Patent Grant
8672477
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to eyewear, and more particularly, to corrective eyewear that provides the option of using a lens or a pinhole aperture disposed adjacent to the lens.
2. Description of Related Art
There are a number of conditions of the eye that affect one's visual acuity over a range of distances. Myopia (“near-sightedness”) refers generally to a condition in which distant objects appear blurred. It is often caused by an elongated eyeball which causes light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. On the other hand, hyperopia (“far-sightedness”) refers to the opposite condition, in which nearby objects appear blurred. As one might guess, hyperopia is caused by a shortened eyeball which causes light to focus behind the retina instead of directly on it.
Those who are fortunate enough to have avoided developing myopia or hyperopia, however, will inevitably develop presbyopia. Presbyopia is a vision condition in which the crystalline lens of the eye loses its flexibility, making it difficult to focus on close objects. Presbyopia usually becomes noticeable in the early to mid-40s and is a natural part of the aging process of the eye. It is not a disease, and it cannot be prevented. Thus, the need for corrective eyewear will be inevitable for most people.
The most common types of corrective eyewear are corrective lenses, such as glasses or contact lenses. Corrective lenses may be worn to correct most refraction errors of the eyes. Single vision lenses have the same optical correction over the entire area of the lens and are therefore suitable for those who suffer from a single refractive error. Many people, however, may suffer from more than one refractive error. For example, a person may have various combinations of myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, or astigmatism. In such cases, bifocals, trifocals, or progressive lenses may be necessary.
Bifocals and trifocals are eyeglasses in which the lenses have two and three distinct regions of different optical powers, respectively. Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require correction for myopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism. Trifocals similar to bifocals, with the exception that trifocals have an additional segment for intermediate vision above the reading section and below the distance section. Trifocals are becoming rarer as more and more people are choosing to wear progressive lenses. Progressive lenses provide a gradient of increasing lens power, from minimal or no magnification at the top of the lens to maximum magnification at the bottom of the lens. A wearer can view objects at different viewing distances by directing his line of sight through appropriate parts of the lens.
Although corrective lenses have been developed to correct a variety of refractive errors, they are still limited to correcting predefined refractive errors in a person's eyes. Thus, once prescribed and cut, corrective lenses are not adjustable to further other changes in a person's vision. An additional eye examination will be necessary to address these changes in the person's vision. What is needed therefore is an optical device which, in addition to corrective lenses, can easily provide yet another way for improving one's visual acuity over a range of distances.
The present invention provides for an optical device which includes at least two mechanisms for improving or enhancing one's visual acuity. The first mechanism is provided by one or more corrective lenses, which improve visual acuity by bending light in a way that causes it to be focused directly onto the retina. The second mechanism is provided by pinhole apertures, which improve visual acuity by reducing the width of the bundle of light rays entering the pupil of the eye. Pinhole apertures produce a sharper image on the retina by reducing the amount of peripheral light rays that enter into the eye. It is the peripheral light rays which require the most bending to produced a focused image and which are primarily responsible for blurred vision. A pinhole aperture may also be used to project a magnified image on the retina, and thereby allow viewing of smaller objects such as small type, than would otherwise be possible.
In one embodiment, an optical device is provided. The optical device comprises a first vision element comprising at least one corrective lens and a second vision element comprising at least one aperture coupled to the first vision element. The first and second vision element may each at least partially reduces a refraction error of a user's eye when either or both are positioned in front of the user's eye. The at least one aperture is characterized by a diameter and thickness (determined by the thickness of the material that the aperture pierces), wherein the thickness is no greater than the diameter. In the alternative, the corrective lens may be replaced by a non-refractive lens, for example a shaded lens as used in sunglasses.
