Explosive compositions using a combination of emulsifying salts

Abstract

The present invention provides for an explosive composition comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of (A) at least one salt composition derived from (A) (I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A) (I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A) (II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and (B) at least one salt composition derived from (B) (I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B) (I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B) (II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to explosive compositions employing a combination of low- and high-molecular weight emulsifying salts. These explosive compositions are water-in-oil explosive emulsions which, in one embodiment, are cap-sensitive explosive emulsions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acylating agents having at least about 30 aliphatic carbon atoms in the substituent are known. Examples of such acylating agents include the polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic acids and anhydrides. The use of such carboxylic acylating agents as additives in normally liquid fuels and lubricants is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,288,714 and 3,346,354. These acylating agents are also useful as intermediates for preparing additives for use in normally liquid fuels and lubricants as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,892,786; 3,087,936; 3,163,603; 3,172,892; 3,189,544; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,231,587; 3,235,503; 3,272,746; 3,306,907; 3,306,908; 3,331,776; 3,341,542; 3,346,354; 3,374,174; 3,379,515; 3,381,022; 3,413,104; 3,450,715; 3,454,607; 3,455,728; 3,476,686; 3,513,095; 3,523,768; 3,630,904; 3,632,511; 3,697,428; 3,755,169; 3,804,763; 3,836,470; 3,862,981; 3,936,480; 3,948,909; 3,950,341; 4,234,435; and 4,471,091; and French Pat. No. 2,223,415.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,216,936 describes nitrogen-containing dispersants for use in lubricants which are obtained by the reaction of an alkylene amine with an acidic mixture consisting of a hydrocarbon-substituted succinic acid having at least about 50 aliphatic carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon substituent and an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid. The aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are described as including saturated and unsaturated acids such as acetic acid, dodecanoic acid, oleic acid, naphthenic acid, formic acid, etc. Acids having 12 or more aliphatic carbon atoms, particularly stearic acid and oleic acid, are described as being especially useful.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,639,242 and 3,708,522 describe compositions prepared by post-treating mono- and polycarboxylic acid esters with mono- or polycarboxylic acid acylating agents. The compositions thus obtained are reported to be useful as dispersants in lubricants and fuels.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,330 discloses dispersant salt compositions made by reacting phosphorus-free carboxylic solubilizers with sulfonic acid-free organic acids or mineral acids. The carboxylic solubilizer is the reaction product of a polycarboxylic acid acylating agent having at least one hydrocarbon-based substituent of at least 8 to 500 carbon atoms with at least one poly(alkyleneamine). The reference indicates that these dispersant salt compositions have good thermal stability when mixed with a surfactant or a hydrophilic organic solvent, and that they can be used with aqueous solutions to disperse various fillers including carbon black and to solubilize various fluids.

Nitrogen-containing, phosphorus-free carboxylic solubilizers useful in water based functional fluids are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,329,249; 4,368,133; 4,435,297; 4,447,348; and 4,448,703. These solubilizers are made by reacting (I) at least one carboxylic acid acylating agent having at least one hydrocarbyl substituent of from about 12 to about 500 carbon atoms with (II) at least one (a) N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of said amine (a), or (c) mixtures of (a) and (b). These patents indicate that preferred acylating agents include the substituted succinic acids or anhydrides, such as polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic anhydride, and that the amines that are useful include the primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines, such as diethylethanolamine and mixtures of diethylethanolamine and ethanolamine. These solubilizers are useful in dispersing oil-soluble, water-insoluble functional additives in water-based functional fluids.

Water-in-oil explosive emulsions typically comprise a continuous organic phase and a discontinuous oxidizer phase containing water and an oxygen-supplying source such as ammonium nitrate, the oxidizer phase being dispersed throughout the continuous organic phase. Examples of such water-in-oil explosive emulsions are disclosed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,447,978; 3,765,964; 3,985,593; 4,008,110; 4,097,316; 4,104,092; 4,218,272; 4,259,977; 4,357,184; 4,371,408; 4,391,659; 4,404,050; 4,409,044; 4,448,619; 4,453,989; and 4,534,809; U.K. Patent Application No. GB 2,050,340A; and European Application Publication No. 0,156,572.

European Application No. 0,155,800 discloses an explosive emulsion composition comprising a descontinuous phase containing an oxygen-supplying component and an organic medium forming a continuous phase wherein the oxygen-supplying component and organic medium are capable of forming an emulsion which, in the absence of a supplementary adjuvant, exhibits an electrical conductivity measured at 60.degree. C., not exceeding 60,000 picomhos/meter. The reference indicates that the conductivity may be achieved by the inclusion of a modifier which also functions as an emulsifier. The modifier is comprised of a hydrophilic moiety and a lipophilic moiety. The lipophilic moiety can be derived from a poly[alk(en)yl] succinic anhydride. Poly(isobutylene) succinic anhydride having a number average molecular weight in the range of 400 to 5000 is specifically identified as being useful. The hydrophilic moiety is described as being polar in character, having a molecular weight not exceeding 450 and can be derived from polyols, amines, amides, alkanol amines and heterocyclics. Example 14 of this reference discloses the use of a 1:1 condensate polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride (number average molecular weight=1200) and N, N-dimethylamino ethanol as the modifier.

Cap-sensitive explosive emulsions are water-in-oil explosive emulsions which can be detonated without the use of a booster. Examples of such cap-sensitive explosive emulsions are disclosed, inter alia, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,715,247; 4,110,134; 4,149,916; 4,149,917; 4,231,821; 3,383,873; 4,394,198; and 4,490,195.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides for an explosive composition comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of (A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and (B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The term "emulsion" as used in this specification and in the appended claims is intended to cover not only water-in-oil emulsions, but also compositions derived from such emulsions wherein at temperatures below that at which the emulsion is formed the discontinuous phase is solid or in the form of droplets of super-cooled liquid. This term also covers compositions derived from or formulated as such water-in-oil emulsions that are in the form of gelatinous or semi-gelatinous compositions.

The term "hydrocarbyl" is used herein to include:

(1) hydrocarbyl groups, that is, aliphatic (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl), alicyclic (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl), aromatic, aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted substituted aromatic groups and the like as well as cyclic groups wherein the ring is completed through another portion of the molecule (that is, any two indicated groups may together form an alicyclic group);

(2) substituted hydrocarbyl groups, that is, those groups containing non-hydrocarbon groups which, in the context of this invention, do not alter the predominantly hydrocarbyl nature of the hydrocarbyl group; those skilled in the art will be aware of such groups, examples of which include ether, oxo, halo (e.g., chloro and fluoro), alkoxyl, mercapto, alkylmercapto, nitro, nitroso, sulfoxy, etc.;

(3) hetero groups, that is, groups which, while having predominantly hydrocarbyl character within the context of this invention, contain other than carbon in a ring or chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. Suitable heteroatoms will be apparent to those of skill in the art and include, for example, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and such substituents as pyridyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, etc.

In general, no more than about three nonhydrocarbon groups or heteroatoms and preferably no more than one, will be present for each ten carbon atoms in a hydrocarbyl group. Typically, there will be no such groups or heteroatoms in a hydrocarbyl group and it will, therefore, be purely hydrocarbyl.

The hydrocarbyl groups are preferably free from acetylenic unsaturation; ethylenic unsaturation, when present will generally be such that there is no more than one ethylenic linkage present for every ten carbon-to-carbon bonds. The hydrocarbyl groups are often completely saturated and therefore contain no ethylenic unsaturation.

The term "lower" as used herein in conjunction with terms such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, and the like, is intended to describe such groups which contain a total of up to 7 carbon atoms.

Components (A)(I) and (B)(I)

Components (A)(I) and (B)(I) are aliphatic or aromatic, mono- or polycarboxylic acids or anhydrides, or ester or amide derivatives thereof. Throughout this specification and in the appended claims, the term "carboxylic acid" is intended to include carboxylic acids as well as acid-producing derivatives thereof such as anhydrides, acyl halides and mixtures thereof, unless otherwise specifically stated.

Components (A)(I) and (B)(I) may contain polar substituents provided that the polar substituent are not present in portions sufficiently large to alter significantly the hydrocarbon character of the acylating agent. Typical suitable polar substituents include halo, such as chloro and bromo, oxo, oxy, formyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, thio, nitro, etc. Such polar substituents, if present, preferably do not exceed about 10% by weight of the total weight of the hydrocarbon portion of the acylating agent, exclusive of the carboxyl groups.

The lower molecular weight monocarboxylic acids (B)(I) contemplated for use in this invention include saturated and unsaturated acids. Examples of such useful acids include dodecanoic acid, palmitic acid, decanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, myristic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, naphthenic acid, chlorostearic acid, tall oil acid, etc. Anhydrides and lower alkyl esters of these acids can also be used. Mixtures of two or more of the foregoing can also be used. An extensive discussion of these acids is found in Kirk-Othmer "Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology" Third Edition, 1978, John Wiley & Sons New York, pp. 814-871; these pages being incorporated herein by reference.

Examples of lower molecular weight polycarboxylic acids (B)(I) include dicarboxylic acids and derivatives such as cetyl malonic acid, tetrapropylene-substituted succinic anhydride, etc. Lower alkyl esters of these acids and anhydrides can also be used.

Low molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acid and anhydrides can also be used as component (B)(I). These succinic acids and anhydrides can be represented by the formulae ##STR1## wherein R is a C.sub.1 to about a C.sub.18 hydrocarbyl group. Preferably, R is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbyl group with less than about 10% of its carbon-to-carbon bonds being unsaturated. R can be derived from olefins of from 2 to about 18 carbon atoms with alpha-olefins being particularly useful. Examples of such olefins include ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, styrene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene, 1-octadecene, etc. Commercially available alpha olefin fractions such as C.sub.15-18 alpha-olefins, C.sub.12-16 alphaolefins, C.sub.14-16 alpha-olefins, C.sub.14-18 alpha-olefins, C.sub.16-18 alphaolefins, etc., are particularly useful; these commercial alpha-olfin fractions usually include minor amounts of alpha-olefins outside the given ranges. The production of such substituted succinic acids and their derivatives is well known to those of skill in the art and need not be discussed in detail herein.

Acid halides of the afore-described low-molecular weight mono- and polycarboxylic acids can be used as the low-molecular weight component (B)(I) of this invention. These can be prepared by the reaction of such acids or their anhydrides with halogenating agents such as phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus pentachloride, phosphorus oxychloride or thionyl chloride. Esters of such acids can be prepared simply by the reaction of the acid, acid halide or anhydride with an alcohol, the alcohols being discussed in greater detail below. Esterification reactions can be promoted by the use of alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide or alkoxide, or an acidic catalyst such as sulfuric acid or toluene sulfonic acid. These esterification reactions are discussed in greater detail below.

Although it is preferred that the acid (B)(I) is an aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid, and more preferably a dicarboxylic acid, the carboxylic acid (B)(I) may also be an aromatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid or acid-producing compound. The aromatic acids are preferably mono- and dicarboxy-substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene or like aromatic hydrocarbons. They include also the alkyl-substituted derivatives, and the alkyl groups may contain up to about 12 carbon atoms. The aromatic acid may also contain other substituents such as halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, etc. Specific examples of aromatic mono- and polycarboxylic acids and acid-producing compounds useful as component (B)(I) include alkyl-substituted benzoic acid, alkyl-substituted phthalic acid, 4-propoxy-benzoic acid, 4-ethyl-benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, anthracene dicarboxylic acid, 3-dodecyl-benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-dibutylbenzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid, etc. The anhydrides of these dicarboxylic acids also are useful as component (B)(I).

