Patent Application
20190169951
An important development in oil and gas production in recent decades has been the drilling of horizontal legs of hydrocarbon wells in combination with improvements in hydraulic or other types of fracturing techniques for stimulating production from previously uneconomically tight formations. For some years the fastest growing segment of production has been from shales or very silty zones that previously have not been considered economic. The current areas of increasing activity in the United States include the Barnett Shale, the Haynesville Shale, the Fayetteville Shale, the Marcellus Shale, the Eagle Ford Shale, the Bakken formation and other shale, or similar formations. There are similar formations in other parts of the world.
Currently, one procedure is to drill a horizontal leg through the productive formation, perform several frac jobs to generate fractures at horizontally spaced locations along the horizontal leg of the well and produce the contents of the formation to the surface through conventional surface equipment. In order to frac a series of spaced locations in the horizontal leg, it may be necessary to set a bridge plug or other settable well tool to isolate the previously fraced zone from the next zone to be fraced. After all frac jobs are done, the settable well tools are removed, typically by drilling with a coiled tubing unit or with a work string and workover/completion rig.
There has been a trend to make bridge plugs and other drillable equipment from composite materials that can be more readily drilled than conventional cast iron. Thus, the only cast iron component of many currently available bridge plugs and other drillable downhole equipment is the slips that wedge the plug in the well. There has been a development of so-called “button” type slips that include a composite body having metal teeth embedded therein. These button slips are more easily drilled than conventional cast iron slips but there is a place for cast iron or other metal slips that are more easily drilled than current metal slips.
Cast iron metal slips are more time consuming to drill up when one has the luxury of a workover rig working in a vertical well where drill collars can be used to apply weight to the bit. It is considerably more tedious to drill up a bridge plug using cast iron slips in a horizontal well or using a coiled tubing unit where very little weight can be applied to the bit.
Shales or other tight formations completed in a horizontal well section have a history of rapidly declining production so an economic limit is reached sooner than desired. One proposed technique to continue producing such a well is to refrac the well at intervals between the original fractures. This is currently accomplished by squeezing off the old fracture with cement, drilling out cement inside the casing string, re-perforating the well between the old fractures and then refracing the well through the new perforations. The problem with squeezing off the old perforations is that one is never confident that the squeeze job will not fail at frac pressure in one or more of the perforations so frac fluid is diverted into an old fracture. If the original well had seven frac stages of four feet each with six perforations per foot, which is typical, there would be a total of a hundred sixty eight perforations to be squeezed.
It has been proposed to refrac old horizontal wells by setting a patch in the casing to cover the old perforations—a much more secure technique than squeezing with cement. After the casing patches are set, new perforations are sequentially created between the casing patches and the new perforations are sequentially traced. In order to isolate a zone that has been traced from the next zone to be traced in such a well, a bridge plug or similar tool is passed through the casing and casing patches to a location above the new perforations and then set against the casing. There are commercially available cast iron bridge plugs that are capable of passing through the reduced I.D. (internal diameter) of a casing patch set in a casing string and then expanding into gripping and sealing engagement with the casing. Such cast iron bridge plugs are commercially available from all major oilfield service companies and have typically been used in vertical wells. In vertical wells, using a work over rig, a drill string and drill collars, enough weight can be put on the cast iron bridge plug to drill it up in a reasonable length of time. The problem is it is difficult and slow to drill up a single cast iron bridge plug in a horizontal well segment where very little weight can be applied to the bit. To date, it has not been possible to drill up two or more cast iron bridge plugs in a horizontal well because debris from the upper bridge plug interferes with and prevents drilling up the lower bridge plug due, in large measure, because not much weight can be put on the bit. In addition, it has not been possible to drill up two or more cast iron bridge plugs in a single bit run in a horizontal well because the effort completely wears out bits.
Cast iron slips are typically manufactured in one or two relatively large pieces. When the tool is assembled, two piece slips are held together in some fashion so they act as a one piece device. When the tool is set in the well, the slips are forced onto an expander cone, which fractures the slips into a series of segments that are trapped between the expander cone and the inside of the casing. In the past, the slip segments are of one piece and extend along the axis of the well. When the tool is drilled up in order to conduct another operation, the expander cone is drilled up thereby freeing the slip segments. Because the slip segments are so large, they must be either ground up by the bit and circulated out of the well or allowed to fall into the rat hole below the lowest perforations in the case of a vertical well. In the case of a horizontal well, large slip segments must be reduced in size by the bit or mill in order to circulate to the surface.
A settable downhole tool is disclosed which is composed of some or substantially all degradable elements and has increased expansibility. The improvement in expansibility can be partially due to an expander cone having an increased ramp angle and corresponding slips relative to similar tools and partially due to increasing the thickness of the slips. The increased expansibility can also be due to an expander cone/slip body ramp angle, which is lower than normal for similar tools, but also longer than normal. The degradable elements of the tool may be one element, some elements, or all elements and comprised of material that is degradable in a downhole fluid. Downhole fluids may be fluids naturally in the well, such as formation fluids or production fluids, or fluid added by the operator at the wellhead. The tools may contain degradable elements, some of which may be metallic and/or non-metallic. In some embodiments, all of the tool's elements except cast iron parts, buttons, and/or set screws are comprised of degradable materials.
A settable well tool can be made of, or made, at least partly, of degradable materials and can be of smaller O.D. than prior art tools and still be able to expand into setting engagement with a production string. The smaller O.D. (outer diameter) tool may also be longer than prior art similar tools to provide a greater aspect ratio (length divided by unset O.D.). This allows the settable well tool to pass through a section of the production string that is restricted for one reason or other.
In some situations, the heel or curved section of a horizontal well is more restricted than expected. This can occur because the drilled hole has dogleg sections that restrict the passage of tools of conventional O.D. This can also occur because the production string cemented in the well has become corrugated or ovate on the inside of the bend. Other examples will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
In some situations, the restriction in the production string is from a casing patch set over a damaged section of a production string or set over old perforations in the process of refracing an existing horizontal well. In this situation, the well tool described herein can pass through the reduced I.D. of the casing patch and still expand into gripping and sealing engagement with the inside of an unpatched (or unrestricted) section of the casing.