In another embodiment, a dual corrective eyewear is provided. The dual corrective eyewear comprises at least one lens; a frame supporting the lens; and at least one pinhole aperture disposed in the frame. The lens is configured to at least partially reduce a refraction error in a wearer's eyes by bending some of the light rays entering through the corrective lens and into the wearer's eye. The pinhole aperture is configured to at least partially reduce the refraction error in a wearer's eye by blocking some of the light rays from entering into the wearer's eye, to project a magnified image onto the user's retina, or both.
There are certain disadvantages associated with the use of corrective lenses. Corrective lenses often produce glare and distortion. For example, multi-focal lenses, which are designed to provide a continuously variable curve for a range of distances, often provide distorted images on either side of the center line, which may be uncomfortable or difficult to get used to. Another disadvantage is that corrective lenses are limited to correcting a predefined refractive error and do not adapt to respond to changes in the visual acuity of the eye.
Apertures, or pinhole apertures, on the other hand, are not associated with many of the problems inherent in corrective lenses. For example, apertures may provide an improved image at all distances, or over a greater range of distances, because they operate differently from corrective lenses. Apertures reduce the width of the bundle of diverging rays coming into a person's eye from each point on the viewed object. Normally, the full opening of the pupil admits light and it is the improper bending of the outermost peripheral light rays which causes refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia and astigmatism to be noticeable. Apertures can therefore provide clearer vision in all of these conditions by blocking these peripheral rays and only letting into the eye those rays which pass through the central portion of the pupil. An aperture may also be used to produce a magnified or reduced image by varying the focal length, as applied in pinhole cameras, camera obscuras, or the like.
As used herein, “apertures” or “pinhole apertures” are used to describe holes through which a person's line of sight may be directed and that function to reduce the bundle of light rays entering into the person's eye to produce a clearer or a magnified image. Apertures or pinhole apertures are characterized by shape having a diameter and a thickness. The apertures or pinhole apertures may be of any suitable shape, such as a circle, ellipse, triangle, square, rectangle, or other polygon, so long as it is configured to at least partially block some of the peripheral light rays from entering into the person's eye. Regularly-shaped apertures may be more useful than irregularly-shaped apertures.
The diameter (d) of the aperture or pinhole apertures is defined as the largest distance that can be formed between two opposite points in the aperture. The diameter (d) should preferably be no greater than about 3 mm, preferably no greater than 2 mm, and more preferably no greater than 1 mm. In one aspect of the invention, the apertures or pinhole apertures have a diameter ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm, preferably about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, and more preferably from about 0.8 mm to about 1.2 mm.
The thickness (t) of the aperture or pinhole aperture is the straight-line distance measured therethrough. The thickness (t) should preferably be no greater than the diameter (d) of the aperture or pinhole aperture. In one aspect, the ratio of the aperture diameter to thickness (d:t) should be no less than about 1:1.5, preferably greater than 1:1, and more preferably greater than 2:1. Generally, the thinner the aperture, the better the visual acuity and light provided by the aperture to the eye.
A plurality of apertures or pinhole apertures having a range of different diameters or thicknesses or both may be provided for viewing objects at various distances. The smaller openings may be used for viewing objects which are nearby, whereas the larger openings may be used for viewing distant objects. By providing a plurality of apertures of graduated sizes, the user can adjust the level of visual acuity obtained by selecting the appropriately sized aperture that provides an optically focused object. For convenience, the graduated apertures may be provided adjacent to one another through a common substrate. For example, aperatures of different sizes may be arranged around a correcting lens of an a pair of eyeglasses, through the eyeglasses frame.
Despite the advantages provided by apertures, however, there are still situations in which use of corrective lenses may be preferable to apertures. For example, because apertures reduce the amount of light entering into the eye, they may not be suitable for use at night or in conditions of poor or dim lighting. In some instances, the aperture size may be increased to permit more light to enter into the eye; however, larger apertures will result in a reduction in image sharpness or resolution. Thus, corrective lenses should be used in conditions of poor or inadequate lighting. Apertures also do not provide improved peripheral vision. Thus, the use of corrective lenses is recommended when engaging in activities involving movement, such as driving.