The high-molecular weight mono- and polycarboxylic acids (A)(I) are well known in the art and have been described in detail, for example, in the following U.S., British and Canadian patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,024,237; 3,087,936; 3,163,603; 3,172,892; 3,215,707; 3,219,666; 3,231,587; 3,245,910; 3,254,025; 3,271,310; 3,272,743; 3,272,746; 3,278,550; 3,288,714; 3,306,907; 3,307,928; 3,312,619; 3,341,542; 3,346,354; 3,367,943; 3,373,111; 3,374,174; 3,381,022; 3,394,179; 3,454,607; 3,346,354; 3,470,098; 3,630,902; 3,652,616; 3,755,169; 3,868,330; 3,912,764; 4,234,435; and 4,368,133; British Pat. Nos. 944,136; 1,085,903; 1,162,436; and 1,440,219; and Canadian Pat. No. 956,397. These patents are incorporated herein by reference.

As disclosed in the foregoing patents, there are several processes for preparing these high-molecular weight carboxylic acids (A)(I). Generally, these processes involve the reaction of (1) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, acid halide, anhydride or ester reactant with (2) an ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least about 20 aliphatic carbon atoms or a chlorinated hydrocarbon containing at least about 20 aliphatic carbon atoms at a temperature within the range of about 100.degree.-300.degree. C. The chlorinated hydrocarbon or ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon reactant preferably contains at least about 30 carbon atoms, more preferably at least about 40 carbon atoms, more preferably at least about 50 carbon atoms, and may contain polar substituents, oil-solubilizing pendant groups, and be unsaturated within the general limitations explained hereinabove.

When preparing the carboxylic acid acylating agent, the carboxylic acid reactant usually corresponds to the formula R.sub.o -(COOH).sub.n, where R.sub.o is characterized by the presence of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carbon-to-carbon covalent bond and n is an integer from 1 to about 6 and preferably is 2. The acidic reactant can also be the corresponding carboxylic acid halide, anhydride, ester, amide or other equivalent acylating agent and mixtures of two or more of these. Ordinarily, the total number of carbon atoms in the acidic reactant will not exceed about 20, preferably this number will not exceed about 10 and generally will not exceed about 6, exclusive of the carboxyl-based groups. Preferably the acidic reactant will have at least one ethylenic linkage in an alpha, beta-position with respect to at least one carboxyl function. Exemplary acidic reactants are acrylic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, citraconic anhydride, mesaconic acid, chloromaleic acid, aconitic acid, and the like. Preferred acid reactants include maleic acid and maleic anhydride.

The ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon reactant and the chlorinated hydrocarbon reactant used in the preparation of these high-molecular weight carboxylic acids (A)(I) are preferably high molecular weight, substantially saturated petroleum fractions and substantially saturated olefin polymers and the corresponding chlorinated products. Polymers and chlorinated polymers derived from mono-olefins having from 2 to about 30 carbon atoms are preferred. Especially useful polymers are the polymers of 1-mono-olefins such as ethylene, propene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 2-methyl-1-heptene, 3-cyclohexyl-1-butene, and 2-methyl-5-propyl-1-hexene. Polymers of medial olefins, i.e., olefins in which the olefinic linkage is not at the terminal position, likewise are useful. These are exemplified by 2-butene, 3-pentene, and 4-octene.

Interpolymers of 1-mono-olefins such as illustrated above with each other and with other interpolymerizable olefinic substances such as aromatic olefins, cyclic olefins, and polyolefins, are also useful sources of the ethylenically unsaturated reactant. Such interpolymers include for example, those prepared by polymerizing isobutene with styrene, isobutene with butadiene, propene with isoprene, propene with isobutene, ethylene with piperylene, isobutene with chloroprene, isobutene with p-methyl-styrene, 1-hexene with 1,3-hexadiene, 1-octene with 1-hexene, 1-heptene with 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-butene with 1-octene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene with 1-hexene, isobutene with styrene and piperylene, etc.

For reasons of hydrocarbon solubility, the interpolymers contemplated for use in preparing the acylating agents of this invention are preferably substantially aliphatic and substantially saturated, that is, they should contain at least about 80% and preferably about 95%, on a weight basis, of units derived from aliphatic mono-olefins. Preferably, they will contain no more than about 5% olefinic linkages based on the total number of the carbon-to-carbon covalent linkages present.

In one embodiment of the invention, the polymers and chlorinated polymers are obtained by the polymerization of a C.sub.4 refinery stream having a butene content of about 35% to about 75% by weight and an isobutene content of about 30% to about 60% by weight in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride or boron trifluoride. These polyisobutenes preferably contain predominantly (that is, greater than about 80% of the total repeat units) isobutene repeat units of the configuration. ##STR2##

The chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons used in the preparation of the higher molecular weight carboxylic acylating agents preferably have up to about 500 carbon atoms per molecule. Preferred acids (A)(I) are those containing hydrocarbyl groups of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 30 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 40 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms.

The high-molecular weight polycarboxylic acids (A)(I) may also be prepared by halogenating a high molecular weight hydrocarbon such as the above-described olefin polymers to produce a polyhalogenated product, converting the polyhalogenated product to a polynitrile, and then hydrolyzing the polynitrile. They may be prepared by oxidation of a high molecular weight polyhydric alcohol with potassium permanganate, nitric acid, or a similar oxidizing agent. Another method involves the reaction of an olefin or a polar-substituted hydrocarbon such as a chloropolyisobutene with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid such as 2-pentene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid prepared by dehydration of citric acid.

The high-molecular weight acids (A)(I) can also be obtained by reacting chlorinated carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl halides, and the like with ethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbons or ethylenically unsaturated substituted hydrocarbons such as the polyolefins and substituted polyolefins described hereinbefore in the manner described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,340,281, this patent being incorporated herein by reference.

The high-molecular weight carboxylic acid anhydrides (A)(I) can be obtained by dehydrating the corresponding acids. Dehydration is readily accomplished by heating the acid to a temperature above about 70.degree. C., preferably in the presence of a dehydration agent, e.g., acetic anhydride. Cyclic anhydrides are usually obtained from polycarboxylic acids having acid groups separated by no more than three carbon atoms such as substituted succinic or glutaric acid, whereas linear anhydrides are usually obtained from polycarboxylic acids having the acid groups separated by four or more carbon atoms.

The acid halides of the mono- and polycarboxylic acids can be prepared by the reaction of the acids or their anhydrides with a halogenating agent such as phosphorus tribromide, phosphorus pentachloride, or thionyl chloride.

Hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and acid-producing derivatives thereof are particularly preferred as component (A)(I). These acids or derivatives are preferably prepared by reacting maleic anhydride with a high molecular weight olefin or a chlorinated hydrocarbon such as a chlorinated polyolefin. The reaction involves merely heating the two reactants at a temperature in the range of about 100.degree. C. to about 300.degree. C., preferably, about 100.degree. C. to about 200.degree. C. The product from this reaction is a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride wherein the substituent is derived from the olefin or chlorinated hydrocarbon. The product may be hydrogenated to remove all or a portion of any ethylenically unsaturated covalent linkages by standard hydrogenation procedures, if desired. The hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydrides may be hydrolyzed by treatment with water or steam to the corresponding acid and either the anhydride or the acid may be converted to the corresponding acid halide or ester by reacting with a phosphorus halide, phenol or alcohol. The hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic acids and anhydrides (A)(I) can be represented by the formulae ##STR3## wherein R is the hydrocarbyl substituent. Preferably R contains from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 30 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 40 to about 500 carbon atoms, more preferably from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms.

Although it is preferred that component (A)(I) is an aliphatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid, and more preferably a dicarboxylic acid, the carboxylic acid (A)(I) may also be an aromatic mono- or polycarboxylic acid or acid-producing compound. The aromatic acids are preferably alkyl-substituted, mono- or dicarboxy-substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene or like aromatic hydrocarbons. The alkyl groups may contain up to about 30 carbon atoms. The aromatic acid may also contain other substituents such as halo, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, etc.

The Alcohols Useful In Making the Hydrocarbyl-Substituted Carboxylic Acid Ester Derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I):

The alcohols useful in making the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid ester derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I) of this invention include those compounds of the general formula:

R.sub.1 --(OH).sub.m wherein R.sub.1 is a monovalent or polyvalent organic group joined to the --OH groups through carbon-to-oxygen bonds (that is, --COH wherein the carbon is not part of a carbonyl group) and m is an integer of from 1 to about 10, preferably 2 to about 6. These alcohols can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic, including aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic alcohols, aliphatic-substituted aromatic alcohols, aliphatic-substituted heterocyclic alcohols, cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic alcohols, cycloaliphatic-substituted heterocyclic alcohols, heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic alcohols, heterocyclic-substituted cycloaliphatic alcohols, and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic alcohols. Except for the polyoxyalkylene alcohols, the mono- and polyhydric alcohols corresponding to the formula R.sub.1 --(OH).sub.m preferably contain not more than about 40 carbon atoms, more preferably not more than about 20 carbon atoms. The alcohols may contain nonhydrocarbon substituents or groups which do not interfere with the reaction of the alcohols with the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids or anhydrides of this invention. Such non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups include lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercapto, nitro, and interrupting groups such as --O-- and --S-- (e.g., -- as in such groups as --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --X--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- where X is --O-- or --S--).

Among the polyoxyalkylene alcohols suitable for use in the preparation of the ester derivatives of this invention are the commercially available polyoxyalkylene alcohols that include the polyoxyethylated amines, amides, and quaternary salts available from Armour Industrial Chemical Co. under the names ETHODUOMEEN polyethoxylated high-molecular-weight aliphatic diamines; ETHOMEEN, polyethoxylated aliphatic amines containing alkyl groups in the range of about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms; ETHOMID, polyethoxylated high-molecular weight amides; and ETHOQUAD, polyethoxylated quaternary ammonium chlorides derived from long-chain amines.

Useful polyoxyalkylene alcohols and derivatives thereof include the hydrocarbyl ethers and the carboxylic acid esters obtained by reacting the alcohols with various carboxylic acids. Illustrative hydrocarbyl groups are alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylaryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl alkyl, etc., containing up to about 40 carbon atoms. Specific hydrocarbyl groups include methyl, butyl, dodecyl, tolyl, phenyl, naphthyl, dodecylphenyl, p-octylphenyl ethyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Carboxylic acids useful in preparing the ester derivatives are mono- or polycarboxylic acids such as acetic acid, valeric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, and alkyl or alkenyl-substituted succinic acids wherein the alkyl or alkenyl group contains up to about 20 carbon atoms. Members of this class of alcohols are commercially available from various sources; e.g., PLURONICS, polyols available from Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation; POLYGLYCOL 112-2, a liquid triol derived from ethyleneoxide and propylene-oxide available from Dow Chemical Co.; and TERGITOLS, dodecylphenyl or nonylphenyl polyethylene glycol ethers, and UCONS, polyalkylene glycols and various derivatives thereof, both available from Union Carbide Corporation. However, the alcohols used must have an average of at least one free alcoholic hydroxyl group per molecule of polyoxyalkylene alcohol. For purposes of describing these polyoxyalkylene alcohols, an alcoholic hydroxyl group is one attached to a carbon atom that does not form part of an aromatic nucleus.

Alcohols useful in this invention also include alkylene glycols and polyoxyalkylene alcohols such as polyoxyethylene alcohols, polyoxypropylene alcohols, polyoxybutylene alcohols, and the like. These polyoxyalkylene alcohols (sometimes called polyglycols) can contain up to about 150 oxyalkylene groups, with the alkylene group containing from about 2 to about 8 carbon atoms. Such polyoxyalkylene alcohols are generally dihydric alcohols. That is, each end of the molecule terminates with an OH group. In order for such polyoxyalkylene alcohols to be useful, there must be at least one such OH group. However, the remaining OH group can be esterified with a monobasic, aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acid of up to about 20 carbon atoms such as acetic acid, propionic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, benzoic acid, and the like. The monoethers of these alkylene glycols and polyoxyalkylene glycols are also useful. These include the monoaryl ethers, monoalkyl ethers, and monoaralkyl ethers of these alkylene glycols and polyoxyalkylene glycols. This group of alcohols can be represented by the formula

HO--(--R.sub.A O--).sub.p R.sub.B --OR.sub.C wherein R.sub.A and R.sub.B are independently alkylene groups of from about 2 to 8 carbon atoms; and R.sub.C is aryl (e.g., phenyl), lower alkoxy phenyl, or lower alkyl phenyl, or lower alkyl (e.g., ethyl, propyl, terbutyl, pentyl, etc.); and aralkyl (e.g., benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, p-ethylphenylethyl, etc.); p is from zero to about eight, preferably from about 2 to 4. Polyoxyalkylene glycols where the alkylene groups are ethylene or propylene and p is at least two as well as the monoethers thereof as described above are useful.

