The present disclosure relates to medical devices and systems, and more particularly, camera tracking systems used for computer assisted navigation during surgery.
Computer assisted navigation in surgery provides surgeons with enhanced visualization of surgical instruments with respect to radiographic images of the patient's anatomy. Navigated surgeries typically include components for tracking the position and orientation of surgical instruments via arrays of disks or spheres using a single stereo camera system. In this scenario, there are three parameters jointly competing for optimization: (1) accuracy, (2) robustness and (3) ergonomics.
Navigated surgery procedures using existing navigation systems are prone to events triggering intermittent pauses when tracked objects are moved outside a tracking area of the camera system or become obstructed from camera view by intervening personnel and/or equipment. There is a need to improve the tracking performance of navigation systems.
Various embodiments disclosed herein are directed to improvements in computer assisted navigation during surgery. A extended reality (XR) headset is operated to visually illustrate the tracking volume of a set of tracking cameras so that a user can optimize the placement of the tracking cameras relative to a surgical site and can dynamically monitor location of a tracked tool or other object relative to boundaries of the tracking volume during a surgical procedure.
In one embodiment, a camera tracking system is configured to obtain a model defining a tracking volume of a set of tracking cameras relative to pose of the set of tracking cameras, and receive tracking information from the set of tracking cameras indicating pose of an XR headset relative to the set of tracking cameras. The camera tracking system is further configured to generate a graphical representation of the tracking volume from a perspective of the XR headset based on the pose of the XR headset indicated by the tracking information and based the model defining the tracking volume of the set of tracking cameras, and to provide the graphical representation of the tracking volume to the XR headset for display to the user.
Related methods by a camera tracking system and related computer program products are disclosed.
Other camera tracking systems, methods, and computer program products according to embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such camera tracking systems, methods, and computer program products be included within this description, be within the scope of the present disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims. Moreover, it is intended that all embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented separately or combined in any way and/or combination.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in a constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments of inventive concepts. In the drawings:
Inventive concepts will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of embodiments of inventive concepts are shown. Inventive concepts may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of various present inventive concepts to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. Components from one embodiment may be tacitly assumed to be present or used in another embodiment.
Various embodiments disclosed herein are directed to improvements in computer assisted navigation during surgery. An extended reality (XR) headset is operatively connected to the surgical system and configured to provide an interactive environment through which a surgeon, assistant, and/or other personnel can view and select among patient images, view and select among computer generated surgery navigation information, and/or control surgical equipment in the operating room. As will be explained below, the XR headset may be configured to augment a real-world scene with computer generated XR images. The XR headset may be configured to provide an augmented reality (AR) viewing environment by displaying the computer generated XR images on a see-through display screen that allows light from the real-world scene to pass therethrough for combined viewing by the user. Alternatively, the XR headset may be configured to provide a virtual reality (VR) viewing environment by preventing or substantially preventing light from the real-world scene from being directly viewed by the user while the user is viewing the computer generated AR images on a display screen. An XR headset can be configured to provide both AR and VR viewing environments. In one embodiment, both AR and VR viewing environments are provided by lateral bands of substantially differing opacity arranged between the see-through display screen and the real-world scene, so that a VR viewing environment is provided for XR images aligned with a high opacity band and an AR viewing environment is provided for XR images aligned with the low opacity band. In another embodiment, both AR and VR viewing environments are provided by computer adjustable control of an opacity filter that variably constrains how much light from the real-world scene passes through a see-through display screen for combining with the XR images viewed by the user. Thus, the XR headset can also be referred to as an AR headset or a VR headset.
As used herein, the term “pose” refers to the position and/or the rotational angle of one object (e.g., dynamic reference array, end effector, surgical tool, anatomical structure, etc.) relative to another object and/or to a defined coordinate system. A pose may therefore be defined based on only the multidimensional position of one object relative to another object and/or to a defined coordinate system, only on the multidimensional rotational angles of the object relative to another object and/or to a defined coordinate system, or on a combination of the multidimensional position and the multidimensional rotational angles. The term “pose” therefore is used to refer to position, rotational angle, or combination thereof.
The surgical system 2 of
A surgical procedure may begin with the surgical system 2 moving from medical storage to a medical procedure room. The surgical system 2 may be maneuvered through doorways, halls, and elevators to reach a medical procedure room. Within the room, the surgical system 2 may be physically separated into two separate and distinct systems, the surgical robot 4 and the camera tracking system component 6. Surgical robot 4 may be positioned adjacent the patient at any suitable location to properly assist medical personnel. Camera tracking system component 6 may be positioned at the base of the patient, at the patient shoulders, or any other location suitable to track the present pose and movement of the pose of tracks portions of the surgical robot 4 and the patient. Surgical robot 4 and camera tracking system component 6 may be powered by an onboard power source and/or plugged into an external wall outlet.
Surgical robot 4 may be used to assist a surgeon by holding and/or using tools during a medical procedure. To properly utilize and hold tools, surgical robot 4 may rely on a plurality of motors, computers, and/or actuators to function properly. Illustrated in
Robot base 10 may act as a lower support for surgical robot 4. In some embodiments, robot base 10 may support robot body 8 and may attach robot body 8 to a plurality of powered wheels 12. This attachment to wheels may allow robot body 8 to move in space efficiently. Robot base 10 may run the length and width of robot body 8. Robot base 10 may be about two inches to about 10 inches tall. Robot base 10 may cover, protect, and support powered wheels 12.
In some embodiments, as illustrated in
Moving surgical system 2 may be facilitated using robot railing 14. Robot railing 14 provides a person with the ability to move surgical system 2 without grasping robot body 8. As illustrated in
Robot body 8 may provide support for a Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm, hereafter referred to as a “SCARA.” A SCARA 24 may be beneficial to use within the surgical system 2 due to the repeatability and compactness of the robotic arm. The compactness of a SCARA may provide additional space within a medical procedure, which may allow medical professionals to perform medical procedures free of excess clutter and confining areas. SCARA 24 may comprise robot telescoping support 16, robot support arm 18, and/or robot arm 20. Robot telescoping support 16 may be disposed along robot body 8. As illustrated in
In some embodiments, medical personnel may move SCARA 24 through a command submitted by the medical personnel. The command may originate from input received on display 34, a tablet, and/or an XR headset (e.g., headset 920 in
As shown in
Robot support arm 18 can be connected to robot telescoping support 16 by various mechanisms. In some embodiments, best seen in
The end effector 26 shown in
In some embodiments, a dynamic reference array 52 is attached to the end effector 26. Dynamic reference arrays, also referred to as “DRAB” herein, are rigid bodies which may be disposed on an anatomical structure (e.g., bone) of a patient, one or more XR headsets being worn by personnel in the operating room, the end effector, the surgical robot, a surgical tool in a navigated surgical procedure. The computer platform 910 in combination with the camera tracking system component 6 or other 3D localization system are configured to track in real-time the pose (e.g., positions and rotational orientations) of the DRA. The DRA can include fiducials, such as the illustrated arrangement of balls. This tracking of 3D coordinates of the DRA can allow the surgical system 2 to determine the pose of the DRA in any multidimensional space in relation to the target anatomical structure of the patient 50 in
As illustrated in
In some embodiments, a tablet may be used in conjunction with display 34 and/or without display 34. The tablet may be disposed on upper display support 32, in place of display 34, and may be removable from upper display support 32 during a medical operation. In addition the tablet may communicate with display 34. The tablet may be able to connect to surgical robot 4 by any suitable wireless and/or wired connection. In some embodiments, the tablet may be able to program and/or control surgical system 2 during a medical operation. When controlling surgical system 2 with the tablet, all input and output commands may be duplicated on display 34. The use of a tablet may allow an operator to manipulate surgical robot 4 without having to move around patient 50 and/or to surgical robot 4.
