Patent Application
20150119772
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to an equine boot assembly and method that simulates the natural mechanical action of walking exercise in a static equine (as when stalled and/or transported).
2. Background
It is well established that when equine animals are stabled, transported or suffering from exercise stress or laminitis benefit from exercise, cryotherapy and standing support that allows them to achieve natural balance to self relieve pain in the legs and hooves.
As explained in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683, Oct. 23, 2012 (the entire discourse and figures of which are incorporated herein by reference) “Walking causes natural compression and release of the sole of the equine hoof. As the hoof strikes the ground, the walls of the hoof expand slightly to allow the frog of the hoof to be compressed. When the hoof is raised, the frog returns to its resting position. This action on the frog of the hoof acts as a secondary blood pump to circulate blood to all parts of the hoof, as well as to other extremities. In many cases, post surgical walking is not only an equine's natural way of healing, but is essential for a horse's recovery and well being. It is often necessary to walk a horse several times a day for days to weeks after surgery. Such exercise can be both expensive and time consuming.”
“The importance of the hoof as a blood pump is not limited to injury and healing, however. Horses that are transported or stalled, especially in stalls with hard floor surfaces, suffer from lack of hoof and leg exercise. In many cases, owners will stop and exercise their horses as often as every four hours greatly extending travel time and inconvenience. Although recovery needs be rapid in these hauled performance horses to restore natural circulation of blood to the extremities, and to return the horse to performance condition, horses transported long distances may need significant recovery time to regain peak performance. Unfortunately, attempts to achieve this rapid recovery commonly require the use of excessive medication, including pain killers and legal stimulants.”
It is also known that cold therapy (cryotherapy) is helpful in preventing injury in animals before and after stressful activity and in treating laminitis. As quoted in an article in The Chronicle of the Horse, “Cold therapy is used by every international team at every competition,” said Merrick. “Without a doubt, cold therapy got some of our team horses through. It's called high performance for a reason, and the demands on the horses are high. On the international stage where therapeutic medication is not allowed to help with recovery or minor pain relief, icing is the primary way to maintain the horses' comfort and performance.” Jennifer M. Keeler, Ice Down To Ride On, The Chronicle of the Horse; Sep. 9, 2013 (www.chronofhorse.com). Also see E. R. Hunt, Response of Twenty-seven Horses with Lower leg Injuries to Cold Spa Bath Hydrotherapy: Journal of Equine Veterinary Science; Volume 21, Number 4, 2001, p188-193. The use of seawater and magnesium salts in a cold water therapy is also well known as beneficial in healing and recovery of stress and other injuries. See U.S. provisional application 62/040,563. And as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683, issue Oct. 23, 2012: “Laminitis is generally thought to result from an imbalance in the horse's internal system. For example, an injury or upset to some part of the body is combated by the circulatory system as blood rushes to the injured area. The momentary reduction in blood flow deprives the capillaries which feed the lamina. The lamina is the “velcro” that attaches the bone to the hoof wall. In the brief time the lamina lacks sufficient blood flow, the capillaries begin to die and the “Velcro” attachment is weakened. The deep flexor tendon is attached to the bottom (palmar surface) of the coffin bone. This tendon is an extension of a muscle which reacts to the pain of the tearing lamina. As the muscle contracts, the tendon is in tension and pulls on the coffin bone. Once this pain cycle is established, it must be broken before healing can begin.” “While lameness, especially that caused by laminitis is difficult to cure, it is possible to relieve some of the pressure and pain by use of proper trimming, shoes or boots that allow the horse to find a comfortable position and to relieve unnecessary pressure on a lame hoof. Such relief is often essential to an eventual cure.”
The present invention is additional embodiments of the invention described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683—embodiments comprising exercise simulation therapies combined with cryotherapy and means for achieving natural balance. A stabled horse using the system and method of this invention will think it is walking in a soft bed of sand in a cold mountain steam.
The present invention includes an equine boot assembly and method that simulates the natural mechanical actions and benefits of walking (or other gaits) in a stationary animal that are improvements and/or extensions of the simulated gel walker systems of the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683, Oct. 23, 2013. In this invention dual bladders are included in each hoof assembly to provide more flexibility in simulation of a natural gait and in a allowing more customized treatment modalities. In additional embodiments the present invention incorporates into the simulated exercise modality means for cryotherapy and rocker attachment to allow an equine to achieve natural balance.
For horses, walking is more than mere exercise; it is also therapeutic. In walking or running, the frog of the hoof operates in concert with the rest of the hoof to act as a secondary blood pump to circulate blood to the extremities and return blood to the heart. For post surgical recovery, easing of the pain caused by laminitis, and fatigue prevention, this increased blood flow is very beneficial, if not necessary. However, it is not always possible or economical to walk (or perform some other means of exercise) a horse as much or as often as needed. Additionally, while walking is necessary for the general well-being of equines, it cannot be accomplished during hauling or when the animal is stalled.