In order to make a plug having an extended reach capability, it may be necessary to increase the expansibility of the slips in a radial direction, i.e. perpendicular to the axis of the well. Conventional settable plugs, such as bridge plugs, flow back plugs, drop ball plugs or other settable plugs as a practical matter, must have some range of expansibility because of the different wall thicknesses of well casing. For example, conventional 4½″ O.D. casing comes in a variety of weights, e.g. from 9.5#/foot J-55 through 13.5#/foot N-80 to 15.1#/foot P-110, meaning they have the same O.D. but progressively smaller I.D.'s as the weight of the casing increases. Thus, as a practical matter, a conventional plug passes through the heaviest wall I.D. pipe but must expand enough to wedge against the interior of the lightest wall I.D. pipe.
There is an inherent variation in thickness and straightness of oilfield casing, meaning that anything run into a well has to accommodate normal manufacturing tolerances. Thus, a conventional plug for use in 4½″ casing has an O.D. of no more than about 3.75″ meaning there is nominally about one quarter inch difference between the I.D. of typical 4½″ casing and the O.D of the tool, meaning there is nominally a ⅛″ clearance around the outside of the tool as it is being run into a well. In a 5½″ casing, the clearance is normally about ¼″. In some embodiments of applicant's settable tools disclosed herein, the difference between the unset tool O.D. and the casing I.D. creates a clearance of ½″ or more around the outside of the tool as it is being run in, as measured in an unrestricted casing. It will be seen this is too small to run into a casing string having one or more casing patches or having some other type restriction in the casing. It will also be seen that conventional settable well tools do not have to expand much to grip the inside of the casing string in which they are run.
As explained more fully hereinafter, in some embodiments, the hardness of the degradable expander cone and the strength of the expander cone can be increased to avoid these problems. In one embodiment, a degradable metal can be provided for the expander cone. In another embodiment, a composite material having an increased hardness and strength may be employed. Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of this disclosure.
In order to make a mainly degradable plug having substantially increased expansibility, in some embodiments, the slips can be made thicker in order to provide greater expansibility of the slips. In one aspect of the disclosed well tool, slips can be designed to fracture into much smaller pieces than conventional cast iron slips. These pieces can be small enough that they can be circulated out of a well without requiring further reduction in size. In other words, when a well tool equipped with the disclosed slips is degrading in a downhole fluid, the slip pieces are released from between the expander cone and the casing whereupon the pieces are simply circulated out of the well without further reduction in size. Slips of this design can be used on any settable well tool that can ultimately be drilled up, dissolve or degrade, such as one that is not designed or intended to be run through a casing patch or other restricted casing section. In other words, increasing the drillability and/or degradability of a settable well tool is desirable, regardless of whether the tool is run into a vertical or horizontal well, regardless of whether casing patches have been run into the well or regardless of whether there is a restriction in the casing.
One advantage of the disclosed degradable settable tool may be viewed as increased expansibility of the settable tool. Typical prior art tools are capable of expanding about ¼″ in diameter. Thus, tools intended to work inside 4½″ O.D. casing expand about 6% from the unset I.D. or so while tools intended to work inside 5½″ O.D., casing expand about 5% or so. In contrast, some embodiments of the disclosed tool can expand at least 15% and preferably can expand considerably more, e.g. in the range of 20-25%, as will be more fully apparent hereinafter.
One feature of this invention is to provide an improved, at least partly degradable settable well tool which can either degrade without drilling or can be drilled up more easily than prior art devices.
Another feature of this invention is to provide an improved settable well tool which has both degradability and increased expansibility, e.g. it can be run through casing having some type restriction therein.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved degradable plug or other settable down hole tool that can be run through casing having a patch therein.
Another object of this invention is to provide improved slips for wedging a down hole tool in a well where the slips fracture into relatively small pieces in the act of setting the slips and which tool is at least partly degradable.
These and other objects and advantages of this invention will become more apparent as this description proceeds, reference being made to the accompanying drawings and appended claims.
In particular implementations, a settable isolation tool sized and configured to be capable of being used in fracing past at least one casing patch within 4½ inch to 5½ inch outer diameter (O.D.) casing in a horizontal leg of a hydrocarbon well. The tool may include: a mandrel with a longitudinal axis; first and second expanders around the mandrel, each expander having an outer surface which is not parallel to the mandrel's axis section and having a first end with a first outer diameter and a second end having a second outer diameter, the first outer diameter being larger than the second outer diameter; first and second annular slips around the mandrel, the first expander and the first slip being a first expander/slip pair and the second expander and the second slip being a second expander/slip pair, each slip having an inner surface complementary to its paired expander's outer surface section and a slip outer surface having outer teeth or inclusions for setting into the casing; the slips and expanders are sized and configured so each slip, in a retracted slip position, has a slip outer diameter of 3 inches to 3.8 inches, and the slip's outer diameter is smaller than the first outer diameter of the slip's associated expander and small enough so the slip may be moved past the casing patch in the horizontal leg while being inserted into the well; the retracted tool has an outer diameter of 3.25 inches to 4.18 inches, and the retracted tool's outer diameter is small enough so the retracted tool may be moved past the casing patch in the horizontal leg while being inserted into the well; the mandrel, expanders and slips are configured, sized and comprised so the retracted slips' O.D. is small enough so the tool is capable of being run through and past a 0.125 inch thick casing patch with a 4 inch to 4.892 inch inner diameter (I.D.) casing in the horizontal leg; each slip is movable radially outward by axial movement relative to its paired expander to an expanded slip position; the slips and expanders each being large enough to be located about the mandrel and large enough so axial movement of each slip over its paired expander will expand each slip to an expanded slip configuration where the slip has an outer diameter of 4.1 inches to 5.05 inches and is 15% wider than the slip's outer diameter in the retracted slip position; each expanded slip is capable of gripping the inner diameter of the casing and setting the outer teeth or inclusions into the casing during setting of the tool to the casing; the tool is configured, sized and comprised so the retracted tool is capable of being run past the casing patch in the horizontal leg, and then expanded to set into the casing, and then used in isolating and fracing in the horizontal leg; wherein each of the mandrel, expanders and slips is comprised of a material degradable in a natural aqueous downhole fluid in the well produced from formation flow in the well