Fatty alcohol oxidase genes and proteins from Candida tropicalis and methods relating thereto

Abstract

The present invention provides fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) proteins and nucleic acid molecules encoding the FAO proteins. Also provided are analogs, derivatives, and enzymatically active fragments of the FAO proteins. Vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid molecules encoding the FAO proteins, analogs, derivatives and enzymatically active fragments thereof are also provided. In addition, FAO signature peptides and isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding the signature peptides are provided by the present invention. Methods of producing or increasing production of a subject FAO protein, methods for increasing aldehyde production during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, methods for increasing production of a ketone from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, and methods for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid are also provided.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Several genetically engineered strains of Candida tropicalis have been used in fermentations for the bioconversion of the 18-carbon fatty acid known as oleic acid to 18-carbon dicarboxylic acid. When grown on fatty acids, wild-type C. tropicalis converts long chain fatty acids to acetyl CoA by a process known as β-oxidation, which is the sequential catabolism of 2-carbon length fragments of a fatty acid to acetyl CoA. β-Oxidation is thus named because the initial oxidative attack occurs at the second carbon atom from the carboxylic group. C. tropicalis can also catabolize fatty acids through an ω-oxidation pathway in which only the terminal methyl carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, yielding a dicarboxylic acid. In ω-oxidation, the fatty acid is converted to dicarboxylic acid along a three-step pathway beginning with the oxidation of the terminal methyl group to an alcohol. This step is catalyzed by the hydroxylase complex that contains both the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) and cytochrome P450 reductase (NCP) proteins. The alcohol is then converted to an aldehyde by fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) and then to the dicarboxylic acid by an aldehyde dehydrogenase. The desired product is the long-chain dicarboxylic acid. A fatty alcohol oxidase is distinguished from an alcohol oxidase in its chain length specificity. Alcohol oxidases in general are specific for methanol but can sometimes oxidize alcohols up to C4. Fatty alcohol oxidases generally do not oxidize alcohols with chain lengths less than eight.

[0003] In wild-type Candida tropicalis, β-oxidation consumes fatty acids much faster than the ω-oxidation pathway can oxidize them. However, by inactivating the POX 4 and POX 5 genes, which gene products are responsible for the initiation of β-oxidation, such genetically engineered C. tropicalis strains preferentially shunt fatty acids into the ω-oxidation pathway. The base strain used for the development of various gene-amplified strains is H5343, which is C. tropicalis strain 20336 (American Type Culture Collection) with both POX 4 and POX 5 genes inactivated by insertional inactivation. The primary strain used in larger-scale production fermentations is HDC23-3, which is derived from H5343, but also has the CYP52A2 (a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase) gene amplified. The hydroxylase complex is responsible for catalyzing the first step in ω-oxidation, which is considered the rate-limiting step. Amplification of the CYP52A2 and NCP genes help to overcome this rate-limitation, but then the next bottleneck becomes the conversion of the alcohol to the aldehyde by the FAO enzyme. During fermentations with HDC23-3, it has been discovered that a small amount (ca. 0.5% w/w in broth) of ω-hydroxy fatty acid (HFA) accumulates during the fermentation. This partial oxidation product interferes with later purification steps and causes lower overall yields. There is an additional need therefore, for reducing the bottleneck in the conversion of the alcohol to an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway.

[0004] A small number of fatty alcohol oxidases have been described in the scientific literature in various yeasts, examples of which are Candida tropicalis (1, 2, 3, 4), Candida maltosa (5,6), Candida cloacae (4), Torulopsis candida (7), Candida (Torulopis) bombicola (8), and Candida (Torulopsis) apicola (9). The FAO was purified from the hexadecane-grown yeast, T. candida (7) and described as a tetramer (mw 290 kD) with subunit mol. wt. of 75 kD. It has a pH optimum of 7.6 and oxidizes higher alcohols with a carbon chain length of C4 to C16. Hexadecane-grown C. bombicola (8) apparently has two different alcohol oxidase activities, one with an optimal chain length specificity of 10 for n-alcohols and another with an optimal chain length specificity of 14. The FAO from C. maltosa (6) catalyzes the oxidation of 1-alkanols (C4 to C22) with highest activity utilizing 1-octanol. It also oxidizes 2-alkanols (C8 to C16). α,ω-Alkanediols, ω-hydroxypalmitic acid, phenylalkanols and terpene alcohols were all found to be substrates for the FAO, but at fairly low rates of oxidation. The oxidation of 2-alkanols is stereoselective for the R(−) enantiomers only.

[0005] The FAO from C. tropicalis (ATCC 20336) grown on hexadecane was first described by Kemp et al. in 1988 (1). It was found to oxidize 1-alkanols from C4 to C18, but has a maximal activity with dodecanol. It was found to oxidize 16-hydroxypalmitate but not 12-hydroxylaurate. The FAO was later purified (3) and was shown to be a dimer (mw=145 kD) with subunit molecular weight of 68-72 kD. The purified enzyme showed similar substrate specificity as described previously, but demonstrated additional activity with 12-hydroxylaurate and 2-dodecanol. The enzyme was found to be a light sensitive flavoprotein, but the identity of the flavin was not known.(10).

[0006] Recently two FAO genes from C. cloacae and one FAO gene from C. tropicales were cloned and the DNA sequences determined (4, 12). The open reading frame (ORF) for FAO1 and FAO2 from C. cloacae were 2094 bp and 2091 bp, respectively. The ORF for FAOT from C. tropicalis was 2112 bp. FAOT shares 60.6% and 61.7% nucleotide identities and 74.8% and 76.2% amino acid sequence similarities with C. cloacae FAO1 and FAO2, respectively. The FAO1 gene but not the FAO2 gene has been successfully cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli.

[0007] The present invention provides FAO genes from C. tropicalis and compositions and methods employing the FAO genes. The compositions and methods are useful for increasing FAO activity during the second step of omega-oxidation of fatty acids and ultimately result in an increase in diacid productivity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1 is a restriction map of FAO1jf which is the coding region of the FAO1 gene ligated into the expression vector pJF118EH.

[0009] FIG. 2 is a restriction map of FAO2jf which is the coding region of the FAO2 gene ligated into the expression vector pJF118EH.

[0010] FIG. 3 graphically depicts typical alcohol oxidase activity in lab-scale fermentations with oleic acid as substrate.

[0011] FIG. 4 graphically depicts activity of FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′ on 1-alkanols.

[0012] FIG. 5 graphically depicts activity of FAO1, FAO2a and FAO2a′ on 2-alkanols.

[0013] FIG. 6 graphically depicts activity of FAO1, FAO2, and FAO2a′ on other alkanols.

[0014] FIG. 7 graphically depicts a comparison of productivity in fermentations with FAO-amplified strains or base strain, H5343.

[0015] FIG. 8 graphically depicts a comparison of ω-hydroxyfatty acid concentration in fermentations with FAO-amplified strain, HDC40-7, or base strain, H5343.

[0016] FIG. 9 graphically depicts a comparison of alcohol oxidase activity between the FAO1-amplified strain, HDC40-7, and the base strain, H5343.

[0017] FIG. 10 graphically depicts a comparison of ω-hydroxyfatty acid concentration in fermentations with FAO-amplified strains, HDC40-1, HDC40-5, or HDC40-7, using ricinoleic acid as substrate.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0018] The present invention provides fatty alcohol oxidase proteins comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 10, or 12, including analogs, derivatives, or enzymatically active fragments thereof. Also provided are isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding fatty alcohol oxidase proteins comprising the amino acid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 10, or 12, including analogs, derivatives, or enzymatically active fragments thereof. Examples of such isolated nucleic acid molecules include those having the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 9, and 11.

[0019] The present invention also provides a peptide consisting of or comprising the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:19.

[0020] In addition, the present invention also provides a fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 82% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 83% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 84% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, this fatty alcohol oxidase further comprising a signature peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13.

[0021] A fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 is also provided. Preferably, this fatty alcohol oxidase comprises a signature peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in at least one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:19.

[0022] Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, such a fatty alcohol oxidase also comprises a signature peptide having the sequence set forth in at least one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:19.

[0023] In addition, there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13. For example, the isolated nucleic acid may comprise the nucleotide sequence:

[0024] TGY GGN TTY TGY TAY YTN GGN TGY

[0025] wherein:

[0026] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0027] Also provided is an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14. For example, such an isolated nucleic acid molecule may comprise the nucleotide sequence: ATH ATH GGN WSN GGN GCN GGN GCN GGN GTN AUG GCN wherein:

[0028] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0029] The present invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:19. An example of such a nucleotide sequence includes an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence:

[0030] GCN GGN WSN ACN YTN GGN GGN GGN

[0031] wherein R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0032] The present invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and having a sequence identity of greater than 77% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1; an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and having a sequence identity of greater than 78% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3; an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and having a sequence identity of greater than 79% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0033] In addition, the present invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, and an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1094-3213 of the nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0034] In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising an open reading frame (ORF) for a fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) gene from Candida tropicalis wherein the ORF is operably linked to a promoter which is capable of affecting expression of the ORF. Preferably, the FAO comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:10, or SEQ ID NO:12. In another preferred embodiment, the ORF comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0035] Vectors comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecules described herein are also provided. Such vectors include but are not limited to plasmids, phagemids, phage, cosmids, or linear DNA vectors. In addition, host cells are also provided which host cells comprise a subject vector or isolated nucleic acid molecule. Examples of host cells include bacterial cells, fungal cells, insect cells, animal cells or plant cells. examples of fungal cells include those of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp. Host cells of Candida tropicalis are especially preferred.

[0036] The present invention also provides a method of producing an FAO1 protein. The method comprises: transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring expression of the FAO1 protein.

[0037] In addition, the present invention provides a method of producing an FAO2a protein. The method comprises the steps of: transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring expression of the FAO2a protein.

[0038] A method of producing an FAO2b protein is further provided. The method comprises the steps of transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.

[0039] In accordance with the present invention, there is also provided a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. The method comprises the steps of:

[0040] (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes;

[0041] (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and

[0042] (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0043] Also provided by the present invention is a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acid. The method comprises the steps of:

[0044] (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes;

[0045] (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and

[0046] (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

[0047] A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids is still further provided. The method comprises the steps of:

[0048] (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes;

[0049] (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2b protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and

[0050] (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0051] A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid is also provided. The method comprises: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0052] The present invention still further provides a method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2a genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2a gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

[0053] In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2b genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0054] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for increasing the production of an FAO1 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. The method comprises the steps of:

[0055] (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring level of FAO1 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO1 gene that encodes the FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and

[0056] (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO1 gene.

[0057] A method for increasing the production of an FAO2 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 is further provided. The method comprises:

[0058] (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of FAO2 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO2 gene that encodes the FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and

[0059] (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO2 gene.

[0060] In yet another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. The method comprises the steps of:

[0061] (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene;

[0062] (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene;

[0063] (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene;

[0064] (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector;

[0065] (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

[0066] A method for increasing production of an aldehyde from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids is still further provided. The method comprises the steps of:

[0067] (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene;

[0068] (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene,

[0069] (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene;

[0070] (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector;

[0071] (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and

[0072] (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

[0073] A method of increasing production of an ketone from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids is additionally provided. The method comprises the steps of:

[0074] (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene;

[0075] b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene,

[0076] (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene;

[0077] (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector;

[0078] (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and

[0079] (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

[0080] In still another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for increasing dicarboxylic acid production. The method comprises the steps of:

[0081] (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene;

[0082] (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene;

[0083] (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene;

[0084] (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector;

[0085] (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and

[0086] (t) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the ORF of the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0087] A method of increasing dicarboxylic acid production is still further provided. The method comprises the steps of:

[0088] (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene;

[0089] (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene,

[0090] (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene;

[0091] (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (d) transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and

[0092] (e) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the ORF of the FAO2 gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0093] Diacid productivity is improved according to the present invention by selectively increasing enzymes which are known to be important to the oxidation of organic substrates such as fatty acids or aliphatic compounds, such as alkanes. In accordance with the present invention, two fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) genes of C. tropicalis, have been identified and characterized. The FAO genes encode fatty alcohol oxidase enzymes, which catalyze the conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway. Amplification of the FAO gene copy number and/or transcriptional activity in a host cell results in higher alcohol oxidase activity, higher diacid productivity, and, when fatty acid substrates are used, lower ω-hydroxy fatty acid levels.

[0094] The present invention provides nucleotide sequences from C. tropicalis that encode two different fatty alcohol oxidases, each of which has a different substrate specificity. In one embodiment, there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes the fatty alcohol oxidase enzyme FAO1, having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. An example of such an isolated nucleic acid molecule includes the FAO1 gene having the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0095] In another aspect of the invention, there are provided isolated nucleic acid molecules that encode the fatty alcohol oxidase enzyme FAO2. In accordance with the present invention, two alleles have been identified and isolated which encode the FAO2 enzyme. The two alleles, FAO2a and FAO2b, are 95% identical by DNA sequence and have 98% similarity by amino acid sequence. The FAO2a enzyme comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. An example of a nucleotide sequence which encodes the FAO2a enzyme is set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. The FAO2b enzyme comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. An example of a nucleotide sequence which encodes the FAO2b enzyme is set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0096] It has recently been determined that certain eukaryotes, e.g., certain yeasts, do not adhere, in some respects, to the “universal” genetic code which provides that particular codons (triplets of nucleic acids) code for specific amino acids. Indeed, the genetic code is “universal” because it is virtually the same in all living organisms. Certain Candida sp. are now known to translate the CTG codon (which, according to the “universal” code designates leucine), as serine. See, e.g., Ueda et al., Biochemie (1994) 76, 1217-1222, where C. tropicalis, C. cylindracea, C. guilliermodii and C. lusitaniae are shown to adhere to the “non-universal” code with respect to the CTG codon. Accordingly, nucleic acid sequences may code for one amino acid sequence in “universal” code organisms and a variant of that amino acid sequence in “non-universal” code organisms depending on the presence of CTG codons in the nucleic acid coding sequence. The difference may become evident when, in the course of genetic engineering, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein is transferred from a “non-universal” code organism to a “universal” code organism or vice versa. Obviously, there will be a different amino acid sequence depending on which organism is used to express the protein.

[0097] Thus, the present invention also provides an amino acid sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO:10) for an FAO2a enzyme when FAO2a is expressed in a species of Candida such as C. tropicalis. The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 has a serine residue at position 177. An example of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 is provided by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 where a TCG codon is substituted for a CTG codon at position 2049-2051.

[0098] The present invention also provides an amino acid sequence (set forth in SEQ ID NO:12) for an FAO2b enzyme when FAO2b is expressed in a species of Candida such as C. tropicalis. The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 has a serine residue at position 177. An example of a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 is provided by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 where a TCG codon is substituted for a CTG codon at positions 1627-1629.

[0099] The present invention also provides FAO proteins. For example, there is provided an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. Further, there is provided an FAO2a protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. In another embodiment, there is provided an FAO2b protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. In yet another embodiment, there is provide an FAO2a protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof. In still another embodiment, an FAO2b protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or an enzymatically active fragment thereof is provided. As used herein, “enzymatically active fragment” refers to a portion of the FAO enzyme which is sufficient to retain enzymatic activity in converting an alcohol to an aldehyde.