The present invention is, in several embodiments, a boot assembly and method that simulates the natural mechanical actions and benefits of walking (or other gaits) in a stationary animal that are improvements and/or extensions of the simulated gel walker systems of the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683, Oct. 23, 2013 the disclosure and figures are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. In additional embodiments the present invention incorporates into the simulated exercise modality means for cryotherapy and a rocker attachment to allow an equine to achieve a more natural balance.
The objective of this invention is an electronically-controlled pressurization system that will simulate natural equine gaits in an equine boot equipped with gel orthotic pads and pulsing chambers. In use, the equine will be equipped with one to four boots (one per hoof). The control system will cyclically independently and sequentially pressurize dual pads in each boot to mimic the natural gaits of the horse. The goal of this therapy is to prevent or treat negative consequences of confinement, and provide some of the benefits of walking therapy in horses who cannot be exercised. It is especially beneficial as a part of treatment regimen for equine laminitis. The improvements in this aspect of the invention over that described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683 is, inter alia, the use of dual pads disposed in or under elastomeric gel pads. In some embodiments and the pressure pump and control center will be suspended from containers suspended on the equine possibly with a surcingle, harness or from a ceiling or other overhead means.
The invention exists in three broad embodiments 1) the simulated walking system, 2) the simulated walking system with a rocker attachment for the boot sole and 3) the simulated walking system disposed in an ice boot or ice spa.
In all embodiments the system will cyclically pressurize each of dual pads in each boot system to simulate, at minimum, a typical equine walking gait. Preferably, the system will be capable of simulating both walking and trotting gaits, other sequences designed by the user. The system is, in one on-board embodiment, light weight and battery operated so that the entire apparatus—controller, valves, air pump, and compressed air holding tank (if needed), is completely portable and can be carried on the horse giving complete freedom of movement. The maximum desirable weight is about twenty (20) to forty (40) pounds. Battery time is, ideally, about 1-6 plus hours. The system is sufficiently durable and energy efficient to maintain continuous operation for a reasonable amount of time, for example 0.5 to 4 hours. For example, the entire pumping means, valves and control panel may be attached to a surcingle or overgirth (see the discussion at wikipedia.org under Surcingle).
For use in trailers, the portable battery may be bypassed and the pressure means (pump or compressor) attached to an electrical connection on the vehicle or trailer. Such 12 volt outlets are often provided on horse trailers. The same made be done in stalls equipped with DC power outlets, or with batteries external to the mounted battery assembly. Other options include systems for clinical use in which the equine is constrained and the compressor and electrical source is external the on-board system. For example an equine can be restrained in a working chute, double tether and the like. It is preferred for safety reasons, that both the compressor and electric supply (for compressor) be external rather than have the compressor on board. However the air supply to the system may be a fixed air compressor arrangement if the use is in a fixed location such as a clinic or stable.
However the system may be tethered to air support conduits and supplied with pulsing fluid from a stationary system the can operated on a fixed electricity source or batteries. This reduces mobility but enhanced operating time and allows larger less portable operating system components.
The system is capable of pressurizing the boot orthotic pads (bladder) enough to lift the animal off the ground approximately one inch when pressurized. This can be accomplished with a pressure of 10-30 psi. In general the front dual pad will be smaller than the rear and will provide less lift—See
The boot assembly comprises a flexible boot having disposed therein a pad (preferably an elastomeric (gel)), dual pulsing means for expanding and contracting portions of the pad in a pulsing action to provide a massaging action to the sole bottom and frog of the hoof. This action cyclically compresses and relieves the frog of the hoof in the same way as does walking or running. The means for expansion and contraction is, in one embodiment, dual flexible bladders (bag) that may be expanded by pumping into it a pressurizing fluid (liquid or gas) and then releasing the pressure so the bags retracts to or substantially near its initial position—providing a cyclical pumping action. Exemplary pulsing bags or bladders (“pulsers”) are shown in
In general, the volume of the pulsing bladders will be from about one hundred (100) to about five hundred (500) mL (6-31 cubic inches); therefore, the amount of fluid needed not be great, and the pressure system can easily be battery powered and carried by the horse. They may also be of different sizes in the same boot.
The pressure pulsing means will have at least one inlet port, 388 and 384, and in some cases may have both inlet and outlet ports in order to attach conduit through which the pressurizing fluid passes. Generally, only one port is required but in some embodiments an inlet and outlet port will be used to circulate fluid, particularly cooling fluid through the pulsing bladder. When air or other gas is the pressurizing fluid chosen, the pulsing means (bladder) can be both pressurized and depressurized through a single port by venting, as through a three-way valve (as illustrated in
Pressure levels in the pressure pulsing means need not be excessive-pressures from about 10 to about two hundred seven (207) kPa (0+ to 30 psi) are effective in achieving the desired pulsing action, with pressures from about twenty-one (21) to one hundred thirty-eight (138) kPa (3-20 psi) being preferred. The optimum pressure required for any size and configuration can be easily determined as that needed to raise the hoof of a standing horse the desired amount, generally about 0.2 to 1.5 inches.