As will be explained below, in some embodiments a surgeon and/or other personnel can wear XR headsets that may be used in conjunction with display 34 and/or a tablet or the XR head(s) may eliminate the need for use of the display 34 and/or tablet.
As illustrated in
Camera body 36 is supported by camera base 38. Camera base 38 may function as robot base 10. In the embodiment of
As with robot base 10, a plurality of powered wheels 12 may attach to camera base 38. Powered wheel 12 may allow camera tracking system component 6 to stabilize and level or set fixed orientation in regards to patient 50, similar to the operation of robot base 10 and powered wheels 12. This stabilization may prevent camera tracking system component 6 from moving during a medical procedure and may keep cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar from losing track of a DRA connected to an XR headset and/or the surgical robot 4, and/or losing track of one or more DRAs 52 connected to an anatomical structure 54 and/or tool 58 within a designated area 56 as shown in
Camera telescoping support 40 may support cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar. In some embodiments, telescoping support 40 moves cameras 46 higher or lower in the vertical direction. Camera handle 48 may be attached to camera telescoping support 40 at any suitable location and configured to allow an operator to move camera tracking system component 6 into a planned position before a medical operation. In some embodiments, camera handle 48 is used to lower and raise camera telescoping support 40. Camera handle 48 may perform the raising and lowering of camera telescoping support 40 through the depression of a button, switch, lever, and/or any combination thereof.
Lower camera support arm 42 may attach to camera telescoping support 40 at any suitable location, in embodiments, as illustrated in
Curved rail 44 may be disposed at any suitable location on lower camera support arm 42. As illustrated in
For navigated surgery, various processing components (e.g., computer platform 910) and associated software described below are provided that enable pre-operatively planning of a surgical procedure, e.g., implant placement, and electronic transfer of the plan to computer platform 910 to provide navigation information to one or more users during the planned surgical procedure.
For robotic navigation, various processing components (e.g., computer platform 910) and associated software described below are provided that enable pre-operatively planning of a surgical procedure, e.g., implant placement, and electronic transfer of the plan to the surgical robot 4. The surgical robot 4 uses the plan to guide the robot arm 20 and connected end effector 26 to provide a target pose for a surgical tool relative to a patient anatomical structure for a step of the planned surgical procedure.
Various embodiments below are directed to using one or more XR headsets that can be worn by the surgeon 610, the assistant 612, and/or other medical personnel to provide an improved user interface for receiving information from and/or providing control commands to the surgical robot, the camera tracking system component 6/6′, and/or other medical equipment in the operating room.
Activation assembly 60, best illustrated in
Depressing primary button may allow an operator to move SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22. According to one embodiment, once set in place, SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 may not move until an operator programs surgical robot 4 to move SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22, or is moved using primary button. In some examples, it may require the depression of at least two non-adjacent primary activation switches before SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 will respond to operator commands. Depression of at least two primary activation switches may prevent the accidental movement of SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 during a medical procedure.
Activated by primary button, load cell may measure the force magnitude and/or direction exerted upon end effector coupler 22 by an operator, i.e. medical personnel. This information may be transferred to one or more motors, e.g. one or more of 850-854, within SCARA 24 that may be used to move SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22. Information as to the magnitude and direction of force measured by load cell may cause the one or more motors, e.g. one or more of 850-854, to move SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 in the same direction as sensed by the load cell. This force-controlled movement may allow the operator to move SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 easily and without large amounts of exertion due to the motors moving SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22 at the same time the operator is moving SCARA 24 and end effector coupler 22.
In some examples, a secondary button may be used by an operator as a “selection” device. During a medical operation, surgical robot 4 may notify medical personnel to certain conditions by the XR headset(s) 920, display 34 and/or light indicator 28. The XR headset(s) 920 are each configured to display images on a see-through display screen to form an extended reality image that is overlaid on real-world objects viewable through the see-through display screen. Medical personnel may be prompted by surgical robot 4 to select a function, mode, and/or assess the condition of surgical system 2. Depressing secondary button a single time may activate certain functions, modes, and/or acknowledge information communicated to medical personnel through the XR headset(s) 920, display 34 and/or light indicator 28. Additionally, depressing the secondary button multiple times in rapid succession may activate additional functions, modes, and/or select information communicated to medical personnel through the XR headset(s) 920, display 34 and/or light indicator 28.
With further reference to
Input power is supplied to surgical robot 4 via a power source which may be provided to power distribution module 804. Power distribution module 804 receives input power and is configured to generate different power supply voltages that are provided to other modules, components, and subsystems of surgical robot 4. Power distribution module 804 may be configured to provide different voltage supplies to connector panel 808, which may be provided to other components such as computer 822, display 824, speaker 826, driver 842 to, for example, power motors 850-854 and end effector coupler 844, and provided to camera converter 834 and other components for surgical robot 4. Power distribution module 804 may also be connected to battery 806, which serves as temporary power source in the event that power distribution module 804 does not receive power from an input power. At other times, power distribution module 804 may serve to charge battery 806.
Connector panel 808 may serve to connect different devices and components to surgical robot 4 and/or associated components and modules. Connector panel 808 may contain one or more ports that receive lines or connections from different components. For example, connector panel 808 may have a ground terminal port that may ground surgical robot 4 to other equipment, a port to connect foot pedal 880, a port to connect to tracking subsystem 830, which may include position sensor 832, camera converter 834, and DRA tracking cameras 870. Connector panel 808 may also include other ports to allow USB, Ethernet, HDMI communications to other components, such as computer 822. In accordance with some embodiments, the connector panel 808 can include a wired and/or wireless interface for operatively connecting one or more XR headsets 920 to the tracking subsystem 830 and/or the computer subsystem 820.
Control panel 816 may provide various buttons or indicators that control operation of surgical robot 4 and/or provide information from surgical robot 4 for observation by an operator. For example, control panel 816 may include buttons to power on or off surgical robot 4, lift or lower vertical column 16, and lift or lower stabilizers 855-858 that may be designed to engage casters 12 to lock surgical robot 4 from physically moving. Other buttons may stop surgical robot 4 in the event of an emergency, which may remove all motor power and apply mechanical brakes to stop all motion from occurring. Control panel 816 may also have indicators notifying the operator of certain system conditions such as a line power indicator or status of charge for battery 806. In accordance with some embodiments, one or more XR headsets 920 may communicate, e.g. via the connector panel 808, to control operation of the surgical robot 4 and/or to received and display information generated by surgical robot 4 for observation by persons wearing the XR headsets 920.
