Patent Grant
8074158
I. Field
The present invention relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for performing erasure detection in a wireless communication system.
II. Background
In a wireless communication system, a wireless device (e.g., a cellular phone) communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on the downlink and uplink. The downlink (or forward link) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the wireless devices, and the uplink (or reverse link) refers to the communication link from the wireless devices to the base stations. In a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system, a base station can transmit data to multiple wireless devices simultaneously. The total transmit power available at the base station determines the downlink capacity of the base station. A portion of the total transmit power is allocated to each active wireless device such that the aggregate transmit power used for all active wireless devices is less than or equal to the total transmit power.
To maximize downlink capacity, a power control mechanism is typically used for each wireless device. The power control mechanism is normally implemented with two power control loops, which are often called an “inner” loop and an “outer” loop. The inner loop adjusts the transmit power used for data transmission to the wireless device such that the received signal quality, which may be quantified by a signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SIR), is maintained at an SIR target. The outer loop adjusts the SIR target to achieve a desired level of performance, which may be quantified by a block error rate (BLER) target and/or some other performance criterion.
The outer loop adjusts the SIR target based on the status of data blocks received by the wireless device. The outer loop typically decreases the SIR target by a small DOWN step if a “good” data block is received and increases the SIR target by a large UP step if a “bad” data block is received. The DOWN and UP steps are selected based on the BLER target and possibly other factors. This SIR target adjustment assumes that the status of each received data block can be reliably determined. This can normally be achieved by generating and appending a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value to each data block prior to transmission. The wireless device can then check each received data block based on its CRC value to determine whether the data block was decoded correctly (good) or in error (bad).
A CDMA system may support data transmission using multiple transport channels and/or with multiple formats. One transport channel may carry data blocks continually and may use formats that require a CRC value to be appended to each data block sent on that transport channel. Another transport channel may be operated in a non-continuous manner so that data blocks are not transmitted some or most of the time on that transport channel. This non-continuous transmission is commonly called discontinuous transmission (DTX). No data blocks are transmitted on the transport channel during periods of no transmission, and the non-transmitted blocks are called DTX blocks. Power control for a data transmission on an intermittently active transport channel is challenging. This is because it may be difficult to accurately ascertain the true status of each received block on such a transport channel—whether the received block is a good block, a DTX block, or a bad block.
There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to reliably determine the status of each received block for an intermittently active transport channel.
Techniques for performing erasure detection for an intermittently active transport channel with unknown format are described herein. Because the transport channel is intermittently active, a data block may or may not be sent on the transport channel in each transmission time interval (TTI). Because the format for the transport channel is unknown, a receiver does not know whether a received block is for a transmitted block or a non-transmitted block. For such a transport channel, the receiver can first determine whether the received block is a good block based on the CRC. If the received block fails the CRC, then the receiver can perform erasure detection to determine whether the received block is an erased block or a DTX block.
In a specific embodiment for performing erasure detection, the receiver determines an energy metric and a symbol error rate (SER) for a received block with CRC failure. The receiver computes uncorrelated random variables u and v for the received block based on the energy metric and SER, the estimated means and standard deviations of the energy metric and SER, and a correlation coefficient indicative of the correlation between the energy metric and SER. The receiver then evaluates the uncorrelated random variables u and v based on at least one decision criterion and declares the received block to be an erased block or a DTX block based on the result of this evaluation. The at least one decision criterion may be defined based on a target probability of false alarm and further selected or adjusted based on one or more other metrics, such as a zero state bit, for the received block.
Various aspects and embodiments of the invention are described in further detail below.
The features and nature of the present invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference characters identify correspondingly throughout.
The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.
The detection techniques described herein may be used for various communication systems such as a CDMA system, a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system, a Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) system, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) system, and so on. A CDMA system may implement one or more CDMA radio access technologies (RATs) such as cdma2000 and Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA). cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-856, and IS-95 standards. A TDMA system may implement one or more TDMA RATs such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). These various RATs and standards are well known in the art. The detection techniques may also be used for downlink transmission as well as uplink transmission. For clarity, these techniques are specifically described below for downlink transmission of a voice call in a W-CDMA system.
