TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine.
BACKGROUND ART
Known in the art is an internal combustion engine which arranges, in an engine exhaust passage, an NOx storage catalyst which stores NOx which is contained in exhaust gas when the air-fuel ratio of the inflowing exhaust gas is lean and which releases the stored NOx when the air-fuel ratio of the inflowing exhaust gas becomes rich, which arranges, in the engine exhaust passage upstream of the NOx storage catalyst, an oxidation catalyst which has an adsorption function, and which feeds hydrocarbons into the engine exhaust passage upstream of the oxidation catalyst to make the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas flowing into the NOx storage catalyst rich when releasing NOx from the NOx storage catalyst (for example, see Patent Literature 1).
In this internal combustion engine, the hydrocarbons which are fed when releasing NOx from the NOx storage catalyst are made gaseous hydrocarbons at the oxidation catalyst, and the gaseous hydrocarbons are fed to the NOx storage catalyst. As a result, the NOx which is released from the NOx storage catalyst is reduced well.
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent No. 3969450
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
However, there is the problem that when the NOx storage catalyst becomes a high temperature, the NOx purification rate falls.
An object of the present invention is to provide an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine which can obtain a high NOx purification rate even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes a high temperature.
Solution to Problem
According to the present invention, there is provided an exhaust purification system of an internal combustion engine in which an exhaust purification catalyst for reacting NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage, a carrier of the exhaust purification catalyst is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal and a precious metal catalyst is carried on the carrier, the exhaust purification catalyst has a property of reducing the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if a concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst is made to vibrate within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period and has a property of being increased in storage amount of NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made longer than the predetermined range, and, at the time of engine operation, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst is made to vibrate within the predetermined range of amplitude and within the predetermined range of period to thereby reduce NOx which is contained in the exhaust gas in the exhaust purification catalyst.
Advantageous Effects of Invention
Even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst becomes a high temperature, a high NOx purification rate can be obtained.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.
FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing a surface part of a catalyst carrier.
FIG. 3 is a view for explaining an oxidation reaction in an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 4 is a view showing a change of an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing into an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 5 is a view showing an NOx purification rate.
FIGS. 6A and 6B are views for explaining an oxidation reduction reaction in an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 7 is a view for explaining an oxidation reduction reaction in an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 8 is a time chart showing a change in an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing to an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 9 is a time chart showing a change in an air-fuel ratio of exhaust gas flowing to an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 10 is a view showing a relationship between an oxidizing strength of an exhaust purification catalyst and a demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X.
FIG. 11 is a view showing a relationship between an oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas and an amplitude ΔH of a hydrocarbon concentration giving the same NOx purification rate.
FIG. 12 is a view showing a relationship between an amplitude ΔH of a hydrocarbon concentration and an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 13 is a view showing a relationship between a vibration period ΔT of a hydrocarbon concentration and an NOx purification rate.
FIG. 14 is a view showing a map of the hydrocarbon feed amount W.
FIGS. 15A and 15B are views schematically showing the surface part of a catalyst carrier.
FIGS. 16A and 16B are views for explaining an oxidation reduction reaction in an exhaust purification catalyst.
FIG. 17 is a view showing results of analysis by an X-ray diffractometer.
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
FIG. 1 is an overall view of a compression ignition type internal combustion engine.
Referring to FIG. 1, 1 indicates an engine body, 2 a combustion chamber of each cylinder, 3 an electronically controlled fuel injector for injecting fuel into each combustion chamber 2, 4 an intake manifold, and 5 an exhaust manifold. The intake manifold 4 is connected through an intake duct 6 to an outlet of a compressor 7a of an exhaust turbocharger 7, while an inlet of the compressor 7a is connected through an intake air amount detector 8 to an air cleaner 9. Inside the intake duct 6, a throttle valve 10 driven by a step motor is arranged. Furthermore, around the intake duct 6, a cooling device 11 is arranged for cooling the intake air which flows through the inside of the intake duct 6. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided to the inside of the cooling device 11 where the engine cooling water is used to cool the intake air.