[0100] In accordance with the present invention, FAO1 and FAO2 proteins may be prepared by methods familiar to those skilled in the art such as by cloning the FAO1 and FAO2 genes (including the FAO2a and/or FAO2b alleles) into an appropriate expression vector followed by expression in a suitable host cell. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,420, incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. The relevant enzyme or fragment thereof, may also be generated by direct amplification of corresponding coding sequence via PCR, followed by standard recombinant procedures and expression in a suitable host cell. With respect to FAO analogs, derivatives, FAO-like molecules, portions or enzymatically active fragments thereof (as defined herein), PCR primers may be designed to allow direct amplification of coding sequences for corresponding amino acid insertional, deletional, or substitutional amino acid variants (as defined herein). Primers for use in PCR may be synthetic oligonucleotides prepared on an automated oligonucleotide synthesizer such as an ABI DNA synthesizer available from Perkin-Elmer Corporation. In addition, oligonucleotides may be purchased from commercial manufacturers, for example, from Synthetic Genetics (San Diego, Calif.). FAO1 and FAO2 proteins may also be chemically synthesized using well-known methodologies.

[0101] The appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into a vector by a variety of procedures deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art, which can include insertion of the DNA into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) or cloning the DNA sequence into the expression vectors using high fidelity polymerase chain reaction. Standard techniques for the construction of such vectors are well-known to those of ordinary skill in the art and may be found in references such as Sambrook et al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., or any of the myriad of laboratory manuals on recombinant DNA technology which are widely available. A variety of strategies are available for ligating fragments of DNA, the choice of which depends on the nature of the termini of the DNA fragments. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression, or sequences that facilitate cloning, expression or processing.

[0102] In addition, the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.

[0103] The vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence as hereinabove described, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an appropriate host to permit the host to express the enzyme. “Transformation” includes all forms of causing uptake of foreign DNA by a host cell. The transformed cells are then screened for those that contain the desired DNA and the successful transformants are cultured under conditions that affect the expression of the coding sequences.

[0104] Representative examples of appropriate hosts include bacterial cells, such as E. coli and Streptomyces; fungal cells, such as yeast; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9; animal cells; adenoviruses; plant cells, etc. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein and can include expression host BL21 or BL21 CodonPlus RIL strain (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.).

[0105] Following transformation of the host strain, the enzyme is induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period. If the FAO coding sequence is under control of its native promoter, oleic acid may be used to induce expression. If the FAO is operably linked to a heterologous promoter, other inducers may be used. One preferred method of induction is through the use of IPTG (Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside).

[0106] Cells are typically disrupted by physical or chemical means known to those skilled in the art, centrifuged, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification. Purification of FAO1 or FAO2 or fragment thereof can be carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art and can include chromatographic techniques, such as histidine-tag affinity chromatography and Nickel affinity chromatography. Commercially available kits for this purification can be purchased from vendors (Qiagen, Inc. Chatsworth, Calif.; Novagen, Calif., USA). An immunoassay, such as a Western blot assay, can then be utilized to verify the presence of the recombinant enzyme.

[0107] Also in accordance with the present invention, three different signature peptide sequences which are unique to the FAO1 and FAO2 proteins of the present invention have been discovered. The first signature peptide has the amino acid sequence: CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). This first signature peptide is found in both FAO1 and FAO2 proteins of the present invention but not in other previously characterized yeast FAO proteins. With reference to SEQ ID NO:2 (FAO1 protein), SEQ ID NO:4 (FAO2a protein), and SEQ ID NO:6 (FAO2b protein), the first signature peptide (SEQ ID NO:13) is located at amino acid positions 355 to 362. A second signature peptide has the amino acid sequence IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14). This second signature peptide is present in the FOA2a and FAO2b proteins of the present invention but not in the FAO1 protein of the present invention, nor previously characterized yeast FAO proteins. With reference to SEQ ID NOs:4 and 6, the second signature peptide is located at amino acid positions 198 to 209. A third signature peptide is found in the FAO2a and FAO2b proteins of the present invention but not in other previously characterized yeast FAO proteins. The third signature peptide has the amino acid sequence AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). With reference to SEQ ID NOs:4 and 6, this third signature peptide is located at amino acid positions 262 to 269.

[0108] Thus in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a peptide having the amino acid sequence: CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a peptide having the amino acid sequence IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14). A peptide having the amino acid sequence AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19) is also provided by the present invention. These peptides are useful e.g., in producing antibodies which specifically bind to a yeast FAO comprising the amino acid sequence of the signature peptides. Such antibodies are useful in immunoassays such as radioimmunoassays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), Westerns blot, immunofluorescent assays, chemiluminescent assays and bioluminescent assays. These types of assays are useful for monitoring the FAO enzyme levels at different times during a fermentation run and can aid in solving problems that might arise during fermentation.

[0109] Structurally related amino acid sequences may be substituted for the disclosed sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, or 19 in practicing the present invention. Amino acid insertional derivatives of the proteins and peptides of the present invention include amino and/or carboxyl terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Insertional amino acid sequence variants are those in which one or more amino acid residues are introduced into a predetermined site in a subject FAO protein or peptide although random insertion is also possible with suitable screening of the resulting product. Deletional variants may be made by removing one or more amino acids from the sequence of a subject peptide. Substitutional amino acid variants are those in which at least one residue in the sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Typical substitutions are those made in accordance with the following Table 1:

TABLE 1
Suitable residues for amino acid substitutions
Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions
Ala (A)          Ser
Arg (R)          Lys
Asn (N)          Gln; His
Asp (D)          Glu
Cys (C)          Ser
Gln (Q)          Asn
Glu (E)          Asp
Gly (G)          Pro
His (H)          Asn; Gln
Ile (I)          Leu; Val
Leu (L)          Ile; Val
Lys (K)          Arg; Gln; Glu
Met (M)          Leu; Ile
Phe (F)          Met; Leu; Tyr
Ser (S)          Thr
Thr (T)          Ser
Trp (W)          Tyr
Tyr (Y)          Trp; Phe
Val (V)          Ile; Leu

[0110] When a subject FAO protein or peptide is derivatised by amino acid substitution, the amino acids are generally replaced by other amino acids having like properties such as hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, electronegativety, bulky side chains and the like. As used herein, the terms “derivative”, “analogue”, “fragment”, “portion” and “like molecule” refer to a subject FAO protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, 6, 10 or 12 and having an amino acid substitution, insertion, addition, or deletion, as long as said derivative, analogue, fragment, portion, or like molecule retains the ability to function as a fatty alcohol oxidase, i.e., retains the ability to convert an alcohol to an aldehyde. Likewise, the terms “derivative”, “analogue”, “fragment”, “portion” and “like molecule” may also refer to a subject FAO signature peptide having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 13, 14, or 19 and having an amino acid substitution, insertion, addition, or deletion, as long as said derivative, analogue, fragment, portion, or like molecule of an FAO signature peptide, when incorporated within a larger FAO protein, derivative, analogue, fragment, portion or like-molecule, does not diminish FAO activity.

[0111] The synthetic peptides of the present invention may be synthesized by a number of known techniques. For example, the peptides may be prepared using the solid-phase technique initially described by Merrifield (1963) in J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149-2154. Other peptide synthesis techniques may be found in M. Bodanszky et al. Peptide Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons, 2d Ed., (1976) and other references readily available to those skilled in the art. A summary of polypeptide synthesis techniques may be found in J. Sturart and J. S. Young, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill., (1984). Peptides may also be synthesized by solution methods as described in The Proteins, Vol. II, 3d Ed., Neurath, H. et al., Eds., pp. 105-237, Academic Press, New York, N.Y. (1976). Appropriate protective groups for use in different peptide syntheses are described in the texts listed above as well as in J. F. W. McOmie, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, Plenum Press, New York, N.Y. (1973). The peptides of the present invention may also be prepared by chemical or enzymatic cleavage from larger portions of a subject FAO protein or from a full length FAO protein.

[0112] Additionally, the FAO proteins and peptides of the present invention may also be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques. For most amino acids used to build proteins, more than one coding nucleotide triplet (codon) can code for a particular amino acid residue. This property of the genetic code is known as redundancy. Therefore, a number of different nucleotide sequences may code for a particular FAO protein or peptide.

[0113] Thus, other FAO proteins or enzymatically active fragments thereof, which share sufficient amino acid identities with the FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2b of the present invention (SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, and 6) are within the scope of the present invention. For example, the present invention provides an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 82% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 82% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO1 set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In another embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 83% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 83% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In still another embodiment, an FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 84% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 84% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises the signature motif GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Even more preferably, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 comprises the signature motif GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In a still more preferred embodiment, a subject FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. In this embodiment, it is preferable that a subject FAO enzyme having an amino acid identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 also comprises the signature motif GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In a most preferred embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid identity greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. In this embodiment, it is preferable that a subject FAO enzyme having an amino acid identity of greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO1 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 also comprises the signature motif GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0114] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, the subject FAO enzyme preferably also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In another embodiment, a subject FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the subject FAO enzyme comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In an even more preferred embodiment, a subject FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, a subject FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 87% preferably also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Still more preferably, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 preferably comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In an even more preferred embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVM (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In a most preferred embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2a as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 preferably also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVM (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0115] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, an FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence of FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In another embodiment, a subject FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 preferably comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Even more preferably, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 preferably comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Still more preferably, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 preferably also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVM (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In an even more preferred embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid sequence identity greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b enzyme as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 also comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVM (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In a most preferred embodiment, the FAO enzyme has an amino acid sequence identity greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. In this embodiment, the FAO enzyme having an amino acid identity greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence of the FAO2b as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 also preferably comprises the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVM (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), and/or GGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0116] The present invention also provides nucleic acid molecules comprising nucleotide sequences which code for the signature motif of a subject FAO1 and FAO2. For example, a nucleotide sequence which encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13) is provided as:

TGY GGN TTY TGY TAY YTN GGN TGY (SEQ ID NO:32)

[0117] wherein:

[0118] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0119] In addition, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which codes for the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) of a subject FAO2 is provided which has the following sequence:

[0120] ATH ATH GGN WSN GGN GCN GGN GCN GGN GTN ATG GCN (SEQ ID NO:33)

[0121] wherein:

[0122] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0123] Further, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which codes for the signature motif AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19) is provided as:

GCN GGN WSN ACN YTN GGN GGN GGN (SEQ ID NO:34)

[0124] wherein R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0125] The nucleic acid molecules encoding the FAO1 and FAO2 signature motifs are useful for identifying and isolating genes encoding FAO proteins from Candida tropicalis.

[0126] In another aspect of the invention, there are provided nucleotide sequences which have a sequence identity of greater than 77% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO1 ORF (SEQ ID NO:1) and which also encode the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 78% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO1 ORF (SEQ ID NO:1) and encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). More preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a nucleic acid sequence identity of greater than 79% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO1 ORF (SEQ ID NO:1) and encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Even more preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 79% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO1 ORF (SEQ ID NO:1) and encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). In a most preferred embodiment, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 80% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO1 ORF (SEQ ID NO:1) and encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13).

[0127] In yet another aspect of the present invention there are provided nucleotide sequences which have a sequence identity of greater than 78% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2a ORF (SEQ ID NO:3) and which also encode the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). Preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 79% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2a ORF (SEQ ID NO:3) and encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). More preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 80% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2 ORF (SEQ ID NO:3) and encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19).

[0128] In yet another aspect of the present invention there are provided nucleotide sequences which have a sequence identity of greater than 78% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2b ORF (SEQ ID NO:5) and which also encode the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). Preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 79% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2b ORF (SEQ ID NO:5) and encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). More preferably, the nucleotide sequence has a sequence identity of greater than 80% when compared to the nucleotide sequence of the subject FAO2b ORF (SEQ ID NO:5) and encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19).

[0129] Methods of alignment of nucleotide and amino acid sequences for comparison are well known in the art. Thus, the determination of percent identity between any two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (CGC), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default programs. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higns et al., 1988, Higgins et al., 1989, Corpet et al. 1988, Huang et al. 1992, and Pearson et al., 1994. Softeware for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information ( ). For purposes of the present invention, comparison of amino acid and nucleotide sequences for determination of percent sequence identity to the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of FAO1 and FAO2, is preferably made using the BlastN program (version 1.4.7 or later) with its default parameters or any equivalent program. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequence comparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates an alignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches and an identical percent sequence identity when compared to the corresponding alignment generated by the preferred program.

[0130] Another way of describing isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a subject FAO is in terms of hybridization to the coding sequences (ORFs) of the subject FAO1 (SEQ ID NO:2) and FAO2a and FAO2b genes (SEQ ID NOs: 4 and 6, respectively). Thus in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to the coding sequence of the subject FAO1 gene i.e., nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and which also encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13). Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to the coding sequence of the subject FAO1 gene and encodes the signature motif CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13), comprises the nucleotide sequence:

TGY GGN TTY TGY TAY YTN GGN TGY (SEQ ID NO:32)

[0131] wherein:

[0132] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0133] The present invention further provides a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to the coding sequence of the subject FOA2a gene, i.e., nucleotides 1521-3635 of SEQ ID NO:3, or FAO2b gene, i.e., nucleotides 1099-3213 of SEQ ID NO:5, and which also encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19). Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to the coding sequence of a subject FAO2a or FAO2b gene and encodes the signature motif IIGSGAGAGVMA (SEQ ID NO:14) and/or and/or CGFCYLGC (SEQ ID NO:13) and/or AGSTLGGG (SEQ ID NO:19), comprises the nucleotide sequence:

(SEQ ID NO:33)
ATH ATH GGN WSN GGN GCN GGN GCN GGN GTN AUG GCN
and/or
(SEQ ID NO:32)
TGY GGN TTY TGY TAY YTN GGN TGY
and/or
(SEQ ID NO:34)
GCN GGN WSN ACN YTN GGN GGN GGN

[0134] wherein:

[0135] R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T,H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

[0136] As used herein, hybridization under medium or high stringency conditions are as described in Maniatis et al. 1982 Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, N.Y., at pages 387-389, and especially pragraph 11 which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. A low stringency is defined as being in 4-6 S×SSC/1% (w/v) SDS at 37-45° C. for 2-3 hours. Medium stringency conditions are considered herein to be 1-4×SSC/0.5%-1% (w/v) SDS at greater than or equal to 45° C. for 2-3 hours. High stringency conditions are considered herein to be 0.1-1×SSC/0.1%-1% (w/v) SDS at greater than or equal to 60° C. for 1-3 hours. As used herein, medium to high stringency conditions refer to conditions which are either medium stringency conditions, high stringency conditions, or conditions between medium and high stringency. Preferably, an isolated nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes to the ORF of the subject FAO1 or FAO2 genes, hybridizes under high stringency conditions.

[0137] The present invention further provides a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding FAO1 having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. In a preferred embodiment, the vector comprises an FAO1 gene having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Also provided is a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding FAO2a having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4. Preferably, the vector comprises an FAO2a gene having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Still further provided is a vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding FAO2b having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6. Preferably, the vector comprises an FAO2b gene having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0138] In accordance with the present invention, any of the nucleic acid sequences hereinbefore described may be incorporated into a vector. In addition, it should be understood that a vector may also comprise an open reading frame for both an FAO1 and FAO2 gene, as well as fragments thereof.

[0139] A host cell is also provided which is transfected or transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding a subject FAO1 and/or FAO2a and/or FAO2b. For example, a host cell may be transfected or transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding an amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 4, or 6. Preferably, the host cell is transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding an FAO1 gene comprising the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:1. In another preferred embodiment, the host cell is transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding an FAO2a gene comprising the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:3. In still another preferred embodiment, the host cell is transformed with a nucleic acid molecule encoding an FAO2b gene comprising the nucleotide sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO:5. It should be understood that the present invention also encompasses host cells transfected or transformed with any of the nucleic acid sequences hereinbefore described.

