The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for evaluating the position of a disturbance on a waveguide, in particular where the disturbance is a time-varying disturbance.
It is known to estimate the distance of an object using techniques know as Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave (FMCW), in which a frequency modulated signal is transmitted towards the object. However, such known techniques are not always convenient or sensitive when estimating the position to a time-varying disturbance, in particularly a time-varying disturbance along a waveguide.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of interferometrically evaluating the position of a time varying disturbance on an optical waveguide, including the steps of: transmitting sensing signals onto the optical waveguide, which sensing signals have imposed thereon a modulation which is dependent, at least in part, on their time of transmission; receiving returned sensing signals, which signals have been exposed to the disturbance; and, from the previously imposed modulation on the returned sensing signals, evaluating the position of the disturbance.
Because the sensing signals have a modulation that is dependent at least in part on their transmission time, the round-trip time for the signals to travel to and from a disturbance can be inferred. From this round trip time, or a value related thereto, it is possible to directly or indirectly evaluate the position of the disturbance.
Preferably, the imposed modulation will be a phase modulation. This will allow the intensity of the transmitted signals to be substantially constant. However, instead or addition, the amplitude of the sensing signals may be modulated. If the amplitude is modulated, and if as a result of the modulation the signal from an optical source is interrupted, the interruptions can be made short in comparison to the uninterrupted periods, thereby allowing a high sensitivity to be maintained.
The frequency of the modulation may be varied with time, preferably in a cyclic fashion. Alternatively or in addition, a binary code or other information may be modulated onto the sensing signals, preferably through phase modulation. An indication of the transmission time can then be obtained using an autocorrelation technique.
The sensing signals will preferably be formed as signal copies from an optical source signals. The optical source signal will preferably have a coherence time associated therewith, such that (normally random) phase changes in the optical source signal occur on the time scale of the coherence time. The signal copies need not be exact duplicates of one another. Although the random phase changes resulting from the incoherence of the optical source signal will preferably be common to each of a pair of signal copies, the imposed modulation on the signal copies may, but need not, be common to both copies of a pair. A phase modulator may be used to impose the phase modulation on the signals before the signals are launched onto the waveguide, or a portion thereof which is to be sensed.
Preferably, the signal copies will be transmitted along the transmissions link with a time delay relative to one another, such that there is a leading copy and a trailing copy. The returned leading copy can then be delayed relative to the previously trailing copy, such that both copies can be combined substantially in step with one another.
In a preferred embodiment, this is achieved using an interferometer stage, such as an un-balanced Mach Zehnder interferometer. In this preferred embodiment, the output from the optical source is fed to the interferometer, where the signal is copied, one copy being channelled to one path of the interferometer, the transit time associated with each path being different, such that a relative or differential delay results between the time at which the signal copies are transmitted from the interferometer stage. The same interferometer stage can then be employed to re-align the returned signal copies in a particularly convenient manner, since the relative delay imposed in the outbound direction will be the same as the relative delay imposed in the return direction, this being in each case determined by the difference in the transit times of the two paths.
The differential delay will preferably be chosen in dependence at least in part on the average coherence time of the source. The differential delay will preferably be much longer than the coherence time. Preferably, the ratio of the differential delay to the coherence time will be greater or equal to 103 yet more preferably 105 or even yet more preferably 107.
The steps of copying output signals and transmitting the signals will preferably be carried out at a first location, a disturbance remaining detectable at distance of at least 1 km or even at least 10 km from the first location.
Further aspects of the invention are provided in the appended claims. The present invention will now be described in further detail below, by way of example only, with reference to the following drawing in which:
a) shows the frequency-time variation of a transmitted signal and traces for signals returned from near, mid, and far positions;
b) shows signals indicative of the frequency difference between the transmitted signal and signals returned from the near, mid, and far positions of
a) shows the frequency-time variation of a transmitted signal and a returned signal;
b) shows a signal indicative of the frequency difference between the transmitted signal and the returned signal of
The first path has a delay stage 34 for increasing the transit time of light travelling therealong such that the transit time for light travelling between the first and second coupling stage is 28, 30 is greater along the first path 24 than along the second 26 by a delay time D. The second coupling stage 30 combines light from the first and second paths, and channels this combined light towards the optical fibre 16. Thus, for signal produced by the optical source, the interferometer stage 20 serves to delay one of the signal copies relative to the other signal copy by a delay time D, signal copies being transmitted onto the optical fibre network 16 at different times to one another.
A phase modulator 50 is provided at an output of the second coupling stage 30 for modulating the phase of the sensing signals transmitted onto the fibre 16. The phase modulator 50 may be a piezoelectric modulator, or a modulator having a waveguide region whose refractive index is electric-field-dependent.
The source in this example is a continuous wave source, and the signals will therefore follow on from one another seamlessly, the distinction between successive signals being conceptual. However, the source may have some interruptions, provided that the source transmits light for a substantial proportion of the time. That is, if the continuous wave source has interruptions, the interruptions will be such that the mark space ratio is high, preferably greater than 5 or greater than 10.Although lower mark space ratios are possible, the lower the mark space ratio, the lower will be the sensitivity of the sensing system.
