Patent Application
20130330308
The present invention relates to methods for improving feed compositions using a direct fed microbial in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp., particularly to a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter braakii, and to a feed additive composition comprising a direct fed microbial in combination with a phytase derived from Citrobacter spp., particularly to a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter braakii. The present invention further relates to uses and kits.
Supplemental enzymes are used as additives to animal feed, particularly poultry and swine feeds, as a means to improve nutrient utilization and production performance characteristics. Enzyme blends are available to improve the nutritional value of diets containing cereal grain, soybean meal, animal protein meals, or high fibre food by-products. The concept of direct fed microbials (DFMs) involves the feeding of beneficial microbes to animals, such as broiler chickens when they are under periods of stress (disease, ration changes, environmental or production challenges). Probiotics is another term for this category of feed additives. Probiotics or DFMs have been shown to improve animal performance in controlled studies. DFMs including direct fed bacteria and/or yeast-based products.
Although combinations of DFMs with some enzymes have been contemplated, the interaction between DFMs and exogenous enzymes in animal feed has never been fully understood. The present invention relates to novel specific combinations which surprisingly significantly improve production performance characteristics in animals.
A seminal finding of the present invention is that a DFM in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii) has significant beneficial effects on the performance of an animal.
In particular, a seminal finding of the present invention is that a DFM in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii) has significant beneficial effects on the performance of an animal, including improving one or more of the following: feed conversion ratio (FCR), ability to digest a raw material (e.g. nutrient digestibility, such as amino acid digestibility), nitrogen retention, survival, carcass yield, growth rate, weight gain, feed efficiency animals resistance to necrotic enteritis, the immune response of the subject, the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.
Another surprising effect of the present invention is that it can reduce nutrient excretion in manure (e.g. reduce nitrogen and phosphorus) content of a subject's manure.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a feed additive composition comprising (or consisting essentially of or consisting of) a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii).
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving the performance of a subject or for improving digestibility of a raw material in a feed (e.g. nutrient digestibility, such as amino acid digestibility), or for improving nitrogen retention, or for avoiding the negative effects of necrotic enteritis or for improving feed conversion ratio (FCR) or for improving weight gain in a subject or for improving feed efficiency in a subject or for modulating (e.g. improving) the immune response of the subject, or for promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or for reducing populations of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or for reducing nutrient excretion in manure which method comprising administering to a subject a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp, (particularly from Citrobacter braakii).
A yet further aspect of the present invention is use of a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii) for improving the performance of a subject or for improving digestibility of a raw material in a feed (e.g. nutrient digestibility, such as amino acid digestibility) or for improving nitrogen retention) or for avoiding the negative effects of necrotic enteritis or for improving feed conversion ratio (FCR) or for improving weight gain in a subject or for improving feed efficiency in a subject or for modulating (e.g. improving) the immune response of the subject, or for promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject or for reducing populations of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject, or for reducing nutrient excretion in manure.
In a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a kit comprising a direct fed microbial (DFM), a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii), optionally at least one vitamin, optionally at least one mineral), and instructions for administration.
In another aspect the present invention provides a method of preparing a feed additive composition, comprising admixing a direct fed microbial (DFM) with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii) and (optionally) packaging.
In a yet further aspect the present invention provides a feed or feedstuff comprising a feed additive composition comprising (or consisting essentially of or consisting of) a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii).
A premix comprising a feed additive composition comprising (or consisting essentially of or consisting of) a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii), and at least one mineral and/or at least one vitamin.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparing a feedstuff comprising admixing a feed component with a feed additive composition comprising (or consisting essentially of or consisting of) a direct fed microbial (DFM) in combination with a phytase derivable (preferably derived) from Citrobacter spp. (particularly from Citrobacter braakii).
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a feed additive composition according to the present invention for preventing and/or treating coccidiosis and/or necrotic enteritis in a subject.
The present invention yet further provides a method of preventing and/or treating necrotic enteritis and/or coccidiosis wherein an effective amount of a feed additive composition according to the present invention is administered to a subject.
Preferably the enzyme(s) used in the present invention is/are exogenous to the DFM. In other words the enzyme(s) is/are preferably added to or admixed with the DFM.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Singleton, et al., DICTIONARY OF MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 20 ED., John Wiley and Sons, New York (1994), and Hale & Marham, THE HARPER COLLINS DICTIONARY OF BIOLOGY, Harper Perennial, N.Y. (1991) provide one of skill with a general dictionary of many of the terms used in this disclosure.