having a pH less than about 7, wherein the degradable material or materials are selected from the group comprising magnesium, or magnesium alloys or polymer acids, and the degradable materials of each of the mandrel, expanders and slips are either the same or different such degradable materials; the tool is configured and comprised to be interventionless, namely, within less than five days after the tool is immersed in a natural aqueous downhole fluid in the well produced from formation flow in the well having a pH less than about 7, the tool dissolves enough in the downhole fluid so the tool ceases to isolate the zone above the tool from a zone below the tool, without milling out the tool, retrieval of the tool from the well or other intervention on the tool from the surface; the tool is capable of degrading in the wellbore fluid enough to not obstruct production of hydrocarbons from the well without drilling out the tool; the tool is configured, sized and comprised so five such tools are capable of being run past the casing patch in the horizontal leg within the casing, set within the casing, and used in isolating and fracing zones in the horizontal leg past the casing patch; the first tool being run in, set and used in isolating and fracking, then the second tool being run in, set and used in isolating and fracking above the first tool, then the third tool being run in, set and used in isolating and fracking above the second tool, then the fourth tool being run in, set and used in isolating and fracking above the third tool, then the fifth tool being run in, set and used in isolating and fracking above the fourth tool, and the tool is configured, sized and comprised so production of hydrocarbons from the well can begin within less than five days after the tool is immersed in the well's downhole fluid without drilling out or retrieving the five such tools or other intervention on the 5 such tools from the surface.
In particular implementations, the tool's degradable materials are composed of both magnesium or magnesium alloys and also polymer acids. The tool may release from the well's casing and cease to isolate the zone above the tool from the zone below the tool more quickly than a similar tool in which the tool's degradable materials are comprised of only the tool's magnesium or magnesium alloys, or of only the tool's polymer acids.
In some implementations, the ramp surface of the expander comprises a multiplicity of flat surfaces.
In additional implementations, the ramp surface defines a ramp angle of between 12° and 18°.
The expanded slip's outer diameter may be 20% wider than the retracted slip's outer diameter. The slips may be composed of a body that is comprised of the degradable material and also comprised of inserts or wickers which are not degradable.
The tool may be configured, sized and composed so production of hydrocarbons from the well can begin within less than two days after the tool is immersed in the well's downhole fluid without drilling out or retrieving the five such tools or other intervention on the five such tools from the surface.
The tool may also be configured, sized and comprised so production of hydrocarbons from the well can begin within less than two days after the tool is immersed in the well's downhole fluid without drilling out or retrieving the five such tools or other intervention on the five such tools from the surface.
In particular implementations, a method of working on a hydrocarbon well having a vertical leg and a horizontal leg extending into a hydrocarbon bearing formation, the horizontal leg including a heel and a toe, the well having casing in the horizontal leg with an at least a 4½ inch outer diameter (O.D.) and not more than a 5½ inch outer diameter (O.D.), the casing having an inner diameter (I.D.) in the horizontal leg, and the casing having a series of casing patches reducing the ID of the casing in the horizontal leg may be achieved. The method may include providing at least five retracted settable downhole tools according to claim 1; selecting five such retracted tools, each retracted tool narrow enough to be run through and past a 0.125 inch thick casing patch in the horizontal leg, and each tool having slips which are expandable enough so after the tool passes through the casing patch the slips can be expanded to an expanded slip configuration having an O.D. within the range of a radial inner limit of a 15% expansion of the retracted tool's O.D. and the inner diameter the casing and the expanded tool's slips are capable of setting against the casing of the horizontal leg and holding the tool to the casing during fracing to isolate an upper zone in the horizontal leg above the tool from a lower zone below the tool; the method further comprising: the steps of running the five tools into the well and immersing the tools in a natural aqueous downhole fluid in the well produced from formation flow in the well having a pH less than 7, running the tools past the casing patch, setting the tools within the casing, and using the tools in isolating and fracing zones in the horizontal leg past one or more of the casing patches; the first tool being run in and set and used in isolating and fracing, then the second tool being run in and set above the first tool and used in isolating and fracing, then the third tool being run in and set above the second tool and used in isolating and fracing, then the fourth tool being run in and set above the third tool and used in isolating and fracing, then the fifth tool being run in and set above the fourth tool and used in isolating and fracing; waiting less than five days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than 5 days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
In some implementations, the method may include selecting tools which will degrade within less than two days; waiting less than two days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than two days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
In particular implementations, the method may include selecting tools which will degrade within less than one day; waiting less than one day after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than one day after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
In additional implementations, a method of working over a hydrocarbon well having a horizontal leg having casing of at least 4½″ O.D. and not more than 5½″ O.D. which was fraced through a series of first horizontally spaced perforations opening into a series of first horizontally spaced fractures may be provided. The method may include providing at least five retracted settable downhole tools according to claim 1; selecting five such retracted tools, each retracted tool narrow enough to be run through and past a 0.125 inch thick casing patch in the horizontal leg, and each tool having slips which are expandable enough so after the tool passes through the casing patch the slips can be expanded to an expanded slip configuration having an O.D. within the range of a radial inner limit of a 15% expansion of the retracted tool's O.D. and the inner diameter the casing and the expanded tool's slips are capable of setting against the casing of the horizontal leg and holding the tool to the casing during fracing to isolate an upper zone in the horizontal leg above the tool from a lower zone below the tool; running casing patches in the well, expanding the casing patches past an elastic limit into sealing engagement with the casing over the first series of horizontally spaced perforations and thereby covering up the first series of horizontally spaced perforations; producing second perforations in the casing past at least some of the casing patches and fracing the second perforations; selecting tools narrow enough to fit through casing patches in the horizontal leg's casing having an inner diameter which is 0.25 inches smaller than the horizontal leg's casing's inner diameter, each tool being expandable enough so after the tool passes through the casing patches, each tool's slips can be expanded