In one or more embodiments, the equine boot pad assembly of the present invention uses versions of an equine boot and orthotic pads described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,178,321, issued Feb. 20, 2007, U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,051, issued Nov. 4, 2008, D565256, issued Mar. 25, 2008, U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/284,925 filed Sep. 24, 2008, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The basic features of the boot and shock absorbing pad useful in the assembly of this invention are summarized below. The boot/pad assembly comprises a flexible boot (as shown U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683) and shock absorbing orthotic pad disposed inside and at the bottom of the boot. A version of the pad and boot, as described in the patent and patent applications noted above, is adapted to provide dual pulsing means disposed under, or as an integral part of the orthotic pad (as described below). The term pulsing as used herein means the cyclical expansion and deflation of a device or other means to apply cyclical surface pressure against some portion(s) of the underside of the hoof of a horse.
In broad aspect, the boot of some embodiments of the invention comprises an upper portion made from flexible material (as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683), shaped to fit the hoof of an animal. See the patents and applications noted above (disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference). In general, a suitable boot has a front, sides, rear and bottom; the front slopes back and upward, the sides are lower than the front and rear so that when the front and rear are pulled together there is an opening in the sides. There is a fastening means at the top front and rear to fasten the front and rear together around the leg and hoof of a horse. In one aspect, the bottom is attached to a base comprising a molded elastomeric base that is preferably entirely circumscribed by a peripheral wall (or sides) defining a receiving area sized to fit over (or under) the bottom of the upper portion.
The sole plate base is preferably a separate molded piece and is attached to the bottom of the fabric upper. The base helps to hold the boot in position on the hoof and, if walled around the entire circumference, prevents the hoof from sliding forward or rearward while in use. Moreover, the base is important in order to confine the orthotic pad in place and to prevent lateral expansion of the pad. If a relatively “soft” pad is used (as is often desirable), the weight of the horse will flatten the pad and, if there is an opening in the base, the pad will be extruded out the opening. It is, therefore, especially important that the bottom circumference of the boot sole be sufficiently strong to contain the soft pad when it is squeezed outward by the pressure of the horse's hoof. By having the base wall entirely surrounding the circumference, the pad is held in place and will conform to the shape of the hoof, and will continue to do so as the horse moves. This provides an accommodative surface to allow the horse to find the best natural balance position—similar to the effect of having the horse stand in loose sand.
This accommodative gel surface, combined with the pulsing action described below, provides an exceptionally effective simulated exercise and therapeutic device and method. The ability to achieve natural balance is especially important for horses with injured or diseased hooves. In horses with severe laminitis, the coffin bone (PIII) is pulled downward by the deep digital flexor tendon to such an extent that cutting the tendon (tenotemy) is often prescribed. The deep gel orthotic (pad) of the present invention allows the horse to adjust its stance to relieve this tendon pull, thereby reducing the pain and promoting healing. The deep gel orthotic, combined with the pulling action, can exercise the tendon, stretching it to the extent that the need for tenotemy is reduced or eliminated. Moreover, tenotemies cause the tendon to re-grow somewhat shorter than it was originally (due to scar tissue, etc.). If a tenotemy is required, the pulsing action of this invention is helpful in stretching and releasing the shortened tendon to promote restoration of the tendon's length and flexibility.
In a preferred embodiment, the bottom of the base (as illustrated by the cross section of the base is sloped upward in the front at an angle of about five (5) to thirty (30) degrees from the bottom plane. The slope begins at a point on the bottom of the base twenty (20) to forty (40) percent of the length from front to rear of the base plate. The point of beginning is preferably about one third (⅓) of the distance from the front of the length of the base. This angled base plate allows the hoof to rock forward and backward without undue pressure on the hoof. When the horse walks, the boot will naturally “break-over” (i.e. pivot forward), preventing abnormal pressure on the hoof. This rocker effect is well recognized as beneficial, and there are a number of commercial products—such as the “clog” shoe, and other devices designed to “rock” with the shift in body weight of the horse—allowing the hoof to achieve a “natural balance.” This type of tapered base is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,051, issued Nov. 4, 2008, D565,256, issued Mar. 25, 2008, patent application Ser. No. 12/284,925 filed Sep. 24, 2008, the disclosures and figures of which are incorporated herein by reference. An additional “rocker” attachment may also be used and is more fully described below.