This disclosure is not limited by the exemplary methods and materials disclosed herein, and any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of embodiments of this disclosure. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Unless otherwise indicated, any nucleic acid sequences are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively.
The headings provided herein are not limitations of the various aspects or embodiments of this disclosure which can be had by reference to the specification as a whole. Accordingly, the terms defined immediately below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.
Amino acids are referred to herein using the name of the amino acid, the three letter abbreviation or the single letter abbreviation.
The term “protein”, as used herein, includes proteins, polypeptides, and peptides.
As used herein, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “polypeptide” and/or the term “protein”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “peptide”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “enzyme”.
The terms “protein” and “polypeptide” are used interchangeably herein. In the present disclosure and claims, the conventional one-letter and three-letter codes for amino acid residues may be used. The 3-letter code for amino acids as defined in conformity with the IUPACIUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). It is also understood that a polypeptide may be coded for by more than one nucleotide sequence due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
Other definitions of terms may appear throughout the specification. Before the exemplary embodiments are described in more detail, it is to understand that this disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims.
Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any stated value or intervening value in a stated range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range is encompassed within this disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range, and each range where either, neither or both limits are included in the smaller ranges is also encompassed within this disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in this disclosure.
It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an enzyme” includes a plurality of such candidate agents and reference to “the feed” includes reference to one or more feeds and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth.
The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that such publications constitute prior art to the claims appended hereto.
The enzymes for use in the present invention can be produced either by solid or submerged culture, including batch, fed-batch and continuous-flow processes. Culturing is accomplished in a growth medium comprising an aqueous mineral salts medium, organic growth factors, the carbon and energy source material, molecular oxygen, and, of course, a starting inoculum of one or more particular microorganism species to be employed.
The term “microbial” herein is used interchangeably with “microorganism”.
The term “DFM” as used here in means direct fed microbial.
Preferably the DFM comprises a viable microorganism. Preferably the DFM comprises a viable bacterium or a viable yeast or a viable fungi.
Preferably the DFM comprises a viable bacterium.
The term “viable microorganism” means a microorganism which is metabolically active or able to differentiate.
In one embodiment the DFM may be a spore forming bacterium and hence the term DFM may be comprised of or contain spores, e.g. bacterial spores. Therefore in one embodiment the term “viable microorganism” as used herein may include microbial spores, such as endospores or conidia.
In another embodiment the DFM in the feed additive composition according to the present invention is not comprised of or does not contain microbial spores, e.g. endospores or conidia.
The microorganism may be a naturally occurring microorganism or it may be a transformed microorganism. The microorganism may also be a combination of suitable microorganisms.
In some aspects, the DFM according to the present invention may be one or more of the following: a bacterium, a yeast, a fungi.
Preferably the DFM according to the present invention is a probiotic microorganism.
In the present invention, the term direct fed microbial (DFM) encompasses direct fed bacteria, direct fed yeast, direct fed fungi and combinations thereof.
Preferably the DFM is a direct fed bacterium.
Preferably the DFM is a combination comprising two or more bacteria, e.g. three or more or four or more.
Preferably the bacterium or bacteria is or are isolated.
Suitably the DFM may comprise a bacterium from one or more of the following genera: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Carnobacterium, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Megasphaera and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment the DFM may be selected from the following Bacillus spp: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
In one embodiment the DFM may be a combination comprising two or more Bacillus strains.
In one embodiment the DFM may be a combination comprising two or more Bacillus strains.
In one embodiment the DFM may be a combination of two or more the Bacillus subtilis strains 3A-P4 (PTA-6506); 15A-P4 (PTA-6507); 22C-P1 (PTA-6508); 2084 (NRRL B-500130); LSSA01 (NRRL-B-50104); BS27 (NRRL B-50105); BS 18 (NRRL B-50633); and BS 278 (NRRL B-50634).
Strains 3A-P4 (PTA-6506), 15A-P4 (PTA-6507) and 22C-P1 (PTA-6508) are publically available from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).
Strains 2084 (NRRL B-500130); LSSA01 (NRRL-B-50104); BS27 (NRRL B-50105) are publically available from the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection (NRRL). Strain Bacillus subtilis LSSA01 is sometimes referred to as B. subtilis 8.
These strains are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,469 B2.