In W-CDMA, a base station transmits data and signaling to a wireless device using one or more logical channels at a Radio Link Control (RLC) layer. The logical channels commonly used for data transmission include a dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) and a dedicated control channel (DCCH). The logical channels are mapped to transport channels at a Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. The transport channels may carry data for one or more services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, and so on), and each transport channel may be encoded separately. The transport channels are further mapped to physical channels at a physical layer. The channel structure for W-CDMA is described in a document 3GPP TS 25.211, which is publicly available.
Each transport channel is associated with (1) a TTI that may span one, two, four, or eight 10-millisecond (ms) frames and (2) a transport format set containing one or more transport formats usable for that transport channel. Each transport format specifies various processing parameters such as (1) the size of each block of data (or transport block), (2) the number of transport blocks for each TTI, (3) the length of each code block, (4) the coding scheme to use for the TTI, and so on. A BLER target may also be specified for each transport channel, which allows different transport channels to achieve different quality of service (QoS). Each transport channel may require a different SIR target, which is dependent on the BLER target and the transport format(s) for that transport channel.
Different sets of transport channels may be used for different types of call (e.g., voice, packet data, and so on) and for different calls of the same type. A voice call in W-CDMA is processed using an Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) coding scheme, which encodes speech data into three classes of data bits often called Classes A, B, and C. These three classes have different levels of importance, are processed as three subflows for a DTCH at the RLC layer, and are sent on three transport channels at the MAC layer. Control data for the voice call is processed as a DCCH at the RLC layer.
TFCI field 324 carries information for the transport formats used for the transport channels carried by the downlink DPCH in the current frame. The transport format information for each transport channel remains constant over the TTI for that transport channel. The wireless device uses the transport format information to process (e.g., decode) the transport blocks sent on the transport channels. The base station may elect to omit (not send) the transport format information. In this case, the wireless device performs blind transport format detection (BTFD) to recover the transmitted transport blocks. For BTFD, the wireless device processes the received block for each transport channel in accordance with each of the possible transport formats for that transport channel and provides a decoded block for the transport format deemed most likely to have been used for that transport channel. The wireless device uses the CRC (if any) included in the transport block to aid with BTFD. BTFD is used for a voice call in W-CDMA and may also be used for other types of call.
1. Erasure Detection
For a voice call, control data for the DCCH is sent on TrCh D using one of two transport formats, which are called 1x148 and 0x148. The 1x148 format is for transmission of a transport block with CRC. The 0x148 format is for transmission of a DTX block without CRC.
The wireless device performs BTFD for each transport channel for which the transport format information is not known. For example, the wireless device performs BTFD for TrCh D at all times in order to ensure that all transport blocks sent on this transport channel can be recovered. The wireless device attempts to decode each received block on TrCh D, performs CRC test/check on each decoded block, and provides one of two possible outcomes for the received block:
A CRC success occurs if a transport block was sent using the 1x148 format and was successful decoded by the wireless device. A CRC failure may result from either (1) a transport block being sent with the 1x148 format but being decoded in error by the wireless device or (2) a DTX block being sent with the 0x148 format. Since the wireless device does not know whether the received block was sent with the 1x148 format or the 0x148 format, there is ambiguity as to whether the CRC failure was due to case (1) or (2) above. When a CRC failure is encountered, it may be necessary to reliably determine whether the received block is an erased block, which is a transport block that was transmitted but decoded in error, or a DTX block. Table 1 lists the possible status for a received block when the transport format is unknown.
The wireless device performs erasure detection to determine whether a received block with CRC failure is an erased block or a DTX block. The erasure detection may be performed based on various metrics such as SER, energy metric (EM), zero state bit (ZSB), and so on.
