Extreme video compression over a Fixed Bandwidth Channel

Abstract

Compression using a graded wavelet, general and camera motion compensation, and spatial and entropy coding to create a compressed video.

Description

BACKGROUND

Video compression can be used for various features including allowing more data to be sent over a fixed bandwidth channel. It is also desirable to use fixed bandwidth channels such as the cellular network to send and receive videos.

SUMMARY

The present system describes compressing video in a special way to obtain good quality streams at a higher rate than possible over existing techniques. One aspect describes encoding streams and broadcasting the encoded streams over IP-based networks including cellular networks.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other aspects will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1A shows an overall flowchart of compression;

FIG. 1B shows an overall flowchart of decompression/decoding;

FIG. 2 shows a flowchart of temporal compression;

FIG. 3 shows a detailed flowchart of spatial compression;

FIG. 4 shows a wavelet transform that compresses the channel using details with coarsest to finest scaling;

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrates the difference scaling;

FIG. 7 illustrates a coding comparison;

FIGS. 8-9 show detecting shift in camera motions;

FIG. 10 shows a border frame created by the shift in camera motion;

FIG. 11 shows a shifted frame shifted back to the position of the reference frame; and

FIGS. 12A-12B show the difference between a background field and a correction field.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

An embodiment used herein describes compressing data for the purpose of storing it or sending it over a network with limited memory buffer and limited network power. Embodiments also describe decompressing the data that has been so compressed. The basic flowchart of compression of videos and images follows the flowchart of FIG. 1A as described in detail herein. The basic decompression follows the flowchart of FIG. 1B.

The techniques described herein can provide good quality at 24 frames per second and 16 bit color. Exemplary results from such a system have provided compression ratios of 500 to 1. An individual frame can be compressed with a compression ratio of 100 to 1.

An embodiment is described herein that uses all of spatial, temporal and entropy encoding in order to deliver a compressed video stream in one embodiment, or to deliver a compressed single image according to another embodiment. As explained below, a special form of interframe compression is carried out for spatial compression. An intra frame compression is used as part of the temporal compression. Both the spatial and temporal compression can use a wavelet transform.

According to embodiments, the wavelet transform decomposes the image into different resolutions or scales, referred to herein as “graded wavelets”. These scales can be referred to as averages and details. According to this system, the different details of resolution can be selected. This can be selected from the finest scale hierarchically down to the coarsest detail of resolution. Receiving the different levels allows reconstructing parts of the image/video.

For example, FIG. 4 shows an original color image on the top, and on the bottom shows the scaled wavelet transform that can be used according to the present system, each having a different resolution. The average component coefficients are located in the top left corner of the wavelet transform. The rest of the wavelet transform has details that extend from the coarsest scale which is adjacent to the average, to the finest scale which is furthest away from the average.

Another technique carries out compensation for temporal compression of the wavelet images including camera motion compensation as part of that compression. The inventors found that camera motion compensation applied to a group of frames can improve the compression of the wavelet streaming images by a factor of between 2 and 10 times. Camera motion redundancy correction can further reduce the redundancy of data in compressed video streams.

According to embodiments, both general motion compensation in addition to camera motion compensation can each be carried out. The general motion compensation splits the video into two parts at 135. First, the video is compressed using the basic compression system as described herein (compression 1 in FIG. 1), for example. This is used to produce about 75% of the total desired bit budget. The resulting compressed movie is called a background field, and provides the basic part of the movie that is obtained.

At a subsequent time, after this initial part, differences between the original movie and the background field are compressed separately, using the remainder of the available bit budget at 141. These differences are referred to as the correction field. The background field and correction field are produced separately.

On the decoder end, the background field is decoded at 150, and the correction field is decoded at 155. The fields are added together to produce the final viewed video.

The correction field is compressed with the observation that this field is concentrated near images and in areas with motion. However, large areas of the correction field often contain almost no information. The correction field is therefore compressed highly locally. Certain parts of the correction field are tracked across frames to create a motion compensated stack. Each of the motion compensated stack parts may then be compressed preferably using the wavelet transform.