to set against the casing, each tool's seal can be expanded to seal the tool to the casing, and each set tool can hold in the casing against fracing pressure; running a first selected tool into the casing past at least two of the casing patches and setting the first selected tool against the casing by expanding the tool's slips to within the range of a radial inner limit of a 15% expansion of the tool's O.D. and a radial outer limit of the interior diameter of the casing so the tool's slips set against the casing, and the set tool can hold in the casing against fracing pressure thereby isolating the second perforations; producing third perforations in the casing past at least some of the casing patches and fracing the third perforations; running a second selected tool into the casing past at least two of the casing patches and setting the second selected tool against the casing by expanding the tool's slips to within the range of a radial inner limit of a 15% expansion of the tool's O.D. and a radial outer limit of the interior diameter of the casing so the tool's slips set against the casing, and the set tool can hold in the casing against fracing pressure thereby isolating the third perforations; producing fourth perforations in the casing past at least one of the casing patches and fracing the fourth perforations; running a third selected tool into the casing past at least two of the casing patches and setting the third selected tool against the casing by expanding the tool's slips to within the range of a radial inner limit of a 15% expansion of the tool's O.D. and a radial outer limit of the interior diameter of the casing so the tool's slips set against the casing, and the set tool can hold in the casing against fracing pressure thereby isolating the fourth perforations; producing fifth perforations in the casing past at least some of the casing patches and fracing the fifth perforations; waiting less than five days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and
producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than two days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
In some implementations, the method includes selecting tools which will degrade within less than two days; waiting less than two days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than two days after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
In particular implementations, the method includes selecting tools which will degrade within less than one day; waiting less than one day after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well for the tools to degrade in the wellbore fluid enough to permit production of hydrocarbons from the well; and producing hydrocarbons from the horizontal leg within less than one day after the tools are immersed in the downhole fluid in the well, without milling out or retrieving the five tools, or intervening on the tools from the surface after the five tools have been used in the fracing operations.
The present invention relates to devices for use in hydrocarbon wells drilled into the earth and completed using a variety of techniques. Some of the components can be of metal, some non-metal, and some can be of composite material. A composite material can be a fabric core impregnated with a resin which is hardened in some suitable manner. Any components left in the well are usually made of drillable or degradable materials. Various changes and adaptations can be made in the tools without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is to be measured solely by the claims themselves.
Referring to
The goal is to blank off the old perforations 22 and old fractures 24, perforate a section between the old perforations 22 or beyond the most distant perforations and frac the new perforations. To this end,
Typically, a series of casing patches can be run into the well 10 and set across some or all existing perforations. Then, a first set of new perforations can be created at the most distant location from the surface, the first set of new perforations is traced to produce a first fracture and a bridge plug is set near the first new fracture to seal it off temporarily. This process is repeated as many times as desired to produce a series of new fractures, which hopefully will reestablish commercial production from the well 10. This process is illustrated in
To this end, a settable tool 32 which is illustrated, in one embodiment, as a bridge plug can be run above the first new set of perforations 28 in order to shoot a second set of perforations 34 and frac through them to create a second new fracture 36. The plug 32 is illustrated as being of the type shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/317,497, filed Dec. 23, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference for a more complete description thereof. The bridge plug 32 can comprise a mandrel 38, a pair of slips 40, 42 which may be identical, a pair of expanders or expander cones 44, 46 which may be identical, an expandable seal 48, a muleshoe 50 and a setting assembly 52 including a load ring 54 abutting the upper slips 40 and a sliding sleeve 56.
In most applications, the settable tool 32 can be made of degradable materials. The mandrel 30, the slip expanders 44, 46, the tube 56, the muleshoe 50, and the reaction ring 54 are, in some embodiments, made of drillable or degradable materials selected from the group. Composites in some embodiments, including but not limited to, degradable magnesium or other degradable metals and degradable polymer acids (such as polyglycolic acid polymers or polylactic acid polymers) or other degradable non-metals. The seal 48 is typically of rubber or a degradable material and the slips 40, 44 may be of cast iron or degradable metal (see
In use, a wire line or other setting tool (not shown) is threaded onto a connection 58 and including a sleeve (not shown) abutting the sleeve 56. By pulling up on the connection 58 and pushing down on the sleeve 56, the reaction ring 54 pushes against the upper slips 40. The expander cones 44, 46 are ultimately driven into the slips 40, 42. The slips 40, 42 are fractured as explained more fully hereinafter and expand into engagement with the interior of the casing string 18 thereby wedging the bridge plug 32 securely against the inside of the casing string 18. The seal 48 also expands against the inside of the casing 18 thereby providing a pressure seal. As heretofore described, those skilled in the art will recognize that the sett able tool 32 is set inside the casing 18 in a more-or-less conventional manner.
As explained previously, the settable tool 32 is capable of being run through the casing patch 26 or other restriction and then expanded into gripping engagement with the inside of the casing string 18. Some prior art expander cones are made of a drillable composite material. These type materials can comprise a fabric impregnated with a resin, which is then cured to form a blank, which is then machined into a desired shape. One modification of the settable tool 32 that facilitates increased expansibility is the design of the expander cones 44, 46. Simply increasing the angle of the frustoconical surface 60 of the cones 44, 46 and the complementary surface in the slips 40, 42. With conventional east iron slips, the slips may not expand sufficiently to grip lightweight casing while being able to pass through a casing patch in heavy wall casing. Conventional cast iron slips are, of course, made as thin and lightweight as possible because the tools they are used with commonly need to be drilled up to prepare for a subsequent well operation. In addition, in some situations, the surface of the cone extruded between the segments of the slips during setting of the tool thereby failing to expand the slips sufficiently. In other situations, the slips were expanded sufficiently at the outset but the cones later extruded between the slip segments thereby allowing the slips to relax and retract away from the casing wall thereby inappropriately releasing the settable tool, from the casing.