Computer 822 of computer subsystem 820 includes an operating system and software to operate assigned functions of surgical robot 4. Computer 822 may receive and process information from other components (for example, tracking subsystem 830, platform subsystem 802, and/or motion control subsystem 840) in order to display information to the operator. Further, computer subsystem 820 may provide output through the speaker 826 for the operator. The speaker may be part of the surgical robot, part of an XR headset 920, or within another component of the surgical system 2. The display 824 may correspond to the display 34 shown in
Tracking subsystem 830 may include position sensor 832 and camera converter 834. Tracking subsystem 830 may correspond to the camera tracking system component 6 of
Functional operations of the tracking subsystem 830 and the computer subsystem 820 can be included in the computer platform 910, which can be transported by the camera tracking system component 6′ of
Motion control subsystem 840 may be configured to physically move vertical column 16, upper arm 18, lower arm 20, or rotate end effector coupler 22. The physical movement may be conducted through the use of one or more motors 850-854. For example, motor 850 may be configured to vertically lift or lower vertical column 16. Motor 851 may be configured to laterally move upper arm 18 around a point of engagement with vertical column 16 as shown in
Referring to
When used with a surgical robot 4, the display 912 may correspond to the display 34 of
The processor 914 may include one or more data processing circuits, such as a general purpose and/or special purpose processor, e.g., microprocessor and/or digital signal processor. The processor 914 is configured to execute the computer readable program code 918 in the memory 916 to perform operations, which may include some or all of the operations described herein as being performed for surgery planning, navigated surgery, and/or robotic surgery.
The computer platform 910 can be configured to provide surgery planning functionality. The processor 914 can operate to display on the display device 912 and/or on the XR headset 920 an image of an anatomical structure, e.g., vertebra, that is received from one of the imaging devices 104 and 106 and/or from the image database 950 through the network interface 920. The processor 914 receives an operator's definition of where the anatomical structure shown in one or more images is to have a surgical procedure, e.g., screw placement, such as by the operator touch selecting locations on the display 912 for planned procedures or using a mouse-based cursor to define locations for planned procedures. When the image is displayed in the XR headset 920, the XR headset can be configured to sense in gesture-based commands formed by the wearer and/or sense voice based commands spoken by the wearer, which can be used to control selection among menu items and/or control how objects are displayed on the XR headset 920 as will be explained in further detail below.
The computer platform 910 can be configured to enable anatomy measurement, which can be particularly useful for knee surgery, like measurement of various angles determining center of hip, center of angles, natural landmarks (e.g. transepicondylar line, Whitesides line, posterior condylar line), etc. Some measurements can be automatic while some others can involve human input or assistance. The computer platform 910 may be configured to allow an operator to input a choice of the correct implant for a patient, including choice of size and alignment. The computer platform 910 may be configured to perform automatic or semi-automatic (involving human input) segmentation (image processing) for CT images or other medical images. The surgical plan for a patient may be stored in a cloud-based server, which may correspond to database 950, for retrieval by the surgical robot 4.
During orthopedic surgery, for example, a surgeon may choose which cut to make (e.g. posterior femur, proximal tibia etc.) using a computer screen (e.g. touchscreen) or extended reality (XR) interaction (e.g., hand gesture based commands and/or voice based commands) via, e.g., the XR headset 920. The computer platform 910 can generate navigation information which provides visual guidance to the surgeon for performing the surgical procedure. When used with the surgical robot 4, the computer platform 910 can provide guidance that allows the surgical robot 4 to automatically move the end effector 26 to a target pose so that the surgical tool is aligned with a target location to perform the surgical procedure on an anatomical structure.
In some embodiments, the surgical system 900 can use two DRAs to track patient anatomy position, such as one connected to patient tibia and one connected to patient femur. The system 900 may use standard navigated instruments for the registration and checks (e.g. a pointer similar to the one used in Globus ExcelsiusGPS system for spine surgery).
A particularly challenging task in navigated surgery is how to plan the position of an implant in spine, knee, and other anatomical structures where surgeons struggle to perform the task on a computer screen which is a 2D representation of the 3D anatomical structure. The system 900 could address this problem by using the XR headset 920 to display a three-dimensional (3D) computer generated representations of the anatomical structure and a candidate implant device. The computer generated representations are scaled and posed relative to each other on the display screen under guidance of the computer platform 910 and which can be manipulated by a surgeon while viewed through the XR headset 920. A surgeon may, for example, manipulate the displayed computer-generated representations of the anatomical structure, the implant, a surgical tool, etc., using hand gesture based commands and/or voice based commands that are sensed by the XR headset 920.
For example, a surgeon can view a displayed virtual handle on a virtual implant, and can manipulate (e.g., grab and move) the virtual handle to move the virtual implant to a desired pose and adjust a planned implant placement relative to a graphical representation of an anatomical structure. Afterward, during surgery, the computer platform 910 could display navigation information through the XR headset 920 that facilitates the surgeon's ability to more accurately follow the surgical plan to insert the implant and/or to perform another surgical procedure on the anatomical structure. When the surgical procedure involves bone removal, the progress of bone removal, e.g., depth of cut, can be displayed in real-time through the XR headset 920. Other features that may be displayed through the XR headset 920 can include, without limitation, gap or ligament balance along a range of joint motion, contact line on the implant along the range of joint motion, ligament tension and/or laxity through color or other graphical renderings, etc.
The computer platform 910, in some embodiments, can allow planning for use of standard surgical tools and/or implants, e.g., posterior stabilized implants and cruciate retaining implants, cemented and cementless implants, revision systems for surgeries related to, for example, total or partial knee and/or hip replacement and/or trauma.
An automated imaging system can be used in conjunction with the computer platform 910 to acquire pre-operative, intra-operative, post-operative, and/or real-time image data of an anatomical structure. Example automated imaging systems are illustrated in
The C-arm is mounted to enable rotational movement of the arm in two degrees of freedom, (i.e. about two perpendicular axes in a spherical motion). C-arm is slidably mounted to an x-ray support structure, which allows orbiting rotational movement of the C-arm about its center of curvature, which may permit selective orientation of x-ray source 114 and image receptor 116 vertically and/or horizontally. The C-arm may also be laterally rotatable, (i.e. in a perpendicular direction relative to the orbiting direction to enable selectively adjustable positioning of x-ray source 114 and image receptor 116 relative to both the width and length of the patient). Spherically rotational aspects of the C-arm apparatus allow physicians to take x-rays of the patient at an optimal angle as determined with respect to the particular anatomical condition being imaged.
The O-arm® 106 illustrated in
The O-arm® 106 with the gantry housing 124 has a central opening for positioning around an object to be imaged, a source of radiation that is rotatable around the interior of gantry housing 124, which may be adapted to project radiation from a plurality of different projection angles. A detector system is adapted to detect the radiation at each projection angle to acquire object images from multiple projection planes in a quasi-simultaneous manner. The gantry may be attached to a support structure O-arm® support structure, such as a wheeled mobile cart with wheels, in a cantilevered fashion. A positioning unit translates and/or tilts the gantry to a planned position and orientation, preferably under control of a computerized motion control system. The gantry may include a source and detector disposed opposite one another on the gantry. The source and detector may be secured to a motorized rotor, which may rotate the source and detector around the interior of the gantry in coordination with one another. The source may be pulsed at multiple positions and orientations over a partial and/or full three hundred and sixty degree rotation for multi-planar imaging of a targeted object located inside the gantry. The gantry may further comprise a rail and bearing system for guiding the rotor as it rotates, which may carry the source and detector. Both and/or either O-arm® 106 and C-arm 104 may be used as automated imaging system to scan a patient and send information to the surgical system 2.