Image reconstruction in the decoder may use techniques that are in essence the opposite of the above.

Information about the magnitude of the wavelet transform coefficients are transmitted along with the position of the significant transform coefficients. Each wavelet coefficient includes three designations: magnitude and location x and y positions.

Wavelets may not operate as efficiently when transmitting wavelet transform data. One object of the present compression scheme is to transmit the more significant pieces of information first. If the bitstream is interrupted, or if the channel does not have enough bandwidth to handle the entire bitstream, at least part of the information is obtained and can be viewed. Moreover, this provides an easy way to adjust the protocol for different bit budgets. This system can be used to provide priority to important information such as keyframes.

The basic compression embodiment follows the flowchart of FIG. 1A.

At 100, a video is decomposed into groups of frames. The number of frames per group can be determined by available memory, or compression efficiency, or by some other characteristic.

Camera motion compensation is carried out at 105. This may be carried out prior to any other kind of compression as shown, or alternatively can be carried out any other time within the compression sequence.

Both camera motion compensation and also general motion compensation can be carried out as part of this compression.

Each group of frames is temporally compressed at 110. Wavelet images have historically been more difficult to compress temporally, because they lack the ability to carry out block construction of JPEG images. The camera motion compensation adds consistency to the images.

After the temporal compensation is carried out at 110, spatial compression is carried out at 120 using the wavelet transformation as described herein.

Following this, entropy coding is carried out at 130.

The temporal compression is shown in FIG. 2. First, camera motion within a group of images is measured at 200.

FIG. 8 shows how frames 15 & 16 may include the subject at slightly different positions in the image. More generally, the camera motion compensation can start by investigating the middle of the group of frames at frame 16, as shown in FIG. 8. Frames are investigated by viewing the middle of the group of frames and going towards the edge. Consider a group of frames such as 32 image frames. In FIG. 8, frame 17 is read and correlated with frame 16, using a number of different techniques, including different shifts over a number of different images. For example, each of 1000 different shifts may be used to correlate the image part (shown as “subject” in the frame) found in frame 17 to the image part found in frame 16.

At 215, the shift which leads to the lowest root mean square error is found. The shift that produces that smallest error is selected as the motion vector for the frame, shown by the motion vector arrow in FIG. 8.

FIG. 9 illustrates how the shifting camera motion can be measured to determine the vector by overlaying one frame over the next frame. FIG. 10 shows how the darkened area of the subject can be removed and becomes the border frame, while FIG. 11 shows how the subject of the shifted frame can be shifted back to the position of the reference frame. The border frame is extracted from the image, as the difference between one image and the other. The measured portion of the border frame is shifted from the position of the reference frame. This is carried out for each of the frames until the end of the group of frames is reached. The process can also be repeated backwards, with frame 17 reviewing back to frame 16.

This can be done within any group of frames, for example all frames within the group of frames can be aligned according to the camera motion.

Shifted positions of all the frames are assembled into a new stack of frames which are then compressed using a three-dimensional combination of spatial and temporal wavelet transforms at 110 and 120. The border location of each frame is not motion compensated.

This portion is compressed using wavelet spatial transmission at 120, according to the flowchart of FIG. 3.

At 300, color images representing frames are converted from their red green blue representation to a luma/chroma representation. The luma channel represents the grayscale information commonly known as luminance, and two chroma channels represent the color channels of the image. This allows the wavelet transform to operate more effectively.

At 305, each frame is downsampled by a factor η², where η can be for example 2, causing an effective downsampling by 4. This can be done, for example, by extracting every second row and every second column of the frame. This provides a downsampled frame ¼ as large as the original frame. Further compression is carried out on the downsampled frame at 310.

When decoding, the downsampled frame is reconstructed and inserted into a frame of the original size. Information for missing rows and columns are linearly interpolated at 155.

