The invention relates to annotating images based on face regions within them.
Mobile phones and desktop applications are known to include address books. It is desired to have improved functionality in this regard for mobile devices such as mobile phones.
Usually, it is impossible or uncomfortable to bring a phone or other mobile camera device close enough to a user's face in order to fill in a frame. Thus, in many cases, a face takes a small portion of the image, and thus especially when sub-sampled as part of contact data, it can become unrecognizable. It is desired to alleviate this problem without overburdening the user.
A method is provided for face categorization and annotation of a face image library. A digital image acquisition device such as a mobile camera phone or other handheld camera device, acquires a digital image of a scene that includes a face. The face is automatically cropped or one or more non-facial items is/are removed from the digital image, or both, and a full-size face image is generated. The full-size face image is stored in a face image library along with other indicia identifying a person corresponding to the face.
The face image library may include an address book or a contact list, or both, of a mobile camera phone or other handheld camera device.
A series of preview images may be acquired, and candidate face regions may be extracted from successive frames. Location data and a cumulative confidence level that the candidate face region comprises a face may be maintained, and based on information from the series of preview images, the method may include determining that the face is present within the digital image.
Manual input of further information relating to the face may be received for storing with the full-size face image. Other indicia may be input manually by a user of the digital image acquisition device. The face may be displayed, and the user may be prompted to associate the face with the identifying indicia. A list of probable members of a contact list may be displayed, and a selection may be made from the list by the user.
The generating of the full-size face image may include building a whole face from two or more partial face images, brightening a poorly illuminated face, rotating a rotated or tilted face, correcting a red-eye, white eye or golden eye defect, and/or correcting a photographic blemish artifact within the face of the digital image, or combinations of these.
The method may include automatically transmitting the digital image to one or more persons identified within the image or to a user of the digital image acquisition device, or both.
The person identified with the face may be associated with an external device or service or both, and the digital image may be automatically transmitted to the external device or service or both.
A manual selection of a level of cropping of the face from the digital image may be made by a user.
A smile, an open eye and/or another partial face portion, may be added, from one or more stored facial images of the same identified person.
Face recognition may be applied to the face based on a library of known face images.
One or more computer readable media are also provided that are encoded with a computer program for programming one or more processors to perform any of the methods described herein.
An advantageous method is provided for face categorization and annotation of a face image library. A digital image acquisition device such as a mobile camera phone or other handheld camera device, acquires a digital image of a scene that includes a face. The face is automatically cropped or one or more non-facial items is/are removed from the digital image, or both, and a full-size face image is generated. The full-size face image is stored in a face image library along with other indicia identifying a person corresponding to the face.
A Contact List may be used to link known or unknown, recognized or unrecognized, faces with personal contacts. Communications may be provided for performing additional services with images. Faces may be assigned to contacts and/or a user interface, wherein image quality is improved by cropping and/or otherwise cleaning up the image, e.g., to include only faces or to make the face a certain size. A photographically captured face may be assigned to a built-in contact management system of a handheld device.
A picture may be taken, e.g., by a mobile camera-enabled device of any kind. Multiple images may also preferably be captured around the time the picture was taken which are preview, postview or reference images (together “reference images”), typically having lower resolution than the main picture. A face detection routine then finds any faces in the picture with or without the use of the reference images. The picture can be enhanced using one or more of the reference images, e.g., to add illumination, to replace a frown with a smile, to replace a blink with an open eye, or to add an otherwise occluded feature to a face. An enhanced image of a face in the picture is provided by cropping or otherwise processing the picture with or without using the reference images, and/or using the reference images to provide a better image of the face detected in the picture.
The face may be recognized or unrecognized. If it is unrecognized, then it can be added to a contacts list, along with image metadata and whatever other information a user may wish to add. If it is recognized, then the picture may be added as another look of a same person (e.g., with or without a beard, hat, glasses, certain jewelry, smiling or frowning, eyes open or blinking, one profile or the other or straight on, etc.), or just a smile, e.g., from the new picture may be added over the frown of the man picture which is otherwise kept.
A technique is provided for tracking faces in a series of images on handheld mobile devices.
In one aspect, face categorization is enhanced using a built in contact book in the phone or other mobile device.
In another aspect, a workflow and GUI are provided, wherein a user takes a picture that is associated with a name in a contact book and uses face-tracking. The phone can crop the image as well as clean it up, e.g., to keep only the face. An advantage is that with this software, saving a face to a contact becomes useful as opposed to assigning a random picture which means in some cases the face may be so small that it may not be distinguishable or resolvable. Any of the techniques described herein may be combined with those described at U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,407,777, 7,310,450, 7,315,630, 7,336,821, and 7,315,631, and US published application no. 2006/0204110, 2006/0120599, 2006/0140455, 2006/0098890, 2007/0201725, and 2007/0110305, and U.S. application Ser. Nos. 11/753,098, 11/752,925, 11/833,224, 10/763,801, 60/829,883, 11/753,397, 11/766,674, and 11/773,868, which are assigned to the same assignee and are hereby incorporated by reference.
A digital camera may employ a face tracker which analyzes a preview image stream and extracts candidate face regions from successive frames of the preview image stream. These candidate regions are made available within the camera for additional image processing. A detailed description is given in U.S. Pat. No. 7,315,631, which is incorporated by reference. The face tracker maintains a history of each candidate face region including location data and a cumulative confidence level that the candidate region is indeed a face.
Certain embodiments involve devices such as hand held communication devices such as mobile phones, that have a “phone book” built into the device. Face detection is tied into a process wherein a user can assign a photographically-acquired face to an existing or a new contact. Moreover, the image-processing unit can provide a saved region corresponding to the captured face, e.g., using cropping and/or removing other unnecessary details and/or by building a whole face from partial face images and/or brightening a poorly illuminated or rotated or tilted or partially-occluded face, or a face with red-eye, white eye or golden eye defects, or other blemishes possibly induced by dust artifacts in the imaging system of the camera, for what may be otherwise a good picture of a particular contact, among other processing that is possible (see cited references below).
The process can be directed from the phone book or from camera software. For example:
Starting from the Camera system:
The system can also be connected to a face recognition subsystem.
In other embodiments, the image acquisition appliance includes a smartphone which incorporates full mobile phone capability as well as camera capabilities. In this embodiment the recognition subsystems perform an analysis of detected face regions, and extract a pattern of DCT feature vectors, and determine if such face regions match with any of a set of “known” patterns. These “known” patterns will typically have been derived from a larger image collection stored on a user's PC or in a web service and match people in the user's friends, colleagues and family, but it may be stored on the mobile device. We remark that each person may be associated with more than one pattern and people can have different appearances at different times. If a face region matches a “known” pattern, then that face region, and the image it was extracted from, can be associated with the “known” pattern and the person that pattern is linked to. Some aspects of associating multiple face recognition patterns, or “faceprints” with individual persons, or “contacts”, are described at U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/764,339, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Some recognition functions may be performed on a mobile device and the remainder on a desktop PC.
Initial training or learning may be performed outside the phone, e.g., in an expert system format, because better results in training and associating patterns with people can initially be achieved with larger image collections. Nevertheless it is possible to implement training, from scratch, within the device, although the process may be tedious for a casual user.
Certain embodiments provide for the creation of linkages between the known patterns of a face recognition system, and a phone contact list of a user. This can be achieved either through uploading a contact list onto a user's PC and performing association through a direct matching of face regions associated with each “known” pattern with a member of a contact list. Alternatively, it can be achieved on the phone by cycling through “known” patterns and displaying associated face regions.
In other embodiments, ease of usability of contact management is provided on a hand-held device using a built in camera.
Advantageously, a frame is cropped in certain embodiments herein to more substantially fill the frame with the face.
Furthermore, using the camera in connection with a built in contact management of a device enables use of the mobile phone as an annotation device for improving the quality of the recognition process and creating links between newly determined recognition patterns and the contact list, e.g., through a single user action. It relies on the fact that many images will either contain “unknown” people or that “known” people will occasionally be captured with a different appearance from their normal set of patterns. When such unrecognized facial regions are detected by the recognition subsystem, it displays an extracted face region on the screen and prompts the user to associate this “new” region with a member of the contact list. In alternative embodiments, the region may have a probabilistic association with members of the contact list and these may be ordered according to the determined probabilities.
The face-tracking system, discussed above with reference to
This associating of the new face region with a member of the contact list achieves at least the following advantageous results in a single action:
It firstly associates the recognition pattern which is derived from the face region with a person in the user's contact list; this information can now be added to the set of recognition patterns and can be applied later as part of a retraining process for optimizing the set of recognition patterns associated with a user's image collection.
Another result is that is provides an association between this new image and a communications device or system with the person determined to be within the image. This could be an e-mail address or a mobile phone number. This association enables a range of added value picture services, an example of which is to enable the automated transmitting of the image to the people within the image. Faces may be found in an image, and the image may be automatically emailed to a user and/or persons associated with the faces found (see, e.g., US published patent application no. 20040243671, which is incorporated by reference), although this does not use inherent communications capabilities of the device in which the images are acquired. An enhancement of this, which relates to the “pairing mechanism” described in US published application no. 2006/0284982, which is incorporated by reference, is to provide a pairing mechanism which is triggered by selecting a member of the contact list; in this embodiment a user can associate such a member of the list with an external, networked device or service. Once such an association is established, each image which is recognized as being associated with that person can be marked for transmission to the associated device/service, placed in a transmission queue and, when the service/device next becomes available on the network, these images can be transmitted to that device/service.
The acquired image may be added to such database as part of the process.
In the case multiple faces are detected, a user interface may be implemented that will allow walking-through face-by-face for the user to decide if that is a face they would like to include or pass.
In a case where a camera is set in a mode of “assigning a face to a contact”, there may not be a desire to “capture” an image, but rather, the camera in preview (video) mode may continuously capture multiple images until an “acceptable image” is acquired. Such acceptable image may be a super-resolution of multiple frames, when a face is detected in frontal mode, when the image reaches focus on the face, when the light is sufficient, etc.
The process as defined herein can be extended to support Desktop based contact management software such as “ACT!” and Microsoft Outlook.
Image processing can be added to add facial expressions such as smile. Accordingly,
For the recognition of known faces, the database may reside out of the handset (on the server), in case it is necessary to access a larger database than is desirable or perhaps than is possible on an handheld camera phone or other camera device.
While an exemplary drawings and specific embodiments of the present invention have been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that that the scope of the present invention is not to be limited to the particular embodiments discussed. Thus, the embodiments shall be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive, and it should be understood that variations may be made in those embodiments by workers skilled in the arts without departing from the scope of the present invention.
In addition, in methods that may be performed according to preferred embodiments herein and that may have been described above, the operations have been described in selected typographical sequences. However, the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations, except for those where a particular order may be expressly set forth or where those of ordinary skill in the art may deem a particular order to be necessary.
In addition, all references cited herein as well as the background, invention summary, abstract and brief description of the drawings, as well as U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,777, and US published patent application nos. 20040243671 (which discloses to use faces in emails), US 20040174434 (which discloses determining meta-information by sending to a server; then back to a mobile device), 2005/0041121, 2005/0031224, 2005/0140801, 2006/0204110, 2006/0093212, 2006/0120599, and 2006/0140455, and U.S. patent application Nos. 60/773,714, 60/804,546, 60/865,375, 60/865,622, 60/829,127, 60/829,127, 60/821,165 Ser. Nos. 11/554,539, 11/464,083, 11/462,035, 11/282,954, 11/027,001, 10/764,339, 10/842,244, 11/024,046, 11/233,513, and 11/460,218, are all incorporated by reference into the detailed description of the preferred embodiments as disclosing alternative embodiments.
This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application No. 60/893,114, filed Mar. 5, 2007, which is incorporated by reference.
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