Patent Application
20150056357
This invention relates to a fat composition, to a fat blend comprising the composition, and to confectionery products.
Triglyceride fats are used extensively in the confectionery industry. Many fats require a tempering step to convert the fat into the most stable crystalline form.
Chocolate is composed of triglycerides in unstable polymorphic crystal forms and has a tendency to undergo physical changes associated with the transitions of the unstable forms into a more stable form. These physical changes are likely to affect adversely the appearance and/or texture of the chocolate. Depending on the process conditions used, cocoa butter can be crystallized into different crystal forms, each of which possess a distinct melting point and density. The purpose of tempering is to produce sufficient, uniform seed crystals to ensure that the temper state is stable and that subsequent crystallisation of the whole of the chocolate mass occurs into the stable crystalline form. Properly tempered chocolate is important for qualities such as mould release (contraction), hardness, snap, mouthfeel, flavour release, gloss and resistance to fat bloom.
Similarly, some fats intended to replace cocoa butter in chocolate-like confectionery need to be tempered for the same reasons.
Crystallisation starters are frequently added to triglyceride fats in order to facilitate tempering of the fats. Modern Technology of Confectionery Industries with Formulae & Processes, Minni Jha, 2003, Asia Pacific Business Press Inc, 8178330997, page 208 describes crystallisation starters as being high melting triglycerides with a melting point of 55° C. to 70° C., which, when included in a fat in a proportion of 2.5 to 3.0% aid the tempering procedure. The crystallisation starter forms crystals as the fat is cooled from the molten state and these crystals allow the fat to be produced in the desired polymorphic crystal form.
EP-A-803196 discloses a hard butter additive composition comprising the middle melting point fraction of random interesterified palm stearin. The hard butter additive composition is used to prevent fat blooming and/or graining and improve mold removability of hard butter products such as chocolate or centre cream without a tempering process.
Our copending European patent application no 14275038.9 filed on 3 Mar. 2014 relates to a fat composition that can be used as a crystallization starter comprising: greater than 75% by weight palmitic acid and stearic acids; from 1 to 25% by weight oleic acid; and greater than 20% by weight of combined P2St and PSt2 triglycerides, wherein P is palmitic acid and St is stearic acid; wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of P2St:PPP triglycerides of greater than 0.5.
There remains a need for fat compositions that can be used as crystallization starters that can improve the crystallization of fat or fat blends in confectionery or bakery applications without adversely affecting the desirable properties of the fat or fat blends. There is also a need for crystallization starters that can provide an improvement in the sensory (i.e., organoleptic) properties of the fat or fat blends when used as part of a confectionery filling. In particular, there is a need for crystallization starters that are based on non-hydrogenated fats.
According to the present invention, there is provided a fat composition comprising:
greater than 70% by weight palmitic acid; and
from 2 to 25% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid.
In a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fat composition comprising:
greater than 70% by weight palmitic acid; and
from 2 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid.
In a second embodiment of the invention, there is provided a fat composition comprising: greater than 70% by weight palmitic acid; and
from greater than 12% and up to 25% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid.
Also provided by the invention is a fat blend comprising from 0.5 to 6% by weight of the fat composition of the invention.
In another aspect, the invention provides a process for making the fat composition of the invention comprising interesterifying a palm oil stearin having an iodine value (IV) of from 8 to 30.
A further aspect of the invention is a process for making the fat composition of the invention comprising the following steps:
Also provided by the invention in another aspect is a confectionery product comprising:
The invention also provides the use of a fat composition according to the invention to promote, enhance or accelerate the crystallization of fat or fat blends in confectionery or bakery applications.
The fat composition of the invention comprises greater than 70% by weight palmitic acid. Most if not all of the palmitic acid is present in covalently bonded form in glycerides (i.e., triglycerides and any mono- and di-glycerides that might be present). Preferably, the fat composition of the invention comprises greater than 75% by weight, more preferably greater than 80% by weight, such as from 85% to 95% or from 75% to 85% by weight, of palmitic acid.