Thus a combination of corrective lenses and apertures may be used to provide improved visual acuity, not only over a range of distances but also over a range of conditions in which one or the other may be more suitable.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. It is to be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.
In the drawings and detailed description, like numerals refer to like parts throughout one or more of the drawings.
The present inventions provide for an optical device that provides pinhole apertures together with an eyeglass frame. In some embodiments, at least two different mechanisms for improving or enhancing one's visual acuity: one or more corrective lenses and one or more optical apertures. In other embodiments, the pinhole apertures may be provided in a frame that holds non-corrective lenses, such as shaded lenses for sun protection, or clear lenses for style. In still other embodiments, the apertures may be provided in an eyeglass frame that is configured to hold a corrective or non-corrective lens, but in which no lens has yet been inserted. In still other embodiments, pinhole apertures may be provided in a visor or other appliance that is configured to clip or attach to an eyeglass frame. Any or all of these embodiments may be preferred, depending on the various anticipated needs or desires of the end user.
Eyeglasses generally fall into three categories: full-rimmed, half-rimmed, wire-rimmed, and rimless. A full-rimmed eyeglass frame has a frame that completely encircles the lens. In a half-rimmed eyeglass frame, there is no frame on the bottom or top of the lens. In a wire-rimmed frame, the frame is constructed of a metal wire, which may be quite thin and lightweight. Rimless eyeglass frames generally have no frame around the lens and only a bridge connecting the lens pair and a pair of temples to support the lens on the user's face. The present invention may be provided in connection with any one of these eyeglass types.
Referring now to the specific embodiments,
In this embodiment, the pinhole apertures and lens are not designed to be used simultaneously. By displacing the frame front (132) from its normal resting position in any radial direction, a user may align one of the pinhole apertures with one or both eyes. This may be useful, for example, to read small type than cannot be read using the corrective lens (120). Also, a clear or shaded non-corrective lens may be substituted for the corrective lens (120), with optical correction provided solely by the pinhole apertures. This may be useful to provide sunglasses or fashion eyewear with a universal corrective tool—the pinhole aperture—for sporadic reading or close inspection of small items.
With regard to
In embodiments where the pinhole apertures (150) are provided on both frame temples (138), a plurality of apertures (150) having a variety of diameters may be provided on the frame temples (138) allowing a greater range of visual acuity. The apertures (150) may be graduated in size, with the smaller apertures on the bottom and the larger apertures on top, or vice versa. The smaller openings may be used for viewing objects which are nearby, whereas the larger openings may be used for viewing distant objects. By providing a plurality of apertures of graduated sizes, the user can adjust the level of visual acuity obtained by selecting the appropriately sized aperture that provides an optically focused object. The plurality of apertures may be provided along an axis that is roughly perpendicular to the user's line of sight and may increase or decrease in diameter along that axis.
It is understood that the number of pinhole apertures is not critical. In one aspect of this embodiment, the pinhole apertures are staggered and graduated. In the embodiments depicted in
The pinhole attachment piece (301) comprises a pair of opaque lenses (325), a connector (345) that couples the opaque lenses (325) and hooks (335) disposed on the periphery of the opaque lenses (325). The hooks (335) are configured to couple the pinhole attachment piece (301) onto a pair of rimless or wireframe eyeglasses of the type depicted in
A significant advantage in providing a pinhole attachment piece (301) depicted in
In one embodiment, the plurality of pinhole apertures (355) may be of a single diameter. In another embodiment, the plurality of pinhole apertures (355) may be of diameters of different sizes. In this latter embodiment, the pinhole apertures (355) may be provided in accordance with a size gradient, with the smaller diameters at the bottom of the opaque lenses (325) and the larger diameters at the top of the opaque lenses (325). In a preferred embodiment, the opaque lenses (325) is constructed of thin material having a thickness no greater than 2 mm, preferably no greater than 1 mm, and more preferably no greater than 0.5 mm.