In the embodiment of
Increasing the ramp angle of the surface 60 and increasing the hardness of the surface 60 provides a partial solution to increased expansibility and, in one approach, one might increase the expansibility of settable well tools without providing a single device that would operate over the entire range necessary for operation in a specific sized casing. For example, one might provide two slightly different tools for operation in 5½″ casing, e.g. one tool for 5½″ casing weighing 15.5#-17#/foot and a second tool for 5½″ casing weighing 20-26#/foot. In situations like this, one could design a tool using a high angle in a range of 20 degrees or more, expandable cone, which may also be of suitable hardness and strength to provide the increased expansibility.
The expander cone 44 can otherwise be of conventional shape and can comprise a body 62 having a central passage 64 and one or more set screw passages 66 for securing the expander cone 44 to the mandrel 30. In some embodiments, the bottom of the expander cone 44 includes a series of tapered segments 68, which receive the seal 48. When the tool 32 is set against the casing 18, the segments 68 may act like flower petals and constrain movement of the seal 48 into sealing engagement with the casing 18. In some high pressure situations, a metal cone or anti-extrusion ring can be provided to further constrain movement of the seal. The cone 44 can be scored to split and thereby create the segments 68 in an appropriate manner during expansion of the seal 48.
To promote reliable fracturing of the slips 40, 42, a guide or series of guides 72 may be provided that will act in a manner to be disclosed more fully hereinafter. The guides 72 can comprise a pin glued in a blind passage 74, can comprise a set screw threaded into the passage 74 or can comprise any mechanism providing an abutment or shoulder 76 extending above the conical surface 60.
Referring to
Another approach to increase the expansibility of the settable well tool 32 is to increase the thickness of the cast iron slips. This is counterintuitive because it is often desirable to drill up settable well tools and thicker cast iron slips segments are much harder to drill up, meaning that one has traded one large advantage for one large disadvantage.
Upon expansion of the well tool into engagement with the casing, the slips move relative to the expanders. Because the slips are made with a series of external grooves parallel to the tool axis 116, the slips fracture into a series of substantially identical elongate slip segments which are parallel to the tool axis 116. When conventional cast iron slips are thickened in an attempt to increase the expansibility of a well tool, the well tool inherently becomes more difficult to drill up.
To avoid this disadvantage, the slips 40, 42 are designed to fracture into an unusually large number of small pieces. Standard cast iron slips fracture into a number of elongate slip segments corresponding to the number of external grooves that promote fracturing. Thus, conventional cast iron slips typically comprise six or eight grooves causing the slips to fracture into six or eight elongate slip segments. As disclosed herein, the slips 40, 42 also fracture into a series of elongate slip segments and each slip segment can further fractured into at least two pieces and may preferably be fractured into at least four pieces. It is believed that fracturing first occurs along the external grooves but it is not material in which order fracturing occurs. The important thing is that the slips are reduced during setting of the well tool to a larger number of pieces. Because there are more slip pieces, each slip piece weighs much less than conventional slip pieces, meaning they are much easier to circulate out of the well without much, if any, drilling of the pieces.
Reducing the slips to pieces that are much smaller and lighter is accomplished by providing additional zones of weakness that induce fracturing when the slips 40, 42 are being expanded by the expanders 44, 46. Some of these zones of weakness may be parallel to the tool axis 116 and some may be transverse to the tool axis 116. As shown in
The slip body 118 can include a series of grooves 124, 126 which can be on the exterior of the slips and which can divide the slips into a series of more-or-less identical slip segments 128. In some embodiments, some of the grooves 124 may be considerably deeper or more pronounced than alternate grooves 126. This is believed to cause fracturing along the grooves 124 first but the order in which fracturing occurs is not material. It will be seen that the grooves 124, 126 produce zones of weakness parallel to the tool axis 116.
Each of the slip segments 128 includes teeth or wickers 130 on the exterior that grip the casing 18 when the slips 40 are expanded. It may be preferred to heat treat the slips 40, 42 so that only the surface of the wickers 130 is hardened. Some or all of the slip segments 128 can include a second zone of weakness or notch 132 transverse to the tool axis 116 which causes the slip segment 128 to fracture into upper and lower halves 134, 136 as shown in
As will be explained more fully hereinafter, the segment halves 134, 136 may vary in the range of ⅓ to ⅔rds of the weight of the slip segment 128 and may preferably each be about half the weight of the slip segment 128. Another relevant characteristic is the tendency of the segment halves 134, 136 to fall by gravity through an upwardly moving body of liquid. The segment halves 134, 136 may preferably be equally propelled upwardly in a column of moving liquid so they may be circulated out of a well with little or no additional reduction in size, as from drilling. Thus, the location of the notch or crease 132 may vary considerably along the long dimension of the slip segment 128. It will be seen that the slips 40, 42 can be wholly of metal (which may, in some embodiments, be degradable, a magnesium alloy, for example) or may comprise non-metallic inclusions but, in any event, the metal of the slips 40, 42 is continuous and provides the structural strength and integrity of the slips 40, 42.
A more sophisticated approach is to determine a cross-sectional parameter of the upper and lower segment halves 134, 136 that is related to their movement in an upwardly moving column of liquid. This parameter and the weight of the segment halves may be combined to provide an optimum location for the crease 132.
As shown best in
It will be apparent that the slip segments 128 can include multiple horizontal creases or notches 132 thereby dividing the slip segments 128 into more than two horizontal pieces. In addition, the slip segments 128 can include multiple zones of weakness parallel to the tool axis thereby dividing the slip segments 128 into more than two vertical pieces.