On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 is connected to an inlet of an exhaust turbine 7b of the exhaust turbocharger 7. The outlet of the exhaust turbine 7b is connected through an exhaust pipe 12 to an inlet of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, while an outlet of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is connected to a particulate filter 14 for trapping particulate which is contained in exhaust gas. Inside the exhaust pipe 12 upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a hydrocarbon feed valve 15 is arranged for feeding hydrocarbons comprised of diesel oil or other fuel used as fuel for a compression ignition type internal combustion engine. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, diesel oil is used as the hydrocarbons which are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15. Note that, the present invention can also be applied to a spark ignition type internal combustion engine in which fuel is burned under a lean air-fuel ratio. In this case, from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, hydrocarbons comprised of gasoline or other fuel used as fuel of a spark ignition type internal combustion engine are fed.
On the other hand, the exhaust manifold 5 and the intake manifold 4 are connected with each other through an exhaust gas recirculation (hereinafter referred to as an “EGR”) passage 16. Inside the EGR passage 16, an electronically controlled EGR control valve 17 is arranged. Further, around the EGR passage 16, a cooling device 18 is arranged for cooling EGR gas flowing through the inside of the EGR passage 16. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the engine cooling water is guided to the inside of the cooling device 18 where the engine cooling water is used to cool the EGR gas. On the other hand, each fuel injector 3 is connected through a fuel feed tube 19 to a common rail 20. This common rail 20 is connected through an electronically controlled variable discharge fuel pump 21 to a fuel tank 22. The fuel which is stored inside of the fuel tank 22 is fed by the fuel pump 21 to the inside of the common rail 20. The fuel which is fed to the inside of the common rail 20 is fed through each fuel feed tube 19 to the fuel injector 3.
An electronic control unit 30 is comprised of a digital computer provided with a ROM (read only memory) 32, a RAM (random access memory) 33, a CPU (microprocessor) 34, an input port 35, and an output port 36, which are connected with each other by a bidirectional bus 31. Downstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, a temperature sensor 23 for detecting an exhaust gas temperature is attached. The output signals of this temperature sensor 23 and intake air amount detector 8 are input through respectively corresponding AD converters 37 to the input port 35. Further, an accelerator pedal 40 has a load sensor 41 connected to it which generates an output voltage proportional to the amount of depression L of the accelerator pedal 40. The output voltage of the load sensor 41 is input through a corresponding AD converter 37 to the input port 35. Furthermore, at the input port 35, a crank angle sensor 42 is connected which generates an output pulse every time a crankshaft rotates by, for example, 15°. On the other hand, the output port 36 is connected through corresponding drive circuits 38 to each fuel injector 3, step motor for driving the throttle valve 10, hydrocarbon feed valve 15, EGR control valve 17, and fuel pump 21.
FIG. 2 schematically shows a surface part of a catalyst carrier which is carried on a substrate of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. The carrier of this exhaust purification catalyst 13 is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal. As shown in FIG. 2, precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are carried on this catalyst carrier 50. In FIG. 2, the precious metal catalyst 51 is comprised of platinum Pt, while the precious metal catalyst 52 is comprised of rhodium Rh. Note that, the catalyst carrier 50 can further carry palladium Pd in addition to the platinum Pt 51 and rhodium Rh 52.
On the other hand, as explained above, the composite oxide is comprised of a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal. In this case, as the alkali earth metal, barium Ba or magnesium Mg may be used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, as the alkali earth metal, barium B is used. The composite oxide forming the catalyst carrier 50 is comprised of barium aluminate BaAl2O4.
Explaining one example of the method of preparation of the catalyst carrier 50 shown in FIG. 2, alumina 100 g/liter is impregnated with barium acetate of 0.1 mol/liter, then is fired at 800° C. for 5 hours to thereby prepare barium aluminate BaAl2O4 in which the barium is crystallized. This barium aluminate BaAl2O4 is made the catalyst carrier 50. On this catalyst carrier 50, for example, 2 g of platinum Pt and 1 g of rhodium Rh are carried. Note that, this barium aluminate BaAl2O4 is analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer. As will be understood from the results of analysis shown in FIG. 17, it is confirmed that, in this barium aluminate BaAl2O4, the barium Ba is crystallized.