The monohydric and polyhydric alcohols useful in this invention include monohydroxy and polyhydroxy aromatic compounds. Monohydric and polyhydric phenols and naphthols are preferred hydroxyaromatic compounds. These hydroxy-substituted aromatic compounds may contain other substituents in addition to the hydroxy substituents such as halo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkylmercapto, nitro and the like. Usually, the hydroxy aromatic compound will contain from 1 to about 4 hydroxy groups. The aromatic hydroxy compounds are illustrated by the following specific examples: phenol, p-chlorophenol, p-nitrophenol, beta-naphthol, alpha-naphthol, cresols, resorcinol, catechol, carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, p,p'-dihydroxy-biphenyl, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, hexylresorcinol, orcin, quaiacol, 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dibutylphenol, propenetetramer-substituted phenol, didodecylphenol, 4,4'-methylene-bis-methylene-bis-phenol, alpha-decyl-beta-naphthol, polyisobutenyl-(molecular weight of about 1000)-substituted phenol, the condensation product of heptylphenol with about 0.5 mole of formaldehyde, the condensation product of octylphenol with acetone, di(hydroxyphenyl)oxide, di-(hydroxyphenyl)sulfide, di(hydroxyphenyl)-disulfide, and 4-cyclohexylphenol. Phenol itself and aliphatic hydrocarbon-substituted phenols, e.g., alkylated phenols having up to 3 aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents are useful. Each of the aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents may contain about 100 or more carbon atoms but usually will have from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. Alkyl and alkenyl groups are the preferred aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents.

Further specific examples of monohydric alcohols which can be used include monohydric alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isooctanol, dodecanol, cyclohexanol, cyclopentanol, behenyl alcohol, hexatriacontanol, neopentyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, beta-phenylethyl alcohol, 2-methylcyclohexanol, beta-chloroethanol, monomethyl ether of ethylene glycol, monobutyl ether of ethylene glycol, monopropyl ether of diethylene glycol, monododecyl ether of triethylene glycol, monooleate of ethylene glycol, monostearate of diethylene glycol, sec-pentyl alcohol, tertbutyl alcohol, 5-bromo-dodecanol, nitro-octadecanol, and dioleate of glycerol. Alcohols useful in this invention may be unsaturated alcohols such as allyl alcohol, cinnamyl alcohol, 1-cyclohexene-3-ol and oleyl alcohol.

Other specific alcohols useful in this invention are the ether alcohols and amino alcohols including, for example, the oxyalkylene-, oxyarylene-, amino-alkylene-, and amino-arylene-substituted alcohols having one or more oxyalkylene, aminoalkylene or amino-arylene-oxy-arylene groups. These alcohols are exemplified by the Cellosolves, (products of Union Carbide identified as mono- and dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol and their derivatives), the Carbitols (products of Union Carbide identified as mono- and dialkyl ethers of diethylene glycol and their derivatives), phenoxyethanol, heptylphenyl-(oxypropylene).sub.6 -OH, octyl-(oxyethylene).sub.30 -OH, phenyl-(oxyoctylene).sub.2 -OH, mono-(heptylphenyloxypropylene)-substituted glycerol, poly(styreneoxide), aminoethanol, 3-aminoethylpentanol, di(hydroxyethyl)amine, p-aminophenol, tri(hydroxypropyl)amine, N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrahydroxytrimethylenediamine, and the like.

The polyhydric alcohols preferably contain from 2 to about 10 hydroxy groups. They are illustrated, for example, by the alkylene glycols and polyoxyalkylene glycols mentioned above such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, tributylene glycol, and other alkylene glycols and polyoxyalkylene glycols in which the alkylene groups contain from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms.

Other useful polyhydric alcohols include glycerol, monooleate of glycerol, monostearate of glycerol, monomethyl ether of glycerol, pentaerythritol, n-butyl ester of 9,10-dihydroxy stearic acid, methyl ester of 9,10-dihydroxy stearic acid, 1,2-butanediol, 2,3-hexanediol, 2,4-hexanediol, pinacol, erythritol, arabitol, sorbitol, mannitol, 1,2-cyclohexanediol, and xylene glycol. Carbohydrates such as sugars, starches, celluloses, and so forth likewise can be used. The carbohydrates may be exemplified by glucose, fructose, sucrose, rhamose, mannose, glyceraldehyde, and galactose.

Polyhydric alcohols having at least 3 hydroxyl groups, some, but not all of which have been esterified with an aliphatic monocarboxylic acid having from about 8 to about 30 carbon atoms such as octanoic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, dodecanoic acid or tall oil acid are useful. Further specific examples of such partially esterified polyhydric alcohols are the monooleate of sorbitol, distearate of sorbitol, monooleate of glycerol, monostearate of glycerol, di-dodecanoate of erythritol, and the like.

Useful alcohols also include those polyhydric alcohols containing up to about 12 carbon atoms, and especially those containing from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms. This class of alcohols includes glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, gluconic acid, glyceraldehyde, glucose, arabinose, 1,7-heptanediol, 2,4-heptanediol, 1,2,3-hexanetriol, 1,2,4-hexanetriol, 1,2,5-hexanetriol, 2,3,4-hexanetriol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2,4-butanetriol, quinic acid, 2,2,6,6-tetrakis-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexanol, 1,10-decanediol, digitalose, and the like. Aliphatic alcohols containing at least about 3 hydroxyl groups and up to about 10 carbon atoms are useful.

Useful polyhydric alcohols are the polyhydric alkanols containing from about 3 to about 10 carbon atoms and particularly, those containing about 3 to about 6 carbon atoms and having at least three hydroxyl groups. Such alcohols are exemplified by glycerol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, 2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol-(trimethylolethane), 2-hydroxymethyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol(trimethylopropane), 1,2,4-hexanetriol, and the like.

The carboxylic acids or anhydrides can be reacted with the alcohols according to conventional esterification techniques to form the ester derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I). This normally involves heating the acid or anhydride with the alcohol, optionally in the presence of a normally liquid, substantially inert, organic liquid solvent/diluent and/or in the presence of esterification catalyst. Temperatures of at least about 30.degree. C. up to the decomposition temperature of the reaction component and/or product having the lowest such temperature can be used. This temperature is preferably in the range of about 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., more preferably about 80.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. when a carboxylic anhydride is used as the carboxylic reactant. On the other hand, when the carboxylic reactant is an acid, the temperature is preferably in the range of about 100.degree. C. up to about 300.degree. C. with temperatures of about 140.degree. C. to 250.degree. C. often being employed. Usually, about 0.05 to about 0.95 equivalent of alcohol are used for each equivalent of acid or anhydride. Preferably, about 0.5 equivalent of alcohol per equivalent of acid or anhydride is employed. An equivalent an of alcohol is its molecular weight divided by the total number of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule. Thus, an equivalent weight of ethanol is its molecular weight while the equivalent weight of ethylene glycol is one-half its molecular weight. The number of equivalents of the acid or anhydride depends on the total number of carboxylic functions (e.g., carboxylic acid or carboxylic anhydride groups) present in the acid or anhydride. Thus, the number of equivalents of the acid or anhydride will vary with the number of carboxy groups present therein. In determining the number of equivalents of the acid or anhydride, those carboxyl functions which are not capable of reacting as a carboxylic acid acylating agent are excluded. In general, however, there is one equivalent of acid or anhydride for each carboxy group in the acid or anhydride. For example, there would be two equivalents in an anhydride derived from the reaction of one mole of olefin polymer and one mole of maleic anhydride. Conventional techniques are readily available for determining the number of carboxyl functions (e.g., acid number, saponification number) and, thus, the number of equivalents of acid or anhydride available to react with the alcohol can be readily determined by one skilled in the art.

Many issued patents disclose procedures for reacting carboxylic acids or acid-producing compounds with alcohols to produce acidic esters and neutral esters. These same techniques are applicable to preparing esters from the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids and/or anhydrides thereof of this invention and the alcohols described above. All that is required is that the acid and/or anhydride, of this invention is substituted for the carboxylic acids or acid-producing compounds discussed in these patents, usually on an equivalent weight basis. The following U.S. patents are expressly incorporated herein by references for their disclosure of suitable methods for reacting the acids and/or anhydrides of this invention with the alcohols described above: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,331,776; 3,381,022; 3,522,179; 3,542,680; 3,697,428; and 3,755,169.

The Amines Useful In Making the Amide Derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I)

The amines useful in making the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I) include ammonia, primary amines and secondary amines, with the secondary amines being preferred. These amines are characterized .by the presence within their structure of at least one H-N<group and/or at least one --NH.sub.2 group. These amines can be monoamines or polyamines. Hydrazine and substituted hydrazines containing up to three substituents are included as amines suitable for preparing the derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I). Mixtures of two or more amines can be used.

The amines can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic, including aliphatic-substituted aromatic, aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aromatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic, aromatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aromatic-substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic, heterocyclic-substituted cycloaliphatic and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic amines. These amines may be saturated or unsaturated. If unsaturated, the amine is preferably free from aceylenic unsaturation. The amines may also contain non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups as long as these groups do not significantly interfere with the reaction of the amines with the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof of this invention. Such non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups include lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercatto, nitro, and interrupting groups such as --O-- and --S-- (e.g., as in such groups as --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --X--CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- where X is --O-- or --S--).

With the exception of the branched polyalkylene polyamines, the polyoxyalkylene polyamines and the high molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted amines described more fully hereinafter, the amines used in this invention ordinarily contain less than about 40 carbon atoms in total and usually not more than about 20 carbon atoms in total.

Aliphatic monoamines include mono-aliphatic and di-aliphatic-substituted amines wherein the aliphatic groups can be saturated or unsaturated and straight or branched chain. Thus, they are primary or secondary aliphatic amines. Such amines include, for example, mono- and di-alkyl-substituted amines, mono- and di-alkenyl-substituted amines, and amines having one N-alkenyl substituent and one N-alkyl substituent, and the like. The total number of carbon atoms in these aliphatic monoamines preferably does not exceed about 40 and usually does not exceed about 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of such monoamines include ethylamine, di-ethylamine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, allylamine, isobutylamine, cocoamine, stearylamine, laurylamine, methyllaurylamine, oleylamine, N-methyl-octylamine, dodecylamine, octadecylamine, and the like. Examples of cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic amines, aromatic-substituted aliphatic amines, and heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic amines, include 2-(cyclohexyl)-ethylamine, benzylamine, phenylethylamine, and 3-(furylpropyl) amine.

Cycloaliphatic monoamines are those monoamines wherein there is one cycloaliphatic substituent attached directly to the amino nitrogen through a carbon atom in the cyclic ring structure. Examples of cycloaliphatic monoamines include cyclohexylamines, cyclopentylamines, cyclohexenylamines, cyclopentenylamines, N-ethyl-cyclohexylamines, dicyclohexylamines, and the like. Examples of aliphatic-substituted, aromatic-substituted, and heterocyclic-substituted cycloaliphatic monoamines include propyl-substituted cyclohexylamines, phenyl-substituted cyclopentylamines and pyranyl-substituted cyclohexylamine.

Suitable aromatic amines include those monoamines wherein a carbon atom of the aromatic ring structure is attached directly to the amino nitrogen. The aromatic ring will usually be a mononuclear aromatic ring (i.e., one derived from benzene) but can include fused aromatic rings, especially those derived from naphthylene. Examples of aromatic monoamines include aniline, di(para-methylphenyl) amine, naphthylamine, N-(n-butyl) aniline, and the like. Examples of aliphatic-substituted, cycloaliphatic-substituted, and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic monoamines include para-ethoxyaniline, paradodecylamine, cyclohexyl-substituted naphthylamine and thienyl-substituted aniline.