The base or sole plate is preferably molded of polymeric elastomer material or hard rubber (having the consistency and hardness to approximate automobile tires). Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) are suitable materials for the base plate. It is preferred that thermoplastic polyurethanes of about fifty-five (55) to seventy-five (75) Shore A hardness be used, with Shore A hardness of sixty-five (65) to seventy (70) being especially suitable. Other polymer materials with characteristics similar to thermoplastic polyurethanes may also be suitable. Choosing these will be well within the ability of those skilled in the polymer art.
The base of the shock absorbing orthotic pad (as shown and described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683 and the other referenced patents and applications noted above) is generally shaped to both approximate the shape of the animal's hoof-print and fit into the boot. This pad, preferably made of shock absorbing material, can be easily trimmed to conform to the hoof of the individual animal on which it will be used. More elongated oval shapes are especially useful in laminitis affected horses, where the hoof is tilted downward because of the abnormal growth rates of the hoof walls caused by the compromised tubules of the laminae.
It is well known that the hoof frog acts somewhat as a blood pump. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,010 where it is stated “The horny frog (58) is very elastic and acts as a shock absorber and as a second heart to the horse. As the hoof is pressed against the ground, old blood is forced up and out of the foot. When the hoof is lifted off the ground, the elastic frog (58) springs back, letting new blood into the foot.” With the pulsing means of this invention, the frog will be massaged and flexed, even if the horse is shod and the toe lifted to deduce pressure on injured portion of the hoof. Without the pulsing means, the shoe holds the hoof sole off the ground, reducing the natural action of flexing the frog and resulting in decreased blood flow. The pulsing action of this invention allows the natural rhythmic application of pressure to the frog to continue even on shod horses. The front pulser means will lift the toe and provide added motion and relief. The dual bladder will provide added flexibility to the options for more realistic simulation of walking and for special options for therapeutic applications.
In some embodiments, the pad will not have the triangular projection or a front projection that ct as a stop for the hoof even without the frog support, the front ridge projection is often useful, especially for a horse with a severely injured or damaged hoof. At times it is necessary to resection (remove the front hard hoof surface) a horse's hoof if it is damaged or diseased. Such is the case with advanced laminitis. In these cases, the soft front support ridge provides extra comfort to the hoof, especially if the pad is wedge-shaped (sloped) in a way that forces the front of the hoof downward.
The pad base bears the burden of supplying the bulk of the support for the animal. The present invention differs from previous support shoes or pads that allow the hoof wall to move. An advantage of the relatively large and soft pad (Deep Gel(r)) is that it enables the horse to adjust the position of its hoof to the most comfortable position. Support of the rear of the hoof reduces the pull of the deep flexor tendon on the coffin bone in tendinitis, and serves to reduce pain and provide support for healing of the lamina.
Likewise, it has been found that the shape of the pad is important. Completely round pads have been found not to perform well in actual use, as they tend to rotate in the boot. An elliptically shaped pad is desirable to maintain consistent fit and to prevent rotation of the pad in use. The shape will depend on the nature of the hooves, for example, Arabian horses generally have more elongated hooves than do Quarter horses. Moreover, more elongated pads are more suited for horses with laminitis, as is discussed above.
The pad can be made of any suitable elastomeric polymer material that provides flexibility, shock absorbency, some degree of elasticity, resilience, and dimensional stability. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polysilicone, and similar elastomers, well known to those in the art, are also suitable. In a preferred embodiment, the base is constructed of a cast polyurethane elastomer. For example, polyurethane casting elastomer having a Shore A hardness of from about ten (10) to about seventy (70) is suitable. It is preferred that the base be of about twenty (20) to seventy (70) Shore A hardness and the support be of about eight (8) to fifty (50) Shore A hardness. In some situations, very soft pads are desirable. These will generally be thicker than harder pads, and will have a Shore 00 hardness of about five (5) to seventy (70).
It is preferred that the material for the pads of this invention have low rebound resiliency, generally lower that twenty-five (25) percent and preferably between two (2) and ten (10) percent. These elastomeric pads are sometimes referred to herein as “gel” or “gel pads” and as “orthotics”. In another embodiment, the underside of the pad has a depression to contain the pulser bladders. The bladder has an inlet port. Inlet and outlet ports could be provided for use if the pressurizing fluid is liquid. The depression in the pad has a minimum depth of approximately six and four-tenths (6.4) mm (0.25 inch) from the surface of the pad, and is generally centered in the pad so as to leave at least about twelve and seven-tenths (12.7) mm (0.5 inch) of pad surface around the depression. This pad surface space is to provide support of the equine hoof and may be as wide (from depression to the outside edge of the pad) as thirty-eight (38) mm (1.5 inches), depending upon the size of the pads (to accommodate different size hooves) and the desired support surface for the hoof.
For some purposes it is desirable to have the pulsing means built in as an integral part of a gel orthotic pad. As explained above, placing the pulsing means into the pad provides the most flexibility for size, placement, and location to customize the pulsing means and action.
