1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an oil management apparatus and method for extending the life of oil used as lubrication in automobiles, and more particularly, to removing soot, rust, and other particles from lubricating oils, and monitoring and reducing the amount of such particles exposed to the oil in the oil management system.
2. Description of the Background
In the oil filtration art, it is well known that normal operation of an internal combustion engine results in the formation of contaminants and other particulate material. These contaminants include, among other things, soot, which is formed from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, corrosive rust, and acids that result from combustion. These contaminants are typically introduced into the lubricating oil during engine operation and exposure to other materials, and they tend to increase oil viscosity and generate unwanted engine deposits, leading to increased engine wear.
A standard type of oil filtration mechanism is a mechanical filter with replaceable cartridges that oil is repeatedly cycled through to remove impurities. Dirty oil passes through these cartridges to be cleaned and is then redistributed throughout the engine for lubrication purposes. Such filtering prevents premature wear on the engine components and increases the usable life of the oil. However, this technique and others become less efficient over time with continual use of the lubricating oil.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an oil management system is utilized to reduce soot and other contaminants in lubricating oil. The oil management system includes a filter assembly, oxidation prevention means to reduce the formation of such particles, and an oil condition monitoring sensor. For instance, oil may be repeatedly cycled through a filter element that includes multiple particle-removal techniques including a mechanical filter member with porous material, an electroagglomeration apparatus, and application of centrifugal forces to remove impurities. Other techniques include using oil initially formed with a full or partial additive package of various additives or dispersants and a method of replacing spent additives, with the additives configured to resist agglomeration of soot in the oil.
These techniques can be combined with techniques to reduce the formation of soot and other particles, in order to assist with extending the useful life of lubricating oil. For example, as particles such as rust and other contaminates may be formed in metal components while the oil is circulating through the oil management system, the use of oxidation prevention in the oil management system reduces the formation of rust, thereby reducing the amount of rust particles that can contaminate the oil. A sensor may also be used to monitor the condition of the oil as it travels through the oil management system to give a user a precise and accurate reading of the amount of particles in the oil.
Additional features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the invention as presently perceived.
The detailed description particularly refers to the accompanying figures in which:
The present invention is directed to oil management systems generally for use in conjunction with vehicle engines. While the present invention may be embodied in many different forms, specific embodiments are discussed herein with the understanding that the present invention is to be considered only as an exemplification of the principles of the invention, and it is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
As illustrated in
Oil Filter Assembly
In illustrative embodiments of the oil management system 10, dirty oil 20 enters the oil filter assembly 11 and the particles 14 are removed through various techniques before the oil 20 is redistributed throughout the engine 100. The efficiency of conventional filters is generally reduced as a conventional filter continues to process particle-laden oil 20 from the engine 100, reducing the service life of such filters. Although soot and rust particles 14 are illustrated in this disclosure, it is also understood that exemplary embodiments of the present invention contemplate other particles such as sludge and other insoluble particulates.
An oil filter assembly 11 that utilizes multiple oil filtering techniques may be utilized to extend the life cycle of the oil management system 10. In an exemplary embodiment and as illustrated in
The filter element 12 includes a pair of electrodes including a positive (+) electrode 31 and a negative (−) electrode 32. When the electrical field 30 is generated by the pair of electrodes 31 and 32, the soot particles 14 agglomerate into a mass 15 of the soot particles 14 as shown in
In one exemplary embodiment, and upon exposure to the strong electrical field 30, the particles 14 will pre-agglomerate or clump prior to or during a process of migration to the positive electrode 31. This will result in larger average particle size and would likely increase sedimentation and collection rate of the particles 14.
In another exemplary embodiment, the electrodes 31, 32 are removably placed within the filter housing 16 in fluid communication with the oil 20 flowing through the filter assembly 11. Once the positive electrode 31 is loaded with adhered particles 17, the electrodes 31, 32 can be removed and replaced as necessary. As will be discussed herein, the filter element 12 may be a bypass filter element 12 or the electrodes 31, 32 may comprise part of the filter assembly 11 having other separation components (e.g., filtration media and/or a centrifuge). The filter assembly 11 may alternatively comprise the electrodes 31, 32 as part of a series of filter elements 12 in the filter assembly 11, wherein a first filter element 12 comprises the electrodes 31, 32 and any subsequent filter elements 12 contain the other separation components (e.g., filtration media and/or a centrifuge).