Suitable polyamines include aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic polyamines analogous to the above-described monoamines except for the presence within their structure of another amino nitrogen. The other amino nitrogen can be a primary, secondary or tertiary amino nitrogen. Examples of such polyamines include N-aminopropyl-cyclohexylamine, N-N'-di-n-butyl-para-phenylene diamine, bis-(para-aminophenyl)-methane, 1,4-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

Heterocyclic mono- and polyamines can also be used in making the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I). As used herein, the terminology "heterocyclic mono- and polyamine(s)" is intended to describe those heterocyclic amines containing at least one primary or secondary amino group and at least one nitrogen as a heteroatom in the heterocyclic ring. However, as long as there is present in the heterocyclic mono- and polyamines at least one primary or secondary amino group, the hetero-N atom in the ring can be a tertiary amino nitrogen; that is, one that does not have hydrogen attached directly to the ring nitrogen. Heterocyclic amines can be saturated or unsaturated and can contain various substituents such as nitro, alkoxy, alkyl mercapto, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, alkaryl, or aralkyl substituents. Generally, the total number of carbon atoms in the substituents will not exceed about 20. Heterocyclic amines can contain heteroatoms other than nitrogen, especially oxygen and sulfur. Obviously they can contain more than one nitrogen heteroatom. The 5- and 6-membered heterocyclic rings are preferred.

Among the suitable heterocyclics are aziridines, azetidines, azolidines, tetra- and di-hydro pyridines, pyrroles, indoles, piperadines, imidazoles, di- and tetra-hydroimidazoles, piperazines, isoindoles, purines, morpholines, thiomorpholines, N-aminoalkyl-morpholines, N-aminoalkylthiomorpholines, N-aminoalkyl-piperazines, N,N'-di-aminoalkylpiperazines, azepines, azocines, azonines, azecines and tetra-, di- and perhydro derivatives of each of the above and mixtures of two or more of these heterocyclic amines. Preferred heterocyclic amines are the saturated 5- and 6-membered heterocyclic amines containing only nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur in the hetero ring, especially the piperidines, piperazines, thiomorpholines, morpholines, pyrrolidines, and the like. Piperidine, aminoalkyl-substituted piperidines, piperazine, aminoalkyl-substituted piperazines, morpholine, aminoalkyl-substituted morpholines, pyrrolidine, and aminoalkyl-substituted pyrrolidines, are useful. Usually the aminoalkyl substituents are substituted on a nitrogen atom forming part of the hetero ring. Specific examples of such heterocyclic amines include N-aminopropylmorpholine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, and N,N'-di-aminoethyl-piperazine.

Hydroxyamines both mono- and polyamines, analogous to those described above are also useful provided they contain at least one primary or secondary amino group. Hydroxy-substituted amines having only tertiary amino nitrogens, such as in trihydroxyethyl amine, are thus excluded as amines, but can be used as alcohols as disclosed above. The hydroxy-substituted amines contemplated are those having hydroxy substituents bonded directly to a carbon atom other than a carbonyl carbon atom; that is, they have hydroxy groups capable of functioning as alcohols. Examples of such hydroxy-substituted amines include ethanolamine, di(3-hydroxypropyl)amine, 3-hydroxybutylamine, 4-hydroxybutylamine, diethanolamine, di(2-hydroxypropyl) amine, N-hydroxypropyl propylamine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-cyclohexylamine, 3-hydroxycyclopentylamine, para-hydroxyaniline, N-hydroxyethyl piperazine, and the like.

Also suitable as amines are the aminosulfonic acids and derivatives thereof corresponding to the formula: ##STR4## wherein R is OH, NH.sub.2, ONH.sub.4, etc.; R.sub.a is a polyvalent organic group having a valence equal to x+y; R.sub.b and R.sub.c are each independently hydrogen, hydrocarbyl or substituted hydrocarbyl with the proviso that at least one of R.sub.b and R.sub.c is hydrogen per aminosulfonic acid molecule; x and y are each integers equal to or greater than one. Each aminosulfonic reactant is characterized by at least one HN< or H.sub.2 N-- group and at least one ##STR5## group. These sulfonic acids can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic aminosulfonic acids and the corresponding functional derivatives of the sulfo group. Specifically, the aminosulfonic acids can be aromatic aminosulfonic acids, that is, where R.sub.a is a polyvalent aromatic group such as phenylene where at least one ##STR6## group is attached directly to a nuclear carbon atom of the aromatic group. The aminosulfonic acid may also be a mono-amino aliphatic sulfonic acid; that is, an acid where x is one and R.sub.a is a polyvalent aliphatic group such as ethylene, propylene, trimethylene, and 2-methylene propylene. Other suitable aminosulfonic acids and derivatives thereof useful as amines in this invention are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,029,250; 3,367,864; and 3,926,820; which are incorporated herein by reference.

Hydrazine and substituted-hydrazine can also be used as amines in this invention. At least one of the nitrogens in the hydrazine must contain a hydrogen directly bonded thereto. The substituents which may be present on the hydrazine include alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, and the like. Usually the substituents are alkyl, especially lower alkyl, phenyl, and substituted phenyl such as lower alkoxy-substituted phenyl or lower alkyl-substituted phenyl. Specific examples of substituted hydrazines are methylhydrazine, N,N-dimethylhydrazine, N,N'-dimethylhydrazine, phenylhydrazine, N-phenyl-N'-ethylhydrazine, N-(para-tolyl)-N'-(n-butyl)-hydrazine, N-(para-nitrophenyl)-hydrazine, N-(para-nitrophenyl)-N-methylhydrazine, N,N'-di-(parachlorophenol)-hydrazine, N-phenyl-N'-cyclohexylhydrazine, and the like.

The high molecular weight hydrocarbyl amines, both monoamines and polyamines, which can be used as amines in this invention are generally prepared by reacting a chlorinated polyolefin having a molecular weight of at least about 400 with ammonia or an amine. The amines that can be used are known in the art and described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,275,554 and 3,438,757, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. These amines must possess at least one primary or secondary amino group.

Another group of amines suitable for use in this invention are branched polyalkylene polyamines. The branched polyalkylene polyamines are polyalkylene polyamines wherein the branched group is a side chain containing on the average at least one nitrogen-bonded aminoalkylene ##STR7## group per nine amino units present on the main chain; for example, 1-4 of such branched chains per nine units on the main chain, but preferably one side chain unit per nine main chain units. Thus, these polyamines contain at least three primary amino groups and at least one tertiary amino group. These amines may be expressed by the formula: ##STR8## wherein R is an alkylene group such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and other homologs (both straight chained and branched), etc., but preferably ethylene; and x, y and z are integers; x is in the range of from about 4 to about 24 or more, preferably from about 6 to about 18; y is in the range of from 1 to about 6 or more, preferably from 1 to about 3; and z is in the range of from zero to about 6, preferably from zero to about 1. The x and y units may be sequential, alternative, orderly or randomly distributed. A useful class of such polyamines includes those of the formula: ##STR9## wherein n is an integer in the range of from 1 to about 20 or more, preferably in the range of from 1 to about 3, and R is preferably ethylene, but may be propylene, butylene, etc. (straight chained or branched). Useful embodiments are represented by the formula: ##STR10## wherein n is an integer in the range of 1 to about 3. The groups within the brackets may be joined in a head-to-head or a head-to-tail fashion. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,200,106 and 3,259,578 are incorporated herein by reference for their disclosures relative to said polyamines.

Suitable amines also include polyoxyalkylene polyamines, e.g., polyoxyalkylene diamines and polyoxyalkylene triamines, having average molecular weights ranging from about 200 to about 4000, preferably from about 400 to 2000. Examples of these polyoxyalkylene polyamines include those amines represented by the formula:

NH.sub.2 --Alkylene--O--Alkylene).sub.m NH.sub.2 wherein m has a value of from about 3 to about 70, preferably from about 10 to about 35; and the formula: R--[Alkylene--O--Alkylene).sub.n NH.sub.2 ].sub.3-6 wherein n is a number in the range of from 1 to about 40, with the proviso that the sum of all of the n's is from about 3 to about 70 and generally from about 6 to about 35, and R is a polyvalent saturated hydrocarbyl group of up to about 10 carbon atoms having a valence of from about 3 to about 6. The alkylene groups may be straight or branched chains and contain from 1 to about 7 carbon atoms, and usually from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms. The various alkylene groups present within the above formulae may be the same or different.

More specific examples of these polyamines include: ##STR11## wherein x has a value of from about 3 to about 70, preferably from about 10 to 35; and ##STR12## wherein x+y+z have a total value ranging from about 3 to about 30, preferably from about 5 to about 10.

Useful polyoxyalkylene polyamines include the polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene diamines and the polyoxypropylene triamines having average molecular weights ranging from about 200 to about 2000. The polyoxyalkylene polyamines are commercially available from the Jefferson Chemical Company, Inc. under the trade name "Jeffamine". U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,804,763 and 3,948,800 are incorporated herein by reference for their disclosure of such polyoxyalkylene polyamines.

Useful amines are the alkylene polyamines, including the polyalkylene polyamines, as described in more detail hereafter. The alkylene polyamines include those conforming to the formula: ##STR13## wherein n is from 1 to about 10; each R is independently a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, preferably up to about 100 carbon atoms, more preferably up to about 30 carbon atoms; and the "Alkylene" group has from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms with the preferred alkylene being ethylene or propylene. Useful are the alkylene polyamines wherein each R is hydrogen with the ethylene polyamines, and mixtures of ethylene polyamines being particularly preferred. Usually n will have an average value of from about 2 to about 7. Such alkylene polyamines include methylene polyamines, ethylene polyamines, butylene polyamines, propylene polyamines, pentylene polamines, hexylene polyamines, heptylene polyamines, etc. The higher homologs of such amines and related aminoalkyl-substituted piperazines are also included.

Alkylene polyamines that are useful include ethylene diamine, triethylene tetramine, propylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, decamethylene diamine, octamethylene diamine, di(heptamethylene) triamine, tripropylene tetramine, tetraethylene pentamine, trimethylene diamine, pentaethylene hexamine, di(trimethylene) triamine, N-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 1,4-bis(2-aminoethyl) piperazine, and the like. Higher homologs as are obtained by condensing two or more of the above-illustrated alkylene amines are useful as amines in this invention as are mixtures of two or more of any of the afore-described polyamines.

Ethylene polyamines, such as those mentioned above, are described in detail under the heading "Diamines and Higher Amines" in The Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Second Edition, Kirk and Othmer, Volume 7, pages 27-39, Interscience Publishers, Division of John Wiley and Sons, 1965, these pages being incorporated herein by reference. Such compounds are prepared most conveniently by the reaction of an alkylene chloride with ammonia or by reaction of an ethylene imine with a ring-opening reagent such as ammonia, etc. These reactions result in the production of the somewhat complex mixtures of alkylene polyamines, including cyclic condensation products such as piperazines.

To prepare the hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid amide derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I), one or more of the acid or anhydride and one or more of ammonia or the above-described primary or secondary amines are mixed together and heated, optionally in the presence of a normally liquid, substantially inert organic liquid solvent/diluent, at temperatures of about 30.degree. C. of to the decomposition temperature of the reaction component and/or product having the lowest such temperature. This temperature is preferably in the range of about 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., more preferably about 80.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. when the carboxylic reactant is an anhydride. On the other hand, when the carboxylic reactant is an acid, the temperature is preferably in the range of about 100.degree. C. to about 300.degree. C., more preferably from about 125.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. The acid or anhydride and the ammonia are preferably reacted in amounts sufficient to provide from about 0.05 to about 0.95, preferably about 0.5 mole of ammonia per equivalent of acid or anhydride. The acid or anhydride and the amine are preferably reacted in amounts sufficient to provide from about 0.05 to about 0.95, preferably about 0.5 equivalent of amine per equivalent of the acid or anhydride. For purposes of this reaction, an equivalent of an amine is its molecular weight divided by the total number of >NH and --NH.sub.2 groups present in the molecule. Thus, ethylene diamine has an equivalent weight equal to one-half its molecular weight; and amino guanidine has an equivalent weight equal to one-fourth its molecular weight. An equivalent ammonia is its molecular weight. An equivalent of an acid or anhydride is the same as discussed above with respect to reaction with alcohols.