SER is the ratio of the number of symbol errors in a received block over the total number of symbols in the block. At the base station, data bits in a transport block are encoded to generate symbols, which are further processed and transmitted. At the wireless device, the received symbols for the received block are decoded to obtain decoded bits, which may be re-encoded in the same manner performed by the base station to generate re-encoded symbols. The wireless device may slice the received symbols to obtain hard-decision symbols (each having a value of either ‘0’ or ‘1’), compare the hard-decision symbols against the re-encoded symbols to identify symbol errors, and compute the SER for the received block. If all transport blocks contain the same number of symbols, which is the case for TrCh D, then the number of symbol errors may be used directly as the SER, instead of having to be normalized by the total number of symbols in the block. In the following description, the number of symbol errors and SER are used interchangeably.
The energy metric for a received block may be computed in various manners. In one embodiment, the energy metric is computed by (1) determining the energy of each received symbol in the block and (2) accumulating the energies of all received symbols in the block. In another embodiment, the energy metric is computed by (1) determining the energy of all “good” received symbols having the same polarity as the corresponding re-encoded symbols, (2) determining the energy of all “bad” received symbols having opposite polarity as the corresponding re-encoded symbols, and (3) subtracting the bad received symbol energy from the good received symbol energy to obtain the energy metric. In yet another embodiment, the energy metric is computed by (1) multiplying each received symbol in the block with the corresponding re-encoded symbol to obtain a correlated energy for the received symbol and (2) accumulating the correlated energies for all received symbols in the block to obtain the energy metric. In general, the energy metric is an estimate of the actual received energy for the block and may be computed in various manners. The energy metric may also be called block energy or by some other terminology.
The zero state bit indicates whether a Viterbi decoder encounters a known state for a received block. Each transport block is appended with K−1 tail bits (which are typically all zeros) prior to encoding by a convolutional encoder with a constraint length of K. The zero state bit is set to ‘1’ if the Viterbi decoder correctly obtains all zeros for the K−1 tail bits and set to ‘0’ otherwise. If the CRC fails but the zero state bit is set, then the received block is more likely to be an erased block than a DTX block.
In general, any number of metrics and any type of metric may be used for erasure detection. For clarity, the following description is for erasure detection using the energy metric, SER, and zero state bit.
As shown in
For a voice call, transport blocks are only sent intermittently (e.g., less than 1% of the time) on TrCh D. Consequently, DTX blocks are more common, and statistics can be more readily obtained for received blocks with CRC failures.
The means and variances of the energy metric and SER for received blocks with CRC failures may be estimated as follows:
where ei and si are respectively the energy metric and SER for received block i with CRC failure, {circumflex over (μ)}em and {circumflex over (σ)}em2 are respectively the estimated mean and variance of the energy metric, {circumflex over (μ)}ser and {circumflex over (σ)}ser2 are respectively the estimated mean and variance of the SER, and N is the number of received blocks with CRC failures used to compute the means and variances.
Normalized random variables xi and yi for the energy metric and SER, respectively, for received block i may be computed as follows:
Each of the random variables xi and yi has (1) zero mean due to the subtraction by the estimated mean of the variable and (2) unit variance due to the division by the estimated standard deviation of the variable.
The random variables xi and yi may be correlated. The amount of correlation between these two random variables may be quantified by a correlation coefficient, which may be computed as follows:
where {circumflex over (ρ)} is the estimated correlation coefficient for random variables xi and yi. The magnitude of {circumflex over (ρ)} indicates the amount of correlation between xi and yi, with {circumflex over (ρ)}=0 indicating no correlation. The correlation coefficient may be constrained to be within a range of −1.0 to +1.0, or 1.0>{circumflex over (ρ)}>−1.0.