If the barium Ba is crystallized in this way, compared with the case where the barium Ba is simply contained in the catalyst carrier, the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50 becomes weaker in basicity. That is, by making the barium Ba crystallize, it is possible to weaken the basicity of the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50. Note that, even if the basicity is weakened in this way, the surface of the catalyst carrier 50 exhibits basicity, though weak.
If hydrocarbons are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 into the exhaust gas, the hydrocarbons are reformed by the exhaust purification catalyst 13. In the present invention, at this time, the reformed hydrocarbons are used to remove the NOx at the exhaust purification catalyst 13. FIG. 3 schematically shows the reforming action performed at the exhaust purification catalyst 13 at this time. As shown in FIG. 3, the hydrocarbons HO which are injected from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 become radical hydrocarbons HO with a small carbon number due to the platinum Pt 51.
Note that, even if the fuel injector 3 injects fuel, that is, hydrocarbons, into the combustion chamber 2 in the second half of the expansion stroke or exhaust stroke, the hydrocarbons are reformed in the combustion chamber 2 or exhaust purification catalyst 13, and the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas is removed by the reformed hydrocarbons in the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Therefore, in the present invention, instead of feeding hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 to the inside of an engine exhaust passage, it is also possible to feed hydrocarbons into the combustion chamber 2 in the second half of the expansion stroke or exhaust stroke. In this way, in the present invention, it is possible to feed hydrocarbons into the combustion chamber 2, but below, the present invention will be explained with reference to the case of trying to inject hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon feed valve 15 to the inside of an engine exhaust passage.
FIG. 4 shows the feed timing of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 and the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Note that, the changes in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in depend on the change in concentration of the hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13, so it can be said that the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in shown in FIG. 4 expresses the change in concentration of the hydrocarbons. However, if the hydrocarbon concentration becomes higher, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in becomes smaller, so, in FIG. 4, the more to the rich side the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in becomes, the higher the hydrocarbon concentration.
FIG. 5 shows the NOx purification rate by the exhaust purification catalyst 13 with respect to the catalyst temperatures of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 when periodically making the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 change so as to, as shown in FIG. 4, make the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing to the exhaust purification catalyst 13 change. The inventors engaged in research relating to NOx purification for a long time. In the process of research, they learned that if making the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period, as shown in FIG. 5, an extremely high NOx purification rate is obtained even in a 400° C. or higher high temperature region.
Furthermore, at this time, a large amount of reducing intermediate containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons continues to be held or adsorbed on the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. It is learned that this reducing intermediate plays a central role in obtaining a high NOx purification rate. Next, this will be explained with reference to FIGS. 6A and 6B. Note that, these FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically show the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. These FIGS. 6A and 6B show the reaction which is presumed to occur when the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is made to vibrate by within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period.
FIG. 6A shows when the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is low, while FIG. 6B shows when hydrocarbons are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15 and the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 becomes higher.
Now, as will be understood from FIG. 4, the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is maintained lean except for an instant, so the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 normally becomes a state of oxygen excess. Therefore, the NO which is contained in the exhaust gas, as shown in FIG. 6A, is oxidized on the platinum Pt 51 and becomes NO2. Next, this NO2 is given electrons from the platinum Pt 51 and becomes NO2−. Therefore, on the platinum Pt 51, a large amount of NO2− is produced. This NO2− is strong in activity. Above, this NO2− is called the active NO2*.
On the other hand, if hydrocarbons are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, as shown in FIG. 3, the hydrocarbons are reformed and become radicalized inside of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. As a result, as shown in FIG. 6B, the hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2* becomes higher. On the other hand, at this time, as shown in FIG. 6B, on the rhodium Rh 52, hydrogen H2 is produced from the carbon monoxide CO and moisture H2O which are contained in the exhaust gas. In this regard, after the active NO2* is produced, if the state of a high oxygen concentration around the active NO2* continues for a predetermined time or more, the active NO2* is oxidized and, as shown in FIG. 7, is absorbed or held at surface of the catalyst carrier 50 in the form of NO3. That is, NOx is stored at the exhaust purification catalyst 13. However, the barium Ba in the catalyst carrier 50 is crystallized, so as explained before, the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50 is weak in basicity, therefore, the force holding the NO3 on the surface of the catalyst carrier 50, that is, the force storing the NOx in the exhaust purification catalyst 13, is weak.