The pad may have a hole in the side for fluid conduit(s) to pass through. Instead of holes, cuts may be made in the side of the pad to accommodate the conduit. Alternatively, the conduit may be extended or connected to longer conduits which are not passed through the side of the boot (see boots in U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,051, issued Nov. 4, 2008, D565256, issued Mar. 25, 2008), but are placed along the inside of the boot (between the boot and hoof) and passed out a side opening or top of the boot to be connected to conduits as shown by in
In a test, a pressure bladder, about fifteen (15) by fourteen (14) cm (6 by 5.5 inches), with a single conduit port, was attached to a squeeze bulb with a pressure gage and was placed completely under an orthotic pad such as that described above (without a special depression) and placed on one hoof of a horse. When pressured to about ninety-seven (97) kPa (14 psig), the hoof was lifted about two and one-half (2.5) cm (1 inch). When the horse shifted its weight, the pressure dropped to about fourteen (14) kPa (2 psi). This test demonstrates that high pressures are not needed, and that a pressure in the range of about near zero to about two hundred seven (207) kPa (0+ to 30 psi) is effective to achieve the purposes of this invention.
In one embodiment, a conduit is attached to each pulsing means (pressure bladder or bag) and passed through the side of the boot (see
In general, to the simplest system of the invention will use air as the pressure fluid and to use only one conduit for each bladder (see
In another embodiment, illustrated in U.S. Publication No. 2011/0067366 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683 (the disclosures of which is incorporated herein by reference) the base or bottom of the sole is fitted with a “rocker” attachment to provide more flexibility in breaker range and position. The rocker attachment is rounded front and rear. It may also be more rounded in front and less tapered in the rear. A number of suitable configurations will work and tailored to the particular needs of the horse on which the boots are placed. The boot may have a spacer that is patterned matched to the pattern of the underside of boot base. The rocker is attached to the spacer by screw bolts. The rocker has slots to allow the rocker to be moved toward the front or rear of the boot base to micro-adjust the position of the rocker relative to the boot base, thus allowing adjustment of the “breakover” point. A complete description of rocker attachments suitable for this invention is described in patent application Ser. No. 12/882,352, filed Sep. 15, 2010, U.S. Publication No. 2011/0067366 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683, the disclosures, teachings and Figures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Rocker Attachment as the term is used herein means the attachment described and those described in application Ser. No. 12/882,352,U.S. Publication No. 2011/0067366 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,291,683 and those obvious variations as will be evident to those skilled in the art.
In operation, boots are fitted with a pad (
The controller, 238, allows pressurizing fluid into pressure pulsing means 306 through control valve 231 to inflate the pulsing means. To deflate, the controller closes the pad conduit side of the valve and opens the vent 236 side, thus, allowing the pad to deflate. The inflation and deflation of pressure pulsing means 306 provides a pulsing action on the bottom of the hoof similar to walking or running. The dual pulsers provide even more realistic action and the allow option on motion for treatment protocols. When pressurized, the container applies surface pressure against the underside of the hoof, which is relieved when the container is depressurized. The pulsing action is very like the natural mechanical action on the hoof of the animal when walking, trotting or running. Pressuring and release is automated, as shown in
In the one configuration, the pulsing action is provided for all four hooves and is coordinated between the hooves; thus, on the front hooves, one hoof the dual pressure pulsing means is inflated in sequence in each boot while the other hoof pressure pulsing means is deflated, then the action is switched. The pressurizing arrangement is duplicated for each hoof boot or is modified with multiple inlet and outlet valves as detailed above. The arrangement allows variation in pressure (lift) and timing intervals. Pulsation of the rear hooves can be similarly coordinated with each other and with pulsation of the front hooves, in order to simulate the rhythmic pattern of equine gaits, such as walking, trotting or running. Pressurization fluid passes through conduit 235 to each of the three way valves: 373, 372, 371, and 231. When deflated, the air is vented through conduit 236 or recycled as explained above. These valves are controlled by signals from controller 238 through signal leads 240, 241, 242, and 243. Items 248 are optional signal lights (e.g. LEDs) to indicate activity. In one embodiment, the pressure in tank 232 is controlled by controller 256 and pump 252. Controller 256 activates pump 252 to add pressure, or opens valve 258 to release pressure. Tank 232 also has optional pressure gage 250. A pulsing sequence for each boot of about 0.5 to 6 seconds will approximate walking, with a sequence of about 1 to 3 seconds being preferred. Generally, at a walk, three hooves will be on the ground and one off the ground, as explained below. In that case, three hoof bladder pair will be inflated in sequence while one will be deflated, and inflation and deflation will be appropriately sequenced. For example, the bladder in boot 360 may be deflated, simulating boot 360 off the ground, and boots 361, 362, and 363 will be inflated, simulating contact with the ground.