Referring in particular to
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the coating 21 applied to the surface 19 of the positive electrode 31 may include as components, soot particles 14 extracted from lubricating oil 20, carbon black from acetylene, soot purchased commercially, activated carbon powder, oil-absorbing polymer, other soot-collecting agents or a combination thereof. The coating 21 may be adhered to the surface 19 of the positive electrode 31 using any suitable adhesive material or the like.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the housing 34 of the filter element 12 may be configured to allow removal and replacement of at least the positive electrode 31. For example, the housing 34 may comprise a removable cap (not shown) to access the chamber 40. In one embodiment, the positive electrode 31 is removable for cleaning and replacement or it is removed and discarded while a new positive electrode 31 is inserted into the filter element 12, wherein the new positive electrode 31 is easily coupled to the power supply 39. In one exemplary embodiment, the power supply 39 is integral with the engine 100 or system the filter element 12 is fluidly coupled to. Furthermore, the power supply 39 can be easily connected and disconnected from the filter housing 34 and/or the electrodes 31, 32 to allow removal and replacement of the filter element 12 and/or the positive electrode 31, 32. In one exemplary embodiment, the filter element 12 and housing 34 may be totally removed and replaced or the filter housing 34 may be integral with the engine 100 and comprises the cap for access into the chamber 40 of the housing 34, wherein the electrode(s) 31, 32 may then be removed. As the soot particles 14 agglomerate on the positive electrode 31, the current levels between the electrodes 31, 32 decrease, weakening the electrical field 30 and diminishing the ability of the field 30 to cause the soot particles 14 to agglomerate. Measurement of the current via an ampmeter may help to determine when to remove and replace the positive electrode 31. Thus, the observed current will indicate when the filter element 12 needs to be replaced.
In one alternative exemplary embodiment, and as illustrated by the dashed lines in
In another alternative embodiment, and as will be discussed herein, the mechanical filter member 44 may be disposed in the same housing 34 of the filter element 12 with the pair of electrodes 31, 32. Alternatively, the mechanical filter member 44 may be in a second, separate housing 34b (not shown) in the filter element 12 in fluid communication with the housing 34 containing the pair of electrodes 31, 32. As another alternative, the mechanical filter member 44 may be located in a second filter element 12b that is in communication with a first filter element 12a containing the pair of electrodes 31, 32. In any scenario, the pair of electrodes 31, 32 may be disposed in the oil flow path 42 after the inlet opening 36 but downstream of the mechanical filter member 44. This placement will ensure that the larger sized agglomerated particles 14 will be captured by the filter media of the mechanical filter member 44, or, in the alternative, a rotatable centrifuge member 50, as discussed hereafter.
Alternatively, only the positive electrode 31 may be disposed before an exterior filter media of the mechanical filter member 44. It is, of course, understood that the electrodes 31, 32 may comprise any arrangement as long as the desired affects of the electrical field 30 are achieved. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and in order to remove the agglomerated soot particles 14, at least the positive electrode 31 is removable from the filter element 12, wherein the positive electrode 31 is either removed and replaced or cleaned and replaced. It is also understood that the other electrode 32 may also be removable. Alternatively, the electrodes 31, 32 may be fixed in a removable filter element 12 comprising the housing 34 that is removably secured to an oil circuit; thus, they are not removable from the housing 34 of the filter element 12 and simply accumulate soot particles 14 on the positive electrode 31 until the filter element 12 or housing 34 comprising the electrodes 31, 32 needs to be replaced.
For example, and in one embodiment, the filter element 12 comprising the housing 34 is a screw-on type of filter element 12 wherein the entire housing 34 comprising the electrodes 31, 32 is removable and replaceable. Alternatively, and when the housing 34 is integral with the engine 100, the housing 34 may have a cover portion that is removable and the electrodes 31, 32 may be simply removed. If applicable, the filter media of the mechanical filter member 44 may also removed.