Images captured by an imaging system can be displayed on the XR headset 920 and/or another display device of the computer platform 910, the surgical robot 4, and/or another component of the surgical system 900. The XR headset 920 may be connected to one or more of the imaging devices 104 and/or 106 and/or to the image database 950, e.g., via the computer platform 910, to display images therefrom. A user may provide control inputs through the XR headset 920, e.g., gesture and/or voice based commands, to control operation of one or more of the imaging devices 104 and/or 106 and/or the image database 950.
Referring to the example scenario of
If one or more cameras is obstructed from viewing a DRA attached to a tracked object, e.g., a surgical instrument, but the DRA is in view of one or more other cameras the tracking subsystem 830 and/or navigation controller 828 can continue to track the object seamlessly without loss of navigation. Additionally, if there is partial occlusion of the DRA from the perspective of one camera, but the entire DRA is visible via multiple camera sources, the tracking inputs of the cameras can be merged to continue navigation of the DRA. One of the XR headsets and/or the tracking cameras 46 may view and track the DRA on another one of the XR headsets to enable the computer platform 910 (
The XR headsets 1200 and 1210 can be operatively connected to view video, pictures, and/or other information received from and/or to provide commands that control various equipment in the surgical room, including but not limited to neuromonitoring, microscopes, video cameras, and anesthesia systems. Data from the various equipment may be processed and displayed within the headset, for example the display of patient vitals or the microscope feed.
Example XR Headset Components and Integration to Navigated Surgery, Surgical Robots, and Other Equipment
The display screen 1302 operates as a see-through display screen, also referred to as a combiner, that reflects light from display panels of a display device toward the user's eyes. The display panels can be located between the electronic component enclosure and the user's head, and angled to project virtual content toward the display screen 1302 for reflection toward the user's eyes. The display screen 1302 is semi-transparent and semi-reflective allowing the user to see reflected virtual content superimposed on the user's view of a real-world scene. The display screen 1302 may have different opacity regions, such as the illustrated upper laterally band which has a higher opacity than the lower laterally band. Opacity of the display screen 1302 may be electronically controlled to regulate how much light from the real-world scene passes through to the user's eyes. A high opacity configuration of the display screen 1302 results in high-contrast virtual images overlaid on a dim view of the real-world scene. A low opacity configuration of the display screen 1302 can result in more faint virtual images overlaid on a clearer view of the real-world scene. The opacity may be controlled by applying an opaque material on a surface of the display screen 1302.
According to some embodiments the surgical system includes an XR headset 920 and an XR headset controller, e.g., controller 1430 in
Opacity of the display screen 1302 may be configured as a gradient having a more continuously changing opacity with distance downward from a top portion of the display screen 1302. The gradient's darkest point can be located at the top portion of the display screen 1302, and gradually becoming less opaque further down on the display screen 1302 until the opacity is transparent or not present. In an example further embodiment, the gradient can change from about 90% opacity to entirely transparent approximately at the mid-eye level of the display screen 1302. With the headset properly calibrated and positioned, the mid-eye level can correspond to the point where the user would look straight out, and the end of the gradient would be located at the “horizon” line of the eye. The darker portion of the gradient will allow crisp, clear visuals of the virtual content and help to block the intrusive brightness of the overhead operating room lights.
Using an opacity filter in this manner enables the XR headset 920 to provide virtual reality (VR) capabilities, by substantially or entirely blocking light from the real-world scene, along an upper portion of the display screen 1302 and to provide AR capabilities along a middle or lower portion of the display screen 1302. This allows the user to have the semi-translucence of AR where needed and allowing clear optics of the patient anatomy during procedures. Configuring the display screen 1302 as a gradient instead of as a more constant opacity band can enable the wearer to experience a more natural transition between a more VR type view to a more AR type view without experiencing abrupt changes in brightness of the real-world scene and depth of view that may otherwise strain the eyes such as during more rapid shifting between upward and downward views.
The display panels and display screen 1302 can be configured to provide a wide field of view see-through XR display system. In one example configuration they provide an 80° diagonal field-of-view (FOV) with 55° of vertical coverage for a user to view virtual content. Other diagonal FOV angles and vertical coverage angles can be provided through different size display panels, different curvature lens, and/or different distances and angular orientations between the display panels and curved display screen 1302.
The XR headset 920 provides an improved human interface for performing navigated surgical procedures. The XR headset 920 can be configured to provide functionalities, e.g., via the computer platform 910, that include without limitation any one or more of: identification of hand gesture based commands and/or voice based commands, display XR graphical objects on a display device 1450. The display device 1450 may a video projector, flat panel display, etc., which projects the displayed XR graphical objects on the display screen 1302. The user can view the XR graphical objects as an overlay anchored to particular real-world objects viewed through the display screen 1302 (
Electrical components of the XR headset 920 can include a plurality of cameras 1440, a microphone 1442, a gesture sensor 1444, a pose sensor (e.g., inertial measurement unit (IMU)) 1446, a display module 1448 containing the display device 1450, and a wireless/wired communication interface 1452. As will be explained below, the cameras 1440 of the XR headset may be visible light capturing cameras, near infrared capturing cameras, or a combination of both.
The cameras 1440 may be configured operate as the gesture sensor 1444 by capturing for identification user hand gestures performed within the field of view of the camera(s) 1440. Alternatively the gesture sensor 1444 may be a proximity sensor and/or a touch sensor that senses hand gestures performed proximately to the gesture sensor 1444 and/or senses physical contact, e.g. tapping on the sensor or the enclosure 1304. The pose sensor 1446, e.g., IMU, may include a multi-axis accelerometer, a tilt sensor, and/or another sensor that can sense rotation and/or acceleration of the XR headset 920 along one or more defined coordinate axes. Some or all of these electrical components may be contained in the component enclosure 1304 or may be contained in another enclosure configured to be worn elsewhere, such as on the hip or shoulder.
As explained above, the surgical system 2 includes a camera tracking system component 6/6′ and a tracking subsystem 830 which may be part of the computer platform 910. The surgical system may include imaging devices (e.g., C-arm 104, O-arm 106, and/or image database 950) and/or a surgical robot 4. The tracking subsystem 830 is configured to determine a pose of DRAs attached to an anatomical structure, an end effector, a surgical tool, etc. A navigation controller 828 is configured to determine a target pose for the surgical tool relative to an anatomical structure based on a surgical plan, e.g., from a surgical planning function performed by the computer platform 910 of
The electrical components of the XR headset 920 can be operatively connected to the electrical components of the computer platform 910 through a wired/wireless interface 1452. The electrical components of the XR headset 920 may be operatively connected, e.g., through the computer platform 910 or directly connected, to various imaging devices, e.g., the C-arm imaging device 104, the I/O-arm imaging device 106, the image database 950, and/or to other medical equipment through the wired/wireless interface 1452.
The surgical system 2 further includes at least one XR headset controller 1430 (also referred to as “XR headset controller” for brevity) that may reside in the XR headset 920, the computer platform 910, and/or in another system component connected via wired cables and/or wireless communication links. Various functionality is provided by software executed by the XR headset controller 1430. The XR headset controller 1430 is configured to receive navigation information from the navigation controller 828 which provides guidance to the user during the surgical procedure on an anatomical structure, and is configured to generate an XR image based on the navigation information for display on the display device 1450 for projection on the see-through display screen 1302.
The configuration of the display device 1450 relative to the display screen (also referred to as “see-through display screen”) 1302 is configured to display XR images in a manner such that when the user wearing the XR headset 920 looks through the display screen 1302 the XR images appear to be in the real world. The display screen 1302 can be positioned by the headband 1306 in front of the user's eyes.