Hydroxyamines Useful in Making the Ester and/or Amide Derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I)

The hydroxyamines can be primary, secondary or tertiary amines. The terms "hydroxyamine" and "aminoalcohol" describe the same class of compounds and, therefore, can be used interchangeably.

Typically, the hydroxyamines are primary, secondary or tertiary alkanol amines or mixtures thereof. Such amines can be represented, respectfully, by the formulae: ##STR14## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about eight carbon atoms or hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of two to about eight carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of about two to about 18 carbon atoms. The group --R'--OH in such formulae represents the hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group. R' can be an acyclic, alicyclic or aromatic group. Typically, R' is an acyclic straight or branched alkylene group such as an ethylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,2-butylene, 1,2-octadecylene, etc. group. Where two R groups are present in the same molecule they can be joined by a direct carbon-to-carbon bond or through a heteroatom (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur) to form a 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered ring structure. Examples of such heterocyclic amines include N-(hydroxyl lower alkyl)-morpholines, -thiomorpholines, -piperidines, -oxazolidines, -thiazolidines and the like. Typically, however, each R is a lower alkyl group of up to seven carbon atoms.

The hydroxyamines can also be ether N-(hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl)amines. These are hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analogs of the above-described hydroxy amines (these analogs also include hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs). Such N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amines can be conveniently prepared by reaction of epoxides with afore-described amines and can be represented by the formulae: ##STR15## wherein x is a number from about 2 to about 15 and R and R' are as described above.

Polyamine analogs of these hydroxy amines, particularly alkoxylated alkylene polyamines (e.g., N,N-(diethanol)-ethylene diamine) can also be used. Such polyamines can be made by reacting alkylene amines (e.g., ethylenediamine) with one or more alkylene oxides (e.g., ethylene oxide, octadecene oxide) of two to about 20 carbons. Similar alkylene oxide-alkanol amine reaction products can also be used such as the products made by reacting the afore-described primary, secondary or tertiary alkanol amines with ethylene, propylene or higher epoxides in a 1:1 or 1:2 molar ratio. Reactant ratios and temperatures for carrying out such reactions are known to those skilled in the art.

Specific examples of alkoxylated alkylene polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylene-diamine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine, mono(hydroxypropyl)-substituted diethylene triamine, di(hydroxypropyl)-substituted tetraethylene pentamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl)-tetramethylene diamine, etc. Higher homologs obtained by condensation of the above-illustrated hydroxy alkylene polyamines through amino groups or through hydroxy groups are likewise useful. Condensation through amino groups results in a higher amine accompanied by removal of ammonia while condensation through the hydroxy groups results in products containing ether linkages accompanied by removal of water. Mixtures of two or more of any of the aforesaid mono- or polyamines are also useful.

Examples of the N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amines include mono-, di-, and triethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, di-(3-hydroxylpropyl) amine, N-(3-hydroxylbutyl) amine, N-(4-hydroxylbutyl) amine, N,N-di-(2-hydroxylpropyl) amine, N-(2-hydroxylethyl) morpholine and its thio analog, N-(2-hydroxylethyl) cyclohexylamine, N-3-hydroxyl cyclopentylamine, o-, m- and p-aminophenol, N-(hydroxylethyl) piperazine, N,N'-di(hydroxylethyl) piperazine, and the like.

Further hydroxyamines are the hydroxy-substituted primary amines described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,743 by the general formula

R.sub.a --NH.sub.2 wherein R.sub.a is a monovalent organic group containing at least one alcoholic hydroxy group. The total number of carbon atoms in R.sub.a preferably does not exceed about 20. Hydroxy-substituted aliphatic primary amines containing a total of up to about 10 carbon atoms are useful. The polyhydroxy-substituted alkanol primary amines wherein there is only one amino group present (i.e., a primary amino group) having one alkyl substituent containing up to about 10 carbon atoms and up to about 6 hydroxyl groups are useful. These alkanol primary amines correspond to R.sub.a --NH.sub.2 wherein R.sub.a is a mono-O or polyhydroxy-substituted alkyl group. It is desirable that at least one of the hydroxyl groups be a primary alcoholic hydroxyl group. Specific examples of the hydroxy-substituted primary amines include 2-amino-1-butanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, p-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-aniline, 2-amino-1-propanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol, 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, N-(beta-hydroxypropyl)-N'-(beta-aminoethyl-piperazine, tris-(hydroxymethyl) amino methane (also known as trismethylolamino methane), 2-amino-1-butanol, ethanolamine, beta-(beta-hydroxy ethoxy)-ethylamine, glucamine, glusoamine, 4-amino-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butene (which can be prepared according to procedures known in the art by reacting isopreneoxide with ammonia), N-3-(aminopropyl)-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperadine, 2-amino-6-methyl-6-heptanol, 5-amino-1-pentanol, N-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-diamino propane, 1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane, N-(beta-hydroxy ethoxyethyl)-ethylenediamine, trismethylolaminomethane and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 3,576,743 is incorporated herein by reference.

Hydroxyalkyl alkylene polyamines having one or more hydroxyalkyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms, are also useful. Useful hydroxyalkyl-substituted alkylene polyamines include those in which the hydroxyalkyl group is a lower hydroxyalkyl group, i.e., having less than eight carbon atoms. Examples of such hydroxyalkyl-substituted polyamines include N-(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine, monohydroxypropyl-substituted diethylene triamine, dihydroxypropyl-substituted tetraethylene pentamine, N-(3-hydroxybutyl) tetramethylene diamine, etc. Higher homologs as are obtained by condensation of the above-illustrated hydroxy alkylene polyamines through amino groups or through hydroxy groups are likewise useful. Condensation through amino groups results in a higher amine accompanied by removal of ammonia and condensation through the hydroxy groups results in products containing ether linkages accompanied by removal of water.

The hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acids or anhydrides (A)(I) and (B)(I) can be reacted with the hydroxyamine according to conventional ester- and/or amide-forming techniques. This normally involves heating the acid or anhydride with the hydroxyamine, optionally in the presence of a normally liquid, substantially inert, organic liquid solvent/diluent. Temperatures of at least about 30.degree. C. up to the decomposition temperature of the reaction component and/or product having the lowest such temperature can be used. This temperature is preferably in the range of about 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., preferably about 80.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C. when the carboxylic reactant is an anhydride. On the other hand, when the carboxylic reactant is an acid, this temperature is preferably in the range of about 100.degree. C. up to about 300.degree. C. with temperatures in the range of about 125.degree. C. to about 250.degree. C. often being employed. Usually, about 0.05 to about 0.95, preferably about 0.5 equivalent of hydroxyamine are used for each equivalent of acid or anhydride. For purposes of this reaction, an equivalent of a hydroxyamine is its molecular weight divided by the total number of --OH, >NH and --NH.sub.2 groups present in the molecule. Thus, diethylethanolamine has an equivalent weight equal to its molecular weight; ethanolamine has an equivalent weight equal to one-half its molecular weight. An equivalent of acid or anhydride is the same as discussed above with respect to reaction with alcohols.

Components (A)(II) and (B)(II)

Components (A)(II) and (B)(II) include ammonia all of the primary amines, secondary amines and hydroxyamines discussed above as being useful in preparing the derivatives (A)(I) and (B)(I). In addition to ammonia, the amines and hydroxyamines discussed above, component (A)(II) and (B)(II) also include tertiary amines. The term "amine" is used herein to include hydroxyamines and aminoalcohols. The tertiary amines are analogous to the primary and secondary amines discussed above with the exception that hydrogen atoms in the H--N< or --NH.sub.2 groups are replaced by hydrocarbyl groups. These tertiary amines can be monoamines or polyamines. The monoamines are represented by the formula ##STR16## wherein R', R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are the same or different hydrocarbyl groups. Preferably, R', R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently hydrocarbyl groups of from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. The tertiary amines can be symmetrical amines, dimethylalkyl amines or those derived from the reaction of a primary amine or a secondary amine with ethylene oxide. The tertiary amines can be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic, including aliphatic-substituted aromatic, aliphatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, cycloaliphatic-substituted aliphatic, cycloaliphatic substituted aromatic, cycloaliphatic-substituted heterocyclic, aromatic-substituted aliphatic, aromatic-substituted cycloaliphatic, aromatic-substituted heterocyclic, heterocyclic-substituted aliphatic, heterocyclic-substituted cycloaliphatic and heterocyclic-substituted aromatic ames. These tertiary amines may be saturated or unsaturated. If unsaturated, the amine is preferably free from acetylenic unsaturation (i.e., --C.dbd.C--). The tertiary amines may also contain non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups as long as these groups do not significantly interfere with the reaction of the amines with components (A)(I) or (B)(I) of this invention. Such non-hydrocarbon substituents or groups include lower alkoxy, lower alkyl, mercapto, nitro, and interrupting groups such as --O-- and --S-- (e.g., as in such groups as --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --X-- CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- where X is --O-- or --S--). Examples of such tertiary amines include trimethyl amine, triethyl amine, tripropyl amine, tributyl amine, monomethyldiethyl amine, monoethyldimethyl amine, dimethylpropyl amine, dimethylbutyl amine, dimethylpentyl amine, dimethylhexyl amine, dimethylheptyl amine, dimethyloctyl amine, dimethylnonyl amine, dimethyldecyl amine, dimethyldicodanyl amdne, dimethylphenyl amine, N,N-dioctyl-1-octanamine, N,N-didodecyl-1-dodecanamine tricoco amine, trihydrogenated-tallow amine, N-methyl-dihydrogenated tallow amine, N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecandmine, N,N-dimethyl-1-tetradecanamine, N,N-dimethyl-1-hexadecanamine, N,N-dimethyl-1-octadecanamine, N,N-dimethylcoco, amine, N,N-dimethyl soyaamine, N,N-dimethyl hydrogenated tallow amine, etc.

Useful polyamines include the alkylene polyamines discussed above as well as alkylene polyamines with no hydrogens attached to the nitrogen atoms. Thus, the alkylene polyamines useful as components (A)(II) and (B)(II) include those conforming to the formula: ##STR17## wherein n is from 1 to about 10, preferably from 1 to about 7; each R is independently a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, preferably up to about 100 carbon atoms, more preferably up to about 50 carbon atoms, more preferably up to about 30 carbon atoms; and the "Alkylene" group has from about 1 to about 18 carbon atoms, preferably from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms, with the preferred Alkylene being ethylene or propylene.

The alkali and alkaline earth metals that are useful as components (A)(II) and (B)(II) can be any alkali or alkaline earth metal. The alkali metals are preferred. Sodium and potassium are particularly preferred. The alkali and alkaline earth metal compounds that are useful include, for example, the oxides, hydroxides and carbonates. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are particularly preferred.

Formation of the Salt Compositions (A) and (B)

The salt compositions (A) and (B) of the invention can be prepared by reacting component (A)(I) with component (A)(II), and reacting component (B)(I) with component (B)(II), under salt-forming conditions to form the desired salt compositions. The ratio of reactants utilized in the preparation of the salt compositions (A) and (B) may be varied over a wide range. Generally, from about 0.1 to about 2 equivalents or more, preferably about 0.5 to about 1.5 equivalents of components (A)(II) and (B)(II) are used for each equivalent of components (A)(I) and (B)(I), respectively.

