Patent Grant
8086334
The present invention relates generally to the extraction of direction-of-arrival information from two-channel stereo audio signals. However, it may also be employed in connection with all manner of multichannel or multitrack audio sources, provided that at least some channels associated with such sources can be considered pairwise for analysis.
In the preferred aspect utilizing a two-channel stereophonic audio source, the invention relates to determination of direction-of-arrival by comparing the two input channels in the frequency domain, and resolving the signal information, in a vector sense, into “left”, “center”, and “right” source directions. More specifically, the invention is based upon the assumption that the two input channels constitute a complimentary pair, in which signal components that appear only in the left channel are intended to arrive from left of the listening position, components that appear only in the right channel are intended to arrive from right of the listening position, components that appear equally in the left and right channels are intended to arrive from directly in front-center, and components that appear unequally in the left and right channels are intended to arrive from directions proportionately between center and left or right, as appropriate.
The basis of stereophonic sound reproduction was, from the beginning, the re-creation of a realistic two-dimensional sound field that preserved, or at least approximated, direction-of-arrival information for presentation to the listener. Early systems were not limited to two audio channels, in fact many of the earliest systems used in theaters incorporated a multitude of separate channels dispersed all around the listening location. For many reasons, particularly related to phonograph records and, later, radio transmission, most of the channels were dropped and the de facto standard for stereo signals became two channels [1].
Two-channel stereo has enjoyed a long and venerable career, and can in many circumstances provide a highly satisfying listening experience. Early attempts at incorporating more than two channels into the home listening environment did not improve the listening experience enough to justify their added cost and complexity over standard two-channel stereo, and they were eventually abandoned [2]. More recently, however, the increasing popularity of multichannel audio systems such as home theater and DVD-Audio has finally shown the shortcomings of the two-channel configuration and caused consumers to demand more realistic sound field presentations.
As a result, many modem recordings are being mixed for multichannel reproduction, generally in 5 or 5.1 channel formats. However, there is still a tremendous existing base of two-channel stereo material, in analog as well as digital form. Therefore, many heuristic methods have been, and continue to be, developed for distributing two-channel source material amongst more than two channels. These are generally based upon a “matrixing” operation in which the broadband levels of the left, right, (left+right), and (left−right) source channels are compared. In cases where the left level is much higher than the right level, the output is steered generally to the left, and vice-versa. In cases where the (left+right) level is much higher than the (left−right) level, the signals are assumed to be highly correlated and are steered generally toward the front. In cases where the (left−right) level is much higher than the (left+right) level, the signals are assumed to be highly negatively correlated and are steered generally toward the rear surround channels [3]. Most of these techniques rely heavily upon heuristic algorithms to determine the steering direction for the audio, and usually require special encoding of the signal via phase-shifting, delay, etc., in order to really work properly.
The present invention is based upon the realization that the information that can be extracted from a comparison between two signals can be put to better use than has been demonstrated in prior art. Two signals either have a lot in common (positively correlated) or they do not have a lot in common (uncorrelated or negatively correlated). Their amplitudes are either similar or different. In prior art, these attributes are studied for full-bandwidth, or nearly so, signals, and special encoding is needed during the recording process to provide steering “cues” to the playback system. The present invention analyzes the attributes in the frequency domain, and does not require any special encoding.
The result is an improved system and method that can extract highly detailed, frequency-specific direction-of-arrival information from standard, non-encoded stereo signals.
A digital signal processing device in accordance with the present invention is capable of accepting two channels of stereo audio input data; applying an invertible transform (such as a Discrete Fourier Transform) to the data from each of the channels so that each may be represented as a set of two-dimensional vectors in the frequency domain; comparing the two channel-vectors on a frequency-by-frequency basis; mathematically resolving the two channel-vectors at each frequency into three new vectors, one representing the signal content unique to one of the input channels, another representing the signal content unique to the other of the input channels, and the last representing the signal content common to both input channels; applying the inverse transform (such as the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) to each of the three resolved vectors so that they represent time-domain data for the derived-left, derived-right, and derived-center channels. This vector decomposition is performed in a manner that preserves information content, such that the vector sum of the two input channels is exactly equivalent to the vector sum of the three derived output channels, the left-input channel is exactly equivalent to the vector sum of the derived-left output channel and half the derived-center output channel, and the right-output channel is exactly equivalent to the vector sum of the derived-right output channel and half the center-derived output channel.
A digital signal processing device built in accordance with the present invention is optionally capable of further decomposing the aforementioned output vector sets into four output vector sets, the first representing the signal content unique to the first of the input signals, the second representing the signal content unique to the second of the input signals, the third representing the content common to, and having the same phase angle, in both input signals, and the fourth representing the content common to both input signals but having phase angles that are orthogonal to that of the third output signal; applying the inverse transform (such as the Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) to each of the four resolved vector sets so that they represent time-domain data for the excess first, excess second, common inphase, and common quadrature signals, respectively. This vector decomposition is performed in a manner that preserves information content, such that the sum of the two input vectors is exactly equivalent to the sum of the two derived “excess” output vectors and twice the sum of the two derived “common” output vectors, the first input vector is exactly equivalent to the sum of the excess first output vector and the common inphase output vector and the common quadrature vector, and the second input vector is exactly equivalent to the sum of the excess second output vector and the common inphase output vector and the negative of the common quadrature vector.