The shape of the aperture is not critical, so long as the diameter (d) of the aperture is preferably no larger than about 2 mm. Generally, a smaller pinhole will result in better image resolution (sharper picture) as the projected circle of confusion is smaller at the image plane. An extremely small hole, however, can produce significant diffraction effects which will result in a less clear image. Thus, the diameter (d) should preferably be no greater than about 3 mm, preferably no greater than 2 mm, and more preferably no greater than 1 mm. In one aspect of the invention, the apertures or pinhole apertures have a diameter ranging from about 0.3 mm to about 2 mm, preferably about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, and more preferably from about 0.8 mm to about 1.2 mm.
Alternatively, the pinhole diameter may be provided by taking into account the focal length and the wavelength of light. One method of calculating the optimal pinhole diameter is: d=1.91√{square root over (fλ)}, where d is diameter, f is focus length (distance from hole to the retina) and λ is the wavelength of light. For example, for a pinhole to retina distance of 1 inch, the pinhole diameter will be 0.22 mm for a wavelength of light corresponding to yellow-green (550 nm), and for a pinhole to retina distance of 5 cm, the pinhole diameter will be 0.32 mm for the same wavelength of light.
In addition to the aperture shape and diameter, apertures are also generally characterized by a thickness (t), as shown in
In some embodiments, it may be desirable to pierce a relatively thick material with a pinhole aperture. For example, a pinhole aperture may be placed through a relatively thick eyeglass frame as shown in
The invention described and claimed herein is not to be limited in scope by the specific preferred embodiments herein disclosed, since these embodiments are intended as illustrations of several aspects of the invention. Any equivalent embodiments are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 13/073,156 filed Mar. 28, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,984,987, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/743,380 filed May 2, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,914,144, which applications are specifically incorporated herein, in their entirety, by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1340579 | Tousey | May 1920 | A |
| 1959915 | Gunthrie | May 1934 | A |
| 2390599 | Lewis | Dec 1945 | A |
| 3423149 | Braunhut | Jan 1969 | A |
| 3507566 | Knapp | Apr 1970 | A |
| 3555563 | Grossman | Jan 1971 | A |
| 4012129 | Byler | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4249803 | Byler | Feb 1981 | A |
| 5140710 | Rademacher | Aug 1992 | A |
| 5151720 | Kanbar | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5444501 | Aloi et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5485227 | Lin | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5638145 | Jannard et al. | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5748279 | Glanzbergh | May 1998 | A |
| 5825452 | Spector | Oct 1998 | A |
| 6050684 | Mage | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6450639 | Abraham | Sep 2002 | B1 |
| 6758562 | Barnette et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6783235 | Lin | Aug 2004 | B1 |
| 6899427 | Sheldon | May 2005 | B1 |
| 20010050750 | Breger | Dec 2001 | A1 |
| 20030081169 | Kopler | May 2003 | A1 |
| 20040119936 | Min | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040263773 | Lane et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050036109 | Blum et al. | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Boutet, C., Pinhole Camera, www.crickmengual.com, pp. 1-33. |
| Pinhole Optics, Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science, Vanderbilt. edu/vsvs Fall 2005, pp. 1-6. |
| Pinhole Glasses by Caribbean Eyes,PinholeGlasses.org, pp. 1-3. |
| Pinhole Glasses, www.myopia.org, pp. 1-5. |
| Eyeglass Frames, Eyecare Library, VisionRX LLC, 2005, pp. 1-4. |
| Experiment VII, Geometrical Optics—Optical Instruments, Princeton University, Physics Department, Physics104 Lab, Week #9, pp. 1-18. |
| Pinhole Imaging, Geometric Optics, Physics 1b, 2006, pp. 1-8. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20110279768 A1 | Nov 2011 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13073156 | Mar 2011 | US |
| Child | 13189817 | US | |
| Parent | 11743380 | May 2007 | US |
| Child | 13073156 | US |