As opposed to this, if the hydrogen concentration around the active NO2* is made higher before the above constant time elapses, as shown in FIG. 6B, the active NO2* reacts on the platinum Pt 51 with the radical hydrocarbons HC and the hydrogen H2 which is produced on rhodium Rh 52 whereby the reducing intermediate R—NH2 is produced. This reducing intermediate R—NH2 sticks or is adhered to the surface of the catalyst carrier 50.
On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 6B, if the produced reducing intermediate is surrounded by the hydrocarbons HC, the reducing intermediate is blocked by the hydrocarbons HC and the reaction will not proceed any further. In this case, if the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is lowered and thereby the oxygen concentration becomes higher, the hydrocarbons around the reducing intermediate will be oxidized. As a result, as shown in FIG. 6A, the reducing intermediate and the active NO2* will react. At this time, the active NO2* reacts with the reducing intermediate R—NH2 to become N2, CO2, and H2O, therefore the NOx is removed.
In this way, in the exhaust purification catalyst 13, by making the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 higher, a reducing intermediate is produced. By making the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 lower and raising the oxygen concentration, the active NO2* reacts with the reducing intermediate and the NOx is removed. That is, in order for the exhaust purification catalyst 13 to remove the NOx, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 has to be periodically changed.
Of course, in this case, it is necessary to raise the concentration of hydrocarbons to a concentration sufficiently high for producing the reducing intermediate and it is necessary to lower the concentration of hydrocarbons to a concentration sufficiently low for making the produced reducing intermediate react with the active NO2*. That is, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 has to be made to vibrate within a predetermined range of amplitude. Note that, in this case, until the produced reducing intermediate reacts with the active NO2*, a sufficient amount of reducing intermediate R—NH2 has to be held on the surface part of the catalyst carrier 50. For this reason, the catalyst carrier 50 is formed so that its surface part exhibits basicity.
On the other hand, if lengthening the feed period of the hydrocarbons, the time in which the oxygen concentration becomes higher becomes longer in the period after the hydrocarbons are fed until the hydrocarbons are next fed. Therefore, the active NO2* is stored in the form of NO3 inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13 without producing the reducing intermediate. To avoid this, it is necessary to make the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 vibrate by within a predetermined range of period.
Therefore, in this embodiment according to the present invention, to make the NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons react to produce a reducing intermediate R—NH2 containing nitrogen and hydrocarbons, precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are carried on the catalyst carrier 50 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, the catalyst carrier 50 is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal to hold, the produced reducing intermediate R—NH2 inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13, NOx is reduced by the reducing action of the reducing intermediate R—NH2 held on the catalyst carrier 50, and the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made the vibration period necessary for the continued production of the reducing intermediate R—NH2. Incidentally, in the example shown in FIG. 4, the injection interval is made 3 seconds.
If the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the feed period of the hydrocarbons HC, is made longer than the above predetermined range of period, the reducing intermediate R—NH2 disappears from the catalyst carrier 50. At this time, the active NO2* which is produced on the platinum Pt 51, as shown in FIG. 7, is stored in the exhaust purification catalyst 13 in the form of NO3. However, if, in this way, the reducing intermediate R—NH2 disappears from the catalyst carrier 50 and the active NO2* is stored in the form of NOx inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13, the NOx purification rate falls. In this case, to obtain a good NOx purification rate, the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made within the above predetermined range.