The correlated random variables xi and yi may be transformed to uncorrelated random variables ui and vi, as follows:
where
is a 2×2 transformation matrix containing elements determined by the estimated correlation coefficient {circumflex over (ρ)}. The uncorrelated random variables ui and vi have zero means, unit variances, and circular Gaussian distribution. For the uncorrelated random variables ui and vi obtained by the transformation shown in equation (6), the decision line that optimally delineates the transmitted block cluster and the DTX block cluster is perpendicular to the connecting line between the centers of these two clusters. This simplifies the determination of the decision line.
The erasure detection ascertains whether a received block with CRC failure is an erased block or a DTX block. Table 2 lists two possible types of error that can occur for erasure detection.
For power control, a false alarm causes an increase in the SIR target because a DTX block is erroneously declared as an erased block. The higher SIR target causes an increase in transmit power for the downlink transmission and reduces network capacity. A missed detection may cause the transmit power to be maintained at the same level when it should be increased, since an erased block is declared as a DTX block. The lower transmit power increases the likelihood of receiving additional transport blocks in error, which can degrade performance. A false alarm may be considered to be more detrimental than a missed detection. This is because false alarms can cause the downlink transmit power to be set abnormally high for a long time, and a sufficiently high false alarm rate can cause instability. A missed detection may be considered to be less detrimental than a false alarm, since it only affects a single user even though the effect may be severe. The erasure detection may be designed with the goals of maintaining the probability of false alarm (PFA) at or below a target value (e.g., 0.1%) while minimizing the probability of missed detection (PMD).
If statistics for both DTX blocks and transmitted blocks are available, then a connecting line may be drawn between the DTX block cluster and the transmitted block cluster for the uncorrelated random variables u and v, and a decision line may be drawn perpendicular to this connection line. If statistics for only DTX blocks are available, then a circular decision line may be drawn around the center of the DTX block cluster. To simplify the erasure detection, the circular decision line may be appropriated with multiple straight lines, as described below.
The distance of the decision line from the center of the DTX block cluster may be determined based on the desired false alarm probability. To achieve a false alarm probability of less than α, or PFA<α, the decision line may be drawn at a distance of d from the center of the DTX block cluster. If the DTX cluster is a circular Gaussian distribution, then distance d may be computed as follows:
Q(d)=α or d=Q−1(α), Eq (7)
where Q(d) is an integral of a normal Gaussian distribution function from d to infinity. The Q-function is known in the art. In general, distance d may be determined based on equation (7), computer simulation, empirical measurements, and so on.
The zero state bit may be used for erasure detection. Simulations have shown that the zero state bit provides little information for DTX blocks but is set to ‘1’ for more than half of all erased blocks for different operating scenarios. Thus, two decision lines may be defined for the two possible values (‘0’ and ‘1’) of the zero state bit. The decision line for the ‘1’ zero state bit may be drawn in a manner to achieve a higher likelihood of declaring erased blocks.
In an embodiment, the decision line is defined based on statistics for only DTX blocks and is approximated by three straight lines—a vertical line, a horizontal line, and a slanted line. Received block i with CRC failure is declared as an erased block if any one of the following three decision criteria is satisfied:
ui<Uth, Eq (8)
vi>Vth, Eq (9)
vi−s·ui>Tth, Eq (10)
where Uth, Vth, and Tth are three thresholds for the vertical, horizontal, and slanted lines, respectively, and s is the slope of the slanted line. Received block i is declared as a DTX block if none of the decision criteria are met.
The three thresholds may be defined, for example, as Uth=−2.5·γ, Vth=3.0·γ, and Tth=5.75·γ, where γ is a scaling factor that is determined by the zero state bit. This scaling factor may be set, for example, as γ=1.0 if the zero state bit is set to ‘0’ and γ=0.65 if the zero state bit is set to ‘1’. If the zero state bit for received block i is set to ‘1’, then the received block is less likely to be a DTX block, and DTX region 630 is reduced by pulling lines 610, 612, and 614 toward the center of the DTX block cluster. In general, the thresholds and the scaling factor γ may be determined by computer simulation, theoretical calculation, empirical measurements, and so on.
