The present invention relates in general to the production of gypsum-based materials, and more particularly to products made by extruding gypsum-based materials (e.g., roofing tiles, wall panels, etc.).
Gypsum products are generally produced using large amounts of water to form a slurry that is too wet to extrude. As a result, various water-reducing elements have been developed to reduce the water content such that an extrusion process can be used to produce gypsum-based materials. See for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,172,403 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
There is, however, a need for a rheology-modified gypsum-based material (e.g., roofing tiles, wall panels, etc.) that can be extruded.
The present invention provides a rheology-modified gypsum-based material (e.g., roofing tiles, wall panels, etc.) that can be extruded.
More specifically, the present invention provides an extrudable gypsum-based material that is formed from a mixture that includes gypsum in the range of about 40 to 90% by dry weight percent, a secondary material in the range of about 0.1 to 50% by dry weight percent, a reinforcement fiber in the range of about 1 to 20% by dry weight percent, a rheology modifying agent in the range of about 0.5 to 10% by dry weight percent, a retarder in the range of about 0.1 to 8% by dry weight percent, a water in the range of 10 to 50% of a total wet material weight.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an extrudable gypsum-based material by mixing a gypsum, a secondary material, a reinforcement fiber, a rheology modifying agent and a retarder with water, extruding the mixture through a die using an extruder, and allowing the extruded mixture to set.
For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures and in which:
Not applicable.
While the making and using of various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention and do not delimit the scope of the invention.
As will be described below, the present provides an extrudable gypsum-based material that is formed from a mixture that includes gypsum in the range of about 40 to 90% by dry weight percent, a secondary material in the range of about 0.1 to 50% by dry weight percent, a reinforcement fiber in the range of about 1 to 20% by dry weight percent, a rheology modifying agent in the range of about 0.5 to 10% by dry weight percent, a retarder in the range of about 0.1 to 8% by dry weight percent, a water in the range of 10 to 50% of a total wet material weight.
Gypsum (Plaster of Paris, Calcium Sulfate hemihydrate) in its wet state before setting, can be rheologically modified in to a clay-like material, which allows the use of the conventional clay production methods known as extrusion.
For extrusion, the gypsum material with approx. 10-50 wt. % water and a suitable rheology modifying admixture is made to feel and behave similar to plastic clay. The material feels plastic/deformable to the touch and can be extruded similar to clay with the use of a clay extruder where the material is conveyed forward by an auger through a barrel and is formed continuously through a die into a final shape with form stability.
Depending on the water content and the amount of rheology modifying admixture, the extruded material can have more or less form stability.
To allow enough time of the gypsum-based material to be extruded before setting (hardening), the setting time can be retarded up to several hours with the use of small additions of suitable set retarders such as Sodate™ (USG Product) or sodium citrate. Sodate™ is a mixture of Plaster of Paris, sodium citrate and crystalline silica. Following extrusion, the material will within a few hours develop the final strength of the finished product.
The gypsum can be used as a binder with water in a composite composition in combination with a multitude of secondary materials such as sand, cement, fly ash, slag, rock, expanded light weight aggregate, etc., or a combination thereof, which when rheologically modified can be extruded as described above.
The rheology-modifying agents fall into the following categories: (1) polysaccharides and derivatives thereof, (2) proteins and derivatives thereof, and (3) synthetic organic materials. Polysaccharide rheology-modifying agents can be further subdivided into (a) cellulose-based materials and derivatives thereof, (b) starch-based materials and derivatives thereof, and (c) other polysaccharides.
Suitable cellulose-based rheology-modifying agents include, for example, methylhydroxyethylcellulose (MHEC), hydroxymethylethylcellulose (HMEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose (MC), ethylcellulose (EC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), hydroxyethylpropylcellulose (HEPC), or hydroxypropoylmethylcelluose (HPMC), etc.
Suitable starch-based materials include, for example, wheat starch, pre-gelled wheat starch, potato starch, pre-gelled potato starch, amylopectin, amylose, seagel, starch acetates, starch hydroxyethyl ethers, ionic starches, long-chain alkylstarches, dextrins, amine starches, phosphate starches, and dialdehyde starches.