Therefore, in the present invention, an exhaust purification catalyst 13 for reacting NOx contained in exhaust gas and reformed hydrocarbons is arranged inside of an engine exhaust passage, a carrier 50 of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal and precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 are carried on this carrier 50, the exhaust purification catalyst 13 has the property of reducing the NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is made to vibrate within a predetermined range of amplitude and within a predetermined range of period and has the property of being increased in storage amount of NOx which is contained in exhaust gas if the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made longer than the predetermined range, and, at the time of engine operation, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is made to vibrate within the predetermined range of amplitude and within the predetermined range of period to thereby reduce NOx which is contained in the exhaust gas in the exhaust purification catalyst 13.
Now, in the present invention, the barium Ba inside the catalyst carrier 50 is crystallized, so even if NOx is stored in the catalyst carrier 50, the NOx does not react with the barium Ba whereby nitrates are not formed. If NOx becomes nitrates, NOx is strongly held inside the catalyst carrier 50, but in the present invention the NOx does not become nitrates, so the force holding the NOx is weak. Further, as explained before, the catalyst carrier 50 is weak in basicity, so in the end the force holding the NOx becomes weak. Therefore, the NOx which is stored in the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is immediately reduced if hydrocarbons are fed. Therefore, the NOx does not continue to be stored in the exhaust purification catalyst 13 over a long period of time.
On the other hand, exhaust gas also contains SOx. This SOx is also adsorbed or held on the catalyst carrier 50. Barium Ba is crystallized, so this SOx also does not become a sulfate. Further, the catalyst carrier 50 is also weak in basicity, so the force holding the SOx also becomes weak. In actuality, if raising the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, even if the temperature of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is not that high, it is possible to make the exhaust purification catalyst 13 release the SOx. That is, if using this exhaust purification catalyst 13, it is possible to easily restore sulfur poisoning.
That is, the NOx purification method which is shown from FIG. 4 to FIGS. 6A and 6B can be said to be a new NOx purification method designed to remove NOx without forming almost any nitrates and sulfates in the case of using an exhaust purification catalyst which carries precious metal catalysts 51 and 52 on a catalyst carrier 50 which has basicity.
Next, referring to FIG. 8 to FIG. 13, this new NO purification method will be explained in a bit more detail.
FIG. 8 shows enlarged the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in shown in FIG. 4. Note that, as explained above, the change in the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in of the exhaust gas flowing into this exhaust purification catalyst 13 simultaneously shows the change in concentration of the hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Note that, in FIG. 8, ΔH shows the amplitude of the change in concentration of hydrocarbons HC which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst 13, while ΔT shows the vibration period of the concentration of the hydrocarbons which flow into the exhaust purification catalyst 13.
Furthermore, in FIG. 8, (A/F)b shows the base air-fuel ratio which shows the air-fuel ratio of the combustion gas for generating the engine output. In other words, this base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b shows the air-fuel ratio of the exhaust gas which flows into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 when stopping the feed of hydrocarbons. On the other hand, in FIG. 8, X shows the upper limit of the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in which is used for producing the reducing intermediate without the produced active NO2* being stored in the form of NO3 inside the exhaust purification catalyst 13. To make the active NO2* and the reformed hydrocarbons react and produce the reducing intermediate, it is necessary to make the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lower than the upper limit X of this air-fuel ratio.
In other words, in FIG. 8, X shows the lower limit of the concentration of hydrocarbons required for making the active NO2* and reformed hydrocarbon react to produce a reducing intermediate. To produce the reducing intermediate, the concentration of hydrocarbons has to be made higher than this lower limit X. In this case, whether the reducing intermediate is produced is determined by the ratio of the oxygen concentration and hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2*, that is, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in. The upper limit X of the air-fuel ratio required for producing the reducing intermediate will below be called the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio.
In the example shown in FIG. 8, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes rich. Therefore, in this case, to produce the reducing intermediate, the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is instantaneously made the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X or less, that is, is made rich. As opposed to this, in the example shown in FIG. 9, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes lean. In this case, the reducing intermediate is produced by maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean and periodically making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in fall.