[0140] Depending upon the host cell transformed with a subject FAO2a or FAO2b gene, the CUG codon in mRNA corresponding to nucleotide positions 2049-2051 of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5 will be translated differently. For example, while CUG codons are translated as serine in C. tropicalis other host organisms follow the universal code and translate CUG codons as leucine. Therefore, in order to ensure that the mRNA codon corresponding to nucleotide positions 2049-2051 of SEQ ID No:3 and nucleotide positions 1627-1629 in SEQ ID No:5 in a subject FAO2 gene is translated to serine in a host cell other than C. tropicalis, such codon should be one which is translated to serine following the universal code. Examples of such codons include UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, and AGC. Methods of altering DNA sequence (and therefore codons in corresponding transcribed mRNA sequence) are well known in the art and include e.g., various in vitro mutagenesis techniques. There are various commercially available kits particularly suited for this application such as the T7-Gen in vitro mutagenesis Kit (USB, Cleveland, Ohio). Alternatively, PCR technology may be employed to alter nucleotide sequence. If an FAO2 gene is chemically synthesized, nucleotide sequence corresponding to positions 2049-2051 of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 5 can be synthesized as DNA which transcribes a codon translatable to serine following the universal code, e.g., incorporating DNA sequence corresponding to those codons listed above.

[0141] In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes FAO1 is manipulated so that the native FAO1 gene promoter is removed and a promoter from another gene is operably linked to the FAO1 gene coding sequence. Similarly, an isolated nucleic acid molecule which encodes FAO2 is preferably manipulated so that the native FAO2 gene promoter is removed and a promoter from another gene is operably linked to the FAO2 gene coding sequence. The term “operably linked” refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences so that the function of one is affected by the other. A promoter is operably linked with an open reading frame of a gene, when it is capable of affecting the expression of the open reading frame (ORF) (i.e., the ORF is under the transcriptional control of the promoter.) Notwithstanding the presence of other sequences between the promoter and the ORF, it should be understood that a promoter may still be operably linked to the ORF.

[0142] Desirable promoters for substitution into an FAO1 or FAO2 gene include promoters which may be induced at various times during bioconversion in response to certain stimuli (e.g., stress, substrate, cell death) thereby leading to increased aldehyde production and increased dicarboxylic acid production at defined times during the bioprocess. Examples of promoters suitable for operably linking to the FAO1 or FAO2 open reading frames include e.g., CYP52A2A, CYP52A5A, and CYP52A1A (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,420, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.) With respect to use of the CYP52A2A promoter, see also copending patent application Ser. No. 09/911,781, the disclosure of which is also incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. The CYP52A2A gene of C. tropicalis 20336 is one gene from a family of genes involved in the metabolism of oleic acid to produce oleic dicarboxylic acid. The level of transcriptional induction of this gene in an oleic acid fermentation is many fold (>25) above other members of the same family. Example 6 herein describes the making of fusions between the CYP52A2A gene promoter and the ORF of FAO1 and FAO2 genes. Promoters from Candida β-oxidation genes such as POX 4 or POX 5 may also be operably linked to an ORF frame of an FAO1 or FAO2 gene. Preferably, a CYP52A2A gene promoter is used to drive expression of an FAO1 or FAO2 gene.

[0143] Thus, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a nucleotide sequence for an open reading frame (ORF) of a gene encoding an FAO having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the ORF is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. Preferably, a nucleotide sequence for an ORF encoding an FAO operably linked to a heterologous promoter comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0144] Similarly, there is provided a nucleotide sequence for an open reading frame (ORF) of an FAO having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 (FAO2a) or SEQ ID NO:6 (FAO2b), wherein the ORF is operably linked to a heterologous promoter. Preferably, a nucleotide sequence for an ORF encoding an FAO operably linked to a heterologous promoter comprises either nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth SEQ ID NO:5. As used herein, the term “heterologous promoter” is meant to include a promoter other than the native promoter associated with a particular FAO coding sequence. These nucleotide sequences can therefore also be described as chimeric genes.

[0145] In another aspect of the invention, there is provided an expression vector comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding an FAO1 or FAO2 gene operably linked to a heterologous promoter sequence. The term “expression vector” is used broadly herein and is intended to encompass any medium which includes a nucleic acid molecule and which can be used to transform a target cell. Expression vectors thus encompass all the examples of vectors listed herein including integration vectors. Examples of expression vectors include but are not limited to plasmids, phagemids, phage, cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes or linear DNA vectors. Examples of plasmids include but are not limited to e.g., yeast episomal plasmids or yeast replication plasmids.

[0146] A method of producing an FAO1 protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 is also provided. The method comprises the steps of (a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein.

[0147] A method of producing an FAO2a protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 is also provided. The method comprises the steps of (a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring expression of the protein.

[0148] A method of producing an FAO2b protein including an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 is also provided. The method comprises the steps of (a) transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (b) culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein

[0149] In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0150] A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids may also comprise the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

[0151] Alternatively, a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2b protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde. Preferably, the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0152] In another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid. The method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

[0153] Alternatively, a method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2a genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2a gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

[0154] Alternatively, a method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid comprises the steps of: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2b genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0155] A method for increasing the production of an FAO1 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 is further provided. The method comprises the steps of: (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring level of FAO1 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO1 gene that encodes the FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 and (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO1 gene.

[0156] A method for increasing the production of an FAO2 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or 6 is also provided. The method comprises the steps of: (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of FAO2 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO2 gene that encodes the FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or 6; and (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO2 gene.

[0157] In addition to amplifying the FAO genes to improve diacid productivity and decrease ω-hydroxy fatty acid formation, the FAO genes can be used to create knockout constructs to disrupt the native FAO genes in Candida tropicalis. Methods for making knockout constructs and use of the same for gene disruption are well known in the art. The disruption of native FAO genes in C. tropicalis block the diacid pathway at that step and allow for a build-up of α,ω-dihydroxy compounds when utilizing alkane substrates and ω-hydroxy fatty acids when using fatty acid substrates.

[0158] The present invention provides additional methods for increasing production of an aldehyde from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids and ultimately, for increasing production of dicarboxylic acid. For example, a method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids comprises the steps of: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene; (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2. Preferably, the organic substrate is an ω-hydroxy fatty acid.

[0159] Production of an aldehyde from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids may also be increased by: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the FAO2 nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

[0160] Production of an ketone from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids may also be increased by: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the organic substrate is a 2-alkanol. Preferably, the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

[0161] In accordance with the methods of the present invention, dicarboxylic acid production may be increased by: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene; (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the ORF of the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the organic substrate is an ω-hydroxy fatty acid.

[0162] Dicarboxylic acid production may also be increased by: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid. Preferably, the ORF of the FAO2 gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

[0163] It is to be understood, that in any of the methods disclosed herein, FAO1 and FAO2 may be separately produced in a host cell. Alternatively, both FAO1 and FAO2 may be produced in the same host cell. Thus for example, a host cell may be transformed with: an expression vector comprising an FAO1 gene or fragment thereof, an expression vector comprising an FAO2a gene or fragment thereof, an expression vector comprising an FAO2b gene or fragment thereof, an expression vector comprising both an FAO1 and/or and FAO2a gene or fragment thereof and/ or an FAO2b gene or fragment(s) thereof, or any combination of such vectors.

[0164] It should be understood that host cells into which one or more copies of desired FAO1 and/or FAO2 genes (including FAO chimeric genes comprising an FAO1 or FAO2 gene operably linked to a heterologous promoter) have been introduced can be made to include such genes by any technique known to those skilled in the art. For example, suitable host cells include procaryotes such as Bacillus sp., Pseudomous sp., Actinomycetes sp., Eschericia sp., Mycobacterium sp., and eukaryotes such as yeast, algae, insect cells, plant cells and filamentous fungi. Suitable host cells are preferably yeast cells such as Yarrowia, Bebaromyces, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, and Pichia and more preferably those of the Candida genus. Preferred species of Candida are tropicalis, maltosa, apicola, paratropicalis, albicans, cloacae, guillermondii, intermedia, lipolytica, parapsilosis and zeylenoides. Particularly preferred hosts include C. tropicalis strains that have been genetically modified so that one or more of the chromosomal POX4A, POX4B and both POX5 genes have been disrupted as described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,254,466 and 5,620,878, each incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth. Such disruption blocks the β-oxidation pathway. Examples of β-oxidation blocked strains of C. tropicalis include H41, H41B, H51, H45, H43, H53, H534, H534B, H435 and H5343 (ATCC 20962) as described in aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,466.

[0165] Vectors such as plasmids, phagemids, phages or cosmids can be used to transform or transfect suitable host cells. Host cells may also be transformed by introducing into a cell a linear DNA vector(s) containing the desired gene sequence. Such linear DNA may be advantageous when it is desirable to avoid introduction of non-native (foreign) DNA into the cell. For example, DNA consisting of a desired target gene(s) flanked by DNA sequences which are native to the cell can be introduced into the cell by electroporation, lithium acetate transformation, spheroplasting and the like. Flanking DNA sequences can include selectable markers and/or other tools for genetic engineering.

[0166] A suitable organic substrate for use in the methods described herein can be any organic compound that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid (or any compound that is biooxidizable to a ketone group for the methods described herein directed to production of a ketone). Such a compound can be any saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compound or any carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic compound having at least one terminal methyl group, a terminal carboxyl group and/or a terminal functional group which is oxidizable to a carboxyl group by biooxidation. A terminal functional group which is a derivative of a carboxyl group may be present in the substrate molecule and may be converted to a carboxyl group by a reaction other than biooxidation. For example, if the terminal group is an ester that neither the wild-type C. tropicalis nor the genetic modifications described herein will allow hydrolysis of the ester functionality to a carboxyl group, then a lipase can be added during the fermentation step to liberate free fatty acids. Suitable organic substrates include, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and combinations thereof.

[0167] Alkanes are a type of saturated organic substrate which are useful herein. The alkanes can be linear or cyclic, branched or straight chain, substituted or unsubstituted. Particularly preferred alkanes are those having from about 4 to about 25 carbon atoms, examples of which include but are not limited to butane, hexane, octane, nonane, dodecane, tridecane, tetradecane, octadecane and the like.

[0168] Examples of unsaturated organic substrates which can be used herein include but are not limited to internal olefins such as 2-pentene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 9-octadecene and the like; alpha olefins such as 1-dodecene, 1-octadecene, 1-tetradecene, and the like; unsaturated carboxylic acids such as 2-hexenoic acid and esters thereof, oleic acid and esters thereof including triglyceryl esters having a relatively high oleic acid content, erucic acid and esters thereof including triglyceryl esters having a relatively high erucic acid content, ricinoleic acid and esters thereof including triglyceryl esters having a relatively high ricinoleic acid content, linoleic acid and esters thereof including triglyceryl esters having a relatively high linoleic acid content; unsaturated alcohols such as 3-hexen-1-ol, 9-octadecen-1-ol, saturated alcohols such as 2-decanol, 2-undecanol, 2-dodecanol, 2-hexadecanol, 10-undecen-1-ol; 1,2-octanediol; 1,10--decanediol; 1,2-dodecanediol; 1,16-hexadecanediol; 10-hydroxydecanoic acid; 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid; 16-hydroxydodecanoic acid and the like; unsaturated aldehydes such as 3-hexen-1-al, 9-octadecen-1-al and the like. In addition to the above, an organic substrate which can be used herein include alicyclic compounds having at least one internal carbon-carbon double bond and at least one terminal ethyl group, and/or a terminal functional group which is oxidizable to a carboxyl group by biooxidation.

[0169] The organic substrate can also contain other functional groups that are biooxidizable to carboxyl groups such as an aldehyde or alcohol group. The organic substrate can also contain other functional groups that are not biooxidizable to carboxyl groups and do not interfere with the biooxidation such as halogens, ethers, and the like.

[0170] Examples of saturated fatty acids which may be applied to cells incorporating the present FAO1 and FAO2 genes include caproic, enanthic, caprylic, pelargonic, capric, undecylic, lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic, arachidic, behenic acids and combinations thereof. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids which may be applied to cells incorporating the present FAO1 and FAO2 genes include palmitoleic, oleic, erucic, linoleic, linolenic acids and combinations thereof. Alkanes and fractions of alkanes may be applied which include chain links from C12 to C24 in any combination. An example of a preferred fatty acid mixture is High Oleic Sun Flower Fatty Acid (HOSFFA). HOSFFA is a fatty acid mixture containing approximately 80% oleic acid and is commercially available from Cognis Corporation as Edenor®. Emersol® is another HOSFFA commercially available from Cognis Corporation.

[0171] The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples which are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Materials and Methods

[0172] Transformation of C. tropicalis Using Lithium Acetate

[0173] The following protocol was used to transform C. tropicalis in accordance with the procedures described in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Supplement 5, 13.7.1 (1989) Frederick M. Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert E. Kingston, David D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, John A. Smith, and Kevin Struhl, eds., John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, N.J. 5 ml of YEPD was inoculated with C. tropicalis H5343 ura- and incubated overnight on a New Brunswick shaker at 30° C. and 170 rpm. The next day, the overnight culture was used to inoculate 50 ml YEPD at an OD600 of 0.2 and growth was continued at 30° C., 170 rpm. The cells were harvested at an OD600 of 1.0. The culture was transferred to a 50 ml polypropylene tube and centrifuged at 1000 ×g for 10 min. The cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml sterile TE (10 mM Tris-Cl and 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0). The cells were again centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min and the cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of a sterile lithium acetate solution (LiAc (0.1 M lithium acetate, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Following centrifugation at 1000×g for 10 min., the pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml LiAc. This solution was incubated for 1 hr at 30° C. while shaking gently at 50 rpm. A 0.1 ml aliquot of this suspension was incubated with 15-20 μg of transforming DNA at 30° C. with no shaking for 30 min. A 0.7 ml PEG solution (40% wt/vol polyethylene glycol 3340, 0.1 M lithium acetate, 10 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) was added and incubated at 30° C. for 45 min. The tubes were then placed at 42° C. for 10 min. A 0.2 ml aliquot was plated on synthetic complete media minus uracil (SC-uracil) (Kaiser et al. Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, USA, 1994). Growth of transformants was monitored for 5 days. After three days, several transformants were picked and transferred to SC-uracil plates for genomic DNA preparation and screening.

[0174] Fermentations

[0175] Fermentations were performed using High Oleic Sun Flower Fatty Acid (HOSFFA) as the substrate, with glucose used as the co-substrate. The HOSFFA used was approximately 85% oleic acid (84.45% oleic acid, 5.24% linoleic acid, 4.73% stearic acid, 3.87% palmitic acid, 1.71% other fatty acids). Fermentation runs had both a growth and a bioconversion phase. Cells were grown on glucose at 35° C. to an absorbance at 600 nm of 50 to 60. When the growth phase was completed as determined by a sharp rise in dissolved oxygen, the cells were immediately switched to the bioconversion phase, which was performed at a temperature of 30° C. A slow glucose feed (0.87 g/L/h from 0 to 42 h and 0.7 g/L/h thereafter) was used to supply energy. At the same time a small charge of HOSFFA (0.55% v/v) was added to the fermentation. Feeding of substrate (average feed rate of 1.6 g/L/h) continued during the remainder of the fermentation. H5343 is the base strain derived from Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336) blocked for β-oxidation, which has had the POX4 and POX5 genes disrupted by insertional mutagenesis. Strain HDC23-3 is an H5343 base strain that is amplified for a cytochrome P450 monoxygenase gene, CYP52A2, and the cytochrome P450 reductase (NCP) gene, both genes having been cloned from C. tropicalis ATCC 20336.