The currently preferred rheology-modifying agent is methylhydroxypropylcellulose, examples of which are Methocel™ 240 and Methocel™ 240S, both of which are available from DOW Chemicals, USA.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositional ranges of gypsum-based material can be:
The gypsum can be 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89% or 90% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
The water can be 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49% or 50% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
The secondary material can be 0.1%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43% 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49% or 50% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
The reinforcement fiber can be 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19% or 20% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
The rheology modifying agent can be 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%, 8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%, 9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10.0% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
The retarder can be 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%, 7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9% or 8.0% by weight or other incremental percentage between.
In addition, the present invention provides a method for manufacturing an extrudable gypsum-based material by mixing a gypsum, a secondary material, a reinforcement fiber, a rheology modifying agent and a retarder with water, extruding the mixture through a die using an extruder, and allowing the extruded mixture to set (e.g., up to 2 to 3 hours, etc).
Additional steps may include: (1) drying the extruded mixture; (2) curing the extruded mixture; (3) molding, cutting, trimming, sanding or routing the extruded mixture into a specified shape (e.g., a roofing tile, wall panel, etc.); (4) spraying the extruded mixture with a water repellent; and/or (5) decorating one or more surfaces of the extruded mixture by printing at least one image on the one or more surfaces or laminating a veneer on the one or more surfaces, or etching the at least one image on the one or more surfaces.
Roofing Tiles
Gypsum-based roofing tiles can be produced from Plaster of Paris (Calcium Sulfate hemihydrate) that in it's wet state with water (16-25 wt. %) has been rheologically modified to have clay-like properties.
The roofing tiles can be produced in a number of ways that is known in the art of clay and concrete technology:
Following setting within a couple of hours, the roofing tiles are dried in an oven. Typically the roofing tiles will have a thickness range of 5 mm to 40 mm.
The mechanical properties are modified to generate a ductile (non-brittle) material by the addition of fiber reinforcement such as cellulose fiber, glass fiber, polypropylene fiber, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber, Dolanit® fiber (generic name: homopolymer acrylic or alkali-resistant fiber), or similar, or combination thereof.
The tiles are made water resistant by treating the surface of the product to a water repellent silane or water resistant surface coating known in state-of-the-art. Freeze-Thaw resistance can be accomplished by incorporating micro-balloons in the composite composition.
Compared to state-of-the-art roofing tiles, the roofing tiles of the present invention are lighter, thinner, more ductile, more durable and less costly.
Wall Panels
Gypsum-based wall panels can be produced from Plaster of Paris (Calcium Sulfate hemihydrate) that in it's wet state with water (16-25 wt. %) has been rheologically modified to have clay-like properties.
A wall for a bathroom stall interior passage hall is made from a composite material using gypsum (Plaster of Paris, Calcium Sulfate hemihydrate) as the binder.
The composite material in it's wet state before setting of the gypsum, is rheologically modified into a clay-like material, which allows the use of the conventional clay production methods known as extrusion to form the shape of the wall.
The composition of the composite material can be formulated to make the wall: lightweight, dense, fire resistant, sound resistant, durable and non-brittle. Typically the wall panels will have a thickness range of 5 mm to 250 mm.
Following setting and drying of the finished product, the surface of the wall element can be made water resistant with the use of silanes or surface coatings. Further, the surface can be decorated by printing onto the surface, by laminating veneer onto the surface or by printing “Nerewood” onto the surface. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,722 entitled “Method for Producing a Wood Substrate Having an Image on at Least One Surface” or U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/713,240 and PCT Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/064435 entitled “Method for Producing a Substrate Having an Image on at Least One Surface”, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
It may be understood that particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention can be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.
All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications, patents and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.” The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and/or” unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and “and/or.” Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.
As used in this specification and claim(s), the words “comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form of including, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context.