In this case, whether the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes rich or becomes lean depends on the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. In this case, the exhaust purification catalyst 13, for example, becomes stronger in oxidizing strength if increasing the carried amount of the precious metal 51 and becomes stronger in oxidizing strength if strengthening the acidity. Therefore, the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 changes due to the carried amount of the precious metal 51 or the strength of the acidity.
Now, if using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 9, if maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean while periodically lowering the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in, the hydrocarbons end up becoming completely oxidized when the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is reduced. As a result, the reducing intermediate can no longer be produced. As opposed to this, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 8, if making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in periodically rich, when the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in is made rich, the hydrocarbons will be partially oxidized, without being completely oxidized, that is, the hydrocarbons will be reformed, consequently the reducing intermediate will be produced. Therefore, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a strong oxidizing strength, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X has to be made rich.
On the other hand, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 9, if maintaining the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in lean while periodically lowering the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in, the hydrocarbons will be partially oxidized without being completely oxidized, that is, the hydrocarbons will be reformed and consequently the reducing intermediate will be produced. As opposed to this, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, as shown in FIG. 8, if making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in periodically rich, a large amount of hydrocarbons will be exhausted from the exhaust purification catalyst 13 without being oxidized and consequently the amount of hydrocarbons which is wastefully consumed will increase. Therefore, when using an exhaust purification catalyst 13 with a weak oxidizing strength, the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X has to be made lean.
That is, it is learned that the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X, as shown in FIG. 10, has to be reduced the stronger the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. In this way the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X becomes lean or rich due to the oxidizing strength of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Below, taking as example the case where the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X is rich, the amplitude of the change in concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 and the vibration period of the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 will be explained.
Now, if the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b becomes larger, that is, if the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed becomes higher, the feed amount of hydrocarbons required for making the air-fuel ratio (A/F)in the demanded minimum air-fuel ratio X or less increases and along with this the excess amount of hydrocarbons which did not contribute the production of the reducing intermediate also increases. In this case, to remove the NO well, as explained above, it is necessary to make the excess hydrocarbons oxidize. Therefore, to remove the NOx well, the larger the amount of excess hydrocarbons, the larger the amount of oxygen which is required.
In this case, if raising the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas, the amount of oxygen can be increased. Therefore, to remove the NO well, when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed is high, it is necessary to raise the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas after feeding the hydrocarbons. That is, the higher the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed, the larger the amplitude of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made.
FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed and the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration when the same NOx purification rate is obtained. From FIG. 11, it is learned that, to obtain the same NOx purification rate, the higher the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas before the hydrocarbons are fed, the greater the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made. That is, to obtain the same NO purification rate, the higher the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b, the greater the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made. In other words, to remove the NOx well, the lower the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b, the more the amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration can be reduced.
In this regard, the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b becomes the lowest at the time of an acceleration operation. At this time, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is about 200 ppm, it is possible to remove the NOx well. The base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b is usually larger than at the time of an acceleration operation. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 12, if the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is 200 ppm or more, it is possible to obtain a good NOx purification rate.
On the other hand, it is learned that when the base air-fuel ratio (A/F)b is the highest, if making the amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration 10000 ppm or so, an excellent NOx purification rate is obtained. Therefore, in the present invention, the predetermined range of the amplitude of the hydrocarbon concentration is made 200 ppm to 10000 ppm.
Further, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer, the oxygen concentration around the active NO2* becomes higher in the time after the hydrocarbons are fed to when the hydrocarbons are next fed. In this case, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer than 5 seconds or so, the active NO2* starts to be stored in the form of NO3 inside of the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 13, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes longer than 5 seconds or so, the NOx purification rate falls. Therefore, the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration has to be made 5 seconds or less.
On the other hand, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes about 0.3 second or less, the fed hydrocarbons start to build up on the exhaust purification catalyst 13. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 13, if the vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration becomes about 0.3 second or less, the NOx purification rate falls. Therefore, in the present invention, the vibration period of the hydrocarbon concentration is made from 0.3 second to 5 seconds.