Setting of the well tool 32 will now be described. The tool 32 can be run on wireline and can be conveyed by slickline or wireline and can be dropped, pumped or run on coiled tubing into the well 10. When it reaches its desired location, a setting tool (not shown) pulls on the connection 58 and pushes on the reaction ring 54. This causes the mandrel 38 to move upwardly in
Continued pulling on the connection 58 causes the expanders 44, 46 to nest further in the slips 40, 42. Soon, the slips 40, 42 fracture along zones of weakness provided by the grooves 124, 126. It is believed the larger grooves 124 fracture first although the sequence or order of fracturing is not material. This produces the series of separate slip segments 128. Continued pulling on the connection 58 causes the expanders 44, 46 to nest further in the slips 40, 42. Shortly, the slip segments 128 can fracture to produce the pieces 134, 136 and the pieces 134, 136 can fracture to produce four pieces for every slip segment as shown in
Some slips may be designed to run in small enough casing to produce slip pieces of a desirable size if the slip segments 128 fracture into only two pieces. However, it may be preferred for each slip segment 128 to fracture into four pieces regardless of the size casing in which the slips 40 are run. It may be that some of the slip segments 128 do not fracture completely because of strange events but the complete fracturing of any slip segment increases the drillability of the slips 40, 42 and is thus of considerable advantage. At the end of relative movement between the slips 40, 42 and expanders 44, 46, the upper end of the well tool 32 parts along a necked down area 148 so the connection 58 and sleeve 56 can be pulled out of the well 10.
If one is to drill up the well tool 32, a bit or mill on the bottom of coiled tubing or on the bottom of a work string is run into the well 10. The bit is rotated and advanced into engagement with the settable tool 32 thereby drilling up the sleeve 56 part of the mandrel 30, and the reaction ring 54. The bit is typically small enough to pass through the expanded slip pieces and can drill on the upper expander 44. When enough of the upper expander 44 is drilled up, the pieces from the slips 40 are no longer jammed against the casing 18 whereupon the slip pieces are circulated out of the well 10 by liquid pumped down the coiled tubing or down the work string.
The slip pieces created by fracturing the slips 40 may preferably be small enough and light enough to be circulated out of the well 10 without further reduction in size. Circulation can be down through a coiled tubing or conventional tubing string and up in the annulus between the tubing and casing 18 or circulation can be down in the annulus between a tubing and casing strings and up inside the tubing. The upward velocity needed to circulate the slip pieces out of the well depends on the density of the circulating liquid or gas and properties of the slip pieces, i.e. their cross-sectional size and weight. The pieces of the slip segments can be as small and as light as possible, consistent with maintaining a grip on the inner casing wall. In well tools of increased expansibility, the pieces may preferably weigh less than one ounce and, in well tools of standard expansibility, the pieces may preferably weigh less than ¾ ounce or even one half ounce. Cast iron pieces of these sizes are readily circulated out of the well 10 at typical pumping volumes. Irregular as they are, pieces of the slip segments are not stable during upward movement as a sphere might be. The slip pieces will likely tumble during movement inside the well 10.
Most wells are completed using a water based completion liquid inside the casing string 18. A typical completion liquid is 2% by weight KCl in water or 2% by weight KCl in water with some HCl and having a density of about 9#/gallon. An upward velocity sufficient to circulate the slip pieces upwardly is less than about 400 feet/minute in a 9#/gallon completion liquid. In most situations, normal pumping volumes produce upward velocities of less than about 200 feet/minute is adequate to circulate the slip pieces out of the well 10 without further reduction in size. In a typical example, pumping four barrels per minute downwardly through 2″ O.D. coiled tubing produces an upward velocity of about 360 ft/minute inside 4½″ O.D. 13.5#/foot casing having an I.D. of 3.925″. It is recognized that not all slips segments might not fracture into two or four pieces. However, reduction of some of the slip segments into smaller pieces will allow the smaller pieces to be easily circulated out of the well 10 thereby facilitating drilling up the well tool 32. In actual field situations, a screen or basket on the return line recovers large numbers of slip segments without further reduction in size than created by the weakened zones in the slips.
Referring to
Referring to
One process of working over a horizontal well to frac between old perforations/fractures will now be described in conjunction with
In one example, a set of slips 40 having an O.D. of 4.25″ was designed to run in a tool of conventional expansibility inside unobstructed 5½″ casing weighing between 17-26#/foot, meaning that the casing I.D. is in the range of 4.892-4.548″. The slips 40 had ten grooves 124, 126 providing ten slip segments 128. The weight of the slips 40 was 1 pound 7.3 ounces, meaning that each slip segment 128 weighed about 2.3 ounces and each of the slip pieces, after setting, weighed in the range of from less than about ½ ounce to about ¾ ounce, averaging 0.58 ounces. Slip pieces of this size can easily be circulated, out of a horizontal or vertical well without further reduction in size by drilling.
Sets of exemplary slips for conventional normally expansible well tools are found in Table II:
Sets of exemplary slips for improved slips for normally expansible tools are found in Table III:
Sets of slips of exemplary slips for improved slips for extended reach or increased expansibility tools are found in Table IV:
The number of slip segments, in the slips can vary as desired. As larger diameter slips are made, there can be mere grooves 124, 126 and thus more slip segments 128.
In an example of the expansibility of a settable well tool described herein, a horizontal well was drilled in Rio Blanco County, Tex. and 5″ O.D., 23#/foot casing cemented therein. Casing of this size has a nominal I.D. of 4.044″. It appears that minor dog legs, or direction changes, in the path of the well bore at the transition of vertical to horizontal, known as the curve or heel, caused the casing to be deformed so the interior of the casing was partially restricted to an extent where conventional 3.85-3.92″ O.D. composite bridge plugs could not be forced through the heel. Because the I.D. of this heavy wall 5″ casing is only 4.044″, a bridge plug for nominal 4½″ casing could, be run into the well. Six 3.25″ O.D. bridge plugs of the type disclosed herein were run through the heel into the horizontal leg of the well with no apparent dragging. In the process of fracing a hydrocarbon formation to create a series of fractures, all six bridge plugs were set against, the casing. At the end of the fracing operation, all of the bridge plugs were drilled up in one bit run to allow hydrocarbon production upwardly in the well. The bridge plugs met all of the required performance expectations during all stages of completing the well. The alternative to the well owner was to redrill the well at a cost above $4,000,000.