Furthermore, this device is capable of performing these operations upon continuous streams of audio data by application of standard signal processing practices for transform based filtering, with due regard for circular vs. linear convolution considerations, data tapering windows, overlap-and-add techniques, time-variant filtering, etc.
The invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps. The drawings are only for purposes of illustrating preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
To illustrate the invention, a simplified block diagram of an implementation on a computer-based information handling system, such as a personal computer, that carries out the present invention is shown in
For example, in certain embodiments, a general-purpose central processing unit may be utilized to perform the digital signal processing functions. In other embodiments, the processing may be performed employing one or more dedicated processors. In further embodiments, a special purpose digital signal processor may be employed to perform computationally intensive processing of the digital signal, and with a general purpose central processing unit being used for any further processing and/or storing the processed signal representations in an electronic memory or other digital storage medium. In still further embodiments, the processing functionality may be implemented in whole or in part employing a dedicated computing device, hardware logic or finite state machine, which may be realized, for example, in an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), programmable logic device (PLD), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or the like.
Thus, while the use of multiple processors or processing devices is contemplated, it will be recognized that, for ease of exposition, the term “processor” is also intended to encompass a processing function, module, or subroutine, whether implemented in program or software logic or hardware logic, and reference to multiple processors also encompasses such multiple processing functions, modules, or subroutines sharing or implemented in common hardware.
A digital two-channel stereo time-domain audio signal 1 is received at input 2 to the apparatus. This signal may have been transmitted by suitable means directly from a Compact Disc, or it may have been stored as digital data on some other mass storage device such as a computer hard drive or digital magnetic tape, or it may have passed through some prior digital signal processing apparatus, or it may have been obtained directly from the output of analog-to-digital converters.
The digital data are passed to waveform memory 3 and 4 where the data are assigned and written sequentially to a number of memory positions corresponding to the number of points in transform computations 5 and 6.
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that pre- and/or post-processing of the data may be necessary, that some overlap between data points included in a given transform and data points included in the previous transform(s) is desirable, that application of data-tapering windows to the time-domain data, both before and after the direction-of-arrival extraction is performed, is desirable to avoid edge-effects, that zeropadding of the input time-domain data may be necessary in order to avoid circular-convolution effects, and that this all represents standard signal processing practice for transform-domain filtering [4].
In the prototype preferred embodiment, the sampling rate is 44100 Hz, integer input data are converted to floating-point, transforms are of length 32768 with an overlap of 8192 data points from one transform to the next, a raised-cosine input data tapering window of overall width 16384, centered on the splice between the “old” data and the “new” data, is used with 8192 extra zeropadded points on each end, and the computations are performed in the computer's central processing unit (CPU) and/or floating-point unit (FPU).
Transform computations 5 and 6 convert the blocks of data from the time domain to the frequency domain or, more generally, from the data domain to the transform domain. The transforms may be any of a variety of invertible transforms that can convert data from a one-dimensional data-domain representation to a two-dimensional transform-domain representation, typically but not necessarily the Discrete Fourier Transform that was implemented in the preferred embodiment. Other transforms that may be used include, but are not limited to, the Discrete Wavelet Transform, and invertible transforms of the general mathematical form:
X(k)=Σn=0N-1x(n)[A cos(2πkn/N)+B sin(2πkn/N)]
(where A, B may be real, imaginary, complex, or zero), or equivalent thereto, including the Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Sine Transform, Discrete Hartley Transform, and Chirp-Z Transform; and various implementations thereof, including, but not limited to, direct computation using the defining equations, linear-algebra/matrix operations, convolution using FIR or IIR filter structures, polyphase filterbanks, subband filters, and especially the so-called “fast” algorithms such as the Fast Fourier Transform.
The type of transform, length of the transform, and amount of overlap between subsequent data sets are chosen according to standard signal processing practice as compromises between frequency resolution, ability to respond quickly to changes in signal characteristics, time-domain transient performance, and computational load.
Once in the transform domain, each transform bin 7 and 8 contains a two-dimensional value, interpreted in the conventional signal processing manner as a complex number, representing the signal content for the channel under consideration at the frequency corresponding to the bin. Each of these complex values can be expressed in the conventional signal processing manner as a vector quantity, in rectangular coordinates as real part and imaginary part, or equivalently in polar coordinates as magnitude and phase. The bin data 7 and 8 are passed to the vector resolver 9 that performs vector arithmetic upon them.