Equations (8) through (10) show an exemplary set of decision criteria that may be used for erasure detection. Erasure detection may also be achieved with a single decision criterion, e.g., shown in equation (10). In general, erasure detection may be achieved with any number of decision criteria. The decision criteria may be defined in various manners depending on various factors such as, e.g., the available statistics (e.g., for only DTX blocks or for both DTX and erased blocks), the manner in which the random variables are computed, the manner in which the decision line is defined, and so on.
The uncorrelated random variables u and v are computed by normalizing and transforming the energy metric and SER (block 820). This may entail (a) computing the correlated random variable x based on the energy metric and the mean and standard deviation of the energy metric, as shown in equation (3), (b) computing the correlated random variable y based on the SER and the mean and standard deviation of the SER, as shown in equation (4), and (c) transforming the correlated random variables x and y, as shown in equation (6). Erasure detection is then performed for the received block based on the random variables u and v, the zero state bit, and at least one decision criterion, e.g., as shown in equations (8) through (10) (block 822).
If a DTX block is detected by the evaluation in block 822 and the answer is ‘Yes’ for block 824, then the received block is declared as a DTX block (block 826). As noted above, the parameters may be updated based on the metrics obtained for received blocks that have been detected as DTX blocks. In this case, the energy metric and SER for the received block are saved for use to update the parameters (block 828). Otherwise, if the answer is ‘No’ for block 824, then the received block is declared as an erased block (block 830).
The parameters {circumflex over (μ)}em, {circumflex over (σ)}em, {circumflex over (μ)}ser, {circumflex over (σ)}ser and {circumflex over (ρ)} used for erasure detection may be updated in various manners. For example, these parameters may be updated after each detected DTX block, after a predetermined number of detected DTX blocks, at fixed time intervals, and so on. An update interval is the time interval in which the parameters are updated and may span any number of received blocks. In an embodiment, the parameters are updated after Nupdate=8 DTX blocks have been detected and based on an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter. For each update interval, the mean and variance of the energy metric, the mean and variance of the SER, and the correlation coefficient are computed based on the energy metric and SER for the DTX blocks received in that update interval, as shown in equations (1), (2) and (5). The parameters are then updated using the IIR filter, as follows:
{circumflex over (μ)}em(n+1)=(1−β)·{circumflex over (μ)}em(n)+β·{circumflex over (μ)}em,int, Eq (11)
{circumflex over (σ)}em(n+1)=(1−β)·{circumflex over (σ)}em(n)+β·{circumflex over (σ)}em,int, Eq (12)
{circumflex over (μ)}ser(n+1)=(1−β)·{circumflex over (μ)}ser(n)+β·{circumflex over (μ)}ser,int, Eq (13)
{circumflex over (σ)}ser(n+1)=(1−β)·{circumflex over (σ)}ser(n)+β·{circumflex over (σ)}ser,int, and Eq (14)
{circumflex over (ρ)}(n+1)=(1−β)·{circumflex over (ρ)}(n)+β·{circumflex over (ρ)}int, Eq (15)
where
The parameters β and Nupdate determine the amount of averaging for the means and variances of the energy metric and SER. A small value for β and/or a large value for Nupdate correspond to more (or longer term) averaging, which increases the accuracy of the estimated means and variances for static and slow-varying channels. Conversely, a large value for β and/or a small value for Nupdate correspond to less (or shorter term) averaging, which improves the tracking of the means and variances to changes in the wireless environment. Variances are second order statistics that require more samples for accurate estimation than first order statistics such as means. The parameters β and Nupdate may be selected based on various factors, such as those noted above. The filter coefficient may be set, for example, as β=0.08. The means and variances are then effectively computed over Nupdate/β=8/0.08=100 DTX blocks. Other values may also be used for β and Nupdate.