[0176] FAO Activity Profile During HOSFFA Fermentations

[0177] Washing of Cells

[0178] HDC23-3 cells from several fermentation runs, and taken at different time points in the fermentation runs, were prepared and assayed for FAO activity. Due to the high levels of solid diacid in the broth, particularly in samples taken later in the fermentation, the samples had to be washed extensively to remove the diacid prior to making extracts. Since frozen samples were found to lose a lot of enzyme activity (after washing and preparation of extracts), freshly sampled fermentation broth was placed on ice until ready for washing. This sample was thoroughly mixed and a 20 ml sample was removed. This sample was centrifuged (Sorvall RT6000B Refrigerated Centrifuge) at approximately 1,500×g (H1000B rotor at 2500 rpm) for 5 minutes to pellet the cells. The supernatant was decanted, and the cells were resuspended in 40 ml of 50 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.6. The sample was centrifuged at 1,500×g for only one minute, which pelleted the yeast cells, but allowed the less dense diacid product to “float” in the supernatant. The supernatant was decanted and the cells were washed again in 40 ml of buffer. After the second washing step, the cell pellet was examined for any sign of residual diacid, evidenced by a white precipitate on top of the cell pellet, or patches of white color in the cell pellet itself. Washing was repeated until the pellet was completely clear of all diacid and the cell pellet was a pale tan color throughout. During the course of the fermentation, as the cells produced more diacid, more washing steps were needed to free the cell pellet of diacid.

[0179] Preparation of Cell-Free Extracts

[0180] After washing away the diacid, the cell pellet was resuspended in 10 ml of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer with 20% glycerol, pH 7.6 (phosphate-glycerol buffer) for a two-fold concentration of cellular enzymes. 100 μl of a 100 mM solution of the serine-protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) in isopropanol, was added for a final concentration of 1 mM. The cells were then broken by passing the sample three times through a chilled French pressure cell (SLM Instruments, Inc. French Pressure Cell Press) at approximately 20,000 psig. The sample was stored on ice before, during and after breakage of the cells to prevent the loss of enzyme activity. This broken cell suspension was then centrifuged at approximately 37,000×g for 30 minutes to pellet the cellular debris, leaving the cellular enzymes in the supernatant. The supernatant (cell-free extract) was removed and saved to perform enzyme assays. During assays, this cellular extract was always kept on ice, and was stored at −20° C. between sets of assays to preserve enzyme activity.

[0181] FAO Enzyme Assay

[0182] The assay procedure used is a modification of an assay used by Kemp et al (1). The assay is a two-enzyme coupled reaction. Dodecanol was used as the substrate for the FAO, which oxidizes the dodecanol to dodecanal. At the same time it reduces molecular oxygen to hydrogen peroxide. A second enzyme in the reaction mixture, peroxidase derived from horseradish (HRP), uses electrons obtained by oxidizing hydrogen peroxide to reduce 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in the reaction mixture. Reduced ABTS absorbs strongly at 405 nm. The quality of HRP is important, since it has been observed that commercially obtained preparations vary in quality. It is necessary, therefore, to obtain preparations of highest purity. The HRP (Sigma #P8415) was made at a concentration of 2 mg/ml (≈250 units/mg) in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6. In experiments in which the amount of horseradish peroxidase was varied in the reaction mixture, it was found that 5 μl of this solution in a one ml reaction mixture was sufficient to obtain maximal velocity.

[0183] The final reaction mixture (1.0 ml) for the general alcohol oxidase assay consisted of: 500 μl of 200 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.6; 50 μl of a 10 mg/ml ABTS solution in deionized water; 10 μl of a 5 mM solution of dodecanol in acetone; and 5 μl of a 2 mg/ml horseradish peroxidase solution in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6. After adding the extract, the activity was generally read at 405 nm for one minute at room temperature. The amount of extract that was added to the reaction mixture was varied so that the activity fell within the range of 0.2 to 1.0 ΔA405 nm/min. Alcohol oxidase activity was reported as specific activity units/mg protein (1 unit=μmole substrate oxidized/min). An extinction coefficient at 405 nm of 18.4 was used for ABTS and was equivalent to 0.5 mM oxidized substrate. In certain substrate-specificity experiments, 200 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.6, containing 0.5% Triton X100 was used in place of the 200 mM HEPES buffer in the reaction mixture described above. The detergent aided in solubilizing some of the more water-insoluble substrates tested.

[0184] Preparation of Microsomes

[0185] Microsomes were prepared from Candida tropicalis cell-free extracts by centrifugation at 100,000×g for one hour at 4° C. The FAO was found within the pelleted microsomes. Catalase, a soluble enzyme, remained in the supernatant, which allowed the separation of these two enzymes. The supernatant was removed and assayed for FAO and catalase activity. The microsomal pellet was resuspended in an equivalent amount of phosphate-glycerol buffer, after which it was also assayed for catalase and FAO activity. Microsomes from Escherichia coli were prepared in the same manner.

[0186] Protein Determination

[0187] Protein concentration in the extracts was determined. The Lowry method of determining protein concentration gave much higher results than expected, and were inconsistent between protein determinations of the same samples. For this reason, a new procedure was performed using the Bradford Reagent (Sigma, #B6916) and following the protocol provided by the supplier.

EXAMPLE 2

Cloning of Fatty Alcohol Oxidase Genes

[0188] Preparation of Genomic DNA

[0189] 50 ml of YPD broth (Difco) was inoculated with a single colony of C. tropicalis 20336 from a YPD agar (Difco) plate and was grown overnight at 30° C. 5 ml of the overnight culture was inoculated into 100 ml of fresh YPD broth and incubated at 30° C. for 4 to 5 hr with shaking. Cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed twice with sterile distilled water and resuspended in 4 ml of spheroplasting buffer (1 M Sorbitol, 50 mM EDTA, 14 mM mercaptoethanol) and incubated for 30 min at 37° C. with gentle shaking. 0.5 ml of 2 mg/ml zymolyase (ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Irvine, Calif.) was added and incubated at 37° C. with gentle shaking for 30 to 60 min. Spheroplast formation was monitored by SDS lysis. Spheroplasts were harvested by brief centrifugation (4,000 rpm, 3 min) and were washed once with the spheroplast buffer without mercaptoethanol. Harvested spheroplasts were then suspended in 4 ml of lysis buffer (0.2 M Tris/pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA, 1% SDS) containing 100 mg/ml RNase (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) and incubated at 37° C. for 30 to 60 min.

[0190] Proteins were denatured and extracted twice with an equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1) by gently mixing the two phases by hand inversions. The two phases were separated by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min and the aqueous phase containing the high-molecular weight DNA was recovered. NaCl was added to the aqueous layer to a final concentration of 0.2 M and the DNA was precipitated by adding 2 volumes of ethanol. Precipitated DNA was spooled with a clean glass rod and resuspended in TE buffer (10 mM Tris/pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA) and allowed to dissolve overnight at 4° C. To the dissolved DNA, RNase free of any DNase activity (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) was added to a final concentration of 50 mg/ml and incubated at 37° C. for 30 min. Then protease (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) was added to a final concentration of 100 mg/ml and incubated at 55 to 60° C. for 30 min. The solution was extracted once with an equal volume of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) and once with equal volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). To the aqueous phase 0.1 volumes of 3 M sodium acetate and 2 volumes of ice cold ethanol (absolute) were added and the high molecular weight DNA was spooled with a glass rod and dissolved in 1 to 2 ml of TE buffer.

[0191] Library Preparation

[0192] A genomic library was constructed using λZAP Express™ vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). Genomic DNA was partially digested with Sau3A1 and fragments in the range of 6 to 12 kb were purified from an agarose gel after electrophoresis of the digested DNA. These DNA fragments were then ligated to BamHI digested λ ZAP Express™ vector arms according to manufacturer's protocols. Three ligations were set up to obtain approximately 9.8×105 independent clones. All three libraries were pooled and amplified according to manufacturer instructions to obtain high-titer (>109 plaque forming units/ml) stock for long-term storage. The titer of packaged phage library was ascertained after infection of E. coli XL1Blue-MRF′ cells. E. coli XL1Blue-MRF′ were grown overnight in either in LB medium (Difco) or NZCYM (Difco) containing 10 mM MgSO4 and 0.2% maltose at 37° C. or 30° C., respectively with shaking. Cells were then centrifuged and resuspended in 0.5 to 1 volume of 10 mM MgSO4. 200 μl of this E. coli culture was mixed with several dilutions of packaged phage library and incubated at 37° C. for 15 min. To this mixture 2.5 ml of LB top agarose or NZCYM top agarose (maintained at 60° C.) was added and plated on LB agar (Difco) or NCZYM agar (Difco) present in 82 mm petri dishes. Phage were allowed to propagate overnight at 37° C. to obtain discrete plaques and the phage titer was determined.

Screening Genomic Libraries (Plaque Form)

[0193] λ Library Plating

[0194] E. coli XL1Blue-MRF′ cells were grown overnight in LB medium (25 ml) containing 10 mM MgSO4 and 0.2% maltose at 37° C., 250 rpm. Cells were then centrifuged (2200×g for 10 min) and resuspended in 0.5 volumes of 10 mM MgSO4. 500 μl of this E. coli culture was mixed with a phage suspension containing 25,000 amplified lambda phage particles and incubated at 37° C. for 15 min. To this mixture 6.5 ml of NZCYM top agarose (maintained at 60° C.) was added and plated on 80-100 ml NCZYM agar present in a 150 mm petri dish. Phage were allowed to propagate overnight at 37° C. to obtain discrete plaques. After overnight growth, plates were stored in a refrigerator for 1-2 hrs before plaque lifts were performed.

[0195] Plaque Lift

[0196] Magna Lift™ nylon membranes (Micron Separations, Inc., Westborough, Mass.) were placed on the agar surface in complete contact with plaques and transfer of plaques to nylon membranes was allowed to proceed for 5 min at room temperature (RT). After plaque transfer the membrane was placed on 2 sheets of Whatman 3M™ (Whatman, Hillsboro, Oreg.) filter paper saturated with a 0.5 N NaOH, 1.0 M NaCl solution and left for 10 min at room temperature (RT) to denature DNA. Excess denaturing solution was removed by blotting briefly on dry Whatman 3M™ paper. Membranes were then transferred to 2 sheets of Whatman 3M™ paper saturated with 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1.5 M NaCl and left for 5 min to neutralize. Membranes were then washed for 5 min in 200-500 ml of 2×SSC, dried by air and baked for 30-40 min at 80° C. The membranes were then probed with labeled DNA.

[0197] DNA Hybridizations

[0198] Membranes were prewashed with a 200-500 ml solution of 5×SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) for 1-2 hr at 42° C. with shaking (60 rpm) to remove bacterial debris from the membranes. The membranes were prehybridized for 1-2 hrs at 42° C. (in a volume equivalent to 0.125-0.25 ml/cm2 of membrane) with ECL Gold™ buffer (Amersham) containing 0.5 M NaCl and 5% blocking reagent. DNA fragments used as probes were purified from agarose gel using a QIAEX II™ gel extraction kit (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.) according to manufacturer's protocol and labeled using an Amersham ECL™ direct nucleic acid labeling kit (Amersham). Labeled DNA (5-10 ng/ml hybridization solution) was added to the prehybridized membranes and the hybridization was allowed to proceed overnight. The following day membranes were washed with shaking (60 rpm) twice at 42° C. for 20 min each time in (in a volume equivalent to 2 ml/cm2 of membrane) a buffer containing either 0.1 (high stringency) or 0.5 (low stringency)×SSC, 0.4% SDS and 360 g/l urea. This was followed by two 5 min washes at room temperature in (in a volume equivalent to 2 ml/cm2 of membrane) 2×SSC. signals were generated using the ECL™ nucleic acid detection reagent and detected using Hyperfilm ECL™ (Amersham).

[0199] Agar plugs that contained plaques corresponding to positive signals on the X-ray film were taken from the master plates using the broad-end of a sterile Pasteur pipette. Plaques were selected by aligning the plates with the x-ray film. At this stage, multiple plaques were generally taken. Phage particles were eluted from the agar plugs by soaking in 1 ml SM buffer (Sambrook et al., (1989) (Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.) overnight. The phage eluate was then diluted and plated with freshly grown E. coli XLlBlue-MRF′ cells to obtain 100-500 plaques per 85 mm NCZYM agar plate. Plaques were transferred to Magna Lift nylon membranes as before and probed again using the same probe. Single well-isolated plaques corresponding to signals on X-ray film were picked by removing agar plugs and eluting the phage by soaking overnight in 0.5 ml SM buffer.

[0200] Conversion of λ Clones to Plamid Form

[0201] To convert the λZAP Express™ vector to plasmid form, E. coli strains XL1Blue-MRF′ and XLOR were used. The conversion was performed according to the manufacturer's (Stratagene) protocols for single-plaque excision.

Generation of Probe for Library

[0202] Primer Selection

[0203] The probe for the library was prepared from a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragment of the C. tropicalis ATCC 20336 genome known to represent the FAO gene or genes. By comparing regions of homology between two published C. cloacae FAO genes and a published C. tropicalis (NCYC 470) FAOT gene (4), two non-degenerative primers were developed for the PCR: two forward primers designated as (FAO-F1) and (FAO-F2) and one reverse primer designated as (FAO-R1) (See Table I). These primers were anticipated to amplify a region in the gene in the open-reading frame (ORF) of the FAO gene.

TABLE 1
Comparison of Primer Sequence to Corresponding Sequence in Candida
cloacae.
Gene	Sequence Comparison	Primer
C.t.FAOT	352 5′TCG TGG CGT GAC TCT CCT 3′ 369	(SEQ ID NO:35)	FAO-F1
C.c.FAO1	340 5′TCA TGG AGA GAC TCT CCT 3′ 357	(SEQ ID NO:36)
C.c.FAO2	340 5′TCA TGG AGA GAC TCT CCA 3′ 357	(SEQ ID NO:37)
C.t.FAOT	608 5′CTG GTG CTG GTG TAG T 3′ 623	(SEQ ID NO:38)	FAO-F2
C.c.FAO1	593 5′CAG GAG CAG GTG TGG T 3′ 608	(SEQ ID NO:39)
C.c.FAO2	593 5′CGG GAG CAG GAG TGG T 3′ 608	(SEQ ID NO:40)
C.t.FAOT	1780 5′TTG GTA CCC ATG CTT GTG G 3′ 1762	(SEQ ID NO:41)	FAO-R1
C.c.FAO1	1762 5′TTG GTA CCC AAG CTT GTG G 3′ 1744	(SEQ ID NO:42)
C.c.FAO2	1762 5′TTG GTA CCC AAG CTT GTA G 3′ 1744	(SEQ ID NO:43)

[0204] PCR Conditions

[0205] The primers selected were used in a PCR reaction with the following conditions: 5 μl 10×PCR buffer, 5 μl either FAO-F1 or FAO-F2 primer stock (20 μM), 5 μl 30R1 primer stock (20 μM), 1 μl nucleotide mix, 0.5 μl Taq polymerase, and 1 μL genomic DNA from Candida tropicalis strain ATCC 20336, all in a 50 μl reaction volume. The reaction conditions were: 95° C. for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 95° C. for 30 sec, 53° C. for 30 sec and 72° C. for 1 min. The primer pair, FAO-F1 and FAO-R1, which should have yielded an expected 1429 bp fragment, never yielded a PCR product. The primer pair, FAO-F2 and FAO-R1, which should have yielded an expected 1173 bp fragment, generated a fragment approximately 1200 bp in length.

