The present invention relates to clustering of small particles and more particularly to grouping of submicron particles in a pipe having a standing wave like geometry.
There is a major health and environmental concern regarding emitted particles from vehicle exhaust pipes, in particularly from Diesel engines. Particles, having a size ranging from nanometers to micrometers (herein after referred to as “submicron particles”), impose risk to the health and to the environment. Since the submicron particles are small in size, it is easier for the submicron particles to penetrate the respiratory system. Furthermore, the stay time of smaller size particles in the air is much longer. For example, a particle of 0.1 micron will stay about 100 times longer in the air than a particle of 1 micron. Hence, submicron particles impose a two-fold risk: (a) longer exposure and (b) easier penetration to the lungs. This risk is described in numerous academic papers as well as in the US-EPA website. Emitted particles also harm vegetation and even the surface of buildings and monuments. The term “inhaleable particles” is used herein interchangeably with the term “submicron particles”.
Hence, increasing a particle's size at the expense of reducing the number of submicron particles will reduce the above mentioned risk impose by submicron particles to the health and environment. The term “filterable particles” as used herein refer to particles large enough such that inhaling organisms of living subjects in general, and those of human beings in particular, are capable of filtering the filterable particles, thereby preventing filterable particles from entering the lungs. Filterable particles also correspond to particles which can be captured by a mechanical filter.
The grouping of submicron particles brings to coagulation and to the formation of larger size particles and thereby decrease the number of submicron particles. There is therefore a need and it would be advantageous to have an apparatus that groups submicron particles into larger size particles, preferably filterable particles, and thereby decrease the number of submicron particles, for example, submicron particles departing from the exhaust system of an engine such as a Diesel engine.
A mathematical analysis concerning the grouping of submicron particles, is found in D. Katoshevski, “Characteristics of Spray Grouping/Non-Grouping Behavior”, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 6 (1), pp. 54-66, 2006. The analysis shows that when the velocity of the matter carrying the submicron particles, such as air, has a form of a moving wave, particles that are carried by such a wave may form groups under specific range of parameters. Such a wave exists in various systems such as in the case of particles in the sea-water where the wave is moving, described in Winter, C. at al, “Grouping Dynamics of Suspended Matter in Tidal Channels”, J. Geophysical Research (JGR), Vol. 112: C08010, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003423, 2007.
According to the teachings of the present invention, there is provided an exhaust pipe for a fuel burning engine including a hollow body, the body having an internal surface, an external surface, a first open end, a second open end and a longitudinal axis, wherein the internal surface is shaped to form standing cyclic wave geometry having at least 2 cycles.
When gas containing inhalable particles that enters the exhaust pipe through the first open end and flows out of the exhaust pipe through the second open end, a substantial amount of the inhalable particles are grouped to form filterable particles while flowing inside the exhaust pipe, whereby substantially increasing the quantity of filterable particles and substantially reducing the quantity of inhalable.
Typically, the longitudinal axis is disposed horizontally. But in variations of the present invention, the longitudinal axis is disposed vertically, wherein the second open end is elevated with respect to the first open end. In other variations of the present invention, the longitudinal axis is disposed diagonally, wherein the second open end is elevated with respect to the first open end.
Typically, the cross section of the exhaust pipe can be radial, polygonal, elliptical or other shapes.
The standing cyclic wave includes a narrow radial dimension DN and a wide radial dimension DW, wherein the narrow radial dimension DN is substantially smaller than the wide radial dimension DW. The ratio DW/DN directly influences the grouping tendency of submicron particles.
The velocity field U inside the exhaust pipe is a standing wave velocity field, computed as follows:
U=Ua−Ub cos(kx)(sin(ωt)+C),
where Ua is the mean velocity, C is constant, Ub is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency of the wave:
where T is said wave period, and k is said wave number:
where L is said wave length, and wherein said constant C is selected to achieve the maximal and minimal velocity values at DW and DN, respectively.