The pulsing sequence, timing, and degree of inflation can be customized by the user to find an optimum, and can be varied to adjust the routine to obtain additional benefits. The timing to simulate any condition of walking, or other gaits, can be easily discerned and the operation of the pulsing boot assemblies (pulse timing, hoof sequencing, etc.) set to obtain appropriate simulation of these natural gait conditions. A walking gait is preferred. For example, it is known that “The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will always have one foot raised and the other three feet on the ground, save for a brief moment when weight is being transferred from one foot to another.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse gaits. Thus, at a walk, three of the hoof pads will be inflated, simulating hooves on the ground, and one will be deflated, simulating the hoof that is raised. Then the deflated hoof pad will be inflated, simulating the hoof being placed on the ground and another hoof pad will be deflated, in the sequence described above. For gaits other than a walk, the timing, sequence, number of hooves on the ground, and pressure applied may vary. This can easily be simulated by reference to the description of the gaits as in the reference above. Timing of the pulse will be longer if simulating a walk than it will be for faster gaits and the sequence will be different.
The above described systems show the dual pulsing system disposed in an equine boot as described. In another set of embodiments the pulsing system is disposed in a taller boot structure that may be filled with fluid (water is preferred) and ice to provide cryotherapy. Sea salt and/or magnesium salts may also be added to water and means to bubble air through the fluid to provide a kind of ice spa.
A very suitable boot for this purpose in described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. Ser. No. 14/4565,006 filed Aug. 21, 2014 now Publication U.S. ______ and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 62/040,563 now application Ser. No. ______.
The boot has sides and bottom of water retaining fabric, a sole plate that is semi-rigid and has a solid bottom and side walls extending entirely around the circumference of a sole plate, means to removably secure an elastomeric pad to the inside bottom of the boot and means to inject air into the lower section of the reservoir. Optionally the boot has at least one zipper and at least one batten pocket extending from the top of the boot downward.
In use, the boot is partially filled with water and crushed ice and, optionally, the air circulated into a port at the lower end of the boot. In some embodiments in an ice spa aspect of the invention, sea salt is added to the water in the boot and optionally magnesium salt such as Epson salt. Sea salts contain a number of elements other than sodium chloride that are beneficial in spa treatment including potassium, calcium chloride and bromides. Sea salts with varying amounts of other compounds are available commercially. Magnesium salts that are soluble in water are also available. Magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride are useful. In general it is desirable that the salt concentration be about twice that of sea water. A concentration of about 0.2 pounds of sea salt and 0.3 pounds of magnesium salt has been shown to be effective. Since the effectiveness of the osmotic effect of the minerals is determined by concentration (and temperature) optimum salt levels may be determined by simple experimentation. The salts may be prepackaged in the correct amount to add to a predetermined amount of water in the boot reservoir. Coolant temperatures of about 32-40° F. are desirable. Treatments (legs in coolant) of about 20-40 minutes have been found effective.
Temperatures were measured in a test of a prototype ice boot holding about 2.5 gallons of water and ice (about 1.75 gallons of liquid water) with 5 ounces of Epson salt (magnesium) and 3 ounces of sea salt. Temperature of the water after about 20 minutes was 27° F. The hoof was about 32° F. A control hoof that was not in a boot was 65° F.
In some embodiments the boot is made of semi-rigid material. Embodiments of the invention with a boot reservoir are illustrated in
Referring to
Inside the boot 600 is disposed an elastomeric shock-absorbing orthotic pad. To prevent rotating of the pad, it is important that the boot bottom be secured to the top inside surface of the sole plate (to the boot bottom that is attached to the sole plate) and that the pad be secured to the bottom inside of the boot. It is preferred that the attachment of the pad to the boot and the boot to the sole plate be secure but be capable of detachment for removable and replacement. A convenient means of providing a removable, secure attachment is to provide a hook-and-loop strap to the underside of the pad, to mate with a matching hook-and-loop strap on the bottom side of the coolant boot, (672 in
The boot is open at the top. The boot may also have a drain, 616 in
Referring to
Waterproof zippers, 626 are located around the sides of the boot 601. Two zippers placed opposite each other have performed well in trials of a prototype and are preferred. One or more zippers are suitable in appropriate circumstances. These zippers allow the boot walls, 601, to be opened to allow the equine hoof to be fitted into and secured in the boot and be properly placed on an orthotic pad, located in the inside bottom of the boot. Items 632 (
Air is circulated in the boot by attaching an air pump to the conduit 618. As described for the other embodiments, an air pump such as those available for hydroponics and weighing about 4-8 pounds works well. The air pump can be battery operated and fitted with a connection for an external 12 volt power source. In one aspect the air pump will have eight outlets to accommodate pulsers on all four hooves. I
Prototype boots were made with a top circumference of about 34-36 inches and a height of about 26 inches for boots treatment of exercise stress where it is important that the knees be covered. Boots for laminitis treatment have a bottom of about 22 inches circumference and top of about 28 inches. Generally, it is preferred that boot for performance equine treatment that need knee icing will be taller and more conical than shorter boots for laminitis treatment. These dimensions are illustrative only and may vary as desired.