As indicated in
Methods for the computation of the derived-center vector 28 include, but are not limited to, those shown in
In the prototype preferred embodiment, which is represented by
Once the derived-center vector 28 has been created, the derived-left vector 29 is computed as “left-input minus ½-derived-center” and the derived-right vector 30 is computed as “right-input minus ½-derived-center”, using vector arithmetic. The derived-left vector is conceptually the signal content that is unique to the left input channel, and the derived-right vector is conceptually the signal content that is unique to the right input channel. In each transform bin, information is preserved because the vector sum of derived-center 28, derived left 29, and derived-right 30 is exactly equal to the vector sum of left-input 26 and right-input 27. Furthermore, the vector sum of ½-derived-center 31 and derived-left 29 is exactly equal to left-input 26, and the vector sum of ½-derived-center 31 and derived-right 30 is exactly equal to right-input 27.
This process is repeated for all of the transform bins, yielding three new complete transform blocks; designated left 10, center 11, and right 12, that are passed to the inverse transform computations 13, 14, and 15, respectively. The inverse transforms convert the blocks into the data domain, where they are stored in waveform memories 16, 17, and 18, and then, following standard signal processing practice, post-processed if necessary, aligned, windowed and combined with similar data from previous and subsequent blocks of time in a fashion appropriate for their original overlap, windowing, and zeropadding, to yield contiguous time-domain data streams 19, 20, and 21 in each of the three output (22) channels 23, 24, and 25, respectively.
In the prototype preferred embodiment, a 50% cosine-taper Tukey output data tapering window [5], with rectangle portion of width 16384 and cosine portion of width 16384, is applied to the outputs from the inverse transform computations. An overlap-and-add technique is utilized for reconstructing the time-domain data because this invention is, in its essence, a form of signal-dependent time-variant linear filtering, and overlap-and-add is superior to overlap-and-save when time-variant filters are used. The time data are converted from floating-point back to integer by appropriate means.
The resulting data streams 19, 20, and 21 may be auditioned, stored as digital data, or passed through further signal processing, as desired.
The result of all of this vector manipulation is that monophonic signal components, in which the data are identical and in-phase in both input channels, are routed to the center output channel. Signal components that occur uniquely in the left or right input channel are routed exclusively to the left or right output channel, respectively. Signal components that are identical in both input channels, but out-of-phase, are treated as unique signal components and are not routed to the center output channel. Signal components that are combinations of the above are routed accordingly and proportionately to the output channels.
Furthermore, since this process is repeated on a frequency-by-frequency basis in the transform domain, the invention has unprecedented ability to separate signal components by frequency as well as by magnitude and phase or real and imaginary part, and to route them to the output channels accordingly.
This technique may be varied in order to achieve some desired effects.
For example, if the left-input and right-input channels have very little in common, then the derived-center channel may lack content. To avoid a subjective “hole-in-the-middle” sensation, some amount of material from the left-input channel may be moved into the right-input channel, and vice-versa, forming “modified-left-input” 32 and “modified-right-input” 33, as shown in
Conversely, if the left-input and right-input channels have too much in common, then the derived-center channel may overwhelm the others. To avoid a subjective “everything-in-the-middle” sensation, the magnitude of derived-center vector 28, once created, may be multiplied by a scale-factor between zero and one, yielding “modified-derived-center” 34, as indicated in
The modifications shown in
Finally,
The variant shown in
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that, although in the preferred embodiment the vector computations are performed in the computer's FPU, similar computations can be performed without explicit transcendental functions such as sines, cosines, and arctangents. Fixed-point arithmetic, function approximations, lookup tables, and/or vector manipulations such as cross-products, dot-products, and coordinate rotations, among others, are all recognized as viable means by which the vector quantities may be resolved.
Although the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, it should be recognized that elements thereof may be altered by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. One of the embodiments of the invention can be implemented as sets of instructions resident in the main memory of one or more computer-based information handling systems generally as described above. Until required by the computer system, the set of instructions may be stored in another computer readable memory, for example in a hard disk drive or in a removable memory such as an optical disk for utilization in a DVD-ROM or CD-ROM drive, a magnetic medium for utilization in a magnetic media drive, a magneto-optical disk for utilization in a magneto-optical drive, a floptical disk for utilization in a floptical drive, or a memory card for utilization in a card slot. Further, the set of instructions can be stored in the memory of another computer and transmitted over a local area network or a wide area network, such as the Internet, when desired by the user. Additionally, the instructions may be transmitted over a network in the form of an applet that is interpreted after transmission to the computer system rather than prior to transmission. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the physical storage of the sets of instructions or applets physically changes the medium upon which it is stored electrically, magnetically, chemically, physically, optically, or holographically, so that the medium carries computer readable information.
It is understood that the invention is not confined to the particular embodiments set forth herein as illustrative, but embraces such modified forms thereof as come within the scope of the following claims.
All references cited are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
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| Child | 12437253 | US |