The normalized velocity field U* is:
U*=U*a−U*b cos(x*)(sin(t*)+C),
where the velocities are normalized with a characteristic velocity: Uc, where Uc=ω/k; x is normalized with k and t with ω, and wherein the asterisk denotes dimensionless parameters, and wherein substantial grouping occurs when:
The present invention will become fully understood from the detailed description given herein below and the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration and example only and thus not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
a shows an example of a circular cross section of the exhaust-pipe shown in
b shows an example of an elliptical cross section of the exhaust-pipe shown in
a graphically illustrates the grouping of particles as a result of flowing speed changes inside the exhaust-pipe shown in
b graphically illustrates the sinusoidal change in the particles flow speed over time, while flowing inside the exhaust-pipe shown in
Before explaining embodiments of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the host description or illustrated in the drawings. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention belongs. The methods and examples provided herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
A principle intention of the present invention includes providing an exhaust-pipe for a fuel burning engine including a hollow body having an internal surface, an external surface, a first open end and a second open end. The internal surface is shaped to form a standing wave having at least 2 cycles. When gas containing inhalable particles enters the exhaust pipe through the first open end and flows out of the exhaust pipe through the second open end, a substantial amount of inhalable particles are grouped to form filterable particles, while flowing inside the exhaust pipe.
An aspect of the present invention is to provide a new concept of grouping in a pipe having a standing wave geometry, which defines a velocity standing wave. When a particle is moving in an oscillating gas-flow, the particle encounters areas where the velocity of the gas is faster or slower than the particle's own velocity. The time which takes for the particle to adjust to the local velocity change depends on the square of its diameter. Hence, some particles are affected more than others depending on the size of the particles. When a line of evenly distributed particles enters the pipe, a velocity wave is applied to the particles. Small delay time, that characterizes sub-micron particles, lead to the situation where a particle is accelerated or decelerated depending on the position of the particle in that wave (with respect to the local velocity level).
This brings to the separation between two particles which were moving one after the other, as one is accelerated relative to the other. The separation between neighboring particles forms groups. A graphical example is illustrated in
A standing velocity wave in a pipe is formed by periodically diameter variation downstream. According to the conservation of mass, in a smaller cross section higher velocity is obtained and vice versa. Hence, when the pipe diameter is converging and diverging periodically, a standing wave of velocity is obtained, wherein at any given time, the location of the maximum and minimum velocity values will be fixed along the pipe. Hence, in such a pipe, particles will experience acceleration and deceleration depending on their location.
Reference is now made to
When gas 20 containing inhalable particles 22 enters exhaust pipe 100 through first open end 130 and flows out of exhaust pipe 100 through second open end 140, a substantial amount of inhalable particles 22 are grouped to form filterable particles 182. It should be noted that some inhalable particles 22 are grouped with larger particles 182, which are filterable to begin with. For example, using exhaust pipe 100 for a vehicle engine, leads to clustering of inhalable particles 22 moving in pipe 100.
It should be noted that internal surface 120 is substantially symmetric with respect to longitudinal axis 150. Preferably, with no limitations on other shapes, exhaust pipe 100 has a circular cross section, as shown in
An experimental setup is shown in
The experimental engine specifications are as follows:
In each test, the engine was operated under a set of operation conditions (engine speed and engine load). The engine was run under the specified conditions to attain steady-state operation, and then the exhaust gas was sampled first from the regular pipe and subsequently from the resonating pipe. Each sample was averaged during a time interval of 30 seconds.
The results show a considerable decrease of the amount of the smaller particles at the expense of larger mass in the larger particle size-section.
The effect of exhaust pipe 100 is clearly demonstrated in
Δmass_fraction=Mmodified−Mreg,
Where Mmodified is the mass of larger particles 182, measured at the exhaust of cyclic exhaust pipe 100, and Mreg is the particles mass measured at the exhaust of regular pipe 40.