Referring in particular to
In one alternative exemplary embodiment, and as illustrated by the dashed lines in
In another alternative embodiment, also shown in
In one alternative exemplary embodiment, the electrodes 31, 32 may include a surface 56 of metallic mesh serving as the positive electrode 31 and may be formatted in a spiral wound, pleated, concentric or stacked plate arrangement, as illustrated in
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the filter assembly 11 may include multiple filter elements 12 that may be connected in series or alone as stand alone filter elements 12, wherein each of the filter elements 12 is in fluid communication with each other via an oil circulation system. For example, the system may comprise only one filter, as illustrated in
Thus and in summary, the filter element 12 of the filter assembly 11 may comprise only the pair of electrodes 31, 32 with at least one of the electrodes 31, 32 being removable. Alternatively, the filter element 12 may comprise the pair of electrodes 31, 32 and a filtration media such as the mechanical filter member 44 configured to filter the larger diameter preagglomerated soot particles 14. In yet another alternative embodiment, the filter element 12 will comprise the pair of electrodes 31, 32 and a centrifuge member 50 for applying a centrifugal force 52 to the preagglomerated soot particles 14 and a removable surface 54 for collecting the preagglomerated soot particles 14. In yet another alternative exemplary embodiment, the centrifuge member 50 and the positive electrode 31 are combined or are one in the same. In still yet another alternative embodiment, the filter element 12 may comprise the pair of electrodes 31, 32, a filtration media such as the mechanical filter member 44 configured to filter the larger diameter preagglomerated soot particles 14, and a centrifuge member 50 for applying a centrifugal force 52 to the preagglomerated soot particles 14 having a removable surface 54 for collecting the preagglomerated soot particles 14.
The additive cartridge 18 of the filter assembly 11 will now be addressed. As illustrated in
In illustrative embodiments, a fully or partially formed additive 63 package may be added to oil 20 during its initial formation. Additives 63 are configured to resist agglomeration of soot in the oil 20 and may also inhibit corrosion. Such additives 63 may include antioxidants, friction modifiers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity index improvers, anti-wear agents, and/or extreme pressure additives. The amount and concentration of the additives 63 may be limited by the ability of the lubricating oil 20 to suspend the additive and the chemical stability of the additives 63. Thus, the additive cartridge 18 is configured to slowly release new additive 63 over the useful life of the filter element 12, thereby replacing any additives 63 from the initial formation that were filtered out while the oil 20 traveled through the oil management system 10.
Referring to
The additive cartridge 18 includes a housing 60 having an exterior wall 61 and an interior wall 62 that are concentric and define a chamber 64 therebetween. A liquid additive 63 is deposited in chamber 64 for release into the filter assembly 11. After a liquid additive 63 is added to chamber 64, a cap 82 configured to be secured to housing 60 is secured to the housing 60 after the additive 63 is disposed therein. In one embodiment, once the cap 82 is secured to the housing 60, the housing 60 is oriented in the filter assembly 11 so that the cap 82 is positioned away from the filter element 12. The cartridge housing 60 and the cap 82 of the additive cartridge 18 are configured to provide an outlet path 72, which is in fluid communication with the filter element 12 so that filtered oil 20 or fluid may pass therethrough. In the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the chamber 64 is concentric about the outlet path 72.
An entrance port or inlet opening 66 provides an opening that extends through an entrance channel or inlet path 70 through an exterior wall 61, as illustrated in
In accordance with exemplary embodiments, the additive cartridge 18 can be provided with the entrance and exit ports 66, 68 as an integrated one-piece dispensing structure 90, or alternatively, as a two-piece (or more) dispensing structure(s) 90, in which the pieces are interconnected. Such a connection can be, for example, a threaded connection sealed with adhesive, snap-fit, ultra-sonic welded, or spin-welded, as desired.