The XR headset controller 1430 can be within a housing that is configured to be worn on a user's head or elsewhere on the user's body while viewing the display screen 1302 or may be remotely located from the user viewing the display screen 1302 while being communicatively connected to the display screen 1302. The XR headset controller 1430 can be configured to operationally process signaling from the cameras 1440, the microphone 142, and/or the pose sensor 1446, and is connected to display XR images on the display device 1450 for user viewing on the display screen 1302. Thus, the XR headset controller 1430 illustrated as a circuit block within the XR headset 920 is to be understood as being operationally connected to other illustrated components of the XR headset 920 but not necessarily residing within a common housing (e.g., the electronic component enclosure 1304 of
Example XR Headset Component Optical Arrangement
Example User Views Through the XR Headset
The XR headset operations can display both 2D images and 3D models on the display screen 1302. The 2D images may preferably be displayed in a more opaque band of the display screen 1302 (upper band) and the 3D model may be more preferably displayed in the more transparent band of the display screen 1302, otherwise known as the environmental region (bottom band). Below the lower band where the display screen 1302 ends the wearer has an unobstructed view of the surgical room. It is noted that where XR content is display on the display screen 1302 may be fluidic. It is possible that where the 3D content is displayed moves to the opaque band depending on the position of the headset relative to the content, and where 2D content is displayed can be placed in the transparent band and stabilized to the real world. Additionally, the entire display screen 1302 may be darkened under electronic control to convert the headset into virtual reality for surgical planning or completely transparent during the medical procedure. As explained above, the XR headset 920 and associated operations not only support navigated procedures, but also can be performed in conjunction with robotically assisted procedures.
Other types of XR images (virtual content) that can be displayed on the display screen 1302 can include, but are not limited to any one or more of:
Pose Measurement Chaining
As explained above, navigated surgery can include computer vision tracking and determination of pose (e.g., position and orientation in a six degree-of-freedom coordinate system) of surgical instruments, such as by determining pose of attached DRAs that include spaced apart fiducials, e.g., disks or spheres, arranged in a known manner. The computer vision uses spaced apart tracking cameras, e.g., stereo cameras, that are configured to capture near infrared and/or visible light. In this scenario, there are three parameters jointly competing for optimization: (1) accuracy, (2) robustness, and (3) user ergonomics during a surgical procedure.
Some further aspects of the present disclosure are directed to computer operations that combine (chain) measured poses in ways that can improve optimization of one or more of the above three parameters by incorporating additional tracking cameras mounted to one or more XR headsets. As shown in
As explained above, the XR headset may be configured to augment a real-world scene with computer generated XR images. The XR headset may be configured to provide an XR viewing environment by displaying the computer generated XR images on a see-through display screen that allows light from the real-world scene to pass therethrough for combined viewing by the user. Alternatively, the XR headset may be configured to provide a VR viewing environment by preventing or substantially preventing light from the real-world scene from being directly viewed by the user along the viewing path of the displayed XR images. An XR headset can be configured to provide both AR and VR viewing environments. In one embodiment, both AR and VR viewing environments are provided by lateral bands of substantially differing opacity arranged between the see-through display screen and the real-world scene, so that a VR viewing environment is provided for XR images aligned with a high opacity band and an AR viewing environment is provided for XR images aligned with the low opacity band. In another embodiment, both AR and VR viewing environments are provided by computer adjustable control of an opacity filter that variably constrains how much light from the real-world scene passes through a see-through display screen for combining with the XR images viewed by the user. Thus, the XR headset can also be referred to as an AR headset or a VR headset.
As was also explained above, the XR headset can include near infrared tracking cameras and/or visible light tracking cameras that are configured to track fiducials of DRAs connected to surgical instruments, patient anatomy, other XR headset(s), and/or a robotic end effector. Using near infrared tracking and/or visible light tracking on the XR headset provides additional tracking volume coverage beyond what cameras on a single auxiliary tracking bar can provide. Adding near infrared tracking cameras to the existing auxiliary tracking bar allows for the headset location to be tracked more robustly but less accurately than in visible light. Mechanically calibrating the visible and near infrared tracking coordinate systems enables the coordinate systems to be aligned sufficiently to perform 3D DRA fiducials triangulation operations using stereo matching to jointly identify pose of the DRA fiducials between the visible and near infrared tracking coordinate systems. Using both visible and near infrared tracking coordinate systems can enable any one or more of: (a) identifying tools that would not be identified using a single coordinate system; (b) increased pose tracking accuracy; (c) enabling a wider range of motion without losing tracking of surgical instruments, patient anatomy, and/or a robotic end effector; and (d) naturally track an XR headset in the same coordinate system as the navigated surgical instruments.
Referring to the surgical system of
The combination of XR headsets HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 and the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar can, in operation with the computer platform 910, more robustly track the example objects of a patient reference array (R), robotic end effector (E), and surgical tool (T) or instrument. The overlapping views from different perspectives that are provided by the XR headsets HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 and the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar are shown in
Each of the items labeled in
The spatial relationships of some of these labeled objects (and by extension, coordinate systems) can be measured and calibrated during the manufacturing process, when the equipment is installed in an operating room, and/or before a surgical procedure is to be performed. In the disclosed system, the following coordinate systems are calibrated: TN2S; TN3A; TNV, where the term “T” is defined as a six degree-of-freedom (6 DOF) homogeneous transformation between the two indicated coordinates systems. Thus, for example, the term TN2S is a 6 DOF homogeneous transformation between the visible light coordinate system of the primary headset HMD1 1200 and the NIR coordinate system of the primary headset HMD1 1200.
In one embodiment, the XR headsets HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 have passive visible light markers painted or otherwise attached to them (coordinate systems S and A), such as the DRA fiducials 1310 shown in
As explained above, the cameras on the XR headset HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 and the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar have partially overlapping field of views. If one or more of the cameras on the XR headset HMD1 1200 are obstructed from viewing a DRA attached to a tracked object, e.g., a tracked tool (T), but the DRA is in view of the cameras of the other XR headset HMD2 1210 and/or the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar, the computer platform 910 can continue to track the DRA seamlessly without loss of navigation. Additionally, if there is partial occlusion of the DRA from the perspective of the cameras on the XR headset HMD1 1200, but the entire DRA is visible via cameras of the other XR headset HMD2 1210 and/or the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar, the tracking inputs of the cameras can be merged to continue navigation of the DRA.
More particularly, the various coordinate systems can be chained together by virtue of independent observations the various camera systems provided by the XR headsets HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 and the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar. For example, each of the XR headsets HMD1 1200 and HMD2 1210 may require virtual augmentation of the robotic end effector (E). While one XR headset HMD1 1200 (N2) and the tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar (N) are able to see (E), perhaps the other XR headset HMD2 1210 (N3) cannot. The location of (E) with respect to (N3) can still be computed via one of several different operational methods. Operations according to one embodiment performing chaining of poses from a patient reference (R). If the patient reference (R) is seen by (N3) and either one of (N) or (N2), the pose of (E) with respect to (N3) can be solved directly by either one of the following two equations:
TN3E=TN2ETRN2TN3R —or— TN3E=TNETRNTN3R
They key to this pose chaining is that the relationship between the frames at the end of each chain are inferred (circled and transported below). The chains can be arbitrarily long and are enabled by having more than one stereo camera system (e.g., N, N2, N3).