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it may be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
This application claims priority to, and is the National Phase of International Application No. PCT/US2014/020865, filed on Mar. 5, 2014, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/772,646 filed Mar. 5, 2013 and 61/772,648 filed Mar. 5, 2013 and 61/772,653 filed Mar. 5, 2013.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2014/020865 | 3/5/2014 | WO | 00 |
Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
WO2014/138283 | 9/12/2014 | WO | A |
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
570391 | Fox | Oct 1896 | A |
1048923 | Wheeler | Dec 1912 | A |
3517468 | Woods | Jun 1970 | A |
3852083 | Yang | Dec 1974 | A |
3908062 | Roberts | Sep 1975 | A |
3987600 | Baehr | Oct 1976 | A |
3994110 | Ropella | Nov 1976 | A |
4014149 | Yamamoto | Mar 1977 | A |
4045937 | Stucky | Sep 1977 | A |
4075804 | Zimmerman | Feb 1978 | A |
4084571 | McFarland | Apr 1978 | A |
4159302 | Greve et al. | Jun 1979 | A |
4225247 | Hodson | Sep 1980 | A |
4225357 | Hodson | Sep 1980 | A |
4284119 | Martin et al. | Aug 1981 | A |
4302127 | Hodson | Nov 1981 | A |
4308065 | Walls-Muycelo | Dec 1981 | A |
4339487 | Mullet | Jul 1982 | A |
4343127 | Greve et al. | Aug 1982 | A |
4347653 | Martin et al. | Sep 1982 | A |
4398842 | Hodson | Aug 1983 | A |
4428775 | Johnson et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
4434899 | Rivkin | Mar 1984 | A |
4443992 | Shechter | Apr 1984 | A |
4489121 | Luckanuck | Dec 1984 | A |
4552463 | Hodson | Nov 1985 | A |
4660338 | Wagner | Apr 1987 | A |
4664707 | Wilson et al. | May 1987 | A |
4695494 | Fowler et al. | Sep 1987 | A |
4704834 | Turner | Nov 1987 | A |
4716700 | Hagemeyer | Jan 1988 | A |
4716702 | Dickson | Jan 1988 | A |
4800538 | Passmore et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
4811538 | Lehnert et al. | Mar 1989 | A |
4864789 | Thorn | Sep 1989 | A |
4889428 | Hodson | Dec 1989 | A |
4896471 | Turner | Jan 1990 | A |
4922674 | Thorn | May 1990 | A |
4944595 | Hodson | Jul 1990 | A |
4946504 | Hodson | Aug 1990 | A |
4998598 | Mardian et al. | Mar 1991 | A |
5061319 | Hodson | Oct 1991 | A |
5074087 | Green | Dec 1991 | A |
5100586 | Jennings et al. | Mar 1992 | A |
5108677 | Ayres | Apr 1992 | A |
5154358 | Hartle | Oct 1992 | A |
5169566 | Stucky et al. | Dec 1992 | A |
5232496 | Jennings et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5239799 | Bies et al. | Aug 1993 | A |
5242078 | Haas et al. | Sep 1993 | A |
5305577 | Richards et al. | Apr 1994 | A |
5311381 | Lee | May 1994 | A |
5317119 | Ayres | May 1994 | A |
5339522 | Paquin et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
5344490 | Roosen et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
5347780 | Richards et al. | Sep 1994 | A |
5356579 | Jennings et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5358676 | Jennings et al. | Oct 1994 | A |
5376320 | Tiefenbacher et al. | Dec 1994 | A |
5385764 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
5395571 | Symons | Mar 1995 | A |
5401588 | Garvey et al. | Mar 1995 | A |
5417024 | San Paolo | May 1995 | A |
5433189 | Bales et al. | Jul 1995 | A |
5440843 | Langenhorst | Aug 1995 | A |
5453310 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
5482551 | Morris et al. | Jan 1996 | A |
5505987 | Jennings et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5506046 | Andersen et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5508072 | Andersen et al. | Apr 1996 | A |
5514430 | Andersen et al. | May 1996 | A |
5522195 | Bargen | Jun 1996 | A |
5527387 | Andersen et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
5540026 | Gartland | Jul 1996 | A |
5543186 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5545297 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5545450 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5549859 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
5557899 | Dube et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
5569514 | Ayres | Oct 1996 | A |
5580409 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
5580624 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
5582670 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1996 | A |
5601888 | Fowler | Feb 1997 | A |
5614307 | Andersen et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