[0206] TOPO TA Cloning of PCR Product

[0207] The PCR product was cloned using a TOPO TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Ca., TOPO TA Cloning Kit, Version K2, #25-0184) into Top 10F′ strain cells. The PCR product was first purified by electrophoresis in low-melt agarose (1%) followed by excising the appropriate band. The gel slice was placed in a microfuge tube and incubated at 65° C. until the gel melted, after which it was placed at 37° C. In a fresh tube 4 μl of the melted agarose containing the PCR product was combined with 1 μl TOPO TA cloning vector and was incubated at 37° C. for 10 minutes. Transformation was accomplished by mixing 2-4 μl of this reaction mix with one vial (50 μl) of E. coli competent cells provided with the kit. These were incubated on ice for 30 min. The cells were heat-shocked at 42° C. for 30 seconds without shaking. The vial was immediately transferred to ice and 250 μl of room temperature SOC medium was added. This tube was then shaken horizontally at 37° C. for 30 min. Aliquots were spread on LB plates+100 μg/ml ampicillin upon which 25 μl isopropylthiogalactoside (IPTG, 100 mM)+40 μl Xgal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside, 40 mg/ml) had been spread at least 30 minutes prior. Transformants containing inserts were determined by blue/white selection, with blue indicating a successful transformation containing an insert.

[0208] White colonies that were positive for the presence of an insert were inoculated in LB media containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and grown overnight. Plasmid DNA was obtained from these cultures using the Qiaprep kit method (Qiagen, Qiaprep Spin Miniprep Kit #27106), and analyzed for the presence of the insert by restriction with EcoRI. In the PCR 2.1 vector, the insert is flanked on either side by EcoRI sites, so that cutting with EcoRI will release whatever has been inserted into the plasmid. Several clones showed the correct insert size of about 1200 bp. Two of the clones were sequenced and the DNA sequence was compared to the published sequence for FAOT (12). Since the degree of homology for both clones was very high (79% matching bases 608-1199 of the FAOT ORF), one of them was selected to prepare the probe DNA.

[0209] Preparation of Probe DNA

[0210] Several micrograms of plasmid DNA were obtained from one positive clone and the DNA was digested with EcoRI to release the insert. Electrophoresis of the digest on a 1.2% low-melting agarose gel allowed separation of the FAO fragment from the PCR 2.1 vector. The appropriately sized DNA was extracted from the gel (Qiaprep, QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit, #28706) and was quantified with a fluorometer. The FAO DNA fragment was then labeled using the ECL (Amersham, ECL kit, #RPN 3001) method.

EXAMPLE 3

Cloning of FAO Genes from Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336

[0211] Plates of the λ phage library of C. tropicalis were made and lifts of these plates onto nitrocellulose membrane filters were performed, following the procedure described in Materials and Methods (Example 1). Putative positive clones were identified as outlined in Materials and Methods (Example 1). The XLOLR cells containing these library fragments were grown up and plasmid DNA was obtained using the Qiaprep kit. Restriction digest and PCR analyses confirmed the presence of an FAO gene in these C. tropicalis library clones. It was known from the sequence information of the probe DNA that at least some of the clones should cut with PvuII and KpnI. Therefore, the library clones were digested with EcoRI, PvuII, and KpnI in single digests, and with PvuII and KpnI in a double digest. This allowed the direction of the FAO gene to be determined and its placement within the insert of the PBK-CMV vector to be estimated. The initial primers used in preparing the probe DNA, FAO-F2 and FAO-R1, were used to PCR-screen the library clones using purified plasmid DNA of these clones as the template. C. tropicalis ATCC 20336 genomic DNA was used as the template for the PCR reaction in the control. Eight FAO library clones, designated A1, A4, A5, A6, A8, A9, B5, and B6, were identified as putative positive clones and were sent to the Sequetech Corporation for sequencing.

[0212] When the DNA sequences of the clones were compared to the published FAOT sequence, the clones fell into two groups. Group 1 was composed of clones A4, A8, B5, and B6. Group 2 was composed of A1, A5, A6, and A9.

[0213] 4297 bp of the gene from clone A8, which was designated FAO1, was double-strand sequenced (SEQ ID No:1). In addition to the open reading frame (ORF), which was 2112 bp in length, there was 1940 bp upstream and 242 bp downstream DNA sequenced. 4158 bp of the gene from clone A9, which was designated FAO2a, was double-strand sequenced (SEQ ID No:3). In addition to the open reading frame (ORF), which was 2112 bp in length, there was 1520 bp upstream and 523 bp downstream DNA sequenced. There is a CTG codon at bp 2049-2051 in the FAO2 sequence presented in SEQ ID NO:3 (bp 529-531 of the ORF). This CTG is designated as leucine in the universal code, but sequence analysis (14) has confirmed that CTG actually codes for serine in Candida tropicalis ATCC 20336.

[0214] Additional sequencing of clone A6 demonstrated close homology to clone A9. There were a few base pair differences, however, so double strand sequencing of the gene was performed. The results (SEQ ID No:5, Table 2 and Table 3) showed that clone A6 was most likely an allele of clone A9. It was designated FAO2b.

[0215] The ORF regions of FAO1, FAO2a and FAO2b were compared to analogous regions of the published (12) FAOT gene from Candida tropicalis (NCYC 470), the FAO1 and FAO2 genes from Candida cloacae and the FAO gene from Candida albicans (Table 2).

TABLE 2
DNA Sequence Comparison Between the Subject C.
tropicalis FAO1 or FAO2 Genes and Published
Sequence Data for C. tropicalis NCYC 470,
C. cloacae, and C. albicans FAO Genes
DNA Sequence #1	DNA Sequence #2	% Identity
C. tropicalis FAO1	C. tropicalis FAO2a	82
C. tropicalis FAO1	C. tropicalis FAOT	77
C. tropicalis FAO1	C. albicans FAO	71
C. tropicalis FAO1	C. cloacae FAO1	62
C. tropicalis FAO2a	C. tropicalis FAOT	78
C. tropicalis FAO2a	C. albicans FAO	73
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. cloacae FAO1	63
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. tropicalis FAO1	81
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. tropicalis FAO2a	95
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. tropicalis FAOT	77
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. albicans FAO	73
C. tropicalis FAO2b	C. cloacae FAO1	62
C. tropicalis FAOT	C. cloacae FAO1	62
C. tropicalis FAOT	C. albicans FAO	73
C. cloacae FAO1	C. albicans FAO	59
C. cloacae FAO1	C. cloacae FAO2	79

[0216] The amino acid sequences, which were derived using the universal code, were also compared (Table 3).

TABLE 3
Derived Amino Acid Sequence Comparison Between the
Subject C. tropicalis FAO1 or FAO2 Genes and
Published Sequence Data for C. tropicalis NCYC
470, C. cloacae, and C. albicans FAQ Genes
		%
		Iden-	% Simi-
Protein #1	Protein #2	tity	larity
Cognis' FAO1	Cognis' FAO2a	81	92
Cognis' FAO1	C. tropicalis FAO	82	90
Cognis' FAO1	C. albicans FAO	74	88
Cognis' FAO1	C. cloacae FAO1	60	76
Cognis' FAO2a	C. tropicalis FAO	85	93
Cognis' FAO2a	C. albicans FAO	78	88
Cognis' FAO2a	C. cloacae FAO1	59	76
Cognis' FAO2b	Cognis' FAO1	80	91
Cognis' FAO2b	Cognis' FAO2a	97	98
Cognis' FAO2b	C. tropicalis FAOT	85	93
Cognis' FAO2b	C. albicans FAO	76	88
Cognis' FAO2b	C. cloacae FAO1	59	75
C. tropicalis FAO	C. cloacae FAO1	60	77
C. tropicalis FAO	C. albicans FAO	76	87
C. cloacae FAO1	C. albicans FAO	55	72
C. cloacae FAO1	C. cloacae FAO2	76	88

[0217] The FAO2a and FAO2b genes are 95% identical by DNA sequence and have 97% identity and 98% similarity by amino acid sequence.

[0218] The FAO1 and FAO2a genes of the present invention are 82% identical by DNA sequence (81% for FAO2b) and have 81% identity and 92% similarity by amino acid sequence (80% identity and 91% similarity for FAO2b). In comparison, the C. cloacae FAO1 and FAO2 genes are 79% identical by DNA sequence and have 76% identity and 88% similarity by amino acid sequence. These results indicate that like C. cloacae, C. tropicalis strain 20336 has two different fatty alcohol oxidase genes.

[0219] Interestingly, Vanhanen et al. (4) identified only one FAO gene in their C. tropicalis NCYC 470 strain. DNA sequence of FAOT was 77% identical to the FAO1 and FAO2b genes of the present invention and 78% identical to the FAO2a gene of the present invention. The amino acid sequence comparison showed that FAOT had 82% identity and 92% similarity to the FAO1 gene of the present invention and had 85% identity and 93% similarity to the FAO2a and FAO2b genes of the present invention. Although the FAOT gene was most similar to the FAO2a gene of the present invention, the dissimilarity was still equivalent to about 49 amino acids out of 704. These data demonstrate that the published FAOT gene is slightly more similar to either of the FAO genes of the present invention than the FAO genes of the present invention are to each other. This data further indicates the likelihood that FAO1, FAO2 and FAOT are different genes, rather than alleles of one another.

[0220] Although a 1200 bp PCR fragment from all the clones was obtained using primers 30F2 and 30R1, the band was generally quite weak, even after optimization of the PCR conditions was performed. When the primers, which were designed from the published FAOT sequence, were aligned with the FAO1. FAO2a and FAO2b genes of the present invention (Table 4), significant lack of homology, particularly with FAO-F1 and FAO-F2, was observed. This also indicates that FAO1. FAO2 and FAOT are different genes. Even though published sequence information from Candida tropicalis was used to derive the PCR primers, the degree of sequence variation made finding a functioning PCR primer pair uncertain.

TABLE 4
Comparison of Primer Sequence to Corresponding Sequence in Candida
tropicalis FAO1 and FAO2.
Gene	Sequence Comparison	Primer
C.t.FAOT	352 5′ TCG TGG CGT GAC TCT CCT 3′ 369	(SEQ ID NO:35)	FAO-F1
C.t.FAO1	352 5′ TCG TGG CGT GAC TCC CCT 3′ 369	(SEQ ID NO:44)
C.t.FAO2a	352 5′ TCT TGG CGT GAT TCC CCC 3′ 369	(SEQ ID NO:45)
C.t.FAO2b	352 5′ GCC TGG CGT GAT TCC CCG 3′ 369	(SEQ ID NO:46)
C.t.FAOT	608 5′ CTG GTG CTG GTG TAG T 3′ 623	(SEQ ID NO:38)	FAO-F2
C.t.FAO1	608 5′ CCG GTG CTG GTG TCG T 3′ 623	(SEQ ID NO:47)
C.t.FAO2a	608 5′ CCG GTG CTG GTG TCA T 3′ 623	(SEQ ID NO:48)
C.t.FAO2b	608 5′ CCG GTG CTG GTG TCA T 3′ 623	(SEQ ID NO:49)
C.t.FAOT	1780 5′ TTG GTA CCC ATG CTT GTG G 3′ 1762	(SEQ ID NO:41)	FAO-R1
C.t.FAO1	1780 5′ TTG GCA CCC ATG GTT GGG G 3′ 1762	(SEQ ID NO:50)
C.t.FAO2a	1780 5′ TTG GCA CCC ATG GCT GTG G 3′ 1762	(SEQ ID NO:51)
C.t.FAO2b	1780 5′ TTG GCA CCC ATG CCT GTG G 3′ 1762	(SEQ ID NO:52)

EXAMPLE 4

Sub-Cloning and Expression of FAO1 and FAO2 in E. coli.

[0221] PCR of FAO1 and FAO2 genes

[0222] Since the sequence homology data strongly indicated that FAO1 and FAO2 were different genes, the uniqueness of the two genes was investigated by cloning and expressing FAO1 and FAO2a individually in E. coli to determine the substrate specificity of the two gene products.

[0223] The open reading frames of these two genes were amplified by PCR and cloned (Argonne National Labs, Argonne, Ill.) into the self-replicating vector pJF118EH (13). This vector, containing either the FAO1 or FAO2 gene, was transformed into E. coli. Placing the genes for the FAO1 and FAO2 enzymes into E. coli allowed overexpression of the proteins thereby allowing large quantities of enzymes to be generated in a clean background so that their properties could be more clearly defined.

[0224] Initially, only the properties of the enzyme derived from the native sequence of FAO2a were determined. It is known, however that FAO2a has a CTG codon, which is translated as a serine in C. tropicalis but as a leucine in E. coli. Because of that, an FAO2a construct (designated FAO2a′) was generated having a TCG codon, which codes for serine in both C. tropicalis and E. coli, in place of the CTG codon. The properties of both FAO2a and FAO2a′ were determined as described in the following examples.

[0225] The primers used to amplify the coding regions of the FAO1 and FAO2 genes by PCR are shown below. The restriction sites (underlined) EcoRI and BamHI were added at the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. The ATG initiation codon in the forward primer and the dual termination codons in the reverse primers are shown in itialics.

FAO1U
5′-CCGAATTCGACATGGCTCCATTTTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:53)
FAO1L
5′-CCGGATCCATTACTACAACTTGGCCTTGGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:54)
FAO2U
5′-CCAGTGAATTCAGATGAATACCTTCT-3′ (SEQ ID NO:55)
FAO2L
5′-CCGGATCCCCGTCTCACTACAACTTG-3′ (SEQ ID NO:56)

[0226] PCR used Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase from Life Technologies, Inc. (Rockville, Md. 20849-6482). The reaction conditions for each 50 μl reaction were:

[0227] 1×buffer (supplied by manufacturer)

[0228] 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 mM MgSO4

[0229] 1 μM each primer

[0230] 0.2 mM each of the 4 dNTPs

[0231] 200-400 ng FAO1 or FAO2 plasmid

[0232] 1 unit Platinmum Pfx Polymerase

[0233] Reactions were incubated in a Robocycler Gradient 96 thermocycler (Stratagene) for one cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94° C. (30 seconds); 55° C., 58° C. or 61° C. (45 seconds); 72° C. (2 minutes). The reactions were completed by incubation at 72° C. (10 minutes) for 1 cycle.

[0234] FAO1 gave the expected product (2.1 kb) under all of the conditions tested. The optimum conditions for FAO2 were at 1.0-1.5 mM MgSO4 and 55° C.-58° C.

[0235] Agarose Gel Purification of PCR Products

[0236] Three of the PCR reactions for each gene were pooled and purified with the QIAquick-spin PCR Purification Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA was then fractionated on a 1.0% agarose gel. The 2.1 kb bands were removed and the DNA extracted with the QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's instructions.

[0237] Ligation into pJF118EH

[0238] The expression vector pJF118EH (13) was digested with EcoRI and BamHI, and fractionated on a 1.0% agarose gel. The band was excised and purified with the QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen). The FAO1 and FAO2 PCR products were digested with EcoRI and BamHI, and gel purified in the same manner. The digested bands were visualized on an agarose gel but the exact concentrations were not determined.

[0239] Ligation reactions (20 μl) containing 1 μl of FAO1 or FAO 2 and 4 μl pJF118EH in 1×ligation buffer (Promega) with 1 μl (3 units) T4 DNA ligase (Promega) were incubated for 2 hours at 25° C. 100 μl of Library Efficiency DH5 E. coli (Life Technologies, Inc.) were transformed with 1.5 μl of each ligation reaction.

[0240] Six colonies from each transformation were selected, miniprep DNA was prepared and insert size determined by digestion with EcoRI and BamHI. 5 of the 6 FAO1 clones contained the 2.1 kb insert. All 6 of the FAO2 clones contained the 2.1 kb insert.