As the transmitted sensing signals travel along the fibre, these are progressively returned to the sensing station 12 by a process of distributed backscattering, here Rayleigh backscattering. A time-varying disturbance to the fibre will cause a phase change (in addition to that imposed by the phase modulator 50) which is detectable at the interferometer stage 20 as will be explained further below.
For signals travelling in the return direction, that is, towards the sensor station, the second coupling stage 30 acts as a power splitter, channelling a portion of the signal intensity to each of the first and second paths 24, 26. The first coupling stage 28 then serves to combine the return signals from the first and second paths, thereby generating an interference signal from which a disturbance along the fibre can be detected.
Because sensing signals returned from different positions along the fibre will arrive at the sensor station 12 at different times, it is possible to determine the position of the disturbance on the basis of the round trip time of the sensing signals to and from the disturbance. In the embodiment of
The signal processing stage 52 includes a spectrum analyser stage 54, which serves to filter the interferometer signal so as to recover the modulation imposed by the phase modulator 50 on the sensing signals, and thereby generate a frequency signal indicative of the modulation frequency.
A signal processing unit 58 is coupled to the spectrum analyser stage 54 and the sweep-generator stage 56. The signal processing unit 58, receives, on the one hand, a copy of the modulation signal from the sweep generator stage 56, which is indicative of the (time-dependent) frequency with which the phase modulator 52 modulates the outbound sensing signals. On the other hand, the signal processing unit 58 receives the frequency signal from the spectrum analyser stage 54, indicative of the modulation frequency of the returned sensing signals. The signal processing unit 58 includes a mixer stage 60 for mixing the modulation signal and the frequency signal, thereby providing a difference signal representative of the difference between the respective frequencies of the modulated signal and the frequency signal. Thus, if the modulation signal is representative of the modulation frequency f1(t), and the frequency signal is representative of modulation frequency f2(t), the difference signal will be a signal of frequency (or magnitude) f1(t)−f2(t).
Because the modulation frequency is linearly ramped, the difference signal will be proportional to the round trip time, and thus to the distance of the disturbance along the path of the fibre. On the basis of the difference signal, and the gradient with which the frequency is ramped, the signal processing unit 58 is configured to calculate the distance of the disturbance.
In more detail, this is achieved as follows: a monitoring stage 62 is provided for monitoring the interference signal from the interferometer stage 20, and generating a disturbance if the interference signal changes abruptly or according to predetermined criteria. A distance calculation stage 64 is coupled to the monitoring stage 62, and the mixer stage 60. In response to receiving a disturbance signal from the monitoring stage 62, the calculation stage 64 is configured to calculate the distance of the disturbance on the basis of: (i) the difference signal from the mixer stage 60; (ii) the gradient with which the frequency is ramped, that is the difference between the maximum and minimum frequency (delta f) divided by the ramp time (delta t); and, (iii) a velocity to position conversion factor. The various stages and units described above may be implemented in one or more suitable programmed processors connected to one or more memories.
Although the phase modulator 50 is shown in
The radiation produced by the optical source may be unpolarised, or alternatively a de-polarising unit 43 may be provided between the light source and the interferometer, for depolarising the light before the light is injected into the interferometer (the de-polarising unit may be for example, a Fibre Lyot de-polariser). A polarisation controller or de-polariser 49 may be provided in one of the paths of the interferometer, here, the first path, so that the polarisation of light from the first path combining in the return direction at the first coupler 28 is at least partially aligned with that of the light from the other path. A de-polariser also has the advantage of effectively scrambling any polarisation structure in the returning backscatter signal making it easier to detect loss defects.
Typically, the source will operate at a wavelength of between 1 micron and 2 microns, preferably around 1.3 or 1.55 microns, in order to efficiently make use of standard telecommunications optical fibre, such fibre being configured to support single mode transmission at this wavelength. Typically, the fibre will have a single core of a diameter which is around 9 or 10 microns. The source will normally be a broadband source, having a coherence time of less than 10 pico seconds, preferably less than 1 pico second, the delay D of the interferometer being preferably much larger than the coherence time. Typically, the interferometer will have a path difference of at least 5 km, preferably at least 10 km, or even at least 20 km: in addition to being longer than the coherence time, a long delay will make the sensing system more sensitive to low frequency disturbances.
To understand how a disturbance can be detected on the basis of the interferometer signal, it is helpful to consider the operation of the interferometer stage 20, which in effect serves to provide, for each signal produced by the source, time-displaced signal copies which are transmitted on to the optical fibre with a delay D relative to one another. This copying is a result of the action of the first coupling stage, which splits the light from the optical source onto the two paths of the interferometer. Considering return components of outbound signal copies return from a particular point along the fibre, for each signal generated by the source, there will be four resulting signals: a non-retarded signal S0 which has travelled along the second path 26 of the interferometer in both the forward and reverse directions; a first retarded signal S1 delayed by a delay D in the forward direction (but not the reverse direction); a second retarded signal S2 retarded by the delay D in the reverse direction (but nor the forward direction); and, a twice-retarded signal S3 retarded by a delay 2D, signal S3 being retarded in each of the forward and reverse directions.