Now, in the present invention, by changing the hydrocarbon feed amount and injection timing from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, the amplitude ΔH and vibration period ΔT of the hydrocarbons concentration are controlled so as to become the optimum values in accordance with the engine operating state. In this case, in this embodiment of the present invention, the hydrocarbon feed amount W able to give the optimum amplitude ΔH of the hydrocarbon concentration is stored as a function of the injection amount Q from the fuel injector 3 and engine speed N in the form of a map such as shown in FIG. 14 in advance in the ROM 32. Further, the optimum vibration amplitude ΔT of the hydrocarbon concentration, that is, the injection period ΔT of the hydrocarbons is similarly stored as a function of the injection amount Q and engine speed N in the form of a map in advance in the ROM 32.
Next, referring to FIGS. 15A and 15B and FIGS. 16A and 16B, another embodiment will be explained.
The substrate of the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is, for example, comprised of cordierite. In this embodiment, on the surface of the cordierite, a coat layer comprised of a mixture of a powder-shaped first catalyst and a powder-shaped second catalyst is formed. FIG. 15A schematically shows a surface part of the catalyst carrier of this first catalyst, while FIG. 15B schematically shows a surface part of the catalyst carrier of this second catalyst.
The catalyst carrier 50 of the first catalyst shown in FIG. 15A is formed from a crystallized composite oxide of aluminum and an alkali earth metal. On this catalyst carrier 50, platinum Pt 51 is carried. In this embodiment as well, the composite oxide which forms this catalyst carrier 50 is barium aluminate BaAl2O4.
On the other hand, the catalyst carrier 55 of the second catalyst shown in FIG. 15B is comprised of zirconia ZrO2. On this catalyst carrier 55, rhodium Rh 56 is carried. That is, in this embodiment, the second catalyst is formed so that the catalyst carrier 55 does not have basicity.
Next, referring to FIGS. 16A and 16B, the reactions which are believed to be performed at the first catalyst I and second catalyst II will be explained.
If hydrocarbons are fed from the hydrocarbon feed valve 15, the hydrocarbons are reformed at the first catalyst I and become radicalized. As a result, as shown in FIG. 16B, the hydrocarbon concentration around the active NO2* becomes higher. On the other hand, at this time, on the rhodium Rh 56 of the second catalyst II, as shown in FIG. 16B, hydrogen H2 is produced from the carbon monoxide CO and moisture H2O which are contained in the exhaust gas.
If the concentration of hydrocarbons around the active NO2*, rises in this way, as shown in FIG. 16B, the active NO2* reacts on the platinum Pt 51 with the radical hydrocarbons HC and the hydrogen H2 produced on the rhodium Rh 56 of the second catalyst II whereby the reducing intermediate R—NH2 is produced. This reducing intermediate R—NH2 sticks to or is adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst carrier 50. Next, the concentration of hydrocarbons flowing into the exhaust purification catalyst 13 is lowered whereby if the oxygen concentration becomes higher, the hydrocarbons around the reducing intermediate will be oxidized. As a result, as shown in FIG. 16A, the active NO2* reacts with the reducing intermediate R—NH2 to form N2, CO2, and H2O.
In this embodiment as well, production of the reducing intermediate R—NH2 requires hydrogen H2. This hydrogen H2, as shown in FIG. 16B, is produced by the rhodium Rh 56 from the CO and H2O which are contained in the exhaust gas. In this case, if the catalyst carrier 55 becomes stronger in basicity, the rhodium Rh 56 falls in reducing ability. As a result, hydrogen H2 can no longer be produced well, therefore the reducing intermediate can no longer be produced well. Therefore, in this embodiment, to prevent the reducing ability of rhodium Rh56 from being lowered, the catalyst carrier 55 is formed from zirconia ZO2 not exhibiting basicity.
Note that, as another embodiment, in the engine exhaust passage upstream of the exhaust purification catalyst 13, an oxidation catalyst for reforming the hydrocarbons can be arranged.
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
4 . . . intake manifold
5 . . . exhaust manifold
7 . . . exhaust turbocharger
12 . . . exhaust pipe
13 . . . exhaust purification catalyst
14 . . . particulate filter
15 . . . hydrocarbon feed valve
Patent Application
20130183202