Bacillus subtilis BS 18 and Bacillus subtilis BS 278 were deposited by Andy Madisen of W227 N752 Westmound Dr. Waukesha, Wis. 53186, USA or Danisco USA Inc. of W227 N752 Westmound Dr. Waukesha, Wis. 53186, USA under the Budapest Treaty at the Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection (NRRL) at 1815 North University Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604, United States of America, under deposit numbers NRRL B-50633 and NRRL B-50634, respectively on 9 Jan. 2012.
Andy Madisen of W227 N752 Westmound Dr. Waukesha, Wis. 53186, USA and Danisco USA Inc. of W227 N752 Westmound Dr. Waukesha, Wis. 53186, USA authorise Danisco A/S of Langebrogade 1, PO Box 17, DK-1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark to refer to these deposited biological materials in this patent application and have given unreserved and irrevocable consent to the deposited material being made available to the public.
In some embodiments the DFM may be a combination comprising the Bacillus subtilis strains as detailed in the table below:
B. subtilis
In one embodiment the DFM may be selected from the following Lactococcus spp: Lactococcus cremoris and Lactococcus lactis and combinations thereof.
In one embodiment the DFM may be selected from the following Lactobacillus spp: Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus kefiri, Lactobacillus bifidus, Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus sakei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus delbreuckii, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus jensenii, and combinations of any thereof.
In one embodiment the DFM may be selected from the following Bifidobacteria spp: Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidium, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, and Bifidobacterium angulatum, and combinations of any thereof.
Suitably the DFM may comprise a bacterium from one or more of the following species: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus spp, and Pediococcus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pediococsus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium thoenii, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Clostridium butyricum, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. Salivarius, Propionibacteria sp and combinations thereof.
The direct fed bacterium used in the present invention may be of the same type (genus, species and strain) or may comprise a mixture of genera, species and/or strains.
Suitably the DFM according to the present invention may be one or more of the products or the microorganisms contained in those products as in the Table below:
Bacillus subtilis strain 2084 Accession
Bacillus subtilis strain LSSAO1
Bacillus subtilis strain 15A-P4 ATCC
Bacillus subtilis Strain C3102
Bacillus subtilis Strain PB6
Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415
Bacillus subtilis Strain C3102
Bacillus licheniformis
Enterococcus and Pediococcus
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and
Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT-5940
Enterococcus faecium SF68
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus
licheniformis
Enterococcus faecium
Bacillus strain
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Enterococcus faecium
Pediococcus acidilactici,
Enterococcus faecium,
Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis,
Lactobacillus reuteri
Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. salivarius
Lactobacillus farciminis
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococcus faecium (2 strains)
Lactococcus lactis DSM 11037
Lactobacillus rhamnosus and
Lactobacillus farciminis
Bacillus subtilis
Enterococcus faecium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Pediococcus acidilacti
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC Sc47
Clostridium butyricum
Enterococcus faecium
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCYC R-
Saccharomyces cerevisia
Enterococcus faecium and
Lactobacillus rhamnosus
Bacillus subtilis and
Aspergillus oryzae
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus cereus var. toyoi NCIMB
In one embodiment suitably the DFM may be Enviva Pro®. Enviva Pro® is commercially available from Danisco A/S and is a combination of Bacillus strain 2084 Accession No. NRRI B-50013, Bacillus strain LSSAO1 Accession No. NRRL B-50104 and Bacillus strain 15A-P4 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6507 (as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,469 B—incorporated herein by reference).
Suitably, the DFM may comprise a yeast from the genera: Saccharomyces spp.
Preferably the DFM to be used in accordance with the present invention is a microorganism which is generally recognised as safe and, which is preferably GRAS approved.
A skilled person will readily be aware of specific species and or strains of microorganisms from within the genera described herein which are used in the food and/or agricultural industries and which are generally considered suitable for animal consumption.
Preferably, the DFM used in accordance with the present invention is one which is suitable for animal consumption.
Advantageously, where the product is a feed or feed additive composition, the viable DFM should remain effective through the normal “sell-by” or “expiration” date of the product during which the feed or feed additive composition is offered for sale by the retailer. The desired lengths of time and normal shelf life will vary from feedstuff to feedstuff and those of ordinary skill in the art will recognise that shelf-life times will vary upon the type of feedstuff, the size of the feedstuff, storage temperatures, processing conditions, packaging material and packaging equipment.
In some embodiments it is important that the DFM is tolerant to heat, i.e. is thermotolerant. This is particularly the case where the feed is pelleted. Therefore in one embodiment the DFM may be a thermotolerant microorganism, such as a thermotolerant bacterium, including for example Bacillus spp.