The first and second retarded signals S1, S2 which are retarded in one direction only will be returned to the first coupling stage 28 at the same time. In the absence of any disturbance in the fibre 16, these signals are copies of one another (i.e. have the same phase or phase changes) and the signals will interfere or otherwise combine constructively at the first coupling stage 28. However, if one of the pair of the signals S1, S2 is modified relative to the other of the pair (as is likely to happen with a dynamic disturbance with a period P that is not such that P>>D), the signals S1, S2 will no longer interfere constructively. This will result in a change in the interference signal from the first coupling stage. In particular, a relative phase change in the signals S1,S2 will result in an amplitude change of the interference signal at an output of the first coupling stage.
A phase change on light travelling through the fibre will normally be effected by a physical disturbance. This is because a physical disturbance (caused for example by a displacement, an acoustic or ultrasound wave or other vibration) is likely to result in a change in the transmission properties of an optical fibre or other optical link. In particular, a physical disturbance such as that cause by a shock is likely to result in a time varying strain which will change the optical path length in the strained region of the light-carrying medium of the fibre (normally the silica glass core of the fibre), either through a change in the refractive index, polarisation, or a change in the physical length, or a combination of these.
Because of the cyclic nature of the modulation signal, different points along the trace of
Another important feature of the mixer output signal (that is, the difference signal) for each range position is its combined time/frequency domain structure.
In light of the above considerations, characteristics of the frequency ramp (that is, the chirp) can be designed according to the following instructions: set the maximum range to, L (m)—then, delta_t>2.L.c; set the range-resolution to, delta_L (m); then the number of range cells, N=L/delta_L; set the sensor signal bandwidth, Bs; then each range cell bandwidth>2.Bs; and, thus, delta_f>4.Bs.(L/delta_L). Here, delta_t and delta_f are both a factor of 2 larger than you might expect in order to avoid range-ambiguity as explained above with reference to
Example design: Let L=25 km; delta_L=25 m; and Bs=5 kHz. Then, delta_t>0.5 ms, delta_f>20 MHz, and N=1000 range bins. In this case the chirp might start at say 5 Mhz and sweep through to 25 MHz with a sweep repetition rate of 0.5 ms. (Although
The optical receiver bandwidth would need to extend from dc to ˜10 MHz (i.e., half the chirp bandwidth), however, it should be noted that signals from greater range will be at higher frequencies and will be much weaker than those from close by! Thus, some form of low-frequency de-emphasis might be advantageous. Ideally, in order to minimise the near-far problem (i.e., saturating the receiver with high power from near-by range cells) the optical front-end should be based on a high-pass filter circuit. An inductive feedback transimpedance preamplifier might have the desired characteristics.
The resolution of the technique depends on the distance to the target. This is because the beat-tone caused by a target at the maximum range has the shortest duration (see
The sensor system output will comprise a non-stationary broad-spectrum signal from dc to delta_f/2, where each frequency resolution interval corresponds to a unique range along the fibre and the modulation sidebands within each frequency interval carry un-processed sensor information. The receiver processor therefore needs to synthesise a bank of N matched filters each of which feeds an envelope detector and FIFO to told the time history from each range cell. The following sensor processing sub-system must then recover the sensor signal corresponding to each location. Finally an analysis algorithm must detect the presence of a disturbance and produce the required output response. Other functions might include spectral shaping (e.g., low-frequency de-emphasis), signal averaging, and calibration.
One reason for modulating the sensing signals is to improve the sensitivity of the sensing system. In the present system, the optical source provides a continuous signal, whereas in other approaches, the source may be pulsed on for a small fraction (typically 1% or less) of the time. In principle, the present approach can lead to signal processing gains of over 20 dB.
In another embodiment, the sensing signals from the interferometer 20 are phase modulated with a binary sequence. To achieve this, the sweep generator 56 of
In yet another embodiment, the phase modulator 50 of
As will be understood from the above description, a frequency modulation technique is applied to the optical domain, in particular using an incoherent light source whose optical bandwidth is greater than the frequency modulation bandwidth. Light is guided a long a waveguide having a path such that light is returned along the same waveguide portion in the reverse direction as was used to guide the light in the forward direction.
In summary, it will be seen that the embodiments above provide a sensitive way of estimating the position of a time-varying disturbance on a waveguide. Because the position of the disturbance is evaluated using the modulation imposed on sensing signals transmitted onto the waveguide, the need for the sensing signals to be form by short pulses with a long separation is reduced. Instead, it is possible for the sensing signals to be transmitted by a continuous wave source, thereby increasing the average intensity of returned (backscattered) light. As a result, the sensitivity of the method is increased.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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06251880.8 | Apr 2006 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/GB07/01188 | 3/30/2007 | WO | 00 | 10/2/2008 |