In some further embodiments, the camera system can further determine 2110 pose of the second object (e.g., E) and the first tracking camera system (e.g., N3) coordinate system based on processing the tracking information through the fourth pose transform.
Because of the overlapping field of views of the various camera systems, the camera tracking system is capable of determining the pose of the second object (e.g., E) relative to first tracking camera (e.g., N3) when the first camera is blocked from seeing the second object (e.g., E). For example, in some embodiments the camera tracking system is further configured to determine the fourth pose transform (e.g., TN3E) between the second object (e.g., E) coordinate system and the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) coordinate system without use of any tracking information from the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) indicating pose of the second object (e.g., E).
The camera tracking system can be further configured to determine pose of the second object (e.g., E) in the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) coordinate system based on processing through the fourth pose transform the tracking information from the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) which indicates pose of the first object (e.g., R), based on processing through the fourth pose transform (e.g., TN3E) the tracking information from the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) which indicates pose of the first object (e.g., R), and based on processing through the fourth pose transform the tracking information from the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) which indicates pose of the second object (e.g., E).
The camera tracking system may achieve higher tracking accuracy by merging synchronized imagery from multiple camera systems. For example, the camera tracking system can determine pose of the second object (e.g., E) relative to first tracking camera (e.g., N3) by merging synchronized imagery of the second object (e.g., E) from multiple perspectives (first and second tracking cameras), and can use weighting which can be determined based on accuracy specs of the respective cameras. More particularly, the camera tracking system can be further configured to determine the fourth pose transform (e.g., TN3E) between the second object (e.g., E) coordinate system and the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) coordinate system based on second object tracking information from the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) which indicates pose of the second object (e.g., E) and further based on a result of the combining of the first, second, and third pose transforms.
The tracking system may be further configured to determine pose of the second object (e.g., E) based on applying a first weight to the first and second object tracking information from the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), applying a second weight to the first and second object tracking information from the second tracking camera (e.g., N2), and processing through the fourth pose transform (e.g., TN3E) the first weighted first and second object tracking information from the first tracking camera and the second weighted first and second object tracking information from the second tracking camera. The value of the first weight indicates pose determination accuracy of the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), and the value of the second weight indicates pose determination accuracy of the second tracking camera (e.g., N2).
The camera tracking system may be further configured to adapt the value of the first weight over time responsive to determined changes in pose determination accuracy of the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) during operation of the camera tracking system, and to adapt the value of the second weight over time responsive to determined changes in pose determination accuracy of the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) during operation of the camera tracking system.
The camera tracking system may be configured to: decrease the value of the first weight based on determining the pose determination accuracy of the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) has decreased; and increase the value of the first weight based on determining the pose determination accuracy of the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) has increased.
The camera tracking system may be further configured to adapt the value of at least one of the first and second weights over time responsive to determined changes in pose determination accuracy of the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) relative to pose determination accuracy of the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) during operation of the camera tracking system.
The surgical system may be configured to display on the see-through display screen of the XR headset an XR image having a pose that is determined based on the fourth pose transform. The camera tracking system may be further configured to generate the XR image as a graphical representation of the second object (e.g., E) that is posed on the see-through display screen based on processing through the fourth pose transform the first object tracking information from the first and second tracking cameras and the second object tracking information from the second tracking camera.
As explained above, the camera tracking system can include a navigation controller 828 communicatively connected to the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) and the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) to receive the tracking information and configured to perform the determination of the first, second, third, and fourth pose transforms.
When an XR headset is not fully identifying any objects in near infrared or visible light, depending upon the camera configuration, but does see one or more stray DRA fiducials, the tracking light systems (V, S or A) can be used to know roughly where to expect to locate the one or more stray DRA fiducials their respective images. With this added tracking information, individual DRA fiducials can be identified and properly labeled inside of small regions of interest (ROI). The individual stray DRA fiducial information captured from different perspectives can then be combined and correlated in such a way that previously unidentifiable DRAs can now be identified.
Referring to the example scenario in
Identifying and solving for the pose of the end effector (E) can be achieved from tracking cameras (N2) and (N3) by using (R) to chain the data into the same frame of reference. Even if neither headset camera system (N2) or (N3) perceive enough DRA fiducials to identify the end effector (E), the four individual DRA fiducials (a, b, c, d) that make up the end effector (E) are known relative to one another as well as the reference (R) due to pose chaining. What is needed for the end effector (E) to be usefully navigated in surgery is the relationship between the end effector (E) and the patient reference (R). That information can be independently computed as follows from either camera system:
TRE=TN2ETRN2 —or— TRE=TN3ETRN3
The pose chaining determines TEN2 and TEN3. In order to detect and solve for the pose of the end effector (E) from the cameras (N2 and N3), the points (a, b, c, d) are put into the same coordinate system. The following translation vector operations can be performed for each stray DRA fiducial found. This provides each DRA fiducial relative to the same patient reference (R):
paR=paN2+pN2R
pbR=pbN2+pN2R
pcR=pcN3+pN3R
pdR=pdN3+pN3R
Once the location of all stray DRA fiducials relative to a patient reference are known (paR, pbR, pcR, pdR), a conventional 3D “point to object” detection and pose recovery algorithm can be performed to determine the position and orientation of the robotic end effector (E) relative to the patient reference object (R). Operations of the detection and pose recovery algorithm can include: obtaining a predefined model of the pattern of the DRA fiducials including defined segment lengths between the fiducials; measuring the segments lengths between camera observed ones of the fiducials; and searching and comparing the observed relative segments lengths to pre-defined relative segments lengths from the predefined model of the pattern of the DRA fiducials.
Various corresponding operations that can be performed by the camera tracking system in accordance with some embodiments are explained below. As explained above, the DRAs can each include spaced apart fiducials which are attached to each of the first object (e.g., R), the second object (e.g., E), the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), and the second tracking camera (e.g., N2). The camera tracking system is further configured, while a first partially hidden fiducial (e.g., a) of the dynamic reference array attached to the second object (e.g., E) can be viewed by the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) but cannot be viewed by the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), to determine pose of the first partially hidden fiducial relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) based on a combination of a determined pose of the first partially hidden fiducial (e.g., a) relative to the fiducials attached to the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) and a determined pose of the fiducials attached to the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R).
The camera tracking system may be further configured, while a second partially hidden fiducial (e.g., b) of the dynamic reference array attached to the second object (e.g., E) can be viewed by the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) but cannot be viewed by the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), to determine pose of the second partially hidden fiducial (e.g., b) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) based on a combination of a determined pose of the second partially hidden fiducial (e.g., b) relative to the fiducials attached to the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) and a determined pose of the fiducials attached to the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R).
The camera tracking system may be further configured, while a third partially hidden fiducial (e.g., c) of the dynamic reference array attached to the second object (e.g., E) cannot be viewed by the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) but can be viewed by the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), to determine pose of the third partially hidden fiducial (e.g., c) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) based on a combination of a determined pose of the third partially hidden fiducial (e.g., c) relative to the fiducials attached to the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) and a determined pose of the fiducials attached to the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R).
The camera tracking system may be further configured to process the determined pose of the first partially hidden fiducial relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) and to process the determined pose of the third partially hidden fiducial (e.g., c) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) through a pose recovery operation to determine pose of the second object (e.g., E) relative to the first object (e.g., R).