[0241] One clone of each was selected and glycerol stocks were stored at −80° C. Samples of each clone were also used for expression and enzyme activity analysis. The FAO1 clone, designated FAO1-EC, contained plasmid FAO1jf (see FIG. 1), and the FAO2 clone, designated FAO2-EC, contained plasmid FAO2jf (see FIG. 2). Both FAO genes in these plasmids were sequence confirmed by Sequetech Corporation, Mountain View, Calif.

[0242] Induction of FAO1 and FAO2

[0243] Overnight cultures of FAO1-EC and FAO2-EC were grown at 30° C. in 5 ml of Terrific Broth (TB) (Sigma Chemical Co, St. Louis, Mo.) plus 100 μg/ml ampicillin at 250 rpm. 50 ml of TB plus 100 μg/ml ampicillin was placed in each of two 500 ml baffled flasks. TB plus 100 μg/ml ampicillin was used for both the starter cultures and the cultures that were induced to produce the enzyme. The flasks were inoculated with the overnight cultures to an absorbance at 600 nm of approximately 0.2. The cultures were grown at 30° C., with shaking at 250 rpm. When each culture had reached an absorbance at 600 nm of 5 to 6, it was induced with IPTG to a final concentration in each culture of 1 mM. The cultures were then allowed to incubate another three hours post-induction. The cells were harvested by centrifugation (Sorvall RC5C) at approximately 6,000×g (GS3 rotor at 6,000 rpm) for 10 minutes. The supernatant spent broth (SB) was removed and saved, and the cell pellets were frozen at −20° C. for later use.

[0244] Preparation of E. coli Cell Extracts

[0245] Microsomes were prepared for alcohol oxidase assays by resuspending the induced cell pellets in 50 ml PO4/glycerol buffer. 500 μl of a 100 mM PMSF solution was added for a final concentration of 1 mM of PMSF in the suspension. The cells were broken by passage twice through a chilled French pressure cell, and were examined by phase contrast microscope to assure that 95% or greater of the cells had been broken. The broken cell suspension (BCS) was centrifuged at approximately 37,000×g for 30 minutes to pellet the cellular debris. The supernatant (cell free extract, CFE) was removed and saved for assays. The pellet of cellular debris (CD) was resuspended in 50 ml of phosphate-glycerol buffer so that it was equal to the original concentration of the cells in the culture.

[0246] Preparation of E. coli Microsomal Suspensions

[0247] The cell-free extracts were warmed to room temperature and thoroughly mixed before a 3 ml sample of each was removed for the microsomal preparation. These samples were centrifuged in an ultracentrifuge at 100,000×g for one hour at 4° C. to pellet the microsomes. The supernatant was then removed and saved, and each microsomal pellet was resuspended in 0.5 ml PO4/glycerol buffer for a 6×concentration of the FAO enzyme.

EXAMPLE 5

Construction of a CTG-Codon-Altered FAO2a Gene

[0248] A codon alteration of FAO2a was performed by overlap-extension PCR. The following primer sets were used to generate the initial constructs:

A9.1N	5′ ATC AAC GCC ACC CCA ACC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:57)
FAO2-CTG-R	5′ GGT TTC TCC ATA AAC GAG TAC CTG AAAGGG TCA ACC3′	(SEQ ID NO:58)

[0249] These primers were designed to cover the region 208 bp 3′ to 545 bp 3′ of the start of the ORF yielding a fragment of 338 bp in length. The CTG codon alteration to CGA (TCG in reversed complement) is indicated in bold. A former KpnI restriction site (GGTACC), underlined above, has been eliminated by this codon alteration.

[0250] PCR used Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase from Life Technologies, Inc. The reaction conditions for each 50 μl reaction were:

[0251] 1×buffer (supplied by manufacturer)

[0252] 1.0 mM MgSO4

[0253] 1 μM each primer

[0254] 0.3 mM each of the 4 dNTPs

[0255] 200-400 ng FAO2a plasmid

[0256] 1 unit Platinmum Pfx Polymerase

A9.1E	5′ ATC TGT CTA GCA AAG GTC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:59)
FAO2-CTG-F	5′ GGT TGA CCC TTT CAG GTA CTC GTT TAT GGA GAA ACC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:60)

[0257] These primers were designed to cover the region 510 bp 3′ to 2069 bp 3′ of the start of the ORF yielding a fragment of 1560 bp in length. The FAO2-CTG-F and FAO2-CTG-R are overlapping primers.

[0258] This PCR also used Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase from Life Technologies, Inc. The reaction conditions for each 50 μl reaction were:

[0259] 1×buffer (supplied by manufacturer)

[0260] 5.0 mM MgSO4

[0261] 1 μM each primer

[0262] 0.3 mM each of the 4 dNTPs

[0263] 200-400 ng FAO2a plasmid

[0264] 1 unit Platinmum Pfx Polymerase

[0265] Reactions were incubated in a PTC200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) for one cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94° C. (15 seconds); 55° C. (30 seconds); 68° C. (4 minutes). The reactions were completed by incubation at 72° C. (7 minutes) for 1 cycle.

[0266] The appropriate-sized PCR fragments were separated on 1% low-melting agarose gel, and were then excised into separate microfuge tubes. A third PCR was performed using primers A9.1N and A9.1E. This PCR also used Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase from Life Technologies, Inc. The reaction conditions for each 50 μl reaction were:

[0267] 1×buffer (supplied by manufacturer)

[0268] 2.0 mM MgSO4

[0269] 1 μM each primer

[0270] 0.3 mM each of the 4 dNTPs

[0271] 1 μl each PCR fragment (338 bp and 1560 bp, low melt agarose melted at 65° C.)

[0272] 1 unit Platinum Pfx Polymerase

[0273] The reaction was incubated in a PTC200 thermal cycler (MJ Research) for one cycle at 94° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 30 cycles at 94° C. (15 seconds); 60° C. (30 seconds); 68° C. (2 minutes). The reactions were completed by incubation at 72° C. (7 minutes) for 1 cycle. This resulted in a PCR fragment that was 1862 bp in length and covered from 208 bp to 2069 bp from the start of the ORF. This fragment was TOPO-TA cloned and the resulting plasmid was prepared as described in Materials and Methods (Example 1).

[0274] In order to replace the CTG codon in plasmid FAO2jf with the modified sequence, the plasmid, FAO2jf, was cut with KpnI and MfeI to remove a fragment 470 bp in length, leaving the major portion of the plasmid, 6924 bp intact. The 1862 bp fragment was also cut with KpnI and MfeI to remove a fragment 470 bp in length. The appropriate fragments, the 6924 bp fragment from plasmid FAO2jf and the 470 bp fragment cut from the 1862 bp fragment containing the modified CTG codon, were purified on 1% agarose gel, and then were extracted from the gel using Qiagen's Qiaquick kit.

[0275] After obtaining the appropriate DNA fragments, a ligation was set up using the Quick Ligation product and protocol from New England Biolabs. This ligation was transformed back into DH5α cells. Plasmid preparations from putative clones were screened by cutting with KpnI and Mfe I. One of the positive clones was selected for further study and was designated FAO2a′EC. Since all of the CTG-modified FAO2a gene (designated FAO2a′) except for the 469 bp fragment containing the codon modification had been previously sequence verified, only this 469 bp portion of the gene was sequence-verified. The gene did have the appropriate codon changed from a CTG to a TCG (bp 2049-2051 in SEQ ID NO:9. It also had a second mutation, presumably generated by PCR. The mutation was at bp 2117 and resulted in a codon change from ATT to ATC, both of which code for isoleucine.

[0276] Amplification Cassette Preparation for FAO1 and FAO2

[0277] The initial step in creation of the amplification cassette of FAO1 and FAO2 was to use primers with PacI restriction sites on the ends to amplify the ORF and upstream regions of each gene. For FAO1 the primers used were: (PacI restriction site underlined)

FAO1-F3-PacI	5′ CCT TAA TTA ATG CAT ACT CGG AGC ATA TCG C 3′	(SEQ ID NO:61)
FAO1-R3-PacI	5′ CCT TAA TTA ATG GGC GGA ATC AAG TGC C 3′	(SEQ ID NO:62)

[0278] The region covered is 1939 bp 5′ and 245 bp 3′ of the ORF

[0279] For FAO2 the Primers were:

FAO2-F1-Pac I	5′ CCT TAA TTA ATC TCA CCA AGT ACG AGA ACG 3′	(SEQ ID NO:63)
FAO2-R1-Pac I	5′ CCT TAA TTA AGA CGC AAG CAC AGG TGC C 3′	(SEQ ID NO:64)

[0280] The region covered is 1520 bp 5′ and 526 bp 3′ of the ORF

[0281] The Accutaq LA Core Kit (Sigma, #ACCUCORE) was used to create the PCR fragments. This kit contains both a Taq DNA polymerase with a small amount of a proofreading enzyme. The reaction mixture was prepared following the recommendations in the kit. The PCR conditions followed were: 98° C. for 30 see followed by 35 cycles of: 94° C. for 5 sec, 65° C. for 20 see and 68° C. for 5 min. Following this there was a final extension of 72° C. for 5 min. These PCR fragments were TA-TOPO cloned into PCR 2.1 vector, which was transformed into E. coli strain Top 10F′ cells, creating the strains FAO1:PacI and FAO2:PacI.

[0282] In order to replace most of the ORF sequence obtained by PCR with genomic DNA, FAO1:PacI was cut with AatII and NheI to release a fragment approximately 1.9 kb in length. Its complementary library clone, A8.1, was also cut with AatII and NheI. FAO2:PacI and its complementary library clone, A9.1, were cut with NheI and BstBI to release a 3.2 kb fragment. The appropriate fragments were purified on 1% low-melting agarose gel, and then were extracted from the gel using Qiagen's Qiaquick kit.

[0283] After obtaining the appropriate DNA fragments, a ligation was set up for both FAO1 and FAO2 in which the ORF from the library clones was ligated into the PCR 2.1 vector with the upstream and downstream regions of the gene. These ligations were transformed back into Top10F′ cells. Plasmid preparations from putative clones were screened by cutting with AatII and NheI for the FAO1 clones, or cutting with NheI and BstBI for the FAO2 clones, and cutting with PacI for all clones.

[0284] Because the beginning and end of each ORF was obtained from the original PCR amplification of each gene, these areas needed to be sequenced to make sure that no mutations had been introduced into the ORF. Three FAO1:PacI ORF replacement clones were sent to Sequetech Corp. (Mountain View Calif.) for sequencing. Five FAO2:PacI ORF replacement clones were also sent to Sequetech Corp. for sequencing. The FAO1: PacI ORF replacement clones 1 and 2, and FAO2:PacI ORF replacement clones 1-5 were all mutation free, and could be used for making amplification cassettes.

EXAMPLE 6

Preparation of a Promoter Fusion Construct

[0285] Fusions between the promoter of the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase gene CYP52A2, and the ORF of either FAO1 or FAO2 were prepared by overlap extension PCR. PCR reactions for both the CYP52A2 promoter and FAO ORF were set up using the Accutaq PCR kit. The primers used to obtain the CYP52A2 promoter for the fusion with FAO1 were (PacI restriction site):

00218-179A	5′ CCT TAA TTA AAG TCT CCA AGT TGA CCG AC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:65)
FAO1-A2-R	5′ AAA TGG AGC CAT GGT CGT GAT GTG TG 3′	(SEQ ID NO:66)

[0286] FAO-A2-R was designed to sit at the 3′ end of the CYP52A2 promoter, but the last half of the 5′ to 3′ end of the primer was derived from the complementary sequence of the beginning of the FAO1 ORF. Conversely, the primers used to amplify the FAO1 ORF were:

FAO1-A2-F	5′ CAC ATC ACG ACC ATG GCT CCA ITT TTG CC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:67)
FAO1-R3-Pac I	5′ CCT TAA TTA ATG GGC GGA ATC AAG TGC C 3′	(SEQ ID NO:68)

[0287] FAO1-A2-F was designed to sit at the 5′ end of the FAO1 ORF, with the first half of the 5′ to 3′ end of the primer derived from the complementary sequence of the end of the CYP52A2 promoter. In this way, the CYP52A2 promoter and FAO ORF regions produced had complementary sequences to one another.

[0288] The primers used to obtain the CYP52A2 promoter were:

00218-179A	5′ CCT TAA TTA AAG TCT CCA AGT TGA CCG AC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:69)
FAO2-A2-R	5′ GAA GGT ATT CAT GGT CGT GAT GTG TG 3′	(SEQ ID NO:70)

[0289] The primers used for the FAO2 ORF regions were:

FAO2-A2-F	5′ CAC ATC ACG ACC ATG AAT ACC TTC TTG CC 3′	(SEQ ID NO:71)
FAO2-R1-Pac I	5′ CCT TAA TTA AGA CGC AAG CAC AGG TGC C 3′	(SEQ ID NO:72)

[0290] Once the appropriate PCR bands had been obtained, each PCR fragment was purified on a 1% low-melt agarose gel, which was then cut from the gel, and the PCR product extracted. The CYP52A2 promoter band was approximately 1.1 kb for both fusion reactions. The ORF band for FAO1 was approximately 2.4 kb and the ORF band for FAO2 was approximately 2.7 kb. The fusion PCR was set up using a small portion of the CYP52A2 promoter and FAO ORF gel-purified bands as template DNA. The Accutaq kit was used, and the primers were the forward primer for the CYP52A2 promoter and the reverse primer for each FAO ORF. During the PCR reaction, the CYP52A2 promoter and FAO ORF annealed together at their complementary ends, and the PCR reaction continued over the junction to form the fusion construct. The pCYP52A2FAO1 fusion band was 3.5 kb and the pCYP52A2FAO2a fusion band was 3.8 kb.

[0291] These fusion bands were then TA-TOPO cloned and transformed into Top10F′ E. coli cells. Once again, the majority of the ORF frame of each fusion clone was replaced with corresponding genomic DNA because of the possibility of the PCR reaction introducing mutations into the ORF. The pCYP52A2FAO1 clones were cut with the restriction enzymes AatII and NheI to remove most of the FAO1 ORF. The pCYP52A2FAO2a clones were cut with the restriction enzymes AatII and BstBI. A corresponding genomic fragment for each FAO ORF was obtained in a similar manner. After digesting, the appropriate fragments of each gene were purified and ligated together. The resulting plasmid contained the pCYP52A2FAO fragment with the replaced FAO genomic DNA in the PCR 2.1 vector. This was transformed into Top10F′ cells and three of the pCYP52A2FAO1 and five of the pCYP52A2FAO2a clones were sent to Sequetech Corporation for sequencing.

[0292] After sequencing, all three of the pCYP52A2FAO1 ORF replacement clones were shown to have no mutations and were suitable for making amplification cassettes. Sequencing showed that all five of the pCYP52A2FAO2a ORF replacement clones had apparent mutations introduced by the PCR in various places in the ORF.

[0293] Creation of amplification cassettes for pCYP52A2FAO1 fusion clone was accomplished by removing the fragment from the PCR 2.1 vector and cloning it into the pURA3in vector. This vector consisted of pNEB193 with inverted fragments of the URA3 gene from C. tropicalis flanking either region of the insertion site. The insertion site is a single PacI restriction enzyme site, into which the pCYP52A2FAO1 fusion clone can be inserted after restriction digest with PacI and gel purification. The URA3 gene fragments are flanked by AscI and PmeI restriction digest sites so the entire fragment of the FAO clone insertion flanked by the URA3 inverted gene sequences can be removed and used to transform a Candida tropicalis ura− base strain. This was successfully performed using pCYP52A2FAO1.