Equations (11) through (15) shows the parameters {circumflex over (μ)}em, {circumflex over (σ)}em, {circumflex over (μ)}ser, {circumflex over (σ)}ser and {circumflex over (ρ)} being updated based on the parameters {circumflex over (μ)}em,int, {circumflex over (σ)}em,int, {circumflex over (μ)}ser,int, {circumflex over (σ)}ser,int and {circumflex over (ρ)}int for received blocks detected to be DTX blocks. In general, the parameters {circumflex over (μ)}em, {circumflex over (σ)}em, {circumflex over (μ)}ser, {circumflex over (σ)}ser and {circumflex over (ρ)} may be updated based on parameters for any types of received blocks, e.g., received blocks detected to be DTX blocks, erased blocks, and/or good blocks.
In equations (3) and (4), the computation of the correlated random variables xi and yi for each received block with CRC failure requires two divide operations, or a divide by {circumflex over (σ)}em for xi and a divide by {circumflex over (σ)}ser for yi. Furthermore, the computation of the uncorrelated random variable vi in equation (6) requires two divide by √{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)} operations. All of these divide operations may be avoided by defining the correlated and uncorrelated random variables as follows:
x′i=xi·{circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}=(ei−{circumflex over (μ)}em)·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}, Eq (16)
y′i=yi·{circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}=(si−{circumflex over (μ)}ser)·{circumflex over (σ)}em·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}, Eq (17)
u′i=ui·{circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}=(si−{circumflex over (μ)}ser)·{circumflex over (σ)}em·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}, and Eq (18)
v′i=vi·{circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}=(ei−{circumflex over (μ)}em)·{circumflex over (σ)}ser−(si−{circumflex over (μ)}ser)·{circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (ρ)}, Eq (19)
As shown in equations (18) and (19), the uncorrelated random variables u′i and v′i may be computed directly from the energy metric and SER and without any divide operations. The random variables u′i and v′i have standard deviations of {circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)} instead of one. The thresholds used in the decision criteria may then be scaled by a factor of S={circumflex over (σ)}em·{circumflex over (σ)}ser·√{square root over (1−{circumflex over (ρ)}2)}. For the embodiment described above in equations (8) through (10), the thresholds may be defined as: U′th=−2.5·γ·S, V′th=3.0·γ·S, and T′th=5.75·γ·S.
The detection techniques described herein may be used for erasure detection, as described above. In general, these techniques are applicable to any problem where it is required to distinguish between two or more hypotheses based on two metrics that are correlated. A correlation coefficient is computed for the two metrics and used to distinguish between the two or more hypotheses, as described above. The detection techniques described herein may also be used for various applications. The use of the techniques for erasure detection for power control on the downlink is described below.
2. Power Control
Inner loop 910 maintains the received SIR for the downlink transmission, as measured at the wireless device, as close as possible to the SIR target for the physical channel. For inner loop 910, an SIR estimator 932 estimates the received SIR for the downlink transmission (e.g., based on the pilot sent in Pilot field 326 in
The base station processes the uplink transmission from the wireless device and obtains a received TPC command for each slot. The received TPC command is a noisy version of the TPC command sent by the wireless device. A TPC processor 952 detects each received TPC command and provides a TPC decision, which indicates whether an UP command or a DOWN command was detected. A transmit (TX) power adjustment unit 954 adjusts the transmit power for the downlink transmission based on the TPC decision. Due to path loss and fading on the downlink (cloud 930), the received SIR at the wireless device continually fluctuates. Inner loop 910 attempts to maintain the received SIR at or near the SIR target in the presence of changes in the downlink.
Outer loop 920 continually adjusts the SIR target such that BLER target(s) are achieved for the downlink transmission on the physical channel. The physical channel carries one or more transport channels, and each transport channel may be associated with a respective BLER target. A receive (RX) data processor 942 processes and decodes each block received on each transport channel, checks each decoded block, and provides a CRC status that indicates either CRC success or CRC failure for the received block. For each received block with CRC failure and an unknown format, an erasure detector 944 determines whether the received block is an erased block or a DTX block, e.g., based on the energy metric, SER, and zero state bit provided by RX data processor 942.