The boot may be constructed of any suitable material, such as fabrics and flexible polymer materials capable of retaining water. Since it is desirable that there be means for attaching the cooling boot to an orthotic pad on the top side of the bottom of the boot and to the sole plate on the bottom side of the boot, the material should be one that will allow such attachment. Simple plastic boots such as polyethylene or polypropylene may be used but generally will not be sufficiently strong and will be difficult to attach components. Fabrics, such as those used in other equine boots may be used and may to be coated to make them waterproof. A TPU coated polyester fabric is used effectively in prototype boots. In a prototype a TPU coated fabric (for example polyester or polyester or Nylon™) is used to good effect. The fabric is commercially available from numerous sources including Mesa Laminated Fabrics (see information at mesafabrics.com) and Eastex Products. In a prototype, Mesathane 6036 from Mesa Laminated Fabrics (35 or 45 gage) works very well. The TPU coating allows RF welding that is an important consideration in constructing batten pockets and attaching zippers described below.
Coolant may be as simple as crushed ice in water, which in the open top boot will be very suitable and is preferred. Other coolants may also be used, particularly if the coolant is externally cooled and circulated in the coolant bag or boot. Suitable coolants should have good thermal conductivity, a low flash (or vaporization temperature) point, be non-corrosive, inexpensive and readily available and be able to dissolve sea salt. Some useful coolants include, but are not limited to: water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol/water, ethanol/water, calcium chloride solution, potassium formate/acetate solution. The choice of coolant can also be made to affect the temperature of the coolant. Generally coolants will be above about 32° F.
The sole plate like that of the boot described above, is a separate molded piece. In the embodiments of
The sole plate is attached to the lower section of the cooling boot. Attachment is preferably accomplished by either an adhesive and/or mechanical mean. For example, the sole plate may be first attached by a suitable adhesive then sewn to the lower portion of the cloth boot. It has been found that two rows of stitching is especially preferred to prevent the sole from coming detached from the fabric upper during use. A double row of stitching is indicated in the sole plate of
An important aspect of the ice spa embodiments of this invention is the inclusion of means to removably secure the equine leg and hoof to the boot so that when the equine lifts its leg the boot will remain attached. A preferred attachment means is shown in
A preferred fabric for the collar is a custom woven anti-rub cover of UHMW (ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene). The fibers have a very low coefficient of friction, significantly lower than nylon and are comparable to Teflon and are highly resistant to abrasion and have extremely low moisture absorption.
An additional optional aspect of the coolant boot assembly of the invention is a flexible removable closure for the top of the boot. If the boot is placed on a horse and the horse is jostled or lies down the iced water will spill out of the boot. A suitable top closure is made of neoprene closed cell foam material and is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 14/465,006, filed Aug. 21, 2014, now publication U.S. No. ______, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In a preferred embodiment there are two matching pieces that are attached by hook and loop straps to the hook and loop straps in the top circumference of the boot. On one side there is a half of a hook and loop strap system. On the other side there is also a half of a hook and loop strap system. The pieces are attached to the boot top straps by mating the hook and loop straps on the top closure pieces to those on the top inside of the boot. The pieces can then be wrapped around the leg of an equine and secured by mating the straps. Suitable flexible materials will be apparent to those skilled in the art. An ⅛ inch thick closed cell polyurethane foam fabric is used in a prototype and works well.
Suitable shock-absorbing orthotic pads for these ice boot and spa embodiments are the same as described for the boot embodiments described above and as described and illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 7,445,051, issued Nov. 4, 2008, U.S. Pat. No. 8,220,231, issued Jul. 17, 2012,U.S. D616,614 issued Jul. 22, 2014 and US application ser. no. 29/454,564 filed Mar. 10, 2013, the descriptions and Figures of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. The pad may or may not be sloping towards the front.
Ridged orthotic Pad
A special pad that facilitates coolant flow beneath the hoof is shown in
The boot apparatus and method can be used on shod and unshod horses. It will be an advantage in some circumstances to have the hoof shod, all things being equal, since the shoe will allow coolant to contact the sole of the hoof as well as the wall. Plastic or polymer, light weight shoes that can be attached to the hoof without nails (as with an adhesive) are preferred. As discussed above the dual pad pulsing means (pad and pulser bladders) are disposed in the ice boot. Alternatively the whole boot assembly as described in the first set of embodiments may be placed in the ice boot/spa. In operation the pulsing means will be operated in the same manner as the pulsing means in a fabric boot.