EXAMPLE 7

Results

[0294] Alcohol Oxidase Activity in Fermentation Samples

[0295] During the course of a diacid fermentation with strain HDC23-3 using HOSFFA as substrate, FAO activity generally did not appear until approximately 2-4 hours post-induction with HOSFFA (see FIG. 3). Activity rose rapidly to peak at approximately 30-40 hours post-induction, and then dropped approximately 5 to 10 fold by 100-120 hours post-induction. Although this trend remained consistent among most of the fermentation runs, the time and height of the peak of activity did vary somewhat.

[0296] One of the difficulties encountered in measuring FAO activity in the extracts was the presence of catalase in the cells. Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide in the cell into water and molecular oxygen. Catalase in the extracts could compete with the horseradish peroxidase for the hydrogen peroxide produced by the oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde by the FAO, which could result in activity measurements that were lower than the actual activity. No FAO activity was found in the microsomal supernatant, but there was activity in the resuspended microsomal pellet, and this activity was approximately the same as that in the original extract. Catalase activity was present in the microsomal pellet, but at approximately {fraction (1/100)} the level found in the original extract. This data indicates that, under the assay conditions used, the catalase was not significantly competing with the horseradish peroxidase for hydrogen peroxide in the reaction mixture.

EXAMPLE 8

Fractionation of Alcohol Oxidase Activity

[0297] E. coli cells containing the plasmids, FAO1jf or FAO2jf, were induced to express FAO1 or FAO2 as described in Materials and Methods (Example 1). The spent broth, cell free extract, and the resuspension of the cellular debris (see Materials and Methods, Example 1) were all assayed for FAO activity in an effort to determine the location of the FAO activity. If deposited extracellularly, FAO activity would be seen in the spent broth. If deposited internally, FAO activity would be detected in the cell free extract or in the resuspended cellular debris. Soluble enzyme or membrane-bound microsomal enzyme would be found in the cell free extract. To determine the cellular location of the alcohol oxidase, activity assays were performed with the various fractions. No FAO activity was seen in the spent broth, and the activity found in the resuspension of the cellular debris pellet (FAO1=0.002 U/ml; FAO2=0.002 U/ml) was one-fifth to one-tenth the activity determined for cell free extract (FAO1=0.026 U/ml; FAO2=0.044 U/ml).

[0298] Microsomal preparations were made from the cell-free extracts of these FAO1 and FAO2 E. coli cultures. Activity in each resuspended microsomal pellet and supernatant was tested for FAO activity. No activity was seen in the supernatant from the FAO1 microsomal pellet, and the activity in the supernatant from the FAO2 microsomal pellet (0.010 U/ml) was approximately one-fifth of the activity in the resuspended FAO2 microsomal pellet (0.050 U/ml). The activity in the FAO2 microsomal preparation was almost twice the activity that was seen in the FAO1 microsomal preparation (0.031 U/ml). These data indicate that the majority of the enzymatic activity was contained in the microsomes isolated from the E. coli cultures.

[0299] Optimization of Induction

[0300] In order to determine the optimal temperature for synthesis of the FAO1 and FAO2a enzymes in E. coli cultures, seed cultures were grown up overnight at 37° C. and 250 rpm in Terrific broth. 50 ml of Terrific broth was added to each of four 500 ml baffled flasks; one each for FAO1 and FAO2a to be incubated at either 30° C. or 37° C. Each flask was innoculated with the overnight cultures to an absorbance at 600 nm of between 0.7 and 0.8, and was then incubated with shaking at 250 rpm. When each culture had reached an absorbance at 600 nm of approximately 4.5, it was induced with IPTG to a final concentration of 1 mM. The cells were harvested at 3 hours post-induction by centrifugation at 6000×g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was removed and the cells were stored at −20° C. The FAO1 and FAO2a E. coli cultures grown at 30° C. and 37° C. were prepared for enzyme assays as described in Materials and Methods. The cell free extract prepared from each of these cultures was assayed for FAO activity. It was found that growth at 30° C. resulted in a greater production of FAO1 (14.7 U/ml) and FAO2 (2.44 U/ml) than growth at 37° C. (8.8 U/ml for FAO1 and 1.33 U/ml for FAO2a).

[0301] In a second set of experiments, the optimal concentration of the inducer, IPTG, was determined for E. coli containing either FAO1 or FAO2a. The growth experiment was set up in the same way as the previous experiment, with overnight seed cultures of FAO1 and FAO2a grown up at 37° C. in Terrific Broth plus 100 μg/ml ampicillin. 50 ml Terrific broth was added to each of six flasks; three flasks each for FAO1 and FAO2a. One flask from each set was induced with either 0.5 mM IPTG, 1.0 mM IPTG, or 2.0 mM IPTG. The cultures were grown at 30° C. with shaking at 250 rpm. When each culture had reached an absorbance at 600 nm of approximately 5.0, it was induced with the appropriate concentration of IPTG. The cultures were allowed to grow another 2.5 hours post-induction before harvesting the cells by spinning at 6000×g for 10 minutes. The cell pellets were stored at −20° C. Cell free extracts were prepared and after assaying for alcohol oxidase activity, it was found that there was little dependence of the FAO1 activity on IPTG concentration (0.5 mM=13.24 U/ml; 1 mM=13.89 U/ml; 2 mM=14.3 U/ml). A similar response to IPTG concentration was observed for FAO2a (0.5 mM=4.74 U/ml; 1 mM=5.68 U/ml; 2 mM=4.65 U/ml). A standard concentration of 1 mM IPTG was chosen for induction of FAO1, FAO2a and FAO2a′.

TABLE 5
Alcohols Used for Substrate Specificity Testing
Activity		Activity
Detected*	Compound Tested	Detected	Compound Tested
	2-Pentanol		1-Phenylpropan-1-ol
	2-Hexanol		3-Phenylpropan-1-ol
X	2-Decanol		2-Phenylbutan-1-ol
X	2-Undecanol		Methanol
X	2-Dodecanol		Ethanol
X	2-Hexadecanol		Propanol
	3-Octanol		Butanol
X	10-Undecen-1-ol	X	Hexanol
	1,8-Octanediol	X	Octanol
X	1,2-Octanediol	X	Decanol
X	1,10-Decanediol	X	Dodecanol
X	1,2-Dodecanediol	X	Tetradecanol
X	1,16-Hexadecanediol	X	Hexadecanol
X	10-Hydroxydecanoic acid		4-cyclohexyl-1-butanol
X	12-Hydroxydodecanoic		3-cyclohexyl-1-
	acid		propanol
X	16-Hydroxydodecanoic		2-cyclohexylethanol
	acid
	Citronellol		Cyclohexylmethanol
	Geraniol
	Linalool
*“X”= Activity detected using this substrate with either FAO1 or FAO2

[0302] Substrate Specificity of FAO1, FAO2a and FAO2a′

[0303] FAO1, FAO2a and FAO2a′ were tested for their activity with various alcohols. The alcohols shown in Table 5 were prepared in 20 mM stock solutions in acetone. Alcohols showing activity with either FAO1 or FAO2a are indicated. The final concentration of the alcohol used in the substrate specificity experiment was 200 μM. These same alcohols were used to determine the Km and Vmax of FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′. The substrate specificity profiles FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′ were reported as percentages of activity for dodecanol, with dodecanol arbitrarily set at 100% activity. The activity of FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′ with 1-alkanols is shown in FIG. 4. Interestingly, FAO1 preferred 1-octanol as substrate, with 1-tetradecanol being the preferred longer-chain alcohol. In contrast, FAO2a and FAO2a′ preferred 1-dodecanol above all other 1-alkanols. There was a big drop in activity in going from a C8 alcohol to a C6 alcohol with FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′. The activity of the three enzymes on 2-alkanols is shown in FIG. 5. FAO2a and FAO2a′ oxidize 2-octanols fairly well; however no activity was detected with FAO1. In contrast, FAO1 oxidizes ω-hydroxy fatty acids well, but no activity for ω-hydroxy fatty acids was measured with FAO2a and FAO2a′ (FIG. 6). These results indicate that FAO1 and FAO2a appear to be very different enzymes, with significant differences in substrate specificity. Interestingly FAO2a and FAO2a′ oxidize 10-undecen-1-ol much better than FAO1. Within experimental error, the substrate specificity of FAO2a and FAO2a′ are essentially the same, indicating that having a serine or a leucine at amino acid position 177 has little if any effect on the substrate specificity of the enzyme. Although the substrate specificity of FAO2b was not performed, due to the close homology with FAO2a, it is likely to be very similar.

[0304] Extracts made from fermentor samples induced with HOSFFA show good activity with 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, but no activity with 2-dodecanol (data not shown). Hence, it appears that FAO1 is induced to a much greater extent than FAO2a and, at least in HOSFFA fermentations, FAO1 appears to be the predominant fatty alcohol oxidase.

[0305] Km Determinations

[0306] Km values indicate the affinity of an enzyme for the substrate being investigated. Km values for most of the alcohols that demonstrated activity with FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a′ were determined by measuring enzyme activity while keeping the concentration of enzyme constant and varying the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction mixture.

[0307] Most of the Km values were determined at pH 7.6 using the HEPES/Triton X-100 buffer and stock solutions of alcohols, which were prepared at concentrations of 5 mM and or 1 mM, were dissolved in this same buffer. For FAO2a′, the Km values were determined in 0.1 M HEPES, pH 7.6, and the stock solutions of substrate were dissolved in acetone. In this case, all reactions contained the same amount of acetone (20 μl/ml). The results are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6
Km Values for FAO1, FAO2a, and FAO2a1.
	FAO1	FAO2a	FAO2a1
	Corr.	Range of Values		Corr.	Range of Values		Corr.	Range of Values
Substrate	Km	Coeff.	Low	High	Km	Coeff.	Low	High	Km	Coeff.	Low	High
Octanol	41.0 μM	0.9996	35.0	49.3	503	μM	0.9977	329.3	1069.2	654	μM	0.9976	323.5	30607.9
Decanol	15.1 μM	0.9912	11.8	21.3	74	μM	0.9990	64.3	85.9	69.6	μM	0.9978	65.1	74.8
Dodecanol	14.9 μM	0.9938	11.9	19.9	2.5	μM	0.9907	2.4	2.5	4.4	μM	0.9928	3.9	4.4
Tetradecanol	28.1 μM	0.9976	20.8	43.3	4.6	μM	0.9968	4.5	4.8	2.4	μM	0.9751	2.2	2.5
Hexadecanol	11.9 μM	0.9998	11.1	11.8	56	μM	0.9977	51.2	61.7	85	μM	0.9987	78.4	93.5
2-Decanol	NR				934	μM	0.9991	823.2	1078.5	1090	μM	0.9834	567.3	13696.9
2-Undecanol	NR				141	μM	0.9970	125.9	159.0	162	μM	0.9913	150.9	174.5
2-Dodecanol	NR				41.3	μM	0.9990	39.60	43.06	75.3	μM	0.9980	67.9	84.5
2-Hexadecanol	NR				350	μM	0.9992	332.5	370.0	720	μM	0.9982	628.1	844.2
1,2-dodecanediol	NR				998	μM	0.9935	720.2	1622.7	928	μM	0.9969	742.6	1237.3
1,10-decanediol	67.0 μM	0.9997	58.9	77.6	425	μM	0.9985	394.4	462.3	1607	μM	0.9975	1377.2	1927.5
1,16-hexadecanediol	10.3 μM	0.9995	9.3	11.6	37.3	μM	0.9969	33.9	41.5	16.3	μM	0.9978	15.7	16.9
10-undecene-1-ol	9.9 μM	0.9963	8.8	11.3	45	μM	0.9986	40.7	50.1	36.1	μM	0.9916	32.7	40.4
12-hydroxy-decanoic	99.0 μM	0.9930	78.2	134.4	NR				NR
16-hydroxy-	7.4 μM	0.9912	5.9	9.9	NR				NR
hexadecanoic

[0308] For most alcohols tested, FAO1 yielded Km values between 10-20 μM. The lowest Km value was found with 16-hydroxy-hexadecanoic acid. Using either FAO2a and FAO2a′ as enzyme, the Km values for the various alcohols were very similar, again demonstrating that having a serine or leucine at amino acid position 177 does not have much effect on the affinity of the enzyme for a particular substrate. For FAO2, the Km values were generally much more variable and yielded values ranging from 2 μM to greater than 1 mM. The substrates with the lowest Km values were 1-dodecanol and 1-tetradecanol. Based on these results, it is logical that FAO1 appears to be the predominant fatty alcohol oxidase produced in HOSFFA fermentations, since ω-hydroxy fatty acids are intermediates in the oxidation of fatty acids to diacids.

EXAMPLE 9

[0309] Amplification of FAO1 in Candida tropicalis

[0310] In fermentations with HOSFFA as substrate, ω-hydroxy fatty acids are produced at levels between 0.1% to 0.5% (w/w) in fermentation broth. This indicates that there is a minor bottleneck at the second step in diacid production, i.e. the conversion of the alcohol to the aldehyde. This ω-hydroxy fatty acid has been found to interfere with purification of the diacid and causes a significant loss in recovery. Therefore, it is important to reduce the level of ω-hydroxy fatty acids produced in the fermentation. Since the substrate specificity tests and Km determinations performed with FAO1 and FAO2 indicated that FAO1 was the predominant fatty alcohol oxidase produced during the HOSFFA fermentation, amplification of the FAO1 gene was initially pursued.

[0311] Amplification cassettes with PacI restriction sites at the ends of the FAO1 and FAO2 genes were prepared as described in Materials and Methods (Example 1). Neither of these constructs has been tested in Candida tropicalis, however. A construct in which the promoter from the CYP52A2 gene replaced the native promoter in FAO1 was successfully prepared (SEQ ID NO:7) and transformed into Candida tropicalis. The CYP52A2 gene encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that is part of the hydroxylase complex responsible for catalyzing the first step in diacid production, i.e. the conversion of the fatty acid to the alcohol. By fusing the promoter region of this gene to the ORF of the FAO1 gene, it was hypothesized that the alcohol oxidase gene and corresponding enzyme would be induced earlier and more strongly than it might otherwise be. This would make the conversion to the diacid faster and help to reduce the bottleneck at this point in the reaction. Three clones, named HDC40-1, HDC40-5 and HDC40-7 were selected for testing in fermentors. By comparing band intensities in a Southern blot analysis and estimating copy numbers, HDC40-1 appears to have a low (one additional copy of FAO1) copy number; HDC40-5 has a higher copy number (two additional copies); and HDC40-7 has multiple additional copies per cell.

[0312] These strains were tested in fermentations with HOSFFA as substrate. FIG. 7 shows that, under similar fermentation conditions, all strains produced more diacid than the base strain, H5343. Both HDC40-1 and HDC40-7 had similar initial productivity values up to about 24 h of bioconversion time. HDC40-1, however, maintained a higher level of productivity than HDC40-7 over the next 48 h. FIG. 8 shows the level of ω-hydroxy fatty acids produced in HDC40 strains, relative to the base strain, H5343, which has no amplified genes. Note that, although there is still some ω-hydroxy fatty acids produced, the levels are considerably reduced, compared to H5343. An alcohol oxidase activity profile (FIG. 9) determined over the course of the fermentation demonstrates that the alcohol oxidase, as expected, has been considerably amplified and is very active during the early hours of the fermentation. When ricinoleic acid is used as a fermentation substrate in place of HOSFFA, high levels of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (relative to the amount of diacid produced) are detected during the fermentation. For this reason, ricinoleic acid fermentations are a more definitive test of the effectiveness of the FAO1 amplification. When HDC40-1, HDC40-5 and HDC40-7 fermentations were compared, it was discovered that the FAO1 gene copy number inversely correlated with the reduced level of ω-hydroxy fatty acids, i.e. the percent of ω-hydroxy fatty acids produced relative to the total level of oxidized product (FIG. 10).