The camera tracking system may be further configured, while a fourth partially hidden fiducial (e.g., d) of the dynamic reference array attached to the second object (e.g., E) cannot be viewed by the second tracking camera (e.g., N2) but can be viewed by the first tracking camera (e.g., N3), to determine pose of the fourth partially hidden fiducial (e.g., d) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R) based on a combination of a determined pose of the fourth partially hidden fiducial (e.g., d) relative to the fiducials attached to the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) and a determined pose of the fiducials attached to the first tracking camera (e.g., N3) relative to the fiducials attached to the first object (e.g., R).
Potential advantages that may be provided by various embodiments disclosed herein may include any one or more of: tools that in some scenarios could not be previously tracked can now be robustly tracked by the sharing of partial obstructed views in the same coordinate system; accuracy of head and instrument tracking is improved by merging synchronized imagery from multiple perspectives; a much wider range of motion (position and orientation) is supported without losing tracking of instruments and robotic end effectors due to the expanded overall tracking volume; XR headsets can be tracked naturally in the same coordinate system as navigated instruments without any additional setup; and surgical safety and outcomes are improved due to the built-in tracking redundancy allowing for reliable identification of stereo cameras that are out of calibration or otherwise defective.
XR Headset Visualization of Tracking Volume(s) of One or More Sets of Tracking Cameras
Various embodiments disclosed herein are directed to improvements in computer assisted navigation during surgery. An optical tool navigation system tracks an object's pose, e.g., position and orientation relative to a 6 degree-of-freedom coordinate system, using one or more tracking cameras arranged to observe the object. For the object to be tracked, it must therefore be observable by the one or more tracking cameras and, moreover, to be tracked with sufficient accuracy it should be simultaneously observable by two or more tracking cameras from different angles. The volume of space in which the tracking cameras can observe an object and provide satisfactory accuracy to enable determination of pose is referred to as the tracking volume.
In accordance with various embodiments, an XR headset is operated to visually illustrate the tracking volume of a set of tracking cameras so that a user can optimize the placement of the tracking cameras to observe a surgical site and can dynamically monitor pose of a tracked object, e.g., surgical tool, relative to boundaries of the tracking volume while performing a surgical procedure. The graphical representation of the tracking volume may be generated to visually indicate the accuracies at which the set of tracking cameras will track an object as a function of the object's location within the tracking volume. Alternatively or additionally, the graphical representation of the tracking volume may be generated to visually indicate proximity of the tracked object to an edge boundary of the tracking volume. These and other embodiment are described below with reference to
As the surgical tool 2200 is moved, its pose needs to be continuously tracked by the set of cameras 46 so the navigation system, e.g., the navigation controller 828 of the computer platform 910, can provide navigation guidance to the user 2230 to enable more optimal performance of a planned surgical procedure on an anatomical structure of the patient 2220. It is therefore important for the surgical tool 2200 to remain within the tracking volume while being moved by the user 2230 and/or by the end effector 26 of the surgical robot 4 by constraining the range of movement of the surgical tool 2200 and/or by repositioning the set of cameras 46 to adjust the tracking volume.
Displaying a graphical representation of tracking volume 2240, such as the illustrated wireframe surface, enables the user to see where the surgical tool 2200 is located relative to the tracking volume 2240 in real-time without looking away from the surgical site on the patient 2220. This enables the user to intuitively control movement of the surgical tool 2200 to stay within the confines of the tracking volume 2240 and/or to observe when and how the tracking cameras 46 should be repositioned to enable the surgical tool 2200 to be tracked in a position that is presently outside of the current tracking volume 2240.
Although various embodiments described herein in the context of positioning the surgical tool 2200 relative to the tracking volume 2240, these and other embodiments can also be used to position the tracking cameras 46 so that the movements of the end effector 22 by the surgical robot surgical robot 4 will be remain within the tracking volume of the tracking cameras 46 while performing a planned surgical procedure. In some embodiments, when the surgical tool 2200 is determined to be proximately located to the boundary of the current tracking volume 2240, the camera tracking system may initiate automated movement of the tracking cameras 46, such as by motorized sliding along the auxiliary bar, to move the boundary of the tracking volume away from the surgical tool 2200.
Operations for generating a graphical representation of a tracking volume are initially described in the context of
As explained above, a wireframe surface may be used to graphically represent the tracking volume. The operations may be further configured to generate the graphical representation of the tracking volume based on determining locations of edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset, and render 2905 the graphical representation as lines forming a wireframe surface extending between the locations of the edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset.
To avoid occlusion of the user's view of a surgical environment beyond the XR headset, segments of the wireframe surface may be rendered with variable apparent thickness and/or opacity. For example, the thickness and/or opacity can be varied so as to render segments of the wireframe surface to appear more prominently based on proximity to the surgical tool 2200. The graphical representation tracking volume may be rendered to visually appear relatively subdued and unobtrusive when the surgical tool 2200 is well within the boundaries of the tracking volume. In contrast, the surgical tool 2200 becomes near to a boundary of the tracking volume, the nearest boundary line segments can be rendered more prominently to visually provide a proximity notification to the user.
Corresponding operations can include the camera tracking system processing the tracking information from the set of tracking cameras which further indicates pose of a tracked object relative to the set of tracking cameras. The camera tracking system is further configured to determine the pose of the tracked object based on the tracking information, and control width of the lines forming the wireframe surface based on proximity of the pose of the track object to at least one of the edge boundaries of the tracking volume.
The camera tracking system may be further configured to control width of the lines forming the wireframe surface by increasing width of segments of the lines forming a region of the wireframe surface responsive to a determination that a distance between the pose of the tracked object to the region of the wireframe surface satisfies a proximity notification rule.
Alternative or additional operations by the camera tracking system can determine the pose of the tracked object based on the tracking information, and control opacity of the lines forming the wireframe surface when displayed on a see-through display screen of the XR headset, based on proximity of the pose of the tracked object to at least one of the edge boundaries of the tracking volume.
The camera tracking system may be further configured to control opacity of the lines forming the wireframe surface by increasing opacity of segments of the lines forming a region of the wireframe surface responsive to a determination that a distance between the pose of the tracked object to the region of the wireframe surface satisfies a proximity notification rule.
The operations to control line segment opacity can be configured to control any one or more of color, darkness, shading, flashing (e.g., control off-on duty cycle), animated movement (e.g., cycling side-to-side movement, quivering) of the line segments, etc.
The graphical representation of the tracking volume may be styled so as to provide a visual indication of other information of potential interest to a user. For example, while the tracking volume of the tracking cameras 46 can be graphically illustrated to show where the camera tracking system can track an object, the accuracy at which the object's pose can be determined will typically vary throughout the tracking region. In some embodiments the graphical representation of the tracking volume is styled to convey an indication of how accurately the camera tracking system can track the object, such as a surgical tool, the robot end effector, etc.
The tracking accuracy may be visually indicated by controlling width of the lines forming the graphical representation of the tracking volume. For example, the operations may generate the graphical representation of the tracking volume based on determining locations of edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset, and render the graphical representation as lines forming a wireframe surface extending between the locations of the edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset. The operations may vary width of the lines forming the wireframe surface to visually indicate for at least some of the spaced part locations within the tracking volume corresponding variation in the characterized accuracies at which the set of tracking cameras will track the object.