5618341 | Andersen et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
5626954 | Andersen et al. | May 1997 | A |
5631052 | Andersen et al. | May 1997 | A |
5631053 | Andersen et al. | May 1997 | A |
5631097 | Andersen et al. | May 1997 | A |
5635292 | Jennings et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5637412 | Jennings et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5641584 | Andersen et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
5644870 | Chen | Jul 1997 | A |
5653075 | Williamson | Aug 1997 | A |
5654048 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5658603 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5658624 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5660900 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5660903 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5660904 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1997 | A |
5662731 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5665439 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5665442 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
5676905 | Andersen et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5679145 | Andersen et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5679381 | Andersen et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
5683772 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
5691014 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
5695811 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5702787 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1997 | A |
5705203 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5705237 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5705238 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5705239 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5705242 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5707474 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5709827 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5709913 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5711908 | Andersen et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
5714217 | Andersen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5716675 | Andersen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5720142 | Morrison | Feb 1998 | A |
5720913 | Andersen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
5736209 | Andersen et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5738921 | Andersen et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5740635 | Gil et al. | Apr 1998 | A |
5746822 | Espinoza | May 1998 | A |
5749178 | Garmong | May 1998 | A |
5753308 | Andersen et al. | May 1998 | A |
5766525 | Andersen et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
5776388 | Andersen et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5782055 | Crittenden | Jul 1998 | A |
5783126 | Andersen et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5786080 | Andersen et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
5798010 | Richards et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5798151 | Andersen et al. | Aug 1998 | A |
5800647 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5800756 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5810961 | Andersen et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
5830305 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5830548 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
5843544 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5849155 | Gasland | Dec 1998 | A |
5851634 | Andersen et al. | Dec 1998 | A |
5868824 | Andersen et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
5879722 | Andersen et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5887402 | Ruggie et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
5916077 | Tang | Jun 1999 | A |
5928741 | Andersen et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
5976235 | Andersen et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
6030673 | Andersen et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
6067699 | Jackson | May 2000 | A |
6083586 | Andersen et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6090195 | Andersen et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
6115976 | Gomez | Sep 2000 | A |
6119411 | Mateu Gil et al. | Sep 2000 | A |
6161363 | Herbst | Dec 2000 | A |