All percentages of fatty acids used herein refer to fatty acids bound as acyl groups in glycerides and are by weight based on total C12 to C24 (or C8 to C24 if C8 or C10 are present) fatty acids present in the fat composition as acyl groups in glycerides. The levels of fatty acids present in the compositions of the invention can be determined by methods well-known to those skilled in the art such as GC-FAME.
The term fatty acid, as used herein, refers to straight chain saturated or unsaturated (including mono-, di- and poly-unsaturated) carboxylic acids having from 12 to 24 or 8 to 24 carbon atoms. The term fat refers generally to compositions that contain a mixture of fatty acid glycerides.
The fat composition of the invention typically comprises more than 90% by weight of triglycerides, more preferably at least 95% by weight triglycerides.
The fat composition comprises from 2 to 25% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid. In the first embodiment, the fat composition preferably comprises from 3 to 12%, more preferably from 5 to 12%, even more preferably from 7 to 11% by weight P2O triglycerides. In the second embodiment, the fat composition preferably comprises from 13 to 25%, more preferably from 14 to 22%, even more preferably from 15 to 20% by weight P2O triglycerides.
The fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, preferably greater than 0.5, even more preferably greater than 0.7, wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid. For example SSO includes PPO, PStO, StPO and StStO, where P is palmitic acid and St is stearic acid.
In the first embodiment, the fat composition of the invention is preferably the stearin fraction of an interesterified palm oil stearin. Interesterification randomises the fatty acid residues in the glycerides. Interesterification may be carried out, for example, chemically using catalysts, such as bases (e.g., sodium methoxide), or enzymatically e.g., using a lipase.
Fractionation of fats and oils into higher and lower melting fractions is a technique that is well-known to those skilled in the art. The lower melting fraction is termed an olein and the higher melting fraction is called a stearin. Fractionation may be carried out in the presence of a solvent (wet), such as acetone, or without a solvent (dry). In particular, the fractionation in (c) of the process of the invention may be carried out by wet fractionation using acetone as solvent, for example.
In the second embodiment, the fat composition of the invention is preferably an interesterified palm oil stearin. Interesterification randomises the fatty acid residues in the glycerides. Interesterification may be carried out, for example, chemically using catalysts, such as bases (e.g., sodium methoxide), or, preferably, enzymatically e.g., using a lipase such as from Rhizopus oryzae or Thermomyces lanuginosus. The palm oil stearin preferably has an iodine value (IV) of from 8 to 30, such as from 10 to 20. Iodine value may be determined by AOCS Cd 1c-85.
In the first embodiment, the fat composition of the invention preferably comprises greater than 55% by weight of the triglyceride PPP, wherein P is palmitic acid, preferably greater than 58% by weight, most preferably from 60 to 70% by weight of PPP.
In the second embodiment, the fat composition of the invention preferably comprises greater than 50% by weight of the triglyceride PPP, wherein P is palmitic acid, preferably greater than 53% by weight, most preferably from 55 to 65% by weight of PPP.
The fat composition preferably comprises less than 12% by weight of stearic acid, more preferably less than 10% by weight, most preferably from 3 to 8% by weight of stearic acid.
The fat composition of the first embodiment of the invention preferably comprises less than 10% by weight of oleic acid, more preferably from 0.5 to 5% by weight of oleic acid.
The saturated fatty acid (SAFA) content of the fat composition of the first embodiment of the invention is preferably from 90 to 99% based on fatty acids present.
The fat composition of the second embodiment of the invention preferably comprises less than 15% by weight of oleic acid, more preferably from 5 to 12% by weight of oleic acid.
The saturated fatty acid (SAFA) content of the fat composition of the second embodiment of the invention is preferably from 85 to 95% based on fatty acids present.
The physical properties of fats are sometimes defined in terms of N values. These indicate the percentage of solid fat in the composition at a given temperature. Thus, the term Nx refers to solid fat content at a temperature of x ° C., measured by NMR pulse techniques. Methods for determining N values are ISO method 8292-1 or AOCS Cd 16b-93. The fat compositions of the first embodiment of the invention preferably have an N45 of greater than 80, more preferably greater than 85. The fat compositions of the second embodiment of the invention preferably have an N30 of greater than 80, more preferably greater than 85 and an N40 of from 65 to 80.