The physical channel may carry any number of transport channels, and these transport channels may have various characteristics. Transport channels that use transport formats with CRC (e.g., TrChs A and D for a voice call) may be used for power control. Transport channels that use transport formats without CRC (e.g., TrChs B and C) are typically not used for power control. Table 3 lists three types of transport channels.
A transport channel with CRC may be continuously active (e.g., TrCh A) or intermittently active (e.g., TrCh D). An intermittently active transport channel may have (1) a known format that is sent on the DPCCH or (2) an unknown format, in which case BTFD and erasure detection are performed for the transport channel. For a type 1 transport channel (e.g., TrCh A), each received block may be either a good block or an erased block. For a type 2 transport channel (e.g., TrCh D), each received block may be a good block, an erased block, or a DTX block.
Each type 1 and each type 2 transport channel may be associated with a respective SIR target that is dependent on (1) the BLER target specified for that transport channel, (2) the transport format used for the transport channel for the current TTI, (3) the channel condition, and (4) possibly other factors. For a given BLER target, different SIR targets may be needed for different channel conditions such as fast fading, slow fading, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and so on.
RX data processor 942 processes the downlink transmission, decodes the received blocks for each transport channel, checks each decoded block, and provides the CRC status (CRC success or failure) for each decoded block. For each type 2 transport channel, erasure detector 944 receives the CRC status and the metrics for each received block and provides a block status (good, erased, or DTX) for the received block. Adjustment unit 946 receives the block status and the BLER targets for type 1 and type 2 transport channels and determines the SIR target for the physical channel. Adjustment unit 946 adjusts the SIR target based on the block status and the BLER targets such that the desired performance is obtained for all transport channels. Adjustment unit 946 may adjust the SIR target using various schemes.
In a first scheme, one SIR target is maintained for each type 1 and each type 2 transport channel, and the SIR target for each transport channel is adjusted based on the received blocks for that transport channel. The SIR target for each type 1 transport channel may be increased by an UP step (e.g., 1 dB) for each erased block and decreased by a DOWN step (e.g., 0.01 dB) for each good block. The SIR target for each type 2 transport channel may be increased by an UP step for each erased block, decreased by a DOWN step for each good block, and maintained at the same level for a DTX block. The SIR target for the physical channel is set to the highest SIR target among all transport channels. In a second scheme, one SIR target is maintained for each type 1 transport channel, and the highest SIR target among all type 1 transport channels is increased whenever an erased block is detected on any type 2 transport channel. The SIR target for the physical channel is set to the highest SIR target among all type 1 transport channels. In a third scheme, one SIR target is maintained for all type 1 and type 2 transport channels, and this SIR target is adjusted based on received blocks for all of these transport channels. The SIR target is increased by the UP step if an erased block is received on any transport channel, maintained at the same level if only DTX blocks are detected, and decreased by the DOWN step if at least one good block and no erased blocks are detected. For the third scheme, the SIR target is adjusted primarily by received blocks for continuously active transport channels (e.g., TrCh A) and further updated based on received blocks for intermittently active transport channels (e.g., TrCh D) to achieve the desired performance for all transport channels. Other schemes may also be used to adjust the SIR target for the physical channel.
The DOWN and UP steps are dependent on the BLER target and the desired rate of convergence for the outer loop. A larger UP step may be used for a type 2 transport channel, which may carry important signaling such as TrCh D. The larger UP step size can ramp up the SIR target more quickly and improve decoding reliability for retransmission and/or new transmission on the type 2 transport channel.