For purposes of this reaction, an equivalent of components (A)(I) or (B)(I) in the acid or anhydride form is the same as discussed above with respect to the reaction of the acids and anhydrides with alcohols. The number of equivalents of component (A)(I) or (B)(I) in the ester and/or amide derivative form, depends on the total number of carboxy groups present that are capable of reacting as a carboxylic acid acylating agent; that is the number of carboxy groups present that are capable of forming a carboxylic salt with components (A)(II) and (B)(II), respectively. For example, there would be one equivalent in an acid/amide derived from one mole of a polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride and one mole of ammonia. Similarly, there would be one equivalent in an acid/ester derived from one mole of a polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride and methanol. When component (A)(II) and/or (B)(II) is an amine, an equivalent thereof is its molecular weight divided by the total number of nitrogens present in the molecule that are sufficiently basic to form a salt with components (A)(I) and/or (B)(I), respectively. These include, for example, the nitrogen atoms of primary aliphatic amines, secondary aliphatic amines and tertiary aliphatic amines as well as amines bearing one aryl group on the nitrogen atom (e.g., aniline). On the other hand, these do not include, for example, amides, (i.e., ##STR18## or imides ##STR19## Thus, octylamine has an equivalent weight equal to its molecular weight; ethylene diamine has an equivalent weight equal to one-half of its molecular weight; both ethanolamine and diethylethanolamine have equivalent weights equal to their molecular weights. The equivalent weight of a commercially available mixture of polyalkylene polyamines can be determined by dividing the atomic weight of nitrogen (14) by the % N contained in the polyamine; thus, a polyalkylene polyamine mixture having a % N of 34 would have an equivalent weight of 41.2. When component (A)(II) and/or (B)(II) is ammonia, an equivalent weight thereof is its molecular weight. When component (A)(II) and/or (B)(II) is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, an equivalent weight thereof is its molecular weight. When component (A)(II) and/or (B)(II) is an alkali or alkaline earth metal compound, an equivalent weight thereof is its molecular weight divided by the number of alkali or alkaline earth metal atoms present in the molecule.

The products of the reaction between components (A)(I) and (A)(II), and (B)(I) and (B)(II), respectively, must contain at least some carboxylic salt in order for said products to be effective as emulsifiers in accordance with this invention. Thus, these products are typically constituted of compositions containing at least one compound having at least one carboxylic salt linkage (i.e., ##STR20## wherein M.sup.+ is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, ammonium or amine cation) within its molecular structure. This product can also include other compounds such as amides, esters, and the like. Preferably, these products contain compounds containing such salt linkage at levels of at least about 10% by weight of the product, more preferably at least about 20% by weight, more preferably at least about 35% by weight, more preferably at least about 50% by weight, and still more preferably at least about 75% by weight.

The reactions between components (A)(I) and (A)(II), and (B)(I) and (B)(II) are carried out under salt forming conditions using conventional techniques. Typically, components (A)(I) and (A)(II), and (B)(I) and (B)(II), respectively, are mixed together and heated to a temperature in the range of about 20.degree. C. up to the decomposition temperature of the reaction component and/or product having the lowest such temperature, preferably about 50.degree. C. to about 130.degree. C., more preferably about 80.degree. C. to about 110.degree. C.; optionally, in the presence of a normally liquid, substantially inert organic liquid solvent/diluent, until the desired product has formed.

The following examples illustrate the preparation of the salt compositions of this invention. Unless otherwise indicated, in the following examples and elsewhere in the specification and claims, all parts and percentages are by weight, and all temperatures are in degrees centigrade.

EXAMPLE 1

2228 parts of polyisobutylene (number average molecular weight=950) substituted succinic anhydride are heated to 90.degree. C. with stirring. 178 parts of dimethylethanolamine are added dropwise over a period of one hour while maintaining the temperature at 90.degree.-97.degree. C. The mixture is maintained at 90.degree.-97.degree. C. for an additional 0.5 hour to provide the desired product.

EXAMPLE 2

1600 parts of hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.16 alpha-olefin and maleic anhydride are heated to 80.degree.-90.degree. C. 445 parts of dimethylethanolamine are added over a period of one hour while maintaining the temperature at 85.degree.-95.degree. C. The mixture is maintained at 85.degree.-95.degree. C. for an additional one hour, and then cooled to 60.degree. C. to provide the desired product.

EXAMPLE 3

2240 parts of the polyisobutylene substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 are heated to a temperature in the range of 110.degree.-116.degree. C. 174 parts of morpholine are then added dropwise to the anhydride. After completion of the addition of morpholine, the resulting mixture is maintained at a temperature of 116.degree.-126.degree. C. for two hours. 234 parts of diethylethanolamine are then added dropwise while the temperature is maintained at 116.degree.-126.degree. C. After completion of the addition of diethylethanolamine, the resulting mixture is maintained at 116.degree.-126.degree. C. for 50 minutes with stirring. The resulting product is primarily an amide/salt.

EXAMPLE 4

A mixture of 1100 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 100 parts of Carbowax 200 (a product of Union Carbide identified as a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 200) are heated to and then maintained at a temperature of 123.degree.-134.degree. C., maintained at said temperature for 2 hours, then cooled to 100.degree. C. 117 parts of diethylethanolamine are added to the resulting product over a 0.2 hour period while maintaining the temperature at 100.degree. C. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature. The product is primarily an ester/salt.

EXAMPLE 5

A mixture of 1100 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 34 parts of pentaerythritol are heated to a temperature of 125.degree.-160.degree. C., maintained at said temperature for 4 hours, then adjusted to 130.degree. C. 117 parts of diethylethanolamine are added to the mixture. The temperature is maintained at 100.degree.-130.degree. C. for 1 hour. The resulting product is then cooled to room temperature. The product is primarily an ester/salt.

EXAMPLE 6

A mixture of 2240 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 300 parts of a 40 SUS mineral seal oil are heated to 50.degree. C. with continuous stirring over a 0.5-hour period. 54 parts of tap water are added and the resulting mixture is heated from 50.degree. C. to 92.degree. C. over a 0.5-hour period, then maintained at 92.degree.-98.degree. C. for 5 hours. 244 parts of monoethanolamine are added and the resulting mixture is maintained at 92.degree.-98.degree. C. The product is primarily a di-salt.

EXAMPLE 7

A mixture of 2240 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 62 parts of ethylene glycol are heated to a temperature in the range of 116.degree.-120.degree. C., then maintained at said temperature for 5 hours. The temperature of the mixture is then increased to a temperature in the range of 138.degree.-146.degree. C. and maintained at said increased temperature for an additional 4.5 hours. The temperature of the mixture is then decreased to 115.degree. C. over a period of 0.5 hour. 122 parts of monoethanolamine are added to the mixture over a period of 0.5 hour while maintaining the temperature at 115.degree.-120.degree. C. The mixture is then stirred for an additional 0.5 hour while maintaining the temperature at 115.degree.-120.degree. C. The resulting product is primarily an ester/salt.

EXAMPLE 8

2895 parts of polyisobutylene (number average molecular weight=1700) substituted succinic anhydride are heated to 121.degree. C. over a 1-hour period. 605 parts of diethylethanolamine are added dropwise over a 2-hour period while maintaining the temperature of the mixture at 121.degree.-128.degree. C. The mixture is maintained at 121.degree.-123.degree. C. for an additional hour, and then cooled to 50.degree. C. to provide the desired product. The product is primarily an ester/salt.

EXAMPLE 9

A mixture of 1000 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 337 parts of a blend oil are heated to 85.degree. C. 26 parts of tap water are added to the mixture. The mixture is heated to 102.degree. C. over a period of 0.25 hour. The mixture is maintained at a temperature of 102.degree.-105.degree. C. for 4 hours, and then cooled to 70.degree. C. 209 parts of diethylethanolamine are added to the mixture over a 0.2-hour period, and the mixture exotherms to 79.degree. C. The mixture is then maintained at a temperature of 78.degree.-79.degree. C. for 1.5 hours and then cooled to provide the desired product. The product is primarily a di-salt.

EXAMPLE 10

1120 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 are heated to 85.degree.-90.degree. C. over a 1-hour period. 117 parts of diethylethanolamine are added dropwise over a 0.5-hour period. The resulting mixture is maintained at a temperature of 85.degree.-90.degree. C. for 4 hours, then cooled to room temperature to provide the desired product. The product is primarily an internal salt.

EXAMPLE 11

A mixture of 917 parts of diluent oil, 40 parts of diatomaceous earth filter aid, 10 parts of caustic soda, 0.2 part of a silicone-based anti-foam agent, 135 parts of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, and 6.67 parts of a commercial polyethylene polyamine mixture containing 33.5% nitrogen and substantially corresponding to tetraethylene pentamine are heated to a temperature of 121.degree. C. with stirring. 1000 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 are slowly added to the mixture over a period of about one hour, and during such addition the temperature of the mixture is increased from 121.degree. C. to 154.degree. C. The mixture is then maintained at a temperature of 154.degree.-160.degree. C. with nitrogen blowing for 12 hours. The mixture is then cooled to 138.degree.-149.degree. C. and filtered. A final oil adjustment is made to adjust the product to a 45% by weight diluent oil. The product contains a minor amount of salt.

EXAMPLE 12

6720 parts of the polyisobutenyl succinic anhydride used in Example 1 are heated to 90.degree. C. with stirring. 702 parts of diethylethanolamine are added over a 1.5-hour period. This intermediate mixture is then heated for an additional 0.5 hour at 90.degree. C. Then 366 parts of monoethanolamine are slowly added. The mixture is maintained at 90.degree. C. for 0.5 hour and then cooled to provide a clear brown, viscous liquid product. The product is a mixture of imide and salt, with minor amounts of amide and ester being present.

EXAMPLE 13

2240 parts of the polyisobutenyl-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 are heated to a temperature of about 90.degree. C. 468 parts of diethylethanolamine are added over a 2-hour period. The mixture is heated for an additional hour at 90.degree. C. to provide the desired product. The product is primarily an ester/salt.

EXAMPLE 14

A mixture of 2644 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 75 parts of ethylene glycol are heated to a temperature of 120.degree. C., and maintained at said temperature for 4 hours. The temperature of the mixture is then increased to 160.degree.-170.degree. C., maintained at said temperature for 2 hours, then reduced to 120.degree. C. 281 parts of diethylethanolamine are added to the mixture over a 15-minute period. The temperature of the mixture is maintained at 115.degree.-120.degree. C. for 1 hour. The mixture is then cooled to room temperature to provide the desired product.

EXAMPLE 15

A mixture of 2240 parts of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride used in Example 1 and 86 parts of piperazine are heated to a temperature of 116.degree.-126.degree. C. and maintained at said temperature for 2 hours. 234 parts of diethylethanolamine are added dropwise to the mixture. The temperature is maintained at 116.degree.-126.degree. C. for 50 minutes. The resulting product is then cooled to room temperature.

EXAMPLE 16

Two equivalents of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride identified in Example 1 are reacted with one equivalent of sodium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 17

Two equivalents of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride identified in Example 1 are reacted with one equivalent of ammonia under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 18

Two equivalents of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride identified in Example 1 are reacted with one equivalent of calcium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 19

Two equivalents of the polyisobutylene-substituted succinic anhydride identified in Example 1 are reacted with one equivalent of sodium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 20

Two equivalents of a C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of dimethylethanolamine under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 21

Two equivalents of a C.sub.250 hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of sodium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 22

Two equivalents of a C.sub.500 hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of dimethylethanolamine under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 23

One equivalent of a C.sub.20 hydrocarbyl-substituted monocarboxylic acid derived from acrylic acid is reacted with one equivalent of ammonia under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 24

One equivalent of a C.sub.500 hydrocarbyl-substituted monocarboxylic acid derived from acrylic acid is reacted with one equivalent of diethylethanolamine under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition

EXAMPLE 25

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.8 alpha-olefin and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of sodium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 25

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.12 alpha-olefin and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of calcium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 26

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.18 alpha-olefin and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of ammonia under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 28

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.16-18 alpha-olefin fraction and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of sodium hydroxide under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 29

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.12-16 alpha-olefin and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of sodium carbonate under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 30

Two equivalents of a oleic acid are reacted with one equivalent of diethylethanolamine under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

EXAMPLE 31

Two equivalents of a hydrocarbyl-substituted succinic anhydride derived from a C.sub.14-18 alpha-olefin fraction and maleic anhydride are reacted with one equivalent of ethylene diamine under salt-forming conditions to form a desired salt composition.