In a boot with zipper(s) (or other openings) as in
The boot assembly as described in the embodiments above is fitted with an air pump (battery or power operated) to inject air through the tube 618 and valve 616 into liquid in the boot. The boot is partially filled with water and crushed ice and the air circulated. Sea salt may be added to the coolant in the reservoir and optionally magnesium salt. Sea salts contain a number of elements other than sodium chloride that are beneficial in the spa treatment including potassium, calcium chloride and bromides. Moreover, the source of sea salt is important in selection of trace minerals. For example, it is reported that waters from the Dead Sea are unique in that they contain 27% of various salts as compared to 3% in normal sea water. Further, while sodium accounts for approximately 80% of the salt content of normal sea water, it comprises much less of the salt total in water from the Dead Sea. The balance of the salts in Dead Sea water is magnesium, potassium, calcium chloride and bromides. Sea salts from various sources and with varying amounts of minerals are available commercially. Magnesium salts that are soluble in water are also available. Magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride are useful. As with sea salts magnesium salts from different natural sources are available.
In general it is desirable that the salt concentration be about twice that of sea water. A concentration of about 0.2 pounds of sea salt and 0.3 pounds of magnesium salt has been shown to be effective. Since the effectiveness of the osmotic effect of the minerals is determined by concentration (and temperature) optimum salt levels may be determined by simple experimentation. It is reported that concentrations of 2 and 7.5% sea salt in water were very effective in reducing pain and increasing mobility in human trials. Machtey, Dr. I. 1982, Dead Sea Balneotherapy in Osteoarthritis, Proc. International Seminar on Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases. It is assumed that the same is true of equine legs. The salts may be prepackaged in the correct amount to add to a predetermined amount of water in the boot reservoir. Coolant temperatures of about 32-40° F. are desirable. Treatments (legs in coolant) of about 20-40 minutes have been found effective. A short prototype of the boot assembly will contain about 2.25 gallons of coolant with an equine leg in the boot. A taller prototype holds about five (5) gallons.
A suitable method of filling the boot is to fill the bottom of the boot to above the ankle (about one gallon in the prototypes) add salt then add water and ice to fill the boot. Adding water first keeps the ice from lodging under the hooves (it floats) and allows good mixing of the salts.
The method of the invention comprises fitting a horse needing cryotherapy treatment and/or suffering from or in danger of the onset of laminitis on one or more hooves with cooling boot assembly described herein, filling the cooling boot with coolant (and replenishing the coolant as it gains temperature) and minerals for sufficient time to and temperature to effect measurable cooling of the leg and hoof, and injecting a gas into the coolant. The minerals that are beneficial are sea salt and, optionally, magnesium compounds in effective amounts as described above.
Based on a study by Dr Andrew W. van Eps, horses can withstand prolonged near freezing cold application. “When cooling the feet, the length of application time varies from case to case.” When used in a sick horse for preventing laminitis, it may be applied for 3 to 7 days. In a horse that has just developed laminitis, 2 to 3 days of continuous cryotherapy may be used, provided it's not used in cases where there is infection in the foot, such as occurs with many chronically laminitic horses with concurrent foot abscesses. “He adds that while those temperatures and time frames would be highly dangerous to humans, the horses seem to tolerate them quite well.” I think they're somewhat adapted, as a species, to walking around in snow and cold weather” he says. “In the horse, we can cool the foot to 41 degrees using ice water for several days without apparent adverse effects, while those same temperatures are painful for us and can actually damage our tissue.” From the article by Lisa Kemp, Stopping Laminitis Cold; American Farriers Journal, September/October 2011; www.americanfarriers.com. This paper provides guidance for the application of cooling in this invention and its teachings are incorporated herein by reference.
The simulated walker embodiments described herein can be especially effective in special situations in addition to the purposes above described. For example, in human knee surgical recovery is enhanced by exercise such as with a knee machine. The same effects can be achieved for equine surgery recovery by use of embodiments of this invention. The leg of a recovering animal can be placed in the boot and the sole pulsed periodically in a controlled way to provide the right kind of simulated exercise to optimize recovery.
Additionally, many equine foals are born with crooked legs. Since in the first early days the bones are soft and malleable it is conventional therapy to place shoe pads on the sides of the hoof to turn the leg to have it grow straight. The systems of this invention with the pulsers placed on the sides as opposed to front and back can be used in a much more controlled way to aid in the straightening foal's legs.
In the foregoing specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification is, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. Therefore, the scope of the invention should be limited only by the appended claims.
This application claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/898,270 filed Oct. 31, 2013, U.S. application Ser. No. 14/465,006 filed Aug. 21, 2014 and U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 62/040,563 filed Aug. 22, 2014, the disclosure and figures of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61898270 | Oct 2013 | US | |
| 62040563 | Aug 2014 | US |