The tracking accuracy may alternatively or additionally be visually indicated by controlling contrast of the lines or other surface forming a graphical representation of the tracking volume. For example, the generation of the graphical representation of the tracking volume to visually indicate for the spaced apart locations the characterized accuracies at which the set of tracking cameras will track the object, can include varying contrast of the graphical representation of the tracking volume to visually indicate for at least some of the spaced part locations within the tracking volume corresponding variation in the characterized accuracies at which the set of tracking cameras will track the object. As explained above, the operations to control opacity can be configured to control any one or more of color, darkness, shading, flashing (e.g., control off-on duty cycle), animated movement (e.g., cycling side-to-side movement, quivering) of the line segments, etc.
Some other embodiments are directed to displaying two or more tracking volumes where, for example, one of the display tracking volumes shows the maximum tracking volume throughout which the camera tracking system can track an object and another of the display tracking volumes shows a sub-volume within the maximum tracking volume within which the camera tracking system can tracked objects with at least a minimum operational threshold. Accordingly, the user can position the tracking cameras 46 using visual feedback of the displayed sub-volume so that the higher accuracy sub-volume is oriented in a desired way relative to a surgical site, the user, and an expected range of movement of a tracked object (e.g., surgical tool 2200) during a surgical procedure.
The operations may be configured to generate 3205 the graphical representation of the sub-volume of the tracking volume to be visually distinguishable from the graphical representation of the tracking volume while the graphical representations of the sub-volume of the tracking volume and the tracking volume are concurrently provided to the XR headset for display to the user. For example, the graphical representation of the sub-volume of the tracking volume may be generated to be visually distinguishable based on difference in color, darkness, shading, flashing (e.g., control off-on duty cycle), and/or animated movement (e.g., cycling side-to-side movement, quivering) from the graphical representation of the tracking volume.
Although various embodiments have been described in the context of using a set of tracking cameras 46 on an auxiliary tracking bar, these and other embodiments can be used with another set of tracking cameras, such as a set of tracking cameras on an XR headset, and/or using a combination of sets of tracking cameras, such as the set of tracking cameras 46 on the auxiliary tracking bar and another set of tracking cameras on an XR headset. Various operations disclosed herein for pose chaining may be used to track an object and compute the tracking volume of each of the sets of tracking cameras for display as a combined graphical representation through the view perspective of any XR headset.
Thus, in some embodiments, the set of tracking cameras are separate and spaced apart from the XR headset while the camera tracking system is receiving the tracking information from the set of tracking cameras. The operations by the camera tracking system can be further configured to obtain an XR headset tracking model defining an XR headset tracking volume of another set of tracking cameras which are attached to the XR headset. The operations generate a graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset based on the XR headset tracking model, and provide the graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume to the XR headset for display to the user.
The operations may be further configured to generate the graphical representation of the tracking volume of the set of tracking cameras based on determining locations of edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset, and render the graphical representation of the tracking volume as lines forming a wireframe surface extending between the locations of the edge boundaries of the tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset. The operations may generate the graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume based on determining locations of edge boundaries of the XR headset tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset, and render the graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume as lines forming another wireframe surface extending between the locations of the edge boundaries of the XR headset tracking volume from the perspective of the XR headset.
The graphical representation of the tracking volume of the set of tracking cameras may be generated to be visually distinguishable based on difference in color, darkness, shading, flashing (e.g., control off-on duty cycle), animated movement (e.g., cycling side-to-side movement, quivering) from the graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume.
The operations may enable user visualization of the camera tracking accuracy as part of visualization of multiple tracking volumes of different sets of tracking cameras. Operations by the camera tracking system can be further configured to obtain other tracking accuracy information characterizing accuracies at which the other set of tracking cameras attached to the XR headset will track an object as a function of spaced apart locations within the XR headset tracking volume. The graphical representation of the XR headset tracking volume is further generated to visually indicate for at least some of the spaced apart locations within the XR headset tracking volume the corresponding characterized accuracies at which the other set of tracking cameras attached to the XR headset will track the object.
Potential advantages that may be provided by one or more of these embodiments include that the user does not need to attempt to retain in memory the general shape of the tracking volume for a set of tracking cameras and then attempt to mentally project that shaped tracking volume onto a visually observed surgical scene. Moreover, the user does not need to then attempt to guesstimate whether a tracked object is close to a boundary of that mental image of the tracking volume. Instead, the user seeing the graphical representation of the tracking volume overlaid on an operational area in physical space is intuitively understandable by the user's three-dimensional spatial awareness capabilities, which allows for faster and more informed decisions about how to position the tracking cameras relative to the operational area and how to position one or more objects to maintain accurate tracking thereof. The user can also visually understand in near real-time what effect a change in the location of a set of cameras and/or a change in relative orientation of the cameras (e.g., moving relative to each other) has on the resulting tracking volume of the set of cameras. When a movable set of mobile cameras is used, such as when a set of mobile cameras is affixed to a person (e.g., to an XR headset), the tracking volume may be moving and changing shape continuously. Again, the user is provided with near real-time visual illustration of associated changes to the tracking volume. Moreover, when tracking of an object is lost due to it being moved beyond a boundary of the tracking volume, the user will be able to visually observe how the object needs to be moved to enable further tracking. In contrast, when tracking of the object is lost due to reason other than leaving the tracking volume, the user need not consider the location of the tracking volume and can instead focus on what may have caused the tracking cameras to lose visual track of the object (e.g., obstructing arm or other object). Moreover, before moving the object, the user can visually assess whether tracking would be expected be retained for planned movement and can adjust the plan movement and/or move the tracking cameras to avoid loss of tracking.
In the above-description of various embodiments of present inventive concepts, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of present inventive concepts. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which present inventive concepts belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense expressly so defined herein.
When an element is referred to as being “connected”, “coupled”, “responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, it can be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly coupled”, “directly responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Furthermore, “coupled”, “connected”, “responsive”, or variants thereof as used herein may include wirelessly coupled, connected, or responsive. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. The term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements/operations, these elements/operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element/operation from another element/operation. Thus, a first element/operation in some embodiments could be termed a second element/operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of present inventive concepts. The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same or similar elements throughout the specification.
As used herein, the terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “comprises”, “include”, “including”, “includes”, “have”, “has”, “having”, or variants thereof are open-ended, and include one or more stated features, integers, elements, steps, components or functions but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, elements, steps, components, functions or groups thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the common abbreviation “e.g.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “exempli gratia,” may be used to introduce or specify a general example or examples of a previously mentioned item, and is not intended to be limiting of such item. The common abbreviation “i.e.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “id est,” may be used to specify a particular item from a more general recitation.
Example embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and/or devices) and/or computer program products. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions that are performed by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit of a general purpose computer circuit, special purpose computer circuit, and/or other programmable data processing circuit to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, transform and control transistors, values stored in memory locations, and other hardware components within such circuitry to implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks, and thereby create means (functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block(s).
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a tangible computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. Accordingly, embodiments of present inventive concepts may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) that runs on a processor such as a digital signal processor, which may collectively be referred to as “circuitry,” “a module” or variants thereof.
It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks may be added/inserted between the blocks that are illustrated, and/or blocks/operations may be omitted without departing from the scope of inventive concepts. Moreover, although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the depicted arrows.
Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present inventive concepts. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of present inventive concepts. Accordingly, the above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the appended examples of embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the spirit and scope of present inventive concepts. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of present inventive concepts are to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the present disclosure including the following examples of embodiments and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.
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