In some embodiments it may be preferable that the DFM is a spore producing bacteria, such as Bacilli, e.g. Bacillus spp. Bacilli are able to from stable endospores when conditions for growth are unfavorable and are very resistant to heat, pH, moisture and disinfectants.
In one embodiment suitably the DFM may decrease or prevent intestinal establishment of pathogenic microorganism (such as Clostridium perfringens and/or E. coli and/or Salmonella spp and/or Campylobacter spp.).
The DFM according to the present invention may be any suitable DFM. In one embodiment the DFM according to the present invention may be an inhibitory strain (or an antipathogen strain). In one embodiment the following assay “DFM ASSAY” may used to determine the suitability of a microorganism to be a DFM. For the avoidance of doubt in one embodiment a DFM selected as an inhibitory strain (or an antipathogen DFM) in accordance with the “DFM ASSAY” taught herein is a suitable DFM for use in accordance with the present invention, i.e. in the feed additive composition according to the present invention.
Tubes were seeded each with a representative pathogen from a representative cluster.
Supernatant from a potential DFM grown aerobically or anaerobically was added to the seeded tubes and incubated.
After incubation, the optical density (OD) of the control and supernatant treated tubes was measured for each pathogen.
Colonies of (potential DFM) strains that produced a lowered OD compared with the control were classified as an inhibitory strain (or an antipathogen DFM).
The DFM assay as used herein is explained in more detail in US2009/0280090—incorporated herein by reference.
Preferably the representative pathogen used in assay is one (or more) of the following: Clostridium, such as Clostridium perfringens and/or Clostridium difficile, and/or E. coli and/or Salmonella spp and/or Campylobacter spp. In one preferred embodiment the assay is conducted with one or more of Clostridium perfringens and/or Clostridium difficile and/or E. coli, preferably Clostridium perfringens and/or Clostridium difficile, more preferably Clostridium perfringens.
In one embodiment the DFM of the present invention is preferably an antipathogen.
The term “antipathogen” as used herein means that the DFM counters an effect (e.g. a negative effect) of a pathogen.
In one embodiment to determine if a DFM is an antipathogen in accordance with the present invention the above mentioned DFM assay may be used. A DFM is considered to be an antipathogen or an antipathogen DFM if it is classed as an inhibitory strain in the above mentioned DFM assay, particularly when the pathogen is Clostridium perfringens.
In one embodiment the antipathogen DFM may be one or more of the following bacteria:
Bacillus subtilis strain 2084 Accession No. NRRL B-50013,
Bacillus subtilis strain LSSAO1 Accession No. NRRL B-50104,
Bacillus subtilis strain 15A-P4 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6507,
Bacillus subtilis strain 3A-P4 ATCC Accession No. PTA-6506, and
Bacillus subtilis strain BS27 ATCC Accession No. NRRL B-50105. For the avoidance of doubt these strains are available and are referred to in U.S. Pat. No. 7,754,459 B.
In one embodiment the DFM used in accordance with the present invention is not Lactobacillus gasseri BNR 17 Strain Acc No. KCTC 10902BP as taught in WO2008/016214.
Preferably the DFM is not an inactivated microorganism.
In one embodiment the DFM as used herein is a composition comprising one or more DFM microorganisms as described herein. The composition may additionally comprise the enzymes of the present invention. The composition can be fed to an animal as a direct-fed microbial (DFM). One or more carrier(s) or other ingredients can be added to the DFM. The DFM may be presented in various physical forms, for example, as a top dress, as a water soluble concentrate for use as a liquid drench or to be added to a milk replacer, gelatin capsule, or gels. In one embodiment of the top dress form, freeze-dried fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sucrose, dextrose, limestone (calcium carbonate), rice hulls, yeast culture, dried starch, and/or sodium silico aluminate. In one embodiment of the water soluble concentrate for a liquid drench or milk replacer supplement, freeze-dried fermentation product is added to a water soluble carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sucrose, dextrose, dried starch, sodium silico aluminate, and a liquid is added to form the drench or the supplement is added to milk or a milk replacer. In one embodiment of the gelatin capsule form, freeze-dried fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as whey, maltodextrin, sugar, limestone (calcium carbonate), rice hulls, yeast culture dried starch, and/or sodium silico aluminate. In one embodiment, the bacteria and carrier are enclosed in a degradable gelatin capsule. In one embodiment of the gels form, freeze-dried fermentation product is added to a carrier, such as vegetable oil, sucrose, silