Patent Application
20160045304
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to mechanical supports for bodily vessels, and in particular, but not exclusively, to external supports for elongated blood vessels such as peripheral or coronary arterial bypasses grafts. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to an external support implant for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system.
Arterial occlusive disease, most commonly atherosclerosis, underlies most peripheral arterial disease. Most of the atherosclerotic blockages are found in the lower extremity. As vessel narrowing increases, critical limb ischemia (CLI) can develop when the blood flow does not meet the metabolic demands of tissue at rest. While CLI may be due to an acute condition such as an embolus or thrombosis, most cases are the progressive result of a chronic condition, most commonly atherosclerosis.
A peripheral vascular bypass, also called a lower extremity bypass, is the surgical rerouting of blood flow around an obstructed artery that supplies blood to the legs and feet. The three common peripheral vascular bypass surgeries are aortobifemoral bypass surgery, which reroutes blood from the abdominal aorta to the two femoral arteries in the groin; femoropopliteal bypass surgery, which reroutes blood from the femoral artery to the popliteal arteries above or below the knee and femorotibial bypass surgery, which reroutes blood between the femoral artery and the tibial artery. A substitute vessel or graft must be used in bypass surgeries to reroute the blood. The graft may be a healthy segment of the patient's own saphenous vein (autogenous graft), a vein that runs the entire length of the thigh. A synthetic graft may be used if the patient's saphenous vein is not healthy or long enough, or if the vessel to be bypassed is a larger artery that cannot be replaced by a smaller vein.
In recent years, angioplasty has supplanted peripheral bypass surgery as the first-line therapy for patients with CLI. Endovascular revascularization has become acceptable as a minimally invasive technique that is associated with low morbidity and mortality, reduced hospital costs, and decreased length of hospitalization. The main tradeoff is shorter durability when compared with the surgical alternative, which is still considered optimal strategy for patients that are capable of withstanding an open surgical procedure, and having life expectancy of over two years.
Intimal hyperplasia and tissue modulation are still considered main cause of vein graft failures in arterial bypass surgeries. These failures are accompanied by significant amounts of disability and limb loss resulting in increased resource utilization for the health care system and in a diminished quality of life for the patient. Veins placed in the arterial circulation as bypass conduits are universally subjected to acute increases in pressure and pulsatile hemodynamics, resulting in acute increases in wall shear and radial stress. Trauma during harvesting, pre-bypass morphological changes, and ischemia reperfusion during the procedure may impact the ability of the vein to adapt to these forces.
Externally supporting the graft with an external device has the potential to reduce wall stress and cyclic stretching of medial and endothelial cells and reduce diameter mismatch between the vein graft and the artery, all of which might be expected to reduce wall thickening. The efficacy of external support to the graft has been studied by several groups over the past few years and the findings from pre-clinical studies demonstrated significant inhibition of neointimal formation, reduction of atherosclerosis plaques and overall graft thickening reduction comparing to non-supported grafts.
Prior publications describing grafts provided with external supports or layers commonly suggest bonding of the external support to selectively cover the graft, optionally by using glue or sutures. Exemplary publications include U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,659 to Zurbrugg and U.S. Pat. No. 7,998,188 to Zilla et al., the disclosures of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. Such grafts may be provided to the medical practitioners readily covered and supported, or that the medical practitioners or their supporting team are instructed to bond the graft and the external support together prior to grafting. The latter scenario may be time consuming and bothersome to the medical team and may derive special training and expertise in materials bonding and preparations so that the finalized artifact will be satisfactory prepared in a timely manner.
International patent application published as WO 2010/058406 to Orion et al., the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference, describes a plastically deformable external support which further allows shaping and casting of the graft once deployed thereto. The plastic deformity allows the practicing surgeon to shape such external supports to a self-fixating form characterized with a final length, diameter and/or contour, with minimal elasticity and/or spring-back, thereby diminishing the need to use other means to maintain relative positioning and coverage of the graft and the external support.
Further needs stand out when a graft is substantially long, as for example in peripheral bypass surgeries, where it is common to use grafts which are longer than 20 cm and may even extend up to 50 cm, 60 cm and even more. External supports covering long vein grafts in legs and arms, for example, are prone to encounter substantial axial forces, shortening and/or fraying caused by internal radial pressure or by external forces commonly associated with proximity to skin surface and normal function of the limb.
Peripheral venous bypass grafts are used to bypass diseased arteries in the lower limbs of subjects. The most common arteries include the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries, which are located above and below the knee. During typical bypass procedures, a path inside the lower limb is tunneled to enable the bypass graft to reach its target artery. The path of the bypass graft within the lower limb has superficial (underneath the skin) and deep (inside the limb) segments. Superficial segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) during sleeping or sitting, when the segments are pressed upon by external objects. Deep segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) from adjacent lower limb muscles, particularly during walking.
Same applicant/assignee PCT Intl. Patent Appln/Publication No. WO 2012/143922 A1 includes exemplary teachings and practices about external supports for supporting elongated blood vessels, such as peripheral or coronary arterial bypass grafts. Therein, are disclosed exemplary external supports capable of resisting axially compressing forces while substantially maintaining chosen length, diameter and/or structure, while not shifting or displacing from a needed vein graft coverage form. Such exemplary external supports obviate the need for using external bonding means, such as adhesives, clips, or/and sutures.
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to mechanical supports for bodily vessels, and in particular, but not exclusively, to external supports for elongated blood vessels such as peripheral or coronary arterial bypasses grafts. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to an external support implant for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system.
In an aspect of some embodiments there is provided an external bodily vessel support that includes an elongate body with a longitudinal axis and an interior to be brought into apposition with an exterior of the bodily vessel.
According to an aspect of additional embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an external support implant for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system, the external support implant comprises: an elongate body having a longitudinal axis, and an interior collapsible upon an exterior of the blood vessel graft, the elongate body includes a tubular fabric having intertwined coiled compression springs configured for elastically resisting longitudinal compression of the elongate body from a relaxed length, when the compression springs are stressed, and for elastically increasing diameter of the elongate body when the compression springs are subjected to the longitudinal compression.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the tubular fabric comprises a braid and the coiled compression springs are intertwined to form the braid.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the coiled compression springs are made of a cobalt-chromium alloy.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the relaxed length is at least about 20 cm.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the relaxed length corresponds to a distance extending along part or all of length between two ends of the blood vessel graft when anastomosed.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the compression springs are configured for confining ratio of per cent change in length per unit change in diameter of a radially compressed segment of the elongated body, to a range of between about 2%/mm and about 20%/mm, relative to the length and the diameter of the elongate body when having the relaxed length.
According to some embodiments of the invention, when the elongate body has the relaxed length, the compression springs are configured for the elastically increasing of the elongate body diameter from a graft covering diameter having a range of between about 4 mm and about 7 mm, to a graft sleeving diameter.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the compression springs are configured for the elastically increasing of the elongate body diameter by an amount equal to or more than about 20%, when changing from the graft covering diameter to the graft sleeving diameter.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the compression springs are configured for the elastically increasing of the elongate body diameter by an amount equal to or less than about 10%, when length of the elongate body decreases by an amount equal to about 5% during the covering of the blood vessel graft.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the external support implant is configured for covering a calf-harvested vein graft, wherein the graft covering diameter is, on average, about 4 mm, and the graft sleeving diameter has a range of between about 5 mm and about 6 mm.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the external support implant is configured for covering a thigh-harvested vein graft, wherein the graft covering diameter is, on average, about 6 mm, and the graft sleeving diameter has a range of between about 8 mm and about 12 mm.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the compression springs are configured for elastically decreasing the relaxed length of the elongate body by at least about 50%, during the elastically increasing of the elongate body diameter from the graft covering diameter to the graft sleeving diameter.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the relaxed length is decreased by at least about 30% when the elongate body diameter elastically increases by about 20%.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the tubular fabric includes a plurality of intertwined wires in a range of between about 20 and about 60 of the intertwined wires.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the tubular fabric includes a plurality of the compression springs in a range of between about 40 and about 45 of the compression springs.
According to some embodiments of the invention, when the elongate body has the relaxed length, the tubular fabric includes intertwined wires forming a braiding angle in a range of between about 80 degrees and about 110 degrees, for example, about 95 degrees.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the tubular fabric includes intertwined wires having a diameter in a range of between about 30 micrometers and about 65 micrometers.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the compression springs are comprised of intertwined wires each having a diameter of about 50 micrometers.
All technical or/and scientific words, terms, or/and phrases, used herein have the same or similar meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains, unless otherwise specifically defined or stated herein. Exemplary embodiments of implant devices (and, components and features thereof), and, methods of implementing and practicing thereof, illustratively described herein are exemplary and illustrative only and are not intended to be necessarily limiting. Although implant devices and methods equivalent or similar to those described herein can be used in practicing or/and testing embodiments of the invention, exemplary implant devices and methods are illustratively described below. In case of conflict, the patent specification, including definitions, will control.
Some embodiments of the invention are herein described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of embodiments of the invention. In this regard, the description taken with the drawings makes apparent to those skilled in the art how embodiments of the invention may be practiced.
In the drawings:
The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to mechanical supports for bodily vessels, and in particular, but not exclusively, to external supports for elongated blood vessels such as peripheral or coronary arterial bypasses grafts. Some embodiments of the present invention relate to an external support implant for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system.
The terms “treating” and “treatment” as used herein refer to reduction in severity and/or frequency of symptoms, elimination of symptoms and/or underlying cause, prevention of the occurrence of symptoms and/or their underlying cause, and improvement or remediation of damage.
The term “patient” as in treatment of “a patient” refers to a mammalian individual afflicted with or prone to a condition, disease or disorder as specified herein, and includes both humans and animals.
The term “bodily vessel”, unless otherwise defined, refers to blood vessels and grafts, such as veins, arteries and synthetic blood vessels, or a combination of a native vein with a synthetic graft (such as a miller cuff in which a native vein is used as the distal part of a synthetic graft to enable a better mechanical match between the vein and the artery), but in some instances may refer to any internal organ, live or synthetic, functioning as a conduit for fluids or other flowable materials in a patient's body.
The terms “graft” and “grafting” refer to a natural or artificial conduit to carry blood between two arteries, and the placement thereof, respectively, for treatment of an arterial stenosis, thrombosis or embolus. It can also refer to the placement of an artificial conduit between an artery and vein of the forearm for use in hemodialysis. Grafts can be used for the aorta (coronary bypass grafts), femoral artery or in the forearm (peripheral bypass grafts). Often, the saphenous vein or left internal thoracic artery are harvested from the patient and used as grafts. PTFE and Dacron are common materials for synthetic vascular grafts.
The term “tissue modulation” refers to any volumetric change in a bodily vessel, such as a graft, as an outcome of tissue growth or hyperplasia, due to internal stresses that are abnormal with respect to the original stresses, pressures and/or flow properties of the bodily vessel. For example, a vein graft placed in an arterial vascular system will be subjected to pressures and internal stresses that are much higher than in a venous vascular system, therefore resulting in intimal hyperplasia, wall thickening, and other tissue modulation outcomes as well as mechanical deformations such as kinking, twisting and/or radially expanding.
The term “external support” or “external bodily vessel support” refers to any device placed over an outside surface of a bodily vessel in order to change some of its geometrical and/or mechanical properties and durability and/or to prevent, lessen and/or positively influence chances of failure, modification and/or tissue modulation thereof, and/or to cast and/or impose a requested shape, size, contour and/or other external boundaries of the bodily vessel. External supports or external bodily vessel supports may be in the form of stents or sleeves, and may include fabric, either woven, non-woven, or mechanically machined, and may be made from any materials or elements such as plastics, metals, textiles and others. External supports or external bodily vessel supports are herein referred to, and illustratively described, in the context of being medical devices, particularly, medical implants, for example, external support implants or external bodily vessel support implants. In exemplary embodiments, the herein disclosed external support implants or external bodily vessel support implants are designed, constructed, and implemented for medical applications of, or involving, unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system.
The terms “cast”, “casting” or “molding” refer to the forming of externally shaped boundaries, optionally three-dimensional, to an externally supported bodily vessel either by constricting and/or changing the vessel shape and/or contour by exerting forces thereto, and/or by restricting its deformation and/or modulation to a specific final shape and/or contour.
The term “fabric” refers to any artifact made by braiding or weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting threads. The term “thread” or “threads” refers to any long structural member resembling a thin line, and may include a wire, including a metal wire, a strand, a yarn, a fiber and other types known to art, natural or synthetic.
The terms “braid” or “braided interlacement” refer to pattern formed by intertwining three or more strands of flexible material, such as wires, threads or yarns, which may be made for example of polymers, textiles or metal (e.g., stainless steel threads). Unless otherwise specified, a braided external support will be referred generally to as ones which include a tubular sheath made of braided threads.
The term “braid angle” or “braiding angle” refers to an angle formed between each two intertwined threads in longitudinal direction of the braid. A braiding angle as defined in the present invention is twice the angle formed between an intertwined thread and the longitudinal direction of the braid. The braiding angle of each thread and/or the average braiding angle of a whole braided external support is changeable depending on state of compression or extension with respect to the braid relaxed length, so unless otherwise defined, a braiding angle of a braided external support shall refer to the braiding angle when the braided external support has a relaxed length.
The term “relaxed configuration” refers to the shape and mechanical properties of the external support when under no internal or external forces, stresses or strains. A relaxed configuration of a braided external support may optionally be determined according to setting considerations such as a mandrel dimensions relative to a metal braid and threads dimensions, and braiding angle of the braid when worn over the mandrel during stress relieving treatments, for example annealing or other heat treatments.
The term “relaxed length” refers to a length of the external support when in a relaxed configuration, and when no internal forces, stresses or strains acting to change its length. For example, a longitudinally elastic external support will develop internal stresses which will act to regain a relaxed length when compressed to a shorter length or extended to a longer length than the relaxed length.
The term “compressed length” refers to a length shorter than the relaxed length in which the external support has internal stresses acting towards extending its length.
The term “axial stiffness” refers to the resistance of an elastic external support to deformation by a force applied to it in parallel to its longitudinal axis. Unless otherwise defined, axial stiffness shall be considered as a “longitudinal stiffness” that is focused to resistance to contracting the external support from a relaxed length, optionally indicative in a smaller diameter, to a compressed length, optionally indicative in a larger diameter. The axial stiffness of a whole braided external support may be determined by combined elastic properties of its threads (including but not limited to at least one of thread material, thread diameter, thread elastic or plastic properties) and/or the braiding properties (including but not limited to at least one of braiding angle, total number of threads, different threads types and numbers of each).
A thread may be considered a “spring” when it is formed of a spring metal and conditioned to return to its shape and size at relaxed configuration when external compressing or stretching forces cease. A number or spring type threads may be intertwined together and/or with other thread types to create a braided fabric. A spring type thread may be considered a “coiled spring” when it is formed in a spiral or helical wounding to a tubular shape at a relaxed configuration. A “coiled compression spring” refers to an open-coil helical spring that offers resistance to a compressive force applied axially. The coiled compression spring can be compressed up to a minimal length when its entire coils are in full contact therebetween. A “spring constant” shall refer to a characteristic of a spring which is defined as the ratio of the force affecting the spring to the displacement caused by it as long as the load does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Whereas stiffness relates to the elastic properties of the whole external support, the spring constant relates to the elastic properties of a single spring member such as a spring type thread.
The terms “elastic” or “elastically deformable” refer to being capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression. The term “plastic” or “plastically deformable” refer to a pliant member being capable of substantially maintaining a chosen shape it has been formed to. A plastically deformable member, for example a thread, a fabric or an entire external support, is readily provided soft and ductile and fixedly stretchable and/or shapeable to chosen formation until less than a fracture point and therefore conditioned to selectively shift from a first relaxed configuration to a second relaxed configuration.
The term “preload” refers to a force continuously exerted by a spring being held in a compressed length. The preload shall equal substantially the external support axial stiffness multiplied by the difference between its relaxed length and its current compressed length. For example, when elastic and/or a spring-type external support is being compressed, for example if held compressed over an implanted graft being of a length (e.g., distance between two anastomosed ends) that is substantially smaller than the relaxed length of the external support. If preloaded, the external support of the present invention exerts the preload towards both anastomosed ends of the supported graft, therefore improve axial stability and/or fixation to the graft without a use of any bonding, curing and/or suturing means.
The following exemplary embodiments may be described in the context of exemplary vascular bypass procedures for ease of description and understanding. However, the invention is not limited to the specifically described devices and methods, and may be adapted to various clinical applications without departing from the overall scope of the invention. For example, devices and related methods including concepts described herein may be used for externally supporting grafts and other bodily vessels such as but not limited to: arteries, veins, synthetic grafts, coronary bypass grafts, peripheral bypass grafts, gastrointestinal vessels, and soft and semi-hard tissues.
In an aspect of some embodiments there is provided an external bodily vessel support including an elongate body with a longitudinal axis and an interior to be brought into apposition with an exterior of the bodily vessel. In some embodiments, the apposition is provided without curing, bonding, or external fixating means. The bodily vessel may be a blood vessel, coronary or peripheral, venous or arterial, native or graft. In case of a graft, the appositioning may be performed before the graft is implanted, during implantation (e.g., when only one end of the graft is anastomosed) or after the graft is implanted (i.e., when both ends thereof are anastomosed and blood is allowed to flow therethrough). In some embodiments, the elongate body, at apposition with the exterior of the bodily vessel, it supports the bodily vessel, and optionally imposes and/or casts a requested longitudinal shape along the bodily vessel length, for example when there is a need to fortify a vein graft to better suit increased pressures and flow regimes such that of the target vascular system, usually an arterial system.
In some embodiments of the invention, the elongate body includes a tubular fabric of a plurality of threads and is characterized by having a relaxed configuration. In some embodiments, the fabric includes a braid and/or is a braid, optionally a tubular braid. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, the fabric includes weaving or knitting. Optionally, the body, when in its relaxed configuration, has a relaxed length and is being sized and shaped to fit over of the exterior of the bodily vessel.
In some exemplary embodiments, the plurality of threads includes coiled compression springs. Optionally, the tubular fabric includes a braid and the coiled compression springs are intertwined to form the braid. Optionally, the coiled compression springs include a first coiled spring having a first spring constant being larger than a second spring constant of a second coiled spring thereof. In some exemplary embodiments, a first spring constant is optionally at least 0.001 N/m, optionally at least 0.01 N/m, optionally between 0.015 N/m and 0.035 N/m, or higher or lower or intermediate, whereas a second spring constant is optionally at least 0.05 N/m, optionally at least 0.1 N/m, optionally between 0.08 N/m and 0.2 N/m, or higher, or lower, or intermediate. In some embodiments, the first and/or second spring constant is configured parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongate body.
In some embodiments of the invention, the tubular fabric is longitudinally elastic to maintain the relaxed length with an axial stiffness, optionally at least 0.1 N/m, optionally at least 0.5 N/m, optionally at least 1 N/m, optionally at least 2 N/m, or higher, or lower or intermediate. In some embodiments, the tubular fabric is longitudinally elastic to resist axial compression thereof. Optionally, the tubular fabric is also radially elastic to maintain a tubular shape thereof.
In some embodiments of the invention, the fabric is a metal fabric, and optionally at least a portion of the threads are made of metal, such as a metal alloy, optionally Cobalt-Chromium alloy.
In some embodiments, two threads or more, optionally the plurality of threads, form a braiding angle being 100° or less, optionally in the range 40°-100°, at relaxed configuration, optionally acute angles, optionally in the range 50°-90°. Optionally, the plurality of threads form an angle with the longitudinal axis being 50° or less at the relaxed configuration, optionally 40° or less, optionally 30° or intermediate.
In some embodiments, the relaxed length of the elongate body is 5 cm or more, optionally 10 cm or more, optionally 20 cm or more, optionally 50 cm or more, optionally 20 to 90 cm. In some embodiments, the relaxed length substantially equals a distance between two ends of the bodily vessel when anastomosed. Alternatively, the relaxed length is larger than a distance between two ends of the bodily vessel when anastomosed. In some embodiments, the relaxed length is so chosen as to compress the elongate body to a compressed length when placed between the two anastomosed ends with an axial preload of at least 0.001 N, optionally at least 0.005 N, optionally at least 0.01 N, or higher, or lower, or intermediate.
In some embodiments, the elongate body is radially and axially elastic. In some embodiments of the invention, the elongate body is configured to extend up to 120% its relaxed length, optionally up to 110%, optionally up to 105%, when at a full radial crush. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, the elongate body or fabric includes a plastically deformable thread. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, the elongate body or fabric includes at least one elastic thread that is adapted to pass yield point when extended over a predetermined length that is equal or less than the elongate body relaxed length.
In some embodiments, the elongate body is provided in a compressed length confined by an external deployment device. Optionally, the external deployment device is selectively extendable to any fixed length greater than a minimal compressed length of and smaller than a relaxed length of the elongate body.
In an aspect of some embodiments there is provided an external bodily vessel support including an elongate body with a longitudinal axis and an interior to be brought into apposition with an exterior of the bodily vessel, the elongate body including a tubular fabric having intertwined coiled compression springs. In some embodiments of the invention, the intertwined coiled compression springs having a first set of first compression springs and a second set of second compression springs of a larger spring constant than of the first compression springs. In some embodiments, the first set includes at least twenty, optionally at least 30, of the first compression springs and the second set includes at most ten, optionally at most 5, of the second compression springs. In some embodiments, the quantity ratio between the first set and the second set is equal or greater than 6, optionally equal or greater than 8, optionally equal or greater than 10, or higher or lower or intermediate. In an exemplary embodiment, the elongate body includes evenly spaced intertwined coiled compression springs including 38 threads, each thread having a smaller spring constant of approximately 0.01-0.03 N/m, and 4 threads, each thread having a larger spring constant of approximately 0.05-0.15 N/m. In an exemplary embodiment, the two threads types are substantially similar in material and condition but optionally differ substantially in diameter. In some embodiments, the first coiled compression springs are 75 μm or less in diameter and the second compression springs are 75 μm or more in diameter. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, the first coiled compression springs are 50 μm or less in diameter and the second compression springs are 50 μm or more in diameter. In an exemplary embodiment, the first coiled compression springs are approximately 50 μm and the second compression springs are approximately 75 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, all intertwined coiled compression springs are made of a Cobalt-Chromium alloy.
In to an aspect of some other embodiments of the present invention there is provided an external bodily vessel support for use with an elongate graft to facilitate a desired external casting boundary for tissue modulation when the elongate graft is grafted into a vascular system. According to some embodiments of the present invention, the external bodily vessel support includes an elongate body having a first end and a second end with a channel therebetween sized to fit over a maximal diameter of the elongate graft, the elongate body is adapted to axially extend from a first compressed length to a second relaxed length. In some embodiments, the bodily vessel support further includes a structural member extending at least partially along the elongate body and adapted to suppress axial compression when in the relaxed length. In some embodiments, the elongate graft is a vein graft. Optionally, the vascular system is an arterial vascular system.
In some embodiments, the elongate body includes a meshed sleeve formed of intertwined threads. In some embodiments, the meshed sleeve includes a braided interlacement. In some embodiments, the braided interlacement includes braiding angle of less than 100°, optionally less than 60°, when the elongate body is in the second relaxed length.
In some embodiments, the elongate body and/or structural member has an axial stiffness of at least 0.01 N/m, optionally at least 0.1 N/m when in the second relaxed length.
In some embodiments, the elongate body decreases in diameter when extending from the first compressed length to the second relaxed length by at least 20%, optionally by at least 50%. In some embodiments, the elongate body increases in length when extending from the first compressed length to the second relaxed length by at least 100%, optionally by at least 500%.
In some embodiments, the elongate body is self-extendable from the first compressed length to the second relaxed length. Optionally, the elongate body is radially and/or axially elastic. Optionally, the bodily vessel support includes a plastically deformable thread. In some embodiments, the bodily vessel support includes at least one elastic thread adapted to pass yield point when extended over a predetermined length that is equal or less than the elongate body relaxed length.
In some embodiments, the relaxed length of the elongate body is substantially equal or greater than a length of the elongate graft when grafted into the vascular system. Optionally, the relaxed length of the elongate body is substantially equal or greater than 20 cm. Optionally, the compressed length of the elongate body is substantially equal or lesser than 15 cm.
In some embodiments, the desired external casting boundary includes at least one of a tapered tubular shape and a cylindrical shape.
In some embodiments, the elongate body includes a meshed portion extendable from the axially compressed form to an axially extended form. In some embodiments, the meshed portion is braided and is characterized by decreasing in diameter when extending. In some embodiments, the elongate body is shrinkable to fit in diameter to a graft having maximal and minimal outer diameters in between 3 to 9 mm.
Referring to the figures,
As a preliminary non-binding step, a portion of a saphenous graft SV, previously harvested from the patient or from a donor, is prepared for grafting in an arterial system, in this example a peripheral arterial system, where it is checked for possible leakages to seal and optionally and/or partially cleaned from collaterals outwardly projecting along its length. During or after preparation of vein graft VG it is anastomosed in one end to an artery. Alternatively, an arterial harvested graft or a synthetic graft is used instead.
As shown in
In some embodiments, external support 100 is adapted to axially extend from a first compressed length to a second relaxed length. External support 100 is optionally placed over or sleeved over vein graft VG while in a compressed length thereby easing its handling and positioning. External support 100 may include internal/structural means to hold it in the compressed length or it may be deployed with a delivery device or other deployment means which facilitate this feature. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, a chosen patterned design, for example a braiding including a plurality of intertwined wires optionally of different diameters and/or materials and/or conditions, optionally at chosen braiding angles, determines its axial stiffness and resistance to axial deformation (e.g., contraction). In some embodiments, external support 100 is deployed with a substantially larger diameter than the diameter of vein graft VG so that external support 100 can be easily slipped (sleeved) thereupon. In some embodiments, compressing external support 100 enlarges its diameter and vice versa.
In some embodiments, external support 100 increases in length when extending from a first compressed length to a final covering length, optionally a relaxed length, by at least 50%, optionally by at least 100%, optionally by at least 400%, optionally by at least 1,000%, optionally between 200% and 400%. Optionally, external support 100 is deployed in a compressed length of less than 300 mm, optionally less than 100 mm, optionally less than 50 mm, optionally less than 15 mm, or higher, or lower or in any intermediate length. Optionally, external support 100 is adapted to extend to a chosen length, optionally a relaxed length, which is at least 50 mm, optionally at least 100 mm, optionally at least 400 mm, optionally at least 600 mm, or higher, or lower or any intermediate value.
In some embodiments of the present invention, external support 100 is provided having internal diameter substantially larger than in its in relaxed length, optionally more than 50% its relaxed length diameter, optionally more than 100%, optionally more than 150%, optionally more than 200%, optionally 130% to 180% (for example, when compressed to a length of 30%-40% its relaxed length), or higher, or lower, or intermediate. In some embodiments, external support 100 decreases in diameter when extending from a first compressed length to a final covering length, optionally a relaxed length, by at least 20% optionally at least 60%, optionally between 30% and 50%. Optionally, external support 100 is deployed in a minimal diameter larger than 5 mm, optionally larger than 10 mm, optionally larger than 30 mm, or higher, or lower or in any intermediate diameter. Optionally, external support 100 is adapted to decrease in diameter, optionally to less than 10 mm, optionally to less than 5 mm, optionally to less than 3 mm, optionally between 4 mm to 6 mm, optionally between 4.2 mm to 5.6 mm, when in relaxed length, or higher, or lower or to any intermediate value.
In some embodiments, when extended, the external support 100 substantially maintains its extended length. Optionally, this characteristic makes redundant the need to fasten or glue it to the graft, the arteries or to the anastomosed areas, as practiced in deployments of other known devices, such as the “eSVS™ mesh” for coronary artery bypass grafting (“Kips Bay Medical Inc.”, MN, USA) or as previously disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,581 to Zurbrugg. In some embodiments, external support 100 is designed for a maximally allowed axial expansion at extreme scenarios. Due to the superficial course of the vein graft, for example when grafted in the leg, it may undergo focal and diffuse radial contractions (e.g., spasms, pinches or “crushes”) due to pressure from the external environment (for example when the patient seats, sleeps or when the graft is pressed from some reason). If such crushes will cause substantial elongations to the support over the vein graft, this may endanger the vein graft or even cause the graft to (e.g., due to friction). In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, in case of a full crush (i.e., internal diameter of external support 100 substantially zeroes), the maximal elongation of external support 100 does not exceed 1% its relaxed length, optionally 5%, optionally 10%, or higher, or lower, or intermediate.
Optionally, an axial stiffness or a non-recompressing feature is applicable only when external support 100 is stretched over a predetermined minimal length. Alternatively or additionally, external support 100 includes elastic properties and the non-recompressing feature is applicable when it is stretched or left to extend to or over its relaxed length. Optionally, external support 100 is radially and/or axially elastic. In some embodiments, external support 100 is self-extendable from a first compressed length to a second relaxed length. In some embodiments, external support 100 further includes a structural member extending at least partially along the elongate body and adapted to suppress axial compression when in the relaxed length. In some embodiments, external support 100 or any structural member thereof has an axial stiffness of at least 0.01 N/m when in the relaxed length, optionally at least 0.1 N/m, optionally at least 1 N/m, optionally at least 2 N/m, optionally at least 5 N/m, or higher, or lower, or any intermediate value.
In some embodiments, at least a portion of external support 100 in its final, optionally relaxed, length shrinks-to-fit and/or takes the form of the already grafted and functioning vein graft VG. Alternatively or additionally, at least a portion of external support 100 constrict graft VG to smaller dimensions thereby increasing its passive resistance to internal pressures. Alternatively or additionally, at least a portion of external support 100 maintains a chosen tubular shape that may be smaller, equal and/or larger in diameter than portions of graft VG along its length, thereby restricting its expansion and/or any deformation, cell growth and/or tissue modulation to the chosen shape boundaries. In some embodiments, a desired external casting boundary includes at least one of a tapered (or partially conic, as shown in
Reference is now made to
In some embodiments, external support 1100 includes metal wires, such as Ni—Ti or Co—Cr alloys. In some embodiments, Cobalt-Chromium alloy ASTM F1058 are used, for both wires 1110 and 1120, being of exemplary combination of high strength and stiffness compared to some other implantable metal wires, including Ni—Ti alloys (having lesser stiffness) and common stainless steel (having lesser strength).
Optionally, alternatively or additionally, external support 1100 includes any of the following biocompatible materials provided as wires or in other form: Metals or alloys such as Magnesium, Tantalum, and multiphase alloy; polymers such as PTFE, PET, Nylon, Polyethylene, Polyamide, Polypropylene, Aramid; and biodegradable or bioabsorbable materials such as Magnesium Oxide, Polyglycolide (PGA), Polylactide (PLA), Polycaprolactone, Poly(dioxanone), Poly(lactide-co-glycolide), Ployhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Ployhydroxyvalerate (PHV). Optionally, at least one wire is provided as a spring type wire that is self-extendable from compressed length to a relaxed length.
In some embodiments, external support 1100 includes at least 10 wires, optionally at least 20 wires, optionally at least 60 wires, or more, or less, or intermediate. In some embodiments, at least one wire includes a diameter that is equal or greater than 10 μm, optionally equal or greater than 25 μm, optionally equal or greater than 75 μm, optionally equal or greater than 100 μm, optionally equal or greater than 125 μm, or higher, or lower, or intermediate.
In some embodiments, external support 1100 includes threads or wires 1110 and/or 1120 that are braided in a braiding angle α, at relaxed length, that is equal or less than 100°, optionally equal or less than 90°, optionally equal or less than 60°, optionally between 20° to 90°. In some embodiments, braiding angle varies along a length of external support 1100 and/or is different in portions thereof. In some embodiments, as for example in case where an external support is braided over a non-cylindrical mandrel (e.g., a conic shaped mandrel), braiding angle varies along the length in order to have specific chosen characteristics of the external support. In the last example, braiding angle α will be considered as the average braiding angle of external support 1100.
In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the braiding angle of external support 1100 is less than 100° in relaxed length. In some embodiments, the low braiding angle allows a substantial increase (e.g., over 20%) in diameter thus enabling threading of the device on the vein graft without damaging the side branches/clips. Optionally, alternatively or additionally, the low braiding angle provides substantial longitudinal or axial stiffness, optionally over 0.5 N/m, optionally over 1 N/m. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, wires diameters are chosen between 30 μm and 100 μm. In some embodiments, wires 1110 and 1120 differ in diameters and numbers: wires 1110 having smaller diameters (e.g., 30-50 μm) but provided in larger amount (e.g., 20 to 50 units), being mostly influential to overall support mesh properties, softness and function under high radial forces, and wires 1120 having larger diameters (e.g., 75-100 μm) but in smaller numbers (e.g., 2 to 5 units), being mostly influential to overall support axial stiffness.
The following tables present some exemplary embodiments for external support 1100 and/or external support 100, (made from Co—Cr wires, ASTM 1058). All data is the product of mathematical calculations based on a mathematical model specifically developed for self-expanding metallic braided stents, taken from Jedwab et al. (1993) “A study of geometrical and mechanical properties of a self-expanding metallic stent—theory and experiment”, Journal of Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 4, 77-85, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
Reference is now made to
In some embodiments, external support 2100 includes at least one structural deployment assisting means, for example a longitudinally interlaced wire 2120, which extends between ends 2130 and 2140. In some embodiments, such means allow manipulation of external support 2100 in a compressed length and a selective extension thereof until a chosen length. In some embodiments, longitudinal wire 2120 is provided as an elastic thread that is adapted to pass yield point when extended over a predetermined length that is equal or less than a relaxed length of external support 2100. In some embodiments, once extended over its yield point, wire 2120 suppresses longitudinal shortening of external support 2100 and provides axial stiffness to elastic braiding pattern 2110.
In some embodiments, external support 2100 is adapted to gradually extend, as shown in the partially extended formation shown in
In some embodiments, an external or appendix mechanism is provided with or in connection with an external support device. Reference is now made to
In aspects of some embodiments, a kit for surgically supporting an elongated graft may include a delivery device for placing an external tubular support over a chosen length along the graft that is grafted into a vascular system. In some embodiments of the invention, a kit for providing an external support to a bodily vessel includes an external bodily vessel support, for providing external support to a bodily vessel, and a delivery device for placing the external tubular support over the bodily vessel. In some embodiments, the delivery device including an internal passage of at least 6 mm in diameter and outer dimensions sized to alter the external bodily vessel support to a compressed form. In some embodiments, the compressed form includes a compressed length being 70% or less the relaxed length and/or an expanded diameter being 30% or more a relaxed diameter of the external bodily vessel support being at the relaxed configuration. Optionally, the tubular support is pre-loaded onto the delivery device. In some embodiments, the kit further including threading means for threading a bodily vessel having a first end and a second end through the passage.
Reference is now made to
In some embodiments, delivery device 300 includes an elongated body 310 that is a mandrel type device capable of disassembly into at least two parts, such as parts 311 and 312. In some embodiments, the assembled delivery device 300 includes an inner lumen or channel having a minimal diameter Di and is sized to fit over a maximal diameter of a vein graft. The delivery device further includes outer boundaries of changing diameter D(x) that are sized and configured to axially compress at least part of external support 3100 when stretched over it, from an elongated relaxed length to a chosen or predetermined compressed length.
In a first step shown in
After cutting external support 3100 to a chosen length, it is then pulled over the outer boundaries of elongated body 310 causing it to stretch open to a wider diameter. While forcing its deployment on delivery device 300, the braided external support 3100 is subsequently forced to compress to a substantially shorter length, optionally less than 50% or even than 30% of its initial relaxed length.
As shown in
Reference is now made to
A common practice for introducing grafts in peripheral arterial systems, for example in legs, is atraumatic or less traumatic implantation of percutaneous grafts using a tunneling system, also referred to as a tunneler. A tunneler is used to create a continuous subcutaneous passage along a chosen length of an ill artery portion and then to allow a passing through its lumen (using a dedicated hook wire or elongated grasping forceps), when extending percutaneously, the graft for final grafting and implantation. Reference is now made to
As shown in
Peripheral venous bypass grafts are used to bypass diseased arteries in the lower limbs of subjects. The most common arteries include the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries, which are located above and below the knee. During typical bypass procedures, a path inside the lower limb is tunneled to enable the bypass graft to reach its target artery. The path of the bypass graft within the lower limb has superficial (underneath the skin) and deep (inside the limb) segments. Superficial segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) during sleeping or sitting, when the segments are pressed upon by external objects. Deep segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) from adjacent lower limb muscles, particularly during walking.
In view of at least the preceding typically occurring physiological phenomena, it may be considered important, and advantageous, that an external support device for a bypass graft (particularly when the external support is unbound, i.e., not fixated, anchored, or held to the graft by means of glue, sutures, or/and other types of bounding or binding means), will not undergo excessive longitudinal (axial) elongation or movement when subjected to radially directed compression forces that radially press upon the external support. Such excessive longitudinal (axial) elongation or movement may cause friction or/and tissue damage to the bypass graft or/and adjacent organs or/and tissue. For attempting to address and overcome this, and possibly other, problematic physiological phenomena, at least one potential solution is to provide an external support for a peripheral bypass graft that exhibits no or minimal longitudinal (axial) elongation or movement when external radial pressure is applied upon the external support.
At least one object of some additional embodiments of the present invention is to provide such an external support having special technical features, characteristics, and properties that are particularly suitable for avoiding, or at least, minimizing, occurrence of the preceding described problematic physiological phenomena in a subject having a peripheral vascular blood vessel graft.
An aspect of some additional embodiments of the present invention is provision of an external support implant for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft in a peripheral vascular bypass system. The external support implant, in a non-limiting manner, and in some embodiments, includes: an elongate body with a longitudinal axis, and an interior collapsible upon an exterior of the blood vessel graft, wherein the elongate body is, or includes, a tubular fabric having intertwined coiled compression springs configured for elastically resisting longitudinal compression of the elongate body from a relaxed length, when the compression springs are stressed, and for elastically increasing diameter of the elongate body when the compression springs are subjected to the longitudinal compression. In such embodiments, the external support implant is unbound, i.e., not fixated, anchored, or held to the blood vessel graft by means of glue, sutures, or/and other types of bounding or binding means.
Reference is made to
As shown in these figures, the exemplary external support implant 700, in a non-limiting manner, and in some embodiments, includes: an elongate body 710 having a longitudinal axis, and an interior collapsible upon an exterior of the blood vessel graft VG. The elongate body 710 is, or includes, a tubular fabric, for example, tubular fabric 715, having intertwined coiled compression springs, for example, intertwined coiled compression springs 720. The intertwined coiled compression springs 720 are configured for elastically resisting longitudinal compression of the elongate body 710 from a relaxed length, for example, relaxed length Lr, when the coiled compression springs 720 (in a relaxed state) are (for example, slightly) stressed, and for elastically increasing the diameter of the elongate body 710 when the coiled compression springs 720 are subjected to the longitudinal compression. In such embodiments, the external support implant 700 is unbound, i.e., not fixated, anchored, or held to the blood vessel graft VG by means of glue, sutures, or/and other types of bounding or binding means.
In
In
In such exemplary embodiments, longitudinal extension (elongation) of the external support implant 700 (including the elongate body 710, the tubular fabric 715 thereof, and the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 thereof) is accompanied by, and results in, at least the following dimensional changes:
Length changes (increases) from a longitudinally (axially) compressed length (corresponding to the graft ‘sleeving’ length Ls) to a relaxed length (corresponding to the graft ‘covering’ length Lr).
Diameter changes (decreases) from a longitudinally (axially) compressed diameter (corresponding to the graft sleeving diameter Ds) to a relaxed diameter (corresponding to the graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr).
Braid (braiding) angle, α, changes (decreases) from a longitudinally (axially) compressed braid (braiding) angle (corresponding to the graft sleeving braid (braiding) angle having magnitude αs to a relaxed braid (braiding) angle (corresponding to the graft covering (relaxed) braid (braiding) angle having magnitude αr, for example, as shown in
Additionally, in such exemplary embodiments of the external support implant 700 (including the elongate body 710, the tubular fabric 715 thereof, and the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 thereof), the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 elastically resist (minimize) longitudinal compression of the elongate body 710 from the relaxed length (graft ‘covering’ length Lr), when the coiled compression springs 720 (in the relaxed state) are (for example, slightly) stressed. At the same time, the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 elastically increase the diameter of the elongate body 710 from the relaxed diameter (graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr), when the coiled compression springs 720 are subjected to the longitudinal compression of the elongate body 720.
As previously stated, the path of a bypass graft, such as the vein graft VG, within the lower limb of a subject has superficial (underneath the skin) and deep (inside the limb) segments. Superficial segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) during sleeping or sitting, when the segments are pressed upon by external objects, while deep segments are subjected to external radial pressure (compression forces) from adjacent lower limb muscles, particularly during walking. Such typically occurring physiological phenomena in a subject may produce excessive longitudinal (axial) elongation or movement of an external support, for example, the external support implant 700, which, in turn, may cause friction or/and tissue damage to the bypass graft (e.g., vein graft VG) or/and adjacent organs or/and tissue.
In a non-limiting manner, by example, the following illustratively describes how some embodiments of the invention may be implemented for attempting to address and overcome this, and possibly other, problematic physiological phenomena, via provision of an external support, such as the external support implant 700, for a peripheral bypass graft (e.g., vein graft VG), whereby the external support exhibits no or minimal longitudinal (axial) elongation or movement when external radial pressure is applied upon the external support.
In
In such exemplary embodiments, as a consequence of, and in response to, the one or more radially directed compression forces Fr1 or/and Fr2 acting upon the vein graft VG and upon the segment 730 (with center portion 735 thereof) of the elongate body 710 covering the vein graft VG, the external support implant 700 (including the elongate body 710, the tubular fabric 715 thereof, and the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 thereof) elastically reacts and changes from having the ‘radially compressed/longitudinally elongated’ configuration to again having the ‘graft covering’ (relaxed) configuration. More specifically, the external support implant 700, via the elasticity of the radially compressed segment 730 (with center portion 735 thereof) of the elongate body 710 particularly subjected to the one or more radially directed compression forces Fr1 or/and Fr2 acting thereupon, elastically reacts and changes from having the ‘radially compressed/longitudinally elongated’ configuration to again having the ‘graft covering’ (relaxed) configuration.
Accordingly, in such exemplary embodiments, the length of the external support implant 700 elastically changes (decreases) from the radially compressed/longitudinally elongated length Lrc/le back to the relaxed length (graft ‘covering’ length Lr). Additionally, the diameter of the radially compressed segment 730 (with center portion 735 thereof) of the elongate body 710 elastically changes (increases) from the radially compressed/longitudinally elongated diameter Drc/le back to the relaxed diameter (graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr). Such structural elastic type behavior of the overall external support implant 700 is particularly due to the elastic properties, characteristics, and behavior of the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 included in the tubular fabric 715 of the elongate body 710.
Additional exemplary and optional technical features, characteristics, and properties of an external support implant, for example, external support implant 700 (including the elongate body 710, the tubular fabric 715 thereof, and the intertwined coiled compression springs 720 thereof), for unbound covering of a blood vessel graft, for example, vein graft VG, in a peripheral vascular bypass system, according to some embodiments of the invention, are illustratively described as follows, along with reference to
In exemplary embodiments, the tubular fabric 715 is a braid and the coiled compression springs 720 are intertwined to form the braid. In exemplary embodiments, the tubular fabric 715 includes a plurality of intertwined wires in a range of between about 20 and about 60 of the intertwined wires. In exemplary embodiments, the tubular fabric 715 includes a plurality of the coiled compression springs 720 in a range of between about 40 and about 45 of the coiled compression springs. In exemplary embodiments, the tubular fabric 715 includes intertwined wires having a diameter in a range of between about 30 micrometers and about 65 micrometers.
In exemplary embodiments, when the elongate body 710 has the relaxed length Lr, the tubular fabric 715 includes intertwined wires forming a graft covering (relaxed) braid (braiding) angle, α, of magnitude αr, in a range of between about 80 degrees and about 110 degrees, for example, about 95 degrees. In exemplary embodiments, when the elongate body 710 has the relaxed length Lr, the coiled compression springs 720 are configured for elastically increasing the diameter of the elongate body 710 from a graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr having a range of between about 4 mm and about 7 mm, to a graft sleeving diameter Ds. In exemplary embodiments, the relaxed length Lr is at least about 20 cm. In exemplary embodiments, the relaxed length Lr corresponds to a distance extending along part or all of length between two ends of the blood vessel graft VG when anastomosed AN.
In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are configured for confining ratio of per cent change in length per unit change in diameter of a radially compressed segment (for example, radially compressed segment 730 (with center portion 735 thereof) of the elongated body 710, to a range of between about 2%/mm and about 20%/mm, relative to the length Lr and the diameter Dr of the elongate body 710 when having the relaxed length Lr.
In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are configured for elastically increasing the diameter of the elongate body 710 by an amount equal to or more than about 20%, when changing from the graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr to the graft sleeving diameter Ds. In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are configured for elastically increasing the diameter of the elongate body 710 by an amount equal to or less than about 10%, when length of the elongate body 710 decreases by an amount equal to about 5% during the covering of the blood vessel graft VG. In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are configured for elastically decreasing the relaxed length Lr of the elongate body 710 by at least about 50%, during the elastically increasing of the diameter of the elongate body 710 from the graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr to the graft sleeving diameter Ds.
In exemplary embodiments, the relaxed length Lr is decreased by at least about 30% when the diameter of the elongate body 710 elastically increases by about 20%.
In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are made of intertwined wires each having a diameter of about 50 micrometers. In exemplary embodiments, the coiled compression springs 720 are made of a cobalt-chromium alloy.
In exemplary embodiments, the external support implant 700 is configured for covering a vein graft VG being a calf-harvested vein graft, wherein the graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr is, on average, about 4 mm, and the graft sleeving diameter Ds has a range of between about 5 mm and about 6 mm. In exemplary embodiments, the external support implant 700 is configured for covering a vein graft VG being a thigh-harvested vein graft, wherein the graft covering (relaxed) diameter Dr is, on average, about 6 mm, and the graft sleeving diameter Ds has a range of between about 8 mm and about 12 mm.
Each of the following terms written in singular grammatical form: ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’, as used herein, means ‘at least one’, or ‘one or more’. Use of the phrase ‘one or more’ herein does not alter this intended meaning of ‘a’, ‘an’, or ‘the’. Accordingly, the terms ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’, as used herein, may also refer to, and encompass, a plurality of the stated entity or object, unless otherwise specifically defined or stated herein, or, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the phrases: ‘a unit’, ‘a device’, ‘an assembly’, ‘a mechanism’, ‘a component’, ‘an element’, and ‘a step or procedure’, as used herein, may also refer to, and encompass, a plurality of units, a plurality of devices, a plurality of assemblies, a plurality of mechanisms, a plurality of components, a plurality of elements, and, a plurality of steps or procedures, respectively.
Each of the following terms: ‘includes’, ‘including’, ‘has’, ‘having’, ‘comprises’, and ‘comprising’, and, their linguistic/grammatical variants, derivatives, or/and conjugates, as used herein, means ‘including, but not limited to’, and is to be taken as specifying the stated component(s), feature(s), characteristic(s), parameter(s), integer(s), or step(s), and does not preclude addition of one or more additional component(s), feature(s), characteristic(s), parameter(s), integer(s), step(s), or groups thereof. Each of these terms is considered equivalent in meaning to the phrase ‘consisting essentially of’.
The term ‘method’, as used herein, refers to steps, procedures, manners, means, or/and techniques, for accomplishing a given task including, but not limited to, those steps, procedures, manners, means, or/and techniques, either known to, or readily developed from known steps, procedures, manners, means, or/and techniques, by practitioners in the relevant field(s) of the disclosed invention.
Throughout this disclosure, a numerical value of a parameter, feature, characteristic, object, or dimension, may be stated or described in terms of a numerical range format. Such a numerical range format, as used herein, illustrates implementation of some exemplary embodiments of the invention, and does not inflexibly limit the scope of the exemplary embodiments of the invention. Accordingly, a stated or described numerical range also refers to, and encompasses, all possible sub-ranges and individual numerical values (where a numerical value may be expressed as a whole, integral, or fractional number) within that stated or described numerical range. For example, a stated or described numerical range ‘from 1 to 6’ also refers to, and encompasses, all possible sub-ranges, such as ‘from 1 to 3’, ‘from 1 to 4’, ‘from 1 to 5’, ‘from 2 to 4’, ‘from 2 to 6’, ‘from 3 to 6’, etc., and individual numerical values, such as ‘1’, ‘1.3’, ‘2’, ‘2.8’, ‘3’, ‘3.5’, ‘4’, ‘4.6’, ‘5’, ‘5.2’, and ‘6’, within the stated or described numerical range of ‘from 1 to 6’. This applies regardless of the numerical breadth, extent, or size, of the stated or described numerical range.
Moreover, for stating or describing a numerical range, the phrase ‘in a range of between about a first numerical value and about a second numerical value’, is considered equivalent to, and meaning the same as, the phrase ‘in a range of from about a first numerical value to about a second numerical value’, and, thus, the two equivalently meaning phrases may be used interchangeably. For example, for stating or describing the numerical range of room temperature, the phrase ‘room temperature refers to a temperature in a range of between about 20° C. and about 25° C.’, and is considered equivalent to, and meaning the same as, the phrase ‘room temperature refers to a temperature in a range of from about 20° C. to about 25° C.’.
The term ‘about’, as used herein, refers to ±10% of the stated numerical value.
It is to be fully understood that certain aspects, characteristics, and features, of the invention, which are, for clarity, illustratively described and presented in the context or format of a plurality of separate embodiments, may also be illustratively described and presented in any suitable combination or sub-combination in the context or format of a single embodiment. Conversely, various aspects, characteristics, and features, of the invention which are illustratively described and presented in combination or sub-combination in the context or format of a single embodiment, may also be illustratively described and presented in the context or format of a plurality of separate embodiments.
Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.
This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/112,278, filed on Oct. 17, 2013 entitled: “EXTERNAL SUPPORT FOR ELONGATED BODILY VESSELS”, which is a National Phase of PCT Patent Application No. PCT/IL2012/050121 having International filing date of Apr. 03, 2012, which claims the benefit of priority under 35 USC §119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/476,347, filed on Apr. 18, 2011. The contents of all the above applications are fully incorporated herein by reference in their entireties, as if fully set forth herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61476347 | Apr 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14112278 | Oct 2013 | US |
| Child | 14927540 | US |