A preferred fat composition of the invention comprises:
from 75 to 95% by weight palmitic acid;
from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 5 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one
oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
Another preferred fat composition of the invention comprises:
from 75 to 95% by weight palmitic acid;
from 0.5 to 10% by weight of oleic acid; and
from 5 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
A further preferred fat composition of the invention is a stearin fraction of an interesterified palm oil stearin which comprises:
from 75 to 95% by weight palmitic acid;
from 0.5 to 10% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 5 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
Another preferred fat composition of the invention comprises:
from 75 to 85% by weight palmitic acid;
from 3 to 10% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 13 to 25% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid.
Another preferred fat composition of the invention comprises:
from 75 to 85% by weight palmitic acid;
from 5 to 15% by weight of oleic acid; and
from 14 to 22% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid.
A further preferred fat composition of the invention is an interesterified palm oil stearin having an iodine value (IV) of from 8 to 20, which comprises:
from 75 to 85% by weight palmitic acid;
from 5 to 12% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 14 to 22% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.7, and
wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid
The fat blend of the invention comprises from 0.5 to 6% by weight of the fat composition of the invention, preferably from 1 to 5% by weight, such as from 2 to 4%, or from 2.5 to 3%, together with one or more other fats as the balance of the fat blend.
The one or more other fats in the fat blend of the invention preferably include lauric fats and/or non-hydrogenated palm fractions.
The fat blend may comprise at least 80% by weight of a lauric fat component. The lauric fat component is preferably selected from the group consisting of coconut oil, palm kernel oil, fractions of coconut oil, fractions of palm kernel oil, and mixtures thereof.
In another embodiment, the fat blend comprises at least 30% by weight of one or more non-hydrogenated palm fractions. Preferably, the non-hydrogenated palm fraction is a palm olein or comprises a palm olein, palm oil or a mixture thereof.
A preferred fat blend of the invention comprises:
(i) from 1 to 5% by weight of a stearin fraction of an interesterified palm oil stearin which comprises:
from 75 to 95% by weight palmitic acid;
from 0.5 to 10% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 5 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
Another preferred fat blend of the invention comprises:
(i) from 1 to 5% by weight of an interesterified palm oil stearin having an iodine value (IV) of from 8 to 20, which comprises:
from 75 to 85% by weight palmitic acid;
from 5 to 15% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 14 to 22% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid; and
(ii) from 95 to 99% by weight of one or more other fats selected from lauric fats, non-hydrogenated palm fractions, palm oil, liquid oils and mixtures thereof.
Liquid oils include, for example, sunflower oil, rape seed oil, high oleic sunflower oil or a mixture of these oils.
The fat composition and fat blend of the invention are preferably of vegetable origin. Fats of vegetable origin are obtained directly or indirectly from vegetable sources. The vegetable fats are preferably refined. The term “refined”, as used herein, refers to processes in which the purity of a fat is increased by a process which comprises at least the steps of bleaching, followed by filtering and deodorising (such as by steam refining). The fats are typically not hydrogenated.
Since vegetable fats do not contain significant amounts of cholesterol, the fat compositions and fat blends of the invention preferably contain less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%, by weight of cholesterol.
Also, since non-hydrogenated vegetable fats do not contain significant amounts of trans-fats, the fat compositions and fat blends of the invention preferably contain less than 1%, more preferably less than 0.5%, by weight of trans fatty acids.
A process for making the fat composition of the invention comprises (a) fractionating a palm oil to obtain a palm oil stearin having an iodine value (IV) of from 30 to 40; (b) interesterifying the palm oil stearin thus obtained; and (c) fractionating the interesterified palm oil stearin of step (b) (preferably by solvent fractionation using acetone as solvent) to produce a stearin fraction at a yield based on the interesterified palm oil stearin of step (b) of from 18 to 38% by weight. Iodine value may be determined by AOCS Cd 1c-85.
Another process for making the fat composition of the invention preferably comprises: (a) fractionating a palm oil to obtain a palm oil stearin having an iodine value (IV) of from 8 to 30; and (b) interesterifying the palm oil stearin thus obtained.
Preferably, step (c) is performed at a temperature of greater than 25° C.