6168857 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6180037 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
6200404 | Andersen et al. | Mar 2001 | B1 |
6231970 | Andersen et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
6268022 | Schlegel et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
6299970 | Richards et al. | Oct 2001 | B1 |
6311454 | Kempel | Nov 2001 | B1 |
6327821 | Chang | Dec 2001 | B1 |
6347934 | Andersen et al. | Feb 2002 | B1 |
6379446 | Andersen et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
6402830 | Scrapper | Jun 2002 | B1 |
6434899 | Fortin et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
6475275 | Nebesnak et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6485561 | Dattel | Nov 2002 | B1 |
6494704 | Andersen et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
6503751 | Hugh | Jan 2003 | B2 |
6528151 | Shah et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
6572355 | Bauman et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6573340 | Khemani et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
6581588 | Wiedemann et al. | Jun 2003 | B2 |
6619005 | Chen | Sep 2003 | B1 |
6643991 | Moyes | Nov 2003 | B1 |
6665997 | Chen | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6668499 | Degelsegger | Dec 2003 | B2 |
6684590 | Frumkin | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6688063 | Lee et al. | Feb 2004 | B1 |
6696979 | Manten et al. | Feb 2004 | B2 |
6743830 | Soane et al. | Jun 2004 | B2 |
6745526 | Autovino | Jun 2004 | B1 |
6764625 | Walsh | Jul 2004 | B2 |
6766621 | Reppermund | Jul 2004 | B2 |
6779859 | Koons | Aug 2004 | B2 |
6818055 | Schelinski | Nov 2004 | B2 |
6843543 | Ramesh | Jan 2005 | B2 |
6866081 | Nordgard et al. | Mar 2005 | B1 |
6886306 | Churchill et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
6890604 | Daniels | May 2005 | B2 |
6961998 | Furchheim et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6964722 | Taylor et al. | Nov 2005 | B2 |
6981351 | Degelsegger | Jan 2006 | B2 |
7059092 | Harkin et al. | Jun 2006 | B2 |
7090897 | Hardesty | Aug 2006 | B2 |
RE39339 | Andersen et al. | Oct 2006 | E |
7185468 | Clark et al. | Mar 2007 | B2 |
7241832 | Khemani et al. | Jul 2007 | B2 |
7279437 | Kai et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
7297394 | Khemani et al. | Nov 2007 | B2 |
7386368 | Andersen et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
7598460 | Roberts, IV et al. | Oct 2009 | B2 |
7617606 | Robbins et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
7669383 | Darnell | Mar 2010 | B2 |
7721500 | Clark et al. | May 2010 | B2 |
7775013 | Bartlett et al. | Aug 2010 | B2 |
7803723 | Herbert et al. | Sep 2010 | B2 |
7832166 | Daniels | Nov 2010 | B2 |
7886501 | Bartlett et al. | Feb 2011 | B2 |
7897235 | Locher et al. | Mar 2011 | B1 |
7927420 | Francis | Apr 2011 | B2 |
7964051 | Lynch et al. | Jun 2011 | B2 |
8037820 | Daniels | Oct 2011 | B2 |
8097544 | Majors | Jan 2012 | B2 |
8209866 | Daniels | Jul 2012 | B2 |
8381381 | Daniels | Feb 2013 | B2 |
8650834 | Hardwick et al. | Feb 2014 | B2 |
8915033 | Daniels | Dec 2014 | B2 |
9027296 | Daniels | May 2015 | B2 |
9475732 | Daniels | Oct 2016 | B2 |
20010032367 | Sasage et al. | Oct 2001 | A1 |
20010047741 | Gleeson et al. | Dec 2001 | A1 |
20020053757 | Andersen et al. | May 2002 | A1 |
20020078659 | Hunt | Jun 2002 | A1 |
20020100996 | Moyes et al. | Aug 2002 | A1 |
20020124497 | Fortin et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020128352 | Soane et al. | Sep 2002 | A1 |
20020166479 | Jiang | Nov 2002 | A1 |
20030015124 | Klus | Jan 2003 | A1 |
20030033786 | Yulkowski | Feb 2003 | A1 |
20030084980 | Seufert et al. | May 2003 | A1 |
20030115817 | Blackwell et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
20030205187 | Carlson et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030209403 | Daniels | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030211251 | Daniels | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20030211252 | Daniels | Nov 2003 | A1 |
20040026002 | Weldon | Feb 2004 | A1 |
20040231285 | Hunt et al. | Nov 2004 | A1 |
20040258901 | Luckevich | Dec 2004 | A1 |
20050092237 | Daniels | May 2005 | A1 |
20050227006 | Segall | Oct 2005 | A1 |
20050241541 | Hohn et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
20050284030 | Autovino et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
20060070321 | Au | Apr 2006 | A1 |