At 310, the downsampled frame is compressed using the wavelet transform. The wavelet transform can localize frequency content. Unlike the Fourier transform, the wavelet transform can extract information from specific parts of the image. However, the wavelet transform in this embodiment may be implied to the entire frame. This may use a Daubechies filter of length 2, 4, or 6. For filter lengths 4 and 6, exact boundary filters can be used to properly transform the image near the boundaries. The use of relatively short filters and boundary filters may be particularly crucial for smaller images, where boundary artifacts otherwise can take up a significant part of the image area.

Finally, the compressed frames and their corresponding motion vectors in border frames are encoded based using the tree entropy encoder as described above.

The decoding process carried out in the decoder reinserts the border frame back into the component at 160 using the motion vector for placement.

The entropy coding at 130 encodes the wavelet transform into a bitstream using a tree-based entropy coder. Roots of the entropy tree are used the wavelet detail coefficients on the coarsest scale. This string can then be encoded using runlength/Huffman coding. The runlength coding is only used for portions of the image where is beneficial, for example large areas of the image that are more or less all the same.

Keyframes are formed using a HAAR space wavelet.

As described above, general motion compensation compensates for motion that does not originate by camera motion. Non camera motion compensation can compensate for a motion which moves all features of the video uniformly. This compensation is achieved by splitting the movie into two parts at 135. The first part is compressed without motion compensation using the techniques of spatial and temporal compensation discussed above. This compression ratio is set to a level to use some part of the available bit budget—here 75%. This compressed video is referred to as the background field, which is shown in FIG. 12A.

Then, the difference between the original movie in the background field is compressed separately at 140 using the remainder of the bit budget. This is referred to as the correction field. A color-neutral correction field is shown in FIG. 12B.

Next, the correction field is compressed separately,

This correction field is concentrated near edges and areas with motion, as can be seen from FIG. 12B. Attention is concentrated on those areas. Areas where the correction field contains large areas with no information are compressed locally.

The correction field therefore is decomposed into a large number of small areas. These typically rectangular areas are rotated to align along the features that need to be compressed. In this way, the rectangle follows the rotation such that features are aligned between rectangles in consecutive frames. The encoder at 141 rotates the rectangle among different angles to find the best compression fit, and then computes an error between the rotated area and the corresponding area in the previous frame, and then select the rotation that produced the best match.

The center of each region is adjusted between frames in order to track the feature inside the region resulting in a stack of regions. Each stack is compressed using the wavelet transform and entropy coding.

The general structure and techniques, and more specific embodiments which can be used to effect different ways of carrying out the more general goals are described herein.

Although only a few embodiments have been disclosed in detail above, other embodiments are possible and the inventors intend these to be encompassed within this specification. The specification describes specific examples to accomplish a more general goal that may be accomplished in another way. This disclosure is intended to be exemplary, and the claims are intended to cover any modification or alternative which might be predictable to a person having ordinary skill in the art. For example, other techniques can be used.

Also, the inventor(s) intend that only those claims which use the words “means for” are intended to be interpreted under 35 USC 112, sixth paragraph. Moreover, no limitations from the specification are intended to be read into any claims, unless those limitations are expressly included in the claims. The computers described herein may be any kind of computer, either general purpose, or some specific purpose computer such as a workstation. The computer may be an Intel (e.g., Pentium or Core 2 duo) or AMD based computer, running Windows XP or Linux, or may be a Macintosh computer. The computer may also be a handheld computer, such as a PDA, cellphone, or laptop.

The programs may be written in C or Python, or Java, Brew or any other programming language. The programs may be resident on a storage medium, e.g., magnetic or optical, e.g. the computer hard drive, a removable disk or media such as a memory stick or SD media, wired or wireless network based or Bluetooth based Network Attached Storage (NAS), or other removable medium or other removable medium. The programs may also be run over a network, for example, with a server or other machine sending signals to the local machine, which allows the local machine to carry out the operations described herein.