The fat composition of the invention may be used to promote, enhance or accelerate the crystallization of fat or fat blends in confectionery or bakery applications. In other words, the fat composition may be used as a crystallization starter.
Surprisingly, the fat composition of the invention has been found to have advantages in a confectionery product, such as providing a decrease in the rate of blooming, or an improvement in the sensory (i.e., organoleptic) properties of a confectionery filling, such as improved hardness and lower grittiness.
The fat composition and fat blend of the invention may be used in a confectionery product.
The confectionery product of the invention comprises at least 20% by weight of the fat blend according to the invention and at least 30% by weight sugar.
The confectionery product produced according to the invention is typically a chocolate-like product and may, for example, be selected from bars, fillings, biscuit creams and confectionery coatings. Fillings are preferred. The confectionery products will preferably comprise one or more further ingredients such as skimmed milk powder, cocoa butter, nut based material (e.g., hazelnut pieces and/or hazelnut paste) and emulsifier (e.g., lecithin, PGPR, sorbitan tristearate or a mixture thereof). Further optional components include flavouring (e.g., vanilla, vanillin, mint, orange, etc), colourants and inclusions such as confectionery and fruit pieces.
The confectionery product of the invention comprises sugar. Sugars include, for example, sucrose, glucose, fructose and mixtures thereof. The sugar is typically sucrose. The sugar is preferably powdered. Preferably, the sugar is present in the confectionery product of the invention in an amount of from 30 to 70% by weight, more preferably from 35 to 55% by weight, even more preferably from 40 to 50% by weight, based on the weight of the composition.
The confectionery product of the invention preferably comprises the fat blend in an amount of from 20 to 50% by weight, such as from 25 to 40% by weight.
Preferably, the confectionery product comprises at least 5% of milk powder, vegetable milk powder, dairy powder or a mixture thereof. A preferred confectionery product is a confectionery filling comprising at least 5% of a nut based material.
Lecithin is a preferred emulsifier and is preferably present in an amount of up to 1% by weight of the confectionery product, such as from 0.1 to 1% by weight.
The confectionery product may comprise cocoa powder, more preferably in an amount of up to 15% by weight of the confectionery product, such as from 1 to 15% by weight.
A preferred confectionery product of the invention comprises from 35 to 55% by weight of sugar and from 25 to 50% by weight of a fat blend which comprises:
(i) from 1 to 5% by weight of a stearin fraction of an interesterified palm oil stearin which comprises:
from 75 to 95% by weight palmitic acid;
from 0.5 to 10% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 5 to 12% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and
Another preferred confectionery product of the invention comprises from 35 to 55% by weight of sugar and from 25 to 50% by weight of a fat blend which comprises:
(i) from 1 to 5% by weight of an interesterified palm oil stearin having an IV of from 8 to 20, which comprises:
from 75 to 85% by weight palmitic acid;
from 5 to 15% by weight of oleic acid and/or from 3 to 12% by weight of stearic acid; and
from 14 to 22% by weight P2O triglycerides (i.e., triglycerides having two palmitoyl groups and one oleoyl group, PPO and POP), wherein P is palmitic acid and O is oleic acid;
wherein the fat composition has a weight ratio of SSO:SOS triglycerides of greater than 0.3, and wherein S is stearic or palmitic acid and O is oleic acid; and
(ii) from 95 to 99% by weight of one or more other fats selected from lauric fats, non-hydrogenated palm fractions, palm oil, liquid oils and mixtures thereof.
It will be appreciated that the percentage amounts of all of the components in the compositions and products of the invention, including those not mentioned, will add up to 100%.
Coatings may be applied to confectionery or to a bakery product. Confectionery includes ice cream. The confectionery products may also be used as coatings on products that are sold and/or consumed at ambient temperature (i.e., from 5 to 30° C.).
The confectionery products may be used to apply a partial or complete coating to a base product which is preferably a bakery product. Bakery products are typically baked in an oven. The bakery products are preferably made using flour. Examples of bakery products include biscuits, cookies, cakes, donuts and pastries. Cupcakes are particularly preferred examples of baked confectionery products for the invention.