Although the slips 40 are particularly adapted for use in horizontal wells, it is apparent that an increase in drillability is desirable for settable well tools used in vertical wells. Thus, slips that are fractured in many pieces are likewise advantageously used in vertical wells thereby increasing the drillability of settable well tools.
The great majority of horizontal oil or gas wells are completed through 4½″, 5″, or 5½″ casing. Standard composite settable tools, for casing strings of these sizes, are capable of expanding, as defined below, about 11%. Extended reach tools or increased expansibility tools have the capability of expanding at least 15% and can preferably expand greater than 20%. The disclosed settable tool is capable of movement between a retracted position and an expanded position gripping the inner casing wall of these size casing strings. The expansibility of the disclosed well tools may be calculated as % expansibility=(exp. O.D.-ret. O.D.)/ret. O.D. times 100 (where exp. O.D. is the expanded outer diameter of the tool and ret. O.D. is the retracted outer diameter of the tool). The O.D. of the packer or rubber element of settable tools is typically slightly larger, e.g. 0.030″, than the O.D. of the slips to prevent the slips from snagging some obstruction in a well. Thus, Table V shows the percent expansibility of the tools of Tables II-IV, as follows:
Of course, it may be desirable to provide two models for each casing size, one for relatively thin wall pipe, and one for relatively thick wall pipe. This can have an effect on the desired expansibility of any particular tool.
Cones and/or slips and any other elements may be made of a degradable metallic material such as a high strength magnesium alloy, and in one case, SoluMag from Magnesium Elektron. Slip buttons 214b may be degradable or nondegradable, such as nondegradable cast-iron. Buttons 214b are typically small enough so that when the other elements of the tool dissolve, the buttons will circulate out of the well. There may be other small, non-dissolvable elements in the tool, such as setscrews. The number of pieces that the slip may break into during setting may range from 8 to 40 or any other range disclosed herein.
In
As discussed and described in more detail below, any one or more components of the long reach settable tool 32, including any of the body, rings, slips, conical members or cones, malleable or sealing elements, shoes, drop or check balls, impediments, etc., can be fabricated from one or more drillable, degradable or decomposable materials. In some embodiments, suitable materials will at least partially decompose, degrade, degenerate, melt, combust, soften, decay, break up, break down, dissolve, disintegrate, break, dissociate, reduce into smaller pieces or components, or otherwise fall apart when exposed to one or more predetermined conditions. These can be or can include certain wellbore conditions or environments, such as predetermined wellbore fluid temperature, pressure, pH, salinity, and/or any combinations thereof.
Fluid communication through settable tool 32 can be prevented for a predetermined period of time, e.g., until and/or if the decomposable material(s) falls apart, e.g., degrades sufficiently, allowing fluid flow therethrough. The predetermined period of time can be sufficient to pressure test one or more hydrocarbon-bearing zones within the wellbore. In some embodiments, the predetermined period of time can be sufficient to workover the well. The predetermined period of time can range from minutes to days. For example, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can range from about 4 hours to about 12 hours, as 24 hours or 48 hours. In another example, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can be from a low of about 1 hour, about 2 hours, about 4 hours, about 8 hours, or about 12 hours to a high of about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days. In at least one embodiment, the decomposable or degradable rate of the material can be sufficient so fluid may flow through the settable tool 32 in less than 5 days, less than 4 days, less than 3 days, less than 2.5 days, less than 2 days, less than 1.75 days, less than 1.5 days, less than 1.25 days, less than 1 day, less than 0.75 days, less than 0.5 days, or less than 0.25 days. Extended periods of time are also contemplated.
The pressures at which the components of settable tool 32 degrade can range from less than atmospheric pressure to about 15,000 psig, about atmospheric pressure to about 15,000 psig, or about 100 psig to about 15,000 psig. For example, the pressure can range from a low of about 100 psig, 1,000 psig, or 5,000 psig to a high about 7,500 psig, 10,000 psig, or about 15,000 psig. The temperatures at which the component of settable tool 32 made from or otherwise, including the decomposable material, can degrade range from about 0° C. to about 800° F., about 100° F. to about 750° F. For example, the temperature can range from a low of about 20° F., 100° F., 150° F., or 200° F. to a high of about 350° F., 500° F., or 750° F. In another example, the temperature at which the decomposable material can degrade can be at least 100° F., at least 125° F., at least 150° F., (in one range, about 100-150° F.) at least 175° F., at least 200° F., at least 250° F., at least 275° F., at least 300° F., at least 325° F., at least 350° F., at least 375° F., or at least 400° F. and less than 750° F., less than 725° F., less than 700° F., less than 675° F., less than 650° F., less than 625° F., less than 600° F., less than 575° F., or less than 550° F.
The degradable material(s) can be soluble in any material, such as soluble in water, polar solvents, non-polar solvents, acids, bases, mixtures thereof, or any combination thereof and any natural downhole fluid, such as formation fluid. The solvents can be time-dependent solvents. A time-dependent solvent can be selected based on its rate of degradation. For example, suitable solvents can include one or more solvents capable of degrading the soluble components in about 1 hour, or 4 hours, to about 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours. Extended periods of time are also contemplated.