Explosive Compositions

The explosive compositions of the invention are water-in-oil emulsions which, in one embodiment, are cap-sensitive water-in-oil explosive emulsions. These explosive emulsions employ the salt compositions (A) and (B) of the invention as emulsifiers. The inventive explosive emulsions comprise a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of a mixture of the salt compositions (A) and (B).

The continuous organic phase is preferably present at a level of at least about 2% by weight, more preferably in the range of from about 2% to about 15% by weight, more preferably in the range of from about 3.5% to about 8% by weight based on the total weight of explosive emulsion. The discontinuous oxidizer phase is preferably present at a level of at least about 85% by weight, more preferably at a level in the range of from about 85% to about 98% by weight, more preferably from about 92% to about 96.5% by weight based on the total weight of said explosive emulsion. The salt compositions (A) and (B) of the invention are preferably present at a combined level in the range of from about 4% to about 40% by weight, more preferably from about 12% to about 20% by weight based on the total weight of the organic phase. The weight ratio of (A) to (B) is preferably in the range of about 0.01:1 to about 100:1, more preferably about 0.1:1 to about 10:1. The oxygen-supplying component is preferably present at a level in the range of from about 70% to about 95% by weight, more preferably from about 85% to about 92% by weight, more preferably from about 87% to about 90% by weight based on the total weight of the oxidizer phase. The water is preferably present at a level in the range of about 5% to about 30% by weight, more preferably about 8% to about 15% by weight, more preferably about 10% to about 13% by weight based on the weight of the oxidizer phase.

The carbonaceous fuel that is useful in the explosive emulsions of the invention can include most hydrocarbons, for example, paraffinic, olefinic, naphthenic, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, and is typically in the form of an oil or a wax or a mixture thereof. In general, the carbonaceous fuel is a water-immiscible, emulsifiable hydrocarbon that is either liquid or liquefied at a temperature of up to about 95.degree. C., and preferably between about 40.degree. C. and about 75.degree. C. Oils from a variety of sources, including natural and synthetic oils and mixtures thereof can be used as the carbonaceous fuel.

Natural oils include animal oils and vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil, lard oil) as well as solvent-refined or acid-refined mineral oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffin-naphthenic types. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful. Synthetic oils include hydrocarbon oils and halo-substituted hydrocarbon oils such as polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, chlorinated polybutylenes, etc.); alkyl benzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di-(2-ethylhexyl) benzenes, etc.); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls, etc.); and the like.

Another suitable class of synthetic oils that can be used comprises the esters of dicarboxylic acids (e.g., phthalic acid, succinic acid, alkyl succinic acid, maleic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acids, alkenyl malonic acids, etc.) with a variety of alcohols (e.g., butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, ethylen glycol, diethylene glycol monoether, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, etc.). Specific examples of these esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl)-sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, the 2-ethylhexyl diester of linoleic acid dimer, the complex ester formed by reacting one mole of sebacic acid with two moles of tetraethylene glycol and two moles of 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, and the like.

Esters useful as synthetic oils also include those made from C.sub.5 to C.sub.12 monocarboxylic acids and polyols and polyol ethers such as neopentyl glycol, trimethylol propane, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, etc.

Silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-, poly- aryl-, polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxy-siloxane oils and silicate oils comprise another class of useful oils. These include tetraethyl-silicate, tetraisopropylsilicate, tetra-(2-ethylhexyl)-silicate, tetra-(4-methylhexyl)-silicate, tetr(p-tert-butylphenyl)-silicate, hexyl-(4-methyl-2-pentoxy)-di-siloxane, poly(methyl)siloxanes, poly-(methylphenyl)-siloxanes, etc. Other useful synthetic oils include liquid esters of phosphorus-containing acid (e.g., tricresyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, diethyl ester of decane phosphonic acid, etc.), polymeric tetrahydrofurans, and the like.

Unrefined, refined and rerefined oils (and mixtures of each with each other) of the type disclosed hereinabove can be used. Unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source without further purification treatment. For example, a shale oil obtained directly from a retorting operation, a petroleum oil obtained directly from distillation or ester oil obtained directly from an esterification process and used without further treatment would be an unrefined oil. Refined oils are similar to the unrefined oils except that they have been further treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Many such purification techniques are known to those of skill in the art such as solvent extraction, distillation, acid or base extraction, filtration, percolation, etc. Rerefined oils are obtained by processes similar to those used to obtain refined oils applied to refined oils which have been already used in service. Such rerefined oils are also known as reclaimed or reprocessed oils and often are additionally processed by techniques directed toward removal of spent additives and oil breakdown products.

Examples of useful oils include a white mineral oil available from Witco Chemical Company under the trade designation KAYDOL; a white mineral oil available from Shell under the trade designation ONDINA; and a mineral oil available from Pennzoil under the trade designation N-750-HT.

The carbonaceous fuel can be any wax having melting point of at least about 25.degree. C., such as petrolatum wax, microcrystalline wax, and paraffin wax, mineral waxes such as ozocerite and montan wax, animal waxes such as spermacetic wax, and insect waxes such as beeswax and Chinese wax. Useful waxes include waxes identified by the trade designation MOBILWAX 57 which is available from Mobil Oil Corporation; D02764 which is a blended wax available from Astor Chemical Ltd.; and VYBAR which is available from Petrolite Corporation. Preferred waxes are blends of microcrystalline waxes and paraffin.

In one embodiment, the carbonaceous fuel includes a combination of a wax and an oil. In this embodiment, the wax content is at least about 25% and preferably ranges from about 25% to about 90% by weight of the organic phase, and the oil content is at least about 10% and preferably ranges from about 10% to about 75% by weight of the organic phase. These mixtures are particularly suitable for use in cap-sensitive explosive emulsions.

While its presence is not necessary, the explosive emulsions can also contain up to about 15% by weight of an auxiliary fuel, such as aluminum, aluminum alloys, magnesium, and the like. Particulate aluminum is a preferred auxiliary fuel.

The oxygen-supplying component is preferably at least one inorganic oxidizer salt such as ammonium, alkali or alkaline earth metal nitrate, chlorate or perchlorate. Examples include ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium chlorate, sodium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate. Ammonium nitrate is especially preferred. Mixtures of ammonium nitrate and sodium or calcium nitrate are also preferred. In one embodiment, inorganic oxidizer salt comprises principally ammonium nitrate, although up to about 25% by weight of the oxidizer phase can comprise either another inorganic nitrate (e.g., alkali or alkaline earth metal nitrate) or an inorganic perchlorate (e.g., ammonium perchlorate or an alkali or alkaline earth metal perchlorate) or a mixture thereof.

In one embodiment of the invention, closed-cell, void-containing materials are used as sensitizing components. The term "closed-cell, void-containing material" is used herein to mean any particulate material which comprises closed cell, hollow cavities. Each particle of the material can contain one or more closed cells, and the cells can contain a gas, such as air, or can be evacuated or partially evacuated. In one embodiment of the invention, sufficient closed cell void containing material is used to yield a density in the resulting emulsion of from about 0.8 to about 1.35 g/cc, more preferably about 0.9 to about 1.3 g/cc, more preferably about 1.1 to about 1.3 g/cc. In general, the emulsions of the subject invention can contain up to about 15% by weight, preferably from about 0.25% to about 15% by weight of the closed cell void containing material. Preferred closed cell void containing materials are discrete glass spheres having a particle size within the range of about 10 to about 175 microns. In general, the bulk density of such particles can be within the range of about 0.1 to about 0.4 g/cc. Useful glass microbubbles which can be used are the microbubbles sold by 3M Company and which have a particle size distribution in the range of from about 10 to about 160 microns and a nominal size in the range of about 60 to 70 microns, and densities in the range of from about 0.1 to about 0.4 g/cc.; these include microbubbles distributed under the trade designation B15/250. Other useful glass microbubbles are sold under the trade designation of ECCOSPHERES by Emerson & Cumming, Inc., and generally have a particle size range from about 44 to about 175 microns and a bulk density of about 0.15 to about 0.4 g/cc. Other suitable microbubbles include the inorganic microspheres sold under the trade designation of Q-CEL by Philadelphia Quartz Company. The closed cell void containing material can be made of inert or reducing materials. For example, phenol-formaldehyde microbubbles can be utilized within the scope of this invention. If the phenol-formaldehyde microbubbles are utilized, the microbubbles themselves are a fuel component for the explosive and their fuel value should be taken into consideration when designing a water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition. Another closed cell void containing material which can be used within the scope of the subject invention is the saran microspheres sold by Dow Chemical Company. The saran microspheres have a diameter of about 30 microns and a particle density of about 0.032 g/cc. Because of the low bulk density of the saran microspheres, it is preferred that only from about 0.25 to about 1% by weight thereof be used in the water-in-oil emulsions of the subject invention.

Gas bubbles which are generated in-situ by adding to the composition and distributing therein a gas-generating material such as, for example, an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite, can also be used can be used to sensitize the explosive emulsions. Other suitable sensitizing components which may be employed alone or in addition to the foregoing include insoluble particulate solid self-explosives such as, for example, grained or flaked TNT, DNT, RDX and the like and water-soluble and/or hydrocarbon-soluble organic sensitizers such as, for example, amine nitrates, alkanolamine nitrates, hydroxyalkyl nitrates, and the like. The explosive emulsions of the present invention may be formulated for a wide range of applications. Any combination of sensitizing components may be selected in order to provide an explosive composition of virtually any desired density, weight-strength or critical diameter. The quantity of solid self-explosive ingredients and of water-soluble and/or hydrocarbon-soluble organic sensitizers may comprise up to about 40% by weight of the total explosive composition. The volume of the occluded gas component may comprise up to about 50% of the volume of the total explosive composition.

Optional additional materials may be incorporated in the explosive emulsions of the invention in order to further improve sensitivity, density, strength, rheology and cost of the final explosive. Typical of materials found useful as optional additives include, for example, particulate non-metal fuels such as sulfur, gilsonite and the like, particulate inert materials such as sodium chloride, barium sulphate and the like, water phase or hydrocarbon phase thickeners such as guar gum, polyacrylamide, carboxymethyl or ethyl cellulose, biopolymers, starches, elastomeric materials, and the like, crosslinkers for the thickeners such as potassium pyroantimonate and the like, buffers or pH controllers such as sodium borate, zinc nitrate and the like, crystals habit modifiers such as alkyl naphthalene sodium sulphonate and the like, liquid phase extenders such as formamide, ethylene glycol and the like and bulking agents and additives of common use in the explosives art. The quantities of optional additional materials used may comprise up to about 50% by weight of the total explosive emulsion.

The general criteria for cap-sensitivity is that the explosive be sensitive to a No. 8 blasting cap at a cartridge diameter of 1.25 inch under normal temperature conditions. The cap-sensitive explosive emulsions of the present invention are shelf stable, which means they exhibit shelf stability of at least six months and typically one year or more.

A preferred method for making the explosive emulsions of the invention comprises the steps of (1) mixing water, inorganic oxidizer salts (e.g., ammonium nitrate) and, in certain cases, some of the supplemental water-soluble compounds, in a first premix, (2) mixing the carbonaceous fuel, the emulsifying salt compositions (A) and (B) of the invention and any other optional oil-soluble compounds, in a second premix and (3) adding the first premix to the second premix in a suitable mixing apparatus, to form a water-in-oil emulsion. The first premix is heated until all the salts are completely dissolved and the solution may be filtered if needed in order to remove any insoluble residue. The second premix is also heated to liquefy the ingredients. Any type of apparatus capable of either low or high shear mixing can be used to prepare these water-in-oil emulsions. Closed- cell void containing materials, gas-generating materials, solid self-explosive ingredients such as particulate TNT, solid fuels such as aluminum or sulfur, inert materials such as barytes or sodium chloride, undissolved solid oxidizer salts and other optional materials, if employed, are added to the emulsion and simply blended until homogeneously dispersed throughout the composition.

