. As an example and not by way of limitation, communication interface 810 may include a network interface controller (NIC) or network adapter for communicating with an Ethernet or other wire-based network or a wireless NIC (WNIC) or wireless adapter for communicating with a wireless network, such as a WI-FI network. This disclosure contemplates any suitable network and any suitable communication interface 810 for it. As an example and not by way of limitation, computer system 800 may communicate with an ad hoc network, a personal area network (PAN), a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), or one or more portions of the Internet or a combination of two or more of these. One or more portions of one or more of these networks may be wired or wireless. As an example, computer system 800 may communicate with a wireless PAN (WPAN) (such as, for example, a BLUETOOTH WPAN), a WI-FI network, a WI-MAX network, a cellular telephone network (such as, for example, a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network), or other suitable wireless network or a combination of two or more of these. Computer system 800 may include any suitable communication interface 810 for any of these networks, where appropriate. Communication interface 810 may include one or more communication interfaces 810, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular communication interface, this disclosure contemplates any suitable communication interface.
In particular embodiments, bus 812 includes hardware, software, or both coupling components of computer system 800 to each other. As an example and not by way of limitation, bus 812 may include an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) or other graphics bus, an Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus, a front-side bus (FSB), a HYPERTRANSPORT (HT) interconnect, an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, an INFINIBAND interconnect, a low-pin-count (LPC) bus, a memory bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-Express (PCIe) bus, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association local (VLB) bus, or another suitable bus or a combination of two or more of these. Bus 812 may include one or more buses 812, where appropriate. Although this disclosure describes and illustrates a particular bus, this disclosure contemplates any suitable bus or interconnect.
Herein, a computer-readable non-transitory storage medium or media may include one or more semiconductor-based or other integrated circuits (ICs) (such, as for example, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific ICs (ASICs)), hard disk drives (HDDs), hybrid hard drives (HHDs), optical discs, optical disc drives (ODDs), magneto-optical discs, magneto-optical drives, floppy diskettes, floppy disk drives (FDDs), magnetic tapes, solid-state drives (SSDs), RAM-drives, SECURE DIGITAL cards or drives, any other suitable computer-readable non-transitory storage media, or any suitable combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, non-volatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, where appropriate.
Herein, “or” is inclusive and not exclusive, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A or B” means “A, B, or both,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Moreover, “and” is both joint and several, unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context. Therefore, herein, “A and B” means “A and B, jointly or severally,” unless expressly indicated otherwise or indicated otherwise by context.
The scope of this disclosure encompasses all changes, substitutions, variations, alterations, and modifications to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. The scope of this disclosure is not limited to the example embodiments described or illustrated herein. Moreover, although this disclosure describes and illustrates respective embodiments herein as including particular components, elements, feature, functions, operations, or steps, any of these embodiments may include any combination or permutation of any of the components, elements, features, functions, operations, or steps described or illustrated anywhere herein that a person having ordinary skill in the art would comprehend. Furthermore, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative. Additionally, although this disclosure describes or illustrates particular embodiments as providing particular advantages, particular embodiments may provide none, some, or all of these advantages.
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