The pHs at which the element(s) of settable tool 32 degrade can range from about 1 to about 14. For example, the pH can range from a low of about 1, 3, or 5 to a high about 9, 11, or about 14. If the predetermined condition is or includes a pH, the degradable material can be exposed to a fluid having a pH of from a low of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, or about 6 to a high about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, or about 14. In some embodiments, the pH of the fluid around settable tool 32 or at least the element thereof containing the degradable material can be modified, adjusted, controlled, or otherwise changed by introducing one or more acids, one or more bases, or one or more neutral compounds thereto. When one of the elements is comprised of an acid based material, such as PGA or PLA, and another element is a degradable reactive metal, such as magnesium, a synergistic effect may accelerate the rate of degradation. As the polymer acid degrades, it may increase the pH of the local fluid, which may increase the rate of degradation of the metal. The dissolution of the metal may be exothermic, and increase the temperature, to further benefit rapid degradation. As the materials degrade, surface area may increase, also benefitting rapid degradation. One such metal/polymer acid combination is the settable couple disclosed herein.
In some embodiments, the degradation occurs by contacting the decomposable material with naturally occurring aqueous downhole fluids.
While
Ramp cone 300 may be comprised of any suitable material. In some embodiments, ramp cone 300 is a degradable metallic or nonmetallic material. In some embodiments, the degradable metallic material is a magnesium alloy as described elsewhere herein.
Functionally, flat ramp cone 300 acts in the manner of prior art cones in the sense that it applies radially outward forces to the slip, here the segmented, button style slip body 340 (see
The present invention is adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the present invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. No limitations are intended to limit the details of construction or design shown, other than as described in the claims below. The illustrative embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, any structural elements and materials disclosed herein may be used apart from the long-reach configuration of the smaller than normal plug O.D.—on any suitable tool.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting. The singular form “a”, “an”, and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in the this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups therefore. Compositions and methods described in terms of “comprising,” “containing,” or “including” various components or steps, can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps.
Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. Every range of values (of the form, “from about a to about b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b,” or, equivalently, “from approximately a to b”) disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. The terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent(s) or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.
The corresponding structure, materials, acts, and equivalents of all means or steps plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure, material, or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. The description is presented for the purposes of illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the implementations in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The implementations were chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the disclosure and the practical application and to enable others or ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosure for various implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize that a variety of additions, deletions, modifications, and substitutions may be made to these implementations. Thus, the scope of the protected subject matter should be judged based on the following claims, which may capture one or more concepts of one or more implementations.
Applicant discloses a method of working over a hydrocarbon well having a horizontal leg having casing of at least 4½″ O.D. and not more than 5½″ O.D. which may be fraced, through a series of first horizontally spaced perforations opening into a series of first horizontally spaced fractures. Applicant provides a multiplicity of settable tools according to any of the embodiments herein. Applicant runs casing patches in the well, expanding the casing patches past an elastic limit into sealing engagement with the casing over the first series of horizontally spaced perforations and thereby covering up the first series of horizontally spaced perforations. Applicant produces second perforations in the casing past at least some of the casing patches and fracing the second perforations. Applicant then runs a first settable tool into the casing past at least two of the casing patches and setting the first settable tool against the casing thereby isolating the second perforations. Applicant produces third perforations in the casing past at least some of the casing patches and fracs the third perforations; then runs a second settable tool into the casing past at least one of the casing patches and sets the second settable tool against the casing thereby isolating the third perforations. Applicant produces fourth perforations in the casing past at least one of the casing patches and fracs the fourth perforations; and then allows the settable tools to degrade.
Although the invention has been described with reference to a specific embodiment, this description is not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. On the contrary, various modifications of the disclosed embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the description of the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the appended claims will cover such modifications, alternatives, and equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority to and incorporates by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/189,090, filed Jun. 22, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/677,242, filed Apr. 2, 2015, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Nos. 61/974,065, filed Apr. 2, 2014, 62/003,616, filed May 28, 2014, and 62/019,679, filed Jul. 1, 2014, and is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/893,205, filed May 13, 2013; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/697,572, filed Sep. 7, 2017, which is a continuation of and claims priority to application Ser. No. 14/999,637, filed Jun. 9, 2016, which is a continuation of and claims priority to application Ser. No. 13/373,223, filed Nov. 8, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,388,662; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/355,346, field Nov. 18, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 62/372,550, filed Aug. 9, 2016, U.S. Provisional Application 62/374,454, filed Aug. 12, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application 62/406,195, filed Oct. 10, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/132,608, filed Dec. 18, 2013 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,500,061 and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/969,066, filed Aug. 16, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/895,707, filed May 23, 2013, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/894,649, filed May 15, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,217,319 on Dec. 22, 2015, which is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/843,051, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/648,749, filed May 18, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application 61/738,519, filed Dec. 18, 2012; and application Ser. No. 15/672,790, filed Aug. 9, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 15/403,739, filed Jan. 11, 2017. This application also incorporates by reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,951,956; 10,119,359; 9,850,736; and 9,127,527.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61974065 | Apr 2014 | US | |
| 62003616 | May 2014 | US | |
| 62019679 | Jul 2014 | US | |
| 62372550 | Aug 2016 | US | |
| 62374454 | Aug 2016 | US | |
| 62406195 | Oct 2016 | US | |
| 61648749 | May 2012 | US | |
| 61738519 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14999637 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 15697572 | US | |
| Parent | 13373223 | Nov 2011 | US |
| Child | 14999637 | US | |
| Parent | 14132608 | Dec 2013 | US |
| Child | 15355346 | US | |
| Parent | 13843051 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Child | 13894649 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15189090 | Jun 2016 | US |
| Child | 16265808 | US | |
| Parent | 14677242 | Apr 2015 | US |
| Child | 15189090 | US | |
| Parent | 13893205 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 15189090 | US | |
| Parent | 15697572 | Sep 2017 | US |
| Child | 13893205 | US | |
| Parent | 15355346 | Nov 2016 | US |
| Child | 13373223 | US | |
| Parent | 13969066 | Aug 2013 | US |
| Child | 14132608 | US | |
| Parent | 13895707 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 13969066 | US | |
| Parent | 13894649 | May 2013 | US |
| Child | 13895707 | US | |
| Parent | 15672790 | Aug 2017 | US |
| Child | 13843051 | US | |
| Parent | 15403739 | Jan 2017 | US |
| Child | 15672790 | US |