The water-in-oil explosive emulsions of the invention can also be prepared by adding the second premix liquefied organic solution phase to the first premix hot aqueous solution phase with sufficient stirring to invert the phases. However, this method usually requires substantially more energy to obtain the desired dispersion than does the preferred reverse procedure. Alternatively, these water-in-oil explosive emulsions are particularly adaptable to preparation by a continuous mixing process where the two separately prepared liquid phases are pumped through a mixing device wherein they are combined and emulsified.

The salt compositions (A) and (B) of this invention can be added directly to the inventive explosive emulsions. They can also be diluted with a substantially inert, normally liquid organic diluent such as mineral oil, naphtha, benzene, toluene or xylene, to form an additive concentrate which can then be added to the explosive emulsions. These concentrates usually contain a combined total of from about 10% to about 90% by weight of the salt compositions (A) and (B), and may contain, in addition, one or more other additives known in the art or described hereinabove.

An advantage of the present invention is that by using the combination of salt compositions (A) and (B) of the present invention as emulsifiers, explosive emulsions can be provided in gelatinous or semi-gelatinous forms that are dry to the touch and cuttable. These are important characteristics when using these explosive emulsions in the preparation of cap-sensitive explosive emulsions, particularly when such cap-sensitive explosive emulsions are used in the manufacture of explosive cartridges, especially small diameter (i.e., diameters of about 1.25 inches or smaller) cartridges.

Explosive cartridges within the scope of this invention can be made using techniques well known in the art. The cap-sensitive explosive emulsions of the invention are particularly suitable for making cartridges on cartridging machines such as the type available from Niepmann under the trade designation ROLLEX.

The following Examples A-I are illustrative of cap-sensitive water-in-oil explosive emulsions within the scope of the invention. These emulsions, which are identified in Table I below, are prepared as follows. The organic phase is prepared using the wax and oil indicated in Table I and the product of Example 1. The oxidizer phase contains 78.5% NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3, 10.7% NaNO.sub.3, and 10.8% H.sub.2 O. The weight ratio of the oxidizer phase to the organic phase is 95/5. The organic phase is melted at 90.degree. C. The oxidizer phase is heated to 104.degree. C. The oxidizer phase is added to the organic phase with stirring using a Sunbeam Mixmaster mixer at 50-100% on the variac for one minute. The emulsions are mixed or "worked" an additional six minutes in the Sunbeam Mixmaster mixer at 100% on the variac. The viscosity of each emulsion and initial emulsion temperatures are indicated in Table I. A sample of each emulsion is stored at 49.degree. C. for 4 days and then at 70.degree. C. for 2 days. After that time the emulsions are removed and stored at room temperature. The stability of each emulsion is observed overtime and reported in Table I. The penetration of the samples is measured using a 159 gram cone and apparatus.

TABLE I______________________________________ A B C D E______________________________________Product of Ex. 1,(% of organic phase) -- 10 -- 15 --Product of Ex. 2,(% of organic phase) 10 10 5 5 3.3Product of Ex. 13,(% or organic phase) 10 -- 15 -- 16.7Mineral oil,(% of organic phase) 20 20 20 20 2050:50 blend of micro-crystalline wax andparaffin wax,(% of organic phase) 60 60 60 60 60Initial Viscosity(cPs .times. 10.sup.3 /.degree.F.) 118/ 88/ 99/ 85/ 130/ 174 162 160 160 160Avg. Penetration atRoom Temp. (mm) 9.43 10.03 10.2 9.4 8.56Storage Stability @Room Temp.(Appearance/Days) OK/21 OK/21 OK/19 OK/19 OK/6Storage Stability @120.degree. F.(Appearance/Days) -- -- -- -- OK/6Storage Stability @158.degree. F.(Appearance/Days) -- -- -- -- OK/6______________________________________ F G H I______________________________________Product of Ex. 1,(% of organic phase) 16.7 -- 17.2 16Product of Ex. 2,(% of organic phase) 3.3 2.8 2.8 4Product of Ex. 13,(% or organic phase) -- 17.2 -- --Mineral oil,(% of organic phase) 20 20 20 2050:50 blend of micro-crystalline wax andparaffin wax,(% of organic phase) 60 60 60 60Initial Viscosity(cPs .times. 10.sup.3 /.degree.F.) 100/ 99/ 130/ 100/ 170 158 160 160Avg. Penetration atRoom Temp. (mm) 6.9 8.93 10.1 9.5Storage Stability @Room Temp.(Appearance/Days) OK/6 OK/14 OK/14 OK/6Storage Stability @120.degree. F.(Appearance/Days) OK/6 -- -- OK/6Storage Stability @158.degree. F.(Appearance/Days) OK/6 -- -- OK/6______________________________________ Each of the emulsions identified in Table I are dry to the touch and cuttable, and exhibit good stability to high temperatures

While the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention disclosed herein is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. An explosive composition comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

2. The composition of claim 1 wherein (A)(I) is derived from at least one alpha-beta olefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, said acid or anhydride or derivative containing up to about 20 carbon atoms per molecule exclusive of the carboxyl-based groups.

3. The composition of claim 1 wherein (A)(I) is a monocarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

4. The composition of claim 1 wherein (A)(I) is a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

5. The composition of claim 1 wherein (A)(I) is represented by the formulae ##STR21## wherein R is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I).

6. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) is an ester or an amide derived from at least one compound represented by the formulae ##STR22## wherein R is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I).

7. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) has an average of from about 30 to about 500 carbon atoms per molecule.

8. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) has an average of from about 40 to about 500 carbon atoms per molecule.

9. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) has an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms per molecule.

10. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) is an alkyl or an alkenyl group.

11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) is a poly(isobutylene) group.

12. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary amine, secondary amine and/or ammonia.

13. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary or secondary monoamine.

14. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from a polyamine containing at least one primary and/or secondary amino group.

15. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR23## wherein n is a number in the range of from 1 to about 10, each R is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

16. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydric alcohol.

17. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one polyhydric alcohol.

18. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound represented by the formula

R(OH).sub.m

wherein R is a monovalent or polyvalent organic group joined to the OH groups through carbon-to-oxygen bonds and m is an integer of from 1 to about 10.

19. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine.

20. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from (a) at least one N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).

21. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.

22. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (a) primary or secondary amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR24## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR25## wherein R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more of any of the above.

23. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (a) tertiary alkanol amines represented by the formula ##STR26## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said tertiary alkanol amines represented by the formula ##STR27## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more of the above.

24. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one monoamine.

25. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one polyamine.

26. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine.

27. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic amine.

28. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR28## wherein n is a number of from 1 to about 10, each R is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

29. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises (a) at least one N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).

30. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.

31. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) is selected from the group consisting of (a) primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR29## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR30## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more of any of the above.

32. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) is dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine.

33. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) is ammonia.

34. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal.

35. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises sodium.

36. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal.

37. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

38. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (A)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

39. The composition of claim 1 wherein (B)(I) is a monocarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

40. The composition of claim 1 wherein (B)(I) is a polycarboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride.

41. The composition of claim 1 wherein (B)(I) is represented by the formulae ##STR31## wherein R is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I).

42. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) is an ester or an amide derived from at least one compound represented by the formulae ##STR32## wherein R is said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I).

43. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) is derived from at least one compound selected from the group consisting of 1-octene, styrene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, tetra-propylene, 1-tridecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-heptadecene and 1-octadecene.

44. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) is derived from at least one member within the alpha-olefin fraction selected from the group consisting of C.sub.15-18 alpha olefins, C.sub.12-16 alpha-olefins, C.sub.14-16 alpha-olefins, C.sub.14-18 alpha-olefins and C.sub.16-18 alpha-olefins.

45. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) has an average of from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms.

46. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) has an average of from about 16 to about 18 carbon atoms.

47. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) is an alkyl or an alkenyl group.

48. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary amine, secondary amine and/or ammonia.

49. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one primary or secondary monoamine.

50. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from a polyamine containing at least one primary and/or secondary amino group.

51. The composition f claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one amide derived from at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR33## wherein n is a number in the range of from 1 to about 10, each R is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

52. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one monohydric alcohol.

53. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one polyhydric alcohol.

54. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound represented by the formula

R(OH).sub.m

wherein R is a monovalent or polyvalent organic group joined to the OH groups through carbon-to-oxygen bonds and m is an integer of from 1 to about 10.

55. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one hydroxyamine.

56. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from (a) at least one N-(hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).

57. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.

58. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester and/or amide derived from at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (a) primary or secondary amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR34## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR35## wherein R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more of any of the above.

59. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(I) comprises at least one ester derived from at least one compound selected from the group consisting of (a) tertiary alkanol amines represented by the formula ##STR36## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said tertiary alkanol amines represented by the formula ##STR37## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more of the above.

60. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one monoamine.

61. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one polyamine.

62. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one primary, secondary and/or tertiary amine.

63. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic amine.

64. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkylene polyamine of the formula ##STR38## wherein n is a number of from 1 to about 10, each R is independently a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl group or a hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl group having up to about 700 carbon atoms, and the Alkylene group has from 1 to about 10 carbon atoms.

65. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises (a) at least one N-(hydroxy-substituted hydrocarbyl) amine, (b) at least one hydroxyl-substituted poly(hydrocarbyloxy) analog of (a), or (c) a mixture of (a) and (b).

66. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkanol amine containing up to about 40 carbon atoms.

67. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) is selected from the group consisting of (a) primary, secondary and tertiary alkanol amines which can be represented correspondingly by the formulae ##STR39## (b) hydroxyl-substituted oxyalkylene analogs of said alkanol amines represented by the formulae ##STR40## wherein each R is independently a hydrocarbyl group of one to about 8 carbon atoms or a hydroxyl-substituted hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 8 carbon atoms and R' is a divalent hydrocarbyl group of 2 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (c) mixtures of two of more thereof.

68. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) is dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine.

69. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) is ammonia.

70. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal.

71. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises sodium.

72. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal.

73. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkali metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

74. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (B)(II) comprises at least one alkaline earth metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate.

75. The composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of component (A) to component (B) is from about 0.01:1 to about 100:1.

76. An explosive composition made by combining an oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, an organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

77. An explosive composition comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt derived from (A)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine; and

(B) at least one salt derived from (B)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine.

78. An explosive composition made by combining an oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, an organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt derived from (A)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine; and

(B) at least one salt derived from (B)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine.

79. A cap-sensitive explosive emulsion comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, said carbonaceous fuel comprising at least one wax, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

80. A cap-sensitive explosive emulsion comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, said carbonaceous fuel comprising at least one wax, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt derived from (A)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 50 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine; and

(B) at least one salt derived from (B)(I) at least one hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) dimethylethanolamine or diethylethanolamine.

81. A cartridge comprising a tubular container containing at least one explosive emulsion, said emulsion comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, said carbonaceous fuel comprising at least one wax, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(I) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.

82. A cartridge having a diameter of about 1.25 inches or smaller comprising at least one cap-sensitive explosive emulsion, said emulsion comprising a discontinuous oxidizer phase comprising at least one oxygen-supplying component, a continuous organic phase comprising at least one carbonaceous fuel, and an emulsifying amount of

(A) at least one salt composition derived from (A)(I) at least one high-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (A)(I) having an average of from about 20 to about 500 carbon atoms, and (A)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound; and

(B) at least one salt composition derived from (B)(I) at least one low-molecular weight hydrocarbyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, or ester or amide derivative of said acid or anhydride, the hydrocarbyl substituent of (B)(I) having an average of from about 8 to about 18 carbon atoms, and (B)(II) ammonia, at least one amine, at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, and/or at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal compound.