In an exemplary embodiment and as illustrated in
In other exemplary embodiments, the discharge port 76 can be disposed beneath or at the additive 63 level if a shut off valve is utilized. In this embodiment, the shut off valve would cover the discharge port 76 and provide a means for allowing oil 20 to travel into the housing 60 in one direction only. Preferably, the length and/or diameter of the inlet tube 69 can be selected to take advantage of the fluid pressure generated by the liquid flowing through the filter assembly 11 and to create a controlled release of the additive 63 based on the stagnation pressure driving flow through an exit channel 72 of the additive cartridge 18
In exemplary embodiments, an inlet fluid path (e.g., the fluid path between entrance port 66 and the discharge port 76) can comprise a “U” shaped or “L” or other shaped geometry to connect the entrance port 66 to the discharge port 76 through the entrance channel 70 and other necessary fluid path conduits, illustrated in
Therefore, in exemplary embodiments of the present invention in which an inlet fluid path is used to create a stagnation pressure in the additive cartridge 18, the amount of additives 63 will be less likely to be immediately filtered out of the engine oil 20 upon initial release and can provide for a longer-lasting slow-release of the additives 63, thereby extending the useful life of engine oil 20 so as to allow a user to extend the time interval between oil changes of an engine 100.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment and as illustrated in
By connecting the discharge of the inner leg portion of a U-tube shaped or “L” or other shaped inlet tube 69 in the pressure in the air pocket 58 above the additive 63 level in the additive chamber 64, the initial release of additive 63 into the flow of oil 20 can be more effectively controlled. Static pressure and flow test results in exemplary embodiments have indicated that the use stagnation pressure created by the fluid flow of the oil 20 flowing through the filter assembly 11 to create pressure in the chamber 64 can reduce the initial release of additive 63 by 50% or more. For instance, in one exemplary embodiment, and by controlling the opening 80 of the outlet tube 74 was found to reduce the initial additive 63 release from a range of about 20-30% of the total additive 63 to less than 10% of the total additive 63.
The inlet tube 69 is disposed in a location that exhibits the intended rate of fluid flow to achieve the desired stagnation pressure. In an exemplary embodiment, the inlet tube 69 can be disposed equidistant between the housing 16 of filter assembly 11 and the cartridge housing 60, as illustrated in
As described above and as illustrated in
The exit port 68 is spaced lower than openings 73 on the exterior wall 61 and, in the illustrated embodiment, centrally positioned in the exterior wall 61 to extend centrally into the chamber 64, as illustrated in
In use, the liquid oil 20 to be filtered flows into the housing 16 of the filter assembly 11 through the inlet ports 128. From there and in the illustrated exemplary embodiment, the liquid oil 20 flows down between the housing 16 of the filter assembly 11 and the housing 60 of the additive cartridge 18. Oil 20 flows into the inlet tube 69 through the entrance port 66. The oil 20 flowing through the filter assembly 11 (or any filter assembly) will exhibit a known fluid velocity. The stagnation pressure can thus be calculated from the velocity and density of the flowing oil 20. Exemplary embodiments can take advantage of the stagnation pressure by creating a differential pressure between the entrance port 66 and the exit port 68. Since the entrance port 66, like the inlet tube 69, is aligned perpendicularly with the direction of flow of oil 20, a stagnation zone forms in front of the entrance port 66 that causes the dynamic pressure to be converted to a static pressure that is harnessed to drive the oil 20 flow slowly into the inlet tube 69 and through the additive cartridge 18. The flow can then be calculated based upon the pressure drop, the inlet tube 69 diameter and length, and the viscosity using Darcy's Law, and the inlet tube 69 diameter and length can be adjusted to achieve the desired flow, thereby tailoring the release rate of the liquid additive 63.
Prevention of Particle Creation
Another component of the oil management system 10 is the oxidation prevention means 140. As illustrated in
As the oil collection sump 26 and other components of the oil management system 10 are formed from steel and other metals, oxygen in the oil management system 10 supports the formation of corrosion, rust and the growth of microorganisms in the oil management system 10. In the presence of steel, the corrosion rate of oxygen increases exponentially as the heat rises. Oxygen corrosion weakens the metal and sends dissolved iron particles into the surrounding environment, such as the oil 20 in the oil management system 10.
The oil collection sump 26 may include several components that are made of steel or iron. As illustrated in
In order to prevent such oxidation and thereby diminish the amount of rust and other particles the oil 20 in the oil management system 10 is exposed to, oxidation prevention means 140 may comprise, in illustrative embodiments, a blanket of nitrogen 142. As illustrated in
Alternatively and in illustrative embodiments, other oxygen scavenging techniques may be used as the oxidation prevention means 140. For instance and as illustrated in
Use of the oil filter assembly 11 of the present disclosure, along with the oxidation prevention means 140 to prevent creation of particles such as corrosive rust that can get embedded into the oil 20 as it travels through the oil management system 10, increases the efficiency of removing particles 14 from oil 20 and increases the useful life of the oil management system 10.