EXAMPLE 10

Identification of Signature Motifs Unique to FAO1 and FAO2

[0313] The amino acid sequences corresponding to the subject FAO1 and FAO2 genes were examined for the presence of one or more of the seven peptide sequences identified by Slabas et al. (12) as indicative of an FAO gene. Table 7 shows a comparison of the signature peptides identified by Slabas et al. among the FOA1 and FAO2 genes of the present invention, and the FAOT gene of C. tropicalis. Also compared are similar sequences from the Candida albicans FAO enzyme (FAOCA). As reflected in Table 7, all seven FAOT peptides agree with the signature peptides identified by Slabas et al. Six out of the seven FAO1 peptides but only four of the seven FAO2 peptides agree with the signature peptides. Interestingly, although FAO2 is closest to FAOT in amino acid sequence identity and similarity (Table 3), FAO1 is most similar to FAOT when the seven signature peptides are compared.

[0314] Peptide 4 of FAO1 and FAO2 (CGFCYLGC) is a unique peptide, not found in previously characterized FAOs. Peptide 1 of FAO2a and FAO2b (IIGSGAGAGVMA) as well as peptide 4 of both FAO1 [and] FAO2a and FAO2b (CGFCYLGC) is also a unique peptide, not found in previously characterized FAOs.

TABLE 7
Comparison of Signature Peptides of Cognis' FAO1 and FAO2 with C. tropicalis FAOT and C. albicans
FAOCA
	Peptide 1	Peptide 2	Peptide 3	Peptide 4	Peptide 5	Peptide 6	Peptide 7
Signature	IIGSG(X)GAGVVA	AGSTFGGG	NWSACLKTP	CG(X)CHLGC	IG(X)NL(X)LHPVS	SAHQMS(X)CRMSG	PTASG(X)NPM
Peptide1,2	(SEQ ID NO:15)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:22)	(SEQ ID NO:24)	(SEQ ID NO:27)	(SEQ ID
		NO:18)	NO:20)				NO:30)
FAOT	IIGSGAGAGVVA	AGSTFGGG	NWSACLKTP	CGFCHLGC	IGKNLTLHPVS	SAHQMSTCRMSG	PTASGANPM
	(SEQ ID NO:16)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:23)	(SEQ ID NO:25)	(SEQ ID NO:28)	(SEQ ID
		NO:18)	NO:20)				NO:31)
FAO1	IIGSGAGAGVVA	AGSTFGGG	NWSACLKTP	CGFCYLGC	IGKNLTLHPVS	SAHQMSSCRMSG	PTASGANPM
	(SEQ ID N0:16)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:13)	(SEQ ID NO:25)	(SEQ ID NO:29)	(SEQ ID
		NO:18)	NO:20)				NO:31)
FAO2a	IIGSGAGAGVMA	AGSTLGGG	NWSACLKTP	CGFCYLGC	IGKNLTLHPVS	SAHQMSTCRMSG	PTASGANPM
	(SEQ ID NO:14)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:13)	(SEQ ID NO:25)	(SEQ ID NO:28)	(SEQ ID
		NO:19)	NO:20)				NO:31)
FAO2b	IIGSGAGAGVMA	AGSTLGGG	NWSACLKTP	CGFCYLGC	IGKNLTLHPVS	SAHQMSTCRMSG	PTASGANPM
	(SEQ ID NO:14)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:13)	(SEQ ID NO:25)	(SEQ ID NO:28)	(SEQ ID
		NO:19)	NO:20)				NO:31)
FAOCA	IIGSGAGSGVVA	AGSTFGGG	NWSACIKTP	CGFCHLGC	IGANLTLHPVT	SAHQMSSCRMSG	PTASGANPM
	(SEQ ID NO:17)	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID	(SEQ ID NO:23)	(SEQ ID NO:26)	(SEQ ID NO:29)	(SEQ ID
		NO:18)	NO:21)				NO:31)
1Amino acids in bold indicate amino acid differences from signature peptide
2(X) indicates that any amino acid may be at this position

REFERENCES

[0315] 1. Kemp G D, Dickinson M, Ratledge C (1988) “Inducible long chain alcohol oxidase from alkane-grown Candida tropicalis.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29:370-374.

[0316] 2. Kemp G D, Dickinson F M, Ratledge C (1991) “Activity and substrate specificity of the fatty alcohol oxidase of Candida tropicalis in organic solvents.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34:441-445.

[0317] 3. Dickinson F M, Wadforth C (1992) “Purification and some properties of alcohol oxidase from alkane-grown Candida tropicalis.” Bichem. J. 282:325-331.

[0318] 4. Vanhanen S, West M, Kroon J T M, Lindner N, Casey J, Cheng Q, Elborough K M, Slabas A R (2000) “A consensus sequence for long-chain fatty-acid alcohol oxidases from Candida identifies a family of genes involved in lipid-oxidation in yeast with homologues in plants and bacteria.” J. Biol. Chem. 275:4445-4452.

[0319] 5. Blasig R, Mauersberger S, Riege R, Schunck W H, Jockisch W, Franke P (1988) “Degradation of long-chain n-alkanes by the yeast Candida maltosa. II. Oxidation of n-alkanes and intermediates using microsomal membrane fractions.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28:589-597.

[0320] 6. Mauersberger S, Drechsler H, Oehme G, Müller H G (1992) “Substrate specificity and stereoselectivity of fatty alcohol oxidase from the yeast Candida maltosa.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37:66-73.

[0321] 7. Ilchenko A P, Tsfasman I M (1988) “Isolation and characterization of alcohol oxidase from higher alcohols of the yeast Torulopsis candida grown on hexadecane.” Biokhimiya 53:263-271.

[0322] 8. Hommel R, Ratledge C (1990) “Evidence for two fatty alcohol oxidases in the biosurfactant-producing yeast Candida (Torulopsis) bombicola.” FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 70:183-186.

[0323] 9. Hommel R, Lassner D, Weiss J, Kleber H P (1994) “The inducible microsomal fatty alcohol oxidase of Candida (Torulopsis) apicola.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40:729-734.

[0324] 10. Kemp G D, Dickinson F M, Ratledge C (1990) “Light sensitivity of the n-alkane-induced fatty alcohol oxidase from Candida tropicalis and Yarrowia lipolytica.” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 32:461-464.

[0325] 11. Eirich L D (1989) “Partial characterization of 12-hydroxylauric acid oxidase in Candida tropicalis” Topical Report Ei2/89.

[0326] 12. Slabas A R, Elborough K, Vanhanen S, West M, Cheng Q, Lindner N, Casey J, Sanglard D (1999) “Improvements in or relating to fatty acid metabolism” International Patent Application WO 99/47685.

[0327] 13. Fürste J P, Pansegrau W, Frank R, Blöcker H, Scholz P, Bagdasarian M, Lanka E. (1986) “Molecular cloning of the plasmid RP4 primase region in a multi-host-range tacP expression vector.” Gene 48:119-131.

[0328] 14. Ueda T, Suzuki T, Yokogawa T, Nishikawa K, Watanabe K (1994) “Unique structure of new serine tRNAs responsible for decoding leucine codon CUG in various Candida species and their putative ancestral tRNA genes.” Biochimie 76:1217-1222.

Claims

1. A fatty alcohol oxidase comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or an analog, derivative, or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

2. A fatty alcohol oxidase comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or an analog, derivative, or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

3. A fatty alcohol oxidase comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or an analog, derivative, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.

4. A fatty alcohol oxidase comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or an analog, derivative, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.

5. A fatty alcohol oxidase comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or an analog, derivative, or an enzymatically active fragment thereof.

6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fatty alcohol oxidase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or an analog, derivative or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

7. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 6 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

8. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fatty alcohol oxidase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or an analog, derivative or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

9. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 8 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

10. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fatty alcohol oxidase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or an analog, derivative or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

11. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 10 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fatty alcohol oxidase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or an analog, derivative or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

13. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 12 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9.

14. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a fatty alcohol oxidase having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 or an analog, derivative or enzymatically active fragment thereof.

15. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 14 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:11.

16. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 6.

17. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 7.

18. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 8.

19. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 9.

20. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 10.

21. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 11.

22. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 12.

23. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 13.

24. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 14.

25. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 15.

26. The vector of claim 16 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

27. The vector of claim 17 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

28. The vector of claim 18 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

29. The vector of claim 19 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

30. The vector of claim 20 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

31. The vector of claim 21 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

32. The vector of claim 22 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

33. The vector of claim 23 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

34. The vector of claim 24 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

35. The vector of claim 25 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

36. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 16.

37. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 17.

38. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 18.

39. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 19.

40. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 20.

41. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 21.

42. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 22.

43. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 23.

44. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 24.

45. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 25.

46. The host cell of claim 36 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

47. The host cell of claim 37 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

48. The host cell of claim 38 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

49. The host cell of claim 39 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

50. The host cell of claim 40 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

51. The host cell of claim 41 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

52. The host cell of claim 42 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

53. The host cell of claim 43 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

54. The host cell of claim 44 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

55. The host cell of claim 45 wherein the cell is a bacterial cell, fungal cell, insect cell, animal cell or plant cell.

56. The fungal cell of claim 46 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

57. The fungal cell of claim 47 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

58. The fungal cell of claim 48 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

59. The fungal cell of claim 49 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

60. The fungal cell of claim 50 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

61. The fungal cell of claim 51 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

62. The fungal cell of claim 52 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

63. The fungal cell of claim 53 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

64. The fungal cell of claim 54 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

65. The fungal cell of claim 55 wherein the fungal cell is a yeast cell selected from the group consisting of Yarrowia sp., Bebaromyces sp., Saccharomyces sp., Schizosaccharomyces sp., Pichia sp. and Candida sp.

66. A peptide comprising the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:19.

67. A peptide consisting of the sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, or SEQ ID NO:19.

68. A fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 82% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 83% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 84% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

69. The fatty alcohol oxidase of claim 68 further comprising a signature peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13.

70. A fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4.

71. The fatty alcohol oxidase of claim 70 further comprising a signature peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in at least one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:19.

72. A fatty alcohol oxidase or enzymatically active fragment thereof having an amino acid sequence identity of at least one of: greater than 85% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 86% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 87% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, greater than 88% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 greater than 90% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6, or greater than 95% when compared to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6.

73. The fatty alcohol oxidase of claim 72 further comprising a signature peptide having the sequence set forth in at least one of SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14 or SEQ ID NO:19.

74. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13.

75. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 74 comprising the nucleotide sequence: TGY GGN TTY TGY TAY YTN GGN TGY wherein: R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

76. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14.

77. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 76 comprising the nucleotide sequence: ATH ATH GGN WSN GGN GCN GGN GCN GGN GTN AUG GCN wherein: R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

78. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:19.

79. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 78 comprising the nucleotide sequence: GCN GGN WSN ACN YTN GGN GGN GGN wherein R is A or G, Y is C or T, M is A or C, K is G or T, S is G or C, W is A or T, H is A or T or C, B is G or T or C, D is G or A or T, N is A or G, or C or T.

80. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and having a sequence identity of greater than 77% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

81. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and having a sequence identity of greater than 78% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

82. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and having a sequence identity of greater than 79% compared to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

83. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

84. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which encodes the signature motif set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and/or SEQ ID NO:14 and/or SEQ ID NO:19 and which hybridizes under medium to high stringency conditions to nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1094-3213 of the nucleotides set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

85. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising an open reading frame (ORF) for an fatty alcohol oxidase (FAO) gene from Candida tropicalis wherein the ORF is operably linked to a promoter which is capable of affecting expression of the ORF.

86. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 85 wherein the FAO comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:10, of SEQ ID NO:12.

87. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 85 wherein the ORF comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3, or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

88. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 85 wherein the promoter is the CYP52A2A promoter.

89. The isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 88 comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7.

90. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 85.

91. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 86.

92. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 87.

93. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 88.

94. A vector comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 89.

95. The vector of claim 90 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

96. The vector of claim 91 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

97. The vector of claim 92 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

98. The vector of claim 93 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

99. The vector of claim 94 wherein the vector is a plasmid, phagemid, phage, cosmid, or linear DNA vector.

100. A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 85.

101. A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 86.

102. A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 87.

103. A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 88.

104. A host cell comprising the isolated nucleic acid molecule of claim 89.

105. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 90.

106. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 91.

107. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 92.

108. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 93.

109. A host cell comprising the vector of claim 94.

110. A method of producing an FAO1 protein, said method comprising: transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence encoding a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring expression of the FAO1 protein.

111. A method of producing an FAO2a protein, said method comprising: transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring expression of the FAO2a protein.

112. A method of producing an FAO2b protein, said method comprising: transforming a suitable host cell with a DNA sequence that encodes a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and culturing the cell under conditions favoring the expression of the protein

113. A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde.

114. The method of claim 113 wherein the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

115. A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acid, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2a protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2 gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde.

116. The method of claim 115 wherein the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

117. A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2 genes which encode an FAO2b protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of an aldehyde.

118. The method of claim 117 wherein the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

119. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO1 genes which encode an FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO1 gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.

120. The method of claim 119 wherein the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

121. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2a genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2a gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.

122. The method of claim 121 wherein the FAO2a gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3.

123. A method for increasing production of a dicarboxylic acid, said method comprising: (a) providing a host cell having a naturally occurring number of FAO genes; (b) increasing, in the host cell, the number of FAO2b genes which encode an FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6; and (c) culturing the host cell in media containing an organic substrate which upregulates the FAO2b gene, to effect increased production of dicarboxylic acid.

124. The method of claim 123 wherein the FAO2b gene comprises nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.

125. A method for increasing the production of an FAO1 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, said method comprising: (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring level of FAO1 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO1 gene that encodes the FAO1 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; and (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO1 gene.

126. A method for increasing the production of an FAO2 protein having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4, said method comprising: (a) transforming a host cell having a naturally occurring amount of FAO2 protein with an increased copy number of an FAO2 gene that encodes the FAO2 protein having the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; and (b) culturing the cell and thereby increasing expression of the protein compared with that of a host cell containing a naturally occurring copy number of the FAO2 gene.

127. A method for increasing production of an aldehyde during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, said method comprising: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene; (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid.

128. The method of claim 127 wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

129. A method for increasing production of an aldehyde from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, said method comprising: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid.

130. The method of claim 129 wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

131. A method of increasing production of an ketone from an alcohol during the second step of the ω-oxidation pathway of fatty acids, said method comprising: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid.

132. The method of claim 131 wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes an FAO2 protein comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs:4 or 6.

133. A method for increasing dicarboxylic acid production, said method comprising: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO1 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO1 gene; (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO1 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (e) transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and (f) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid.

134. The method of claim 133 wherein the ORF of the FAO1 gene comprises nucleotides 1941-4054 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.

135. A method of increasing dicarboxylic acid production, said method comprising: (a) isolating a nucleic acid molecule comprising coding sequence for an FAO2 gene; (b) isolating a promoter sequence from a gene which transcribes at a higher rate than the FAO2 gene, (c) operably linking the promoter sequence to the open reading frame (ORF) of the FAO2 gene to create a fusion gene; (d) inserting the fusion gene into an expression vector; (d) transforming a host cell with the expression vector; and (e) culturing the transformed host cell in a media containing an organic substrate that is biooxidizable to a mono- or polycarboxylic acid.

136. The method of claim 135 wherein the ORF of the FAO2 gene comprises nucleotides 1521-3635 of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or nucleotides 1099-3213 of the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5.