For each time interval in which at least one transport block is received on TrCh A and/or TrCh D, each received block for each transport channel is processed (e.g., decoded, CRC checked, and erasure detected) to determine the status of the received block (block 1012). The processing for TrCh D for block 1012 may be performed as shown in
3. System
At wireless device 120x, an antenna 1152 receives the downlink signal and provides a received signal to a receiver unit (RCVR) 1154. Receiver unit 1154 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and frequency downconverts) the received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal, and provides data samples. A demodulator (Demod) 1156 processes the data samples and provides received symbols (or symbol estimates). A decoder 1158 processes (e.g., demaps, deinterleaves, and decodes) the received symbols for each received block to obtain a decoded block, checks each decoded block, and provides the CRC status for each decoded block to an erasure detector 1160. Decoder 1158 also provides the energy metric, SER, and zero state bit for each received block with CRC failure to erasure detector 1160.
Erasure detector 1160 performs erasure detection for each received block with CRC failure and an unknown format and provides its block status (good, erased, or DTX) to a controller 1170. Erasure detector 1160 may implement processes 700 and 800 shown in
On the uplink, an encoder 1180 receives and processes (e.g., encodes, interleaves, and symbol maps) various types of data. A modulator 1182 further processes the data from encoder 1180 and provides data chips. The TPC commands may be multiplexed with control data and transmitted on an uplink DPCCH. A transmitter unit 1184 processes the data chips and generates an uplink signal, which is transmitted via antenna 1152. At base station 110x, antenna 1116 receives the uplink signal and provides a received signal. The received signal is conditioned and digitized by a receiver unit 1120, processed by a demodulator 1122, and further processed by a decoder 1124 to recover the data and TPC commands sent by wireless device 120x. A power control processor 1128 receives the TPC commands and generates a control that adjusts the transmit power of the downlink transmission to wireless device 120x.
Controllers 1130 and 1170 direct the operation at base station 110x and wireless device 120x, respectively. Controller 1130 and 1170 may also perform various functions for erasure detection and power control for the uplink and downlink, respectively. Each controller may also implement the SIR estimator and/or erasure detector for its link. Memory units 1132 and 1172 store data and program codes for controllers 1130 and 1170, respectively.
The detection techniques described herein can improve the performance of a type 2 transport channel. The outer loop normally operates on only type 1 transport channels. A type 2 transport channel (e.g., TrCh D) is typically not considered for power control. The performance of the type 2 transport channel is then dependent on the SIR target set by the type 1 transport channels that are power controlled. In some instances, the SIR target set by the type 1 transport channels is too low for reliable transmission on the type 2 transport channel. This may cause the wireless device to miss important signaling messages and/or data and may further cause other deleterious effects. The problem is exacerbated, for example, if the wireless device attempts to add a data call during a long period of no activity for a voice call. For AMR, no activity requires a lower SIR than voice activity, and the SIR target is driven to a low value during this long period of no activity. The low SIR target causes a high BLER for the signaling sent on TrCh D to set up the data call. The higher BLER results in a high failure rate for the call setup. With the detection techniques described herein, the received blocks for the type 2 transport channel can be reliably detected and used for power control so that good performance can be achieved for both types 1 and 2 transport channels.
For clarity, the detection techniques have been specifically described for transport channels used on the downlink for a voice call in W-CDMA. Thus, W-CDMA terminology such as transport channels, physical channel, SIR target, and BLER target are used in the description above. In general, these techniques may be used for any wireless communication system and for any transmission in which the receiver does not know the format used for transmission. Other systems may use different terminology for channels (e.g., traffic channels or physical channels), SIR target (e.g., target SNR), BLER target (e.g., target frame error rate (FER)), and so on.
The detection techniques described herein may be implemented by various means. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination thereof. For a hardware implementation, the processing units used to perform detection may be implemented within one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), processors, controllers, micro-controllers, microprocessors, other electronic units designed to perform the functions described herein, or a combination thereof.
For a software implementation, the detection techniques may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. The software codes may be stored in a memory unit (e.g., memory unit 1172 in
Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locating certain sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope of the concepts described therein under, and these concepts may have applicability in other sections throughout the entire specification.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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