Monitoring Sensor
A further component of the oil management system 10 is the monitoring sensor 22. The monitoring sensor 22 is configured to monitor the condition of the oil 22 and the amount of soot, rust, and other particles 14 in the oil 20 as it is cycled through the oil management system 10. In a non-limiting example and as illustrated in
The sensor 22 provides several advantages to the oil management system 10. While most vehicle engines 100 presently include a dip stick 102 (as illustrated in
The sensor 22 may be as intricate or simple as desired. For example, the sensor 22 may measure one or more variables such as the amount of particles 14 per unit of oil 20, the types of particles 14 (soot, rust, organic, or other) in the oil 20, the amount of nitrogen 142 or other oxygen-scavenging material near the oil 20, and/or the flow velocity of oil 20. The sensor 22 could additionally or optionally be configured to measure the current of the electrical field 30 between the electrodes 31, 32 in the filter assembly 11. The sensor 22 could then relay such information to the display to precisely and accurately inform the user of the present condition of the oil 20 in the oil management system 10, thereby increasing the user's ability to respond appropriately to the needs of the oil management system 10.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/771,430, filed on Mar. 1, 2013, and entitled “Extended Life Oil Management System and Method of Using Same”.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
2262526 | Fairlie et al. | Nov 1941 | A |
2310305 | Miller et al. | Feb 1943 | A |
2618586 | Hendel | Nov 1952 | A |
3336223 | Kneeland | Aug 1967 | A |
3803029 | Blecharczyk | Apr 1974 | A |
4075097 | Paul | Feb 1978 | A |
4075098 | Paul et al. | Feb 1978 | A |
4113606 | Mulaskey | Sep 1978 | A |
4144166 | DeJovine | Mar 1979 | A |
4144169 | Grueschow | Mar 1979 | A |
4168225 | Jackson | Sep 1979 | A |
4211639 | Jackson | Jul 1980 | A |
4265748 | Villani et al. | May 1981 | A |
4272371 | Moses et al. | Jun 1981 | A |
4377485 | Krofta | Mar 1983 | A |
4523532 | Moriarty et al. | Jun 1985 | A |
4557829 | Fields | Dec 1985 | A |
4660645 | Newlove et al. | Apr 1987 | A |
4751901 | Moor | Jun 1988 | A |
4755289 | Villani | Jul 1988 | A |
4886599 | Bachmann et al. | Dec 1989 | A |
4888122 | McCready | Dec 1989 | A |
4895640 | Jackson | Jan 1990 | A |
4902408 | Reichert et al. | Feb 1990 | A |
4906389 | Brownawell et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
5032259 | He et al. | Jul 1991 | A |
5042617 | Brownawell et al. | Aug 1991 | A |
5057368 | Largman et al. | Oct 1991 | A |
5067455 | Okajima | Nov 1991 | A |
5069799 | Brownawell et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
5069970 | Largman et al. | Dec 1991 | A |
5094747 | Johnson | Mar 1992 | A |
5199978 | Poirier et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
5209842 | Moor | May 1993 | A |
5225081 | Brownawell | Jul 1993 | A |
5472875 | Monticello | Dec 1995 | A |
5478463 | Brownawell et al. | Dec 1995 | A |
5527452 | Grigoriev et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5552040 | Baehler et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5554699 | Layer et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5591330 | Lefebre | Jan 1997 | A |
5704966 | Rohrbach et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5713971 | Rohrbach et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5718258 | Lefebre et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5725031 | Bilski et al. | Mar 1998 | A |
5741433 | Mitchell et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5744236 | Rohrbach et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5759394 | Rohrbach et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5772873 | Hudgens et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5891221 | Rohrbach et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
5900153 | Sanford | May 1999 | A |
5902384 | Rohrbach et al. | May 1999 | A |
5942323 | England | Aug 1999 | A |
5948248 | Brown | Sep 1999 | A |
5951744 | Rohrbach et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
6004381 | Rohrbach et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
6045692 | Bilski et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6048614 | Rohrbach et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