The apparent mass fraction of small particles 22 (in particular, in the sub-micron regime) has been reduced by some 2-6%, whilst the mass fraction of larger particles 182 was increased by some 1-2%. While particles 22 smaller than 0.3 μm are not detectable by the particulate size analyzer used, mass conservation suggests that the remarkable increase in the mass fraction of the larger-size particles 182, may confidently be attributed to the grouping (leading to agglomeration) of the undetected smaller-size particles 22. Similar encouraging results were observed in a wide range of engine loads (
The effect of the engine load at 1,700 rpm is depicted in
Mathematical Analysis of Grouping in a Converging Pipe (Standing Wave Velocity Field)
The converging pipe geometry induces particle grouping and coagulation leading to a shift in particle size distribution, which increases the mass/number of the larger particles at the expense of the reduction in the amount of smaller particles.
The velocity field U inside pipe 100 is a standing wave velocity field with modification:
U=Ua−Ub cos(kx)(sin(ωt)+C), (1)
where Ua is the mean velocity, C is constant, Ub is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency of the wave
where T is the wave period) and k is the wave number
where L is the wave length).
The constant C is introduced in order to achieve the maximal and minimal velocity values at the areas of biggest and smallest diameter, correspondingly, and C>1 to fulfill that condition.
The equation of particle motion in a dimensional form is:
where x is the particle location and
(Katoshevski, D., Dodin, Z., Ziskind, G., 2005, “Aerosol clustering in oscillating flows: mathematical analysis”, Atomization and Sprays 15, 401-412), ρp is the particle density, Dp is the particle diameter, and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the host gas.
Substituting the velocity field (Eq. 1) into the particle equation of motion (Eq. 2) leads to the following dimensional equation:
The normalized velocity field is:
U*=U*a−U*b cos(x*)(sin(t*)+C), (4)
where the velocities are normalized with a characteristic velocity: Uc, where Uc=ω/k. x is normalized with k and t with ω (the asterisk denotes dimensionless parameters).
The equation of particle motion in dimensionless form is:
where x* is the particle location and
is the Stokes number.
Inserting the dimensionless velocity field into the particle equation of motion leads to the following equation:
Introducing:
θ=x*−t*
leads to:
Introducing:
leads to:
{umlaut over (θ)}+{dot over (θ)}+α cos(θ+t*)[sin(t*)+C]=β, (8)
where
In order to ensure grouping we need to maintain β<1.
There are basically two modes of grouping, where one is denoted as “stable grouping” and the other is denoted as “non-stable grouping”. In the stable mode, particles are forming groups that do not brake further downstream. In the non-stable mode, groups may breakup and some of the particles do not group at all. In order to ensure a high degree of grouping or stable grouping, the condition of β<1 has to be substantially fulfilled. Smaller particles (typically smaller than 80μ but larger than a molecule), having a diameter close to zero, have a higher tendency to group, that is smaller Stokes number. However, to ensure grouping the condition β<1 should be fulfilled, although grouping in the standing wave configuration may occur also at β<1.
Following the above condition as a design tool for converging pipe 100, β is defined with the following parameters of converging pipe 100:
Let us define, for convenience, T=sin(ωt)+C. Applying mass conservation between maximum and minimum locations and assuming that the density of the gas is constant.
Inserting to β and using dimensional expressions:
Using the relations:
we can write:
Inserting that to β:
where T is a function of time, and in order to evaluate its value we should relate time to the grouping occurrence. This is enabled by using the mathematical model as reflected in
The characteristic grouping time is related to the value of β, which facilitates a practical design tool of the exhaust pipe, as described in
In preferred variations of the present invention, exhaust pipe 100 is operatively disposed vertically, whereas the internal flow of gas is generally upwardly. Reference is made to
The results show a considerable decrease of the amount of the smaller particles at the expense of larger mass in the larger particle size-section, compared with setup of system 200, shown in
In other variations of the present invention, exhaust pipe 100 is operatively disposed diagonally, whereas the internal flow of gas is generally upwardly.
It should be noted that the resistance pressure inside a conventional exhaust pipe 40 and compatible exhaust pipe 100 are substantially the same.
The invention being thus described in terms of embodiments and examples, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 61/164,477 filed on Mar. 30, 2009.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/IL2010/000269 | 3/28/2010 | WO | 00 | 11/14/2011 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
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WO2010/113156 | 10/7/2010 | WO | A |
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