Where a specific numerical value is mentioned herein, it should be considered that the value may be increased or decreased by 20%, while still staying within the teachings of the present application, unless some different range is specifically mentioned. Where a specified logical sense is used, the opposite logical sense is also intended to be encompassed.

Claims

1. A method of encoding a video, comprising: first carrying out first motion compensation within a video that has resulted from camera motion;second carrying out second motion compensation in the video that is not resulting from camera motion; andencoding said first and second motion compensations separately.

2. A method as in claim 1, wherein said encoding comprises separately using spatial compression and temporal compression.

3. A method as in claim 1, further comprising dividing the video into first and second parts, which respectively occupy first and second parts of a total bit budget for compression, separately compressing the first part to create a first compressed part as said first carrying out, and to create a second part to create a second compressed part as said second carrying out, wherein said first compressing and said second compressing use different compression techniques.

4. A method as in claim 3, wherein said first part uses said camera motion compensation and said second part uses a general motion compensation.

5. A method as in claim 4, wherein said first part uses 75% of the available bit budget and said second part uses 25% of the available bit budget.

6. A method as in claim 1, wherein said first encoding uses a downsampling technique which downsamples a video by an amount η, where η2 is a numerical percentage of downsampling.

7. A method as in claim 6, wherein said first encoding downsamples the video by four, by removing every second line.

8. A method as in claim 1, further comprising decomposing the video into a group of frames.

9. A method as in claim 8, wherein said decomposing comprises comparing each frame in the group of frames with another frame in the group of frames.

10. A method as in claim 9, wherein said comparing comprises comparing each frame to a frame in the forward direction and also comparing each frame to a frame in the backward direction.

11. A method as in claim 1, wherein said encoding includes all of temporal compression, spatial compression and entropy compression.

12. A method as in claim 1, wherein said encoding comprises decomposes an image into different resolutions arranged hierarchically from coarsest detail of resolution to finest detail of resolution.

13. A encoding system, comprising: a computer, compensating a video for camera motion by carrying out first motion compensation within a video that has resulted from camera motion and also carrying out second motion compensation in the video that is not resulting from camera motion and separately encoding data resulting from said first and second motion compensation and said second motion compensation.

14. A system as in claim 13, wherein said encoding system separately uses spatial compression and temporal compression.

15. A system as in claim 13, wherein said encoding system divides the video into first and second parts, which respectively occupy first and second parts of a total bit budget for compression, and separately compresses the first part to create a first compressed part, and to create a second part to create a second compressed part, wherein said first compressing and said second compressing use different compression techniques.

16. A system as in claim 13, wherein said encoding system uses a downsampling technique which downsamples a video by an amount η, where η2 is a numerical percentage of downsampling.

17. A system as in claim 16, wherein said first encoding downsamples the video by four, by removing every second line.

18. A system as in claim 13, wherein said encoding system decomposes the video into a group of frames.

19. A system as in claim 18, wherein said decomposes comprises comparing each frame in the group of frames with another frame in the group of frames.

20. A system as in claim 19, wherein said comparing comprises comparing each frame to a frame in the forward direction and also comparing each frame to a frame in the backward direction.

21. A system as in claim 21, wherein said encoding system uses all of temporal compression, spatial compression and entropy compression.

22. A system as in claim 13, wherein said encoding system uses a wavelet transform that decomposes an image into different resolutions arranged hierarchically from coarsest detail of resolution to finest detail of resolution.

23. A method of encoding a video, comprising: encoding a video to create a graded resolution portion, having a first image portion representing a coarse level of details, and a second resolution portion representing a second finer level of details; andalso temporally encoding said video; andentropy encoding said video.

24. A method as in claim 23, wherein said temporal encoding creates a first encoded portion that first motion compensation within a video that has resulted from camera motion and has second motion compensation in the video that has not resulted from camera motion.

25. A method as in claim 23, further comprising downsampling said video by an amount η, where η2 is a numerical percentage of downsampling.

26. A method as in claim 25, wherein said first encoding downsamples the video by four, by removing every second line.