6117802 | Rohrbach et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6126823 | Soderlund et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6127036 | Xue et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6129835 | Lesieur et al. | Oct 2000 | A |
6235519 | Wang et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6238554 | Martin, Jr. et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6253601 | Wang | Jul 2001 | B1 |
RE37369 | Hudgens et al. | Sep 2001 | E |
6379564 | Rohrbach et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6623636 | Rohrbach et al. | Sep 2003 | B2 |
6639034 | Sivik et al. | Oct 2003 | B2 |
6740698 | Akkapeddi | May 2004 | B2 |
6743759 | Stunkel et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6774091 | Dituro et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6843916 | Burrington et al. | Jan 2005 | B2 |
7018531 | Eilers et al. | Mar 2006 | B2 |
7182863 | Eilers et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
7291264 | Rohrbach et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7811462 | Eilers et al. | Oct 2010 | B2 |
7998346 | Bilski | Aug 2011 | B2 |
8021558 | Eilers et al. | Sep 2011 | B2 |
8047054 | Below | Nov 2011 | B2 |
20020002118 | Brandt | Jan 2002 | A1 |
20020136936 | Grieve et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20030087769 | Dituro et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
20030111398 | Eilers et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030119682 | Saini et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030134753 | Stunkel et al. | Jul 2003 | A1 |
20030158051 | Karol | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030158501 | Uchida et al. | Aug 2003 | A1 |
20030183454 | Hall | Oct 2003 | A1 |
20040058830 | Kan | Mar 2004 | A1 |
20040102335 | Carrick et al. | May 2004 | A1 |
20050019236 | Martin et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
20050040092 | Eilers et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
20050167351 | Herman et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
20050194301 | Hacker et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
20060254986 | Hanson | Nov 2006 | A1 |
20080190504 | Bilski et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
20110163047 | Bilski et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20110272338 | Bilski et al. | Nov 2011 | A1 |
20120031760 | Cheekala et al. | Feb 2012 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
157197 | Oct 1982 | DE |
4200376 | Jul 1993 | DE |
102005003963 | Aug 2005 | DE |
0078237 | May 1983 | EP |
0416905 | Mar 1991 | EP |
0416908 | Mar 1991 | EP |
1061251 | Dec 2000 | EP |
51254 | Feb 1942 | FR |
2330856 | Jun 1977 | FR |
203354 | Sep 1923 | GB |
904480 | Aug 1962 | GB |
S5845785 | Mar 1983 | JP |
S58178310 | Nov 1983 | JP |
914011 | Jun 1997 | JP |
H09141011 | Jun 1997 | JP |
200132754 | Feb 2001 | JP |
2003532516 | Nov 2003 | JP |
2003532536 | Nov 2003 | JP |
2005262203 | Sep 2005 | JP |
2006516477 | Jul 2006 | JP |
572072 | Apr 1980 | SU |
1776423 | Nov 1992 | SU |
WO 9411556 | May 1994 | WO |
WO 0162871 | Aug 2001 | WO |
WO 0185300 | Nov 2001 | WO |
WO 02096534 | Dec 2002 | WO |
WO 03055810 | Jul 2003 | WO |
WO 2005123218 | Dec 2005 | WO |
WO 2006137969 | Dec 2006 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Supplementary European Search Report dated Mar. 1, 2011. |
International Search Report dated Jun. 25, 2008, International Application No. PCT/US2008/053843. |
Written Opinion of International Searching Authority dated Jun. 25, 2008, International Application No. PCT/US2008/053843. |
Japanese Office Action issued in related application No. 2013-082134 on Jan. 30, 2014. |
International Search Report dated Aug. 22, 2011, International Application No. PCT/US2010/062332. |
Written Opinion of International Search Authority dated Aug. 22, 2011, International Application No. PCT/US2010/062332. |
International Search Report dated Jun. 3, 2004 for PCT/US2004/002144. |
Written Opinion of the International Searching Authority dated Jun. 3, 2004 for PCT/US2004002144. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20140246380 A1 | Sep 2014 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61771430 | Mar 2013 | US |