20060096240 | Fortin | May 2006 | A1 |
20060168906 | Tonyan et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
20060287773 | Andersen et al. | Dec 2006 | A1 |
20070021515 | Glenn et al. | Jan 2007 | A1 |
20070092712 | Hodson | Apr 2007 | A1 |
20070053852 | Khashoggi | May 2007 | A1 |
20070095570 | Roberts, IV et al. | May 2007 | A1 |
20070125043 | Clark et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070125044 | Clark et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
20070157537 | Nicolson et al. | Jul 2007 | A1 |
20070175139 | Nicolson et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070193220 | Daniels | Aug 2007 | A1 |
20070283660 | Blahut | Dec 2007 | A1 |
20080016820 | Robbins, Sr. et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080027583 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080027584 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080027685 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
20080041014 | Lynch et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
20080066653 | Andersen et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
20080086982 | Parenteau et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
20080099122 | Andersen et al. | May 2008 | A1 |
20080145580 | McAllister et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080152945 | Miller | Jun 2008 | A1 |
20080156225 | Bury | Jul 2008 | A1 |
20080286519 | Nicolson et al. | Nov 2008 | A1 |
20090151602 | Francis | Jun 2009 | A1 |
20090197991 | Bury | Aug 2009 | A1 |
20100064943 | Guevara et al. | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100071597 | Perez-Pena | Mar 2010 | A1 |
20100095622 | Niemoller | Apr 2010 | A1 |
20100136269 | Andersen et al. | Jun 2010 | A1 |
20110040401 | Daniels | Feb 2011 | A1 |
20110120349 | Andersen et al. | May 2011 | A1 |
20110131921 | Chen | Jun 2011 | A1 |
20110167753 | Sawyers et al. | Jul 2011 | A1 |
20120276310 | Andersen et al. | Jan 2012 | A1 |
20120164402 | Murakami | Jun 2012 | A1 |
20120208003 | Beard | Aug 2012 | A1 |
20130008115 | Bierman | Jan 2013 | A1 |
20130086858 | Daniels et al. | Apr 2013 | A1 |
20130216802 | Leung et al. | Aug 2013 | A1 |
20140000193 | Daniels et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140000195 | Daniels et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
20140000196 | Daniels et al. | Jan 2014 | A1 |
Number | Date | Country |
---|---|---|
2799983 | Dec 2012 | CA |
101113077 | Jan 2008 | CN |
101132999 | Feb 2008 | CN |
101239838 | Aug 2008 | CN |
102001832 | Nov 2010 | CN |
102220829 | Oct 2011 | CN |
102643013 | Aug 2012 | CN |
102712531 | Oct 2012 | CN |
10200601544 | Oct 2007 | DE |
1266877 | Dec 2002 | EP |
2189612 | May 2010 | EP |
2230075 | Sep 2010 | EP |
2314462 | Apr 2011 | EP |
2583954 | Apr 2013 | EP |
1265471 | Mar 1972 | GB |
1508866 | Apr 1978 | GB |
H05-052075 | Mar 1993 | JP |
H06-56497 | Mar 1994 | JP |
2004332401 | Nov 2004 | JP |
2008036549 | Feb 2008 | JP |
0231306 | Apr 2002 | WO |
03004432 | Jan 2003 | WO |
2006138732 | Dec 2006 | WO |
2007051093 | May 2007 | WO |
2007053852 | May 2007 | WO |
20080144186 | Nov 2008 | WO |
2011066192 | Jun 2011 | WO |
2012084716 | Jun 2012 | WO |
Entry |
---|
Search Report PCT/US07/04605, dated Oct. 4, 2007. |
Search Report PCT US12/059053 dated Mar. 12, 2013. |
International Search Report (KIPO) PCT/US2013/048642 dated Sep. 2, 2013. |
International Search Report (KIPO) PCT/US2013/048712 dated Sep. 10, 2013. |
International Search Report [KIPO] PCT/US2014/035313 dated Aug. 19, 2014. |
International Search Report [KIPO] PCT/US2014/035277 dated Sep. 2, 2014. |
China Office Action CN201380034441.7 [English Translation] dated Sep. 6, 2015. |
EP 14759514.4 Extended European Search Report dated Sep. 23, 2016. |
Extended Search Report EP 13845068 dated Oct. 16, 2016. |
Kralj et al: 11 Experimental study of recycling lightweight concrete with aggregates containing expanded glass 11 Process Safety and Environmental Protection Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, GB, vol. 87, No. 4, Jul. 1, 2809 (Jul. 1, 2009), pp. 267-273. |
European Extended Search Report for EP 14854429.9 dated Jun. 1, 2017. |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
20160122247 A1 | May 2016 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
---|---|---|---|
61772646 | Mar 2013 | US | |
61772648 | Mar 2013 | US | |
61772653 | Mar 2013 | US |