Coated bakery products can be produced by melting the confectionery product (e.g., above 35° C.), applying it to an uncoated bakery product (e.g., by pouring it onto the uncoated bakery product or by immersing the uncoated bakery product in it) and lowering the temperature to solidify the confectionery product by allowing it to cool (or by forced cooling). Suitable methods are well-known to those skilled in the art.
The coated bakery products may be further decorated with ingredients that adhere to the coating such as icing and/or chocolate strands or chips or sugar strands (which can be of a single colour or multi-coloured).
Confectionery products may also be coated with a composition of the invention. Suitable confectionery products include chocolates, chocolate-like products and jellies.
Preferences and options for a given aspect, embodiment, feature or parameter of the invention should, unless the context indicates otherwise, be regarded as having been disclosed in combination with any and all preferences and options for all other aspects, embodiments, features and parameters of the invention. For example, the preferred features of the fat composition may be applied when the fat composition is used in the fat blend of the invention and the preferred features of the fat blend may be applied when the fat blend is used in the confectionery product.
The listing or discussion of an apparently prior-published document in this specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that the document is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.
The following non-limiting examples illustrate the invention and do not limit its scope in any way. In the examples and throughout this specification, all percentages, parts and ratios are by weight unless indicated otherwise.
Palm oil stearin (IV value 32-34) is interesterified enzymatically and the interesterified palm oil stearin (erPOs) is solvent fractionated to produce a top stearin fraction.
400 gram of enzymatically interesterified palm stearin (erPOs) was solvent fractionated using acetone as solvent. The fractionation was carried out at 29° C. with a solvent to oil ratio of 5 and resulted in 28% (wt) top stearin fraction and 72% (wt) of olein fraction. The solvent/oil mixture was cooled down to 29° C., while stirring. The crystals formed were filtered off and the solvent was evaporated by means of distillation.
The top stearin fraction is suitable for use as a crystallization agent.
Example 1 is repeated but with chemical interesterification of the palm oil stearin IV32-34 to produce chemically interesterified palm oil stearin (inPOs). The top stearin fraction is again suitable for use as a crystallization agent.
The physical characteristics of different (palm oil) stearin fractions and analytical data are given in the following table:
The composition is also summarized in the following table:
The following three confectionery recipes were prepared for evaluating the properties of a fat blend with Reference hPO60 compared to a fat blend with the crystallization starter of the invention (Example 2).
The amounts used of crystallization starter of Example 2 in % by weight based on total fat blend were as follows:
An internally qualified panel visually evaluated the coating application (Recipe 2) using either the fat of Recipe 2 with hPO60 or with inPOs stearin (Example 2)
Palm oil stearin with an iodine value (IV) of about 14 (about 400 gram) was enzymatically interesterified using lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa in a solvent-free system at 50° C. to 75° C. The enzyme was filtered off to obtain the product.
The physical characteristics and analytical data of the interesterified palm oil stearin and h(PO)60 (fully hydrogenated palm oil) are given in the following table:
Triglyceride composition MPP, etc, was determined by GC (ISO 23275) and includes triglycerides having the same fatty acids in different positions e.g., MPP includes MPP and PMP IVFAME refers to calculated iodine value
M, O, P, St and L refer to myristic, oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids, respectively
The properties of the fat composition of Example 6 are summarized in the following table:
Fat blend 1 (blend of palm oilpalm olein) suitable as filling fat contains 1% by weight of h(PO)60 (fully hydrogenated palm oil). Fat blends 2 and 3 contain the non-hydrogenated hard fat components palm oil stearin IV 14 and the enzymatically interesterified palm oil stearin of Example 6.
Physical Analysis
Formulation
Three filling formulations were prepared containing Fat blends 1 to 3 according to the recipe provided in Table 2.
The fillings were prepared as in Table 2 and were fully melted, then cooled to 22-24° C. before depositing into packaging for further analysis.
The sensory evaluation was conducted on aged samples (after 4 months aging at 20° C.). The filling made with the fat of Example 6 shows positive results in all evaluated attributes.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 13275192.6 | Aug 2013 | EP | regional |
| 14169358.0 | May 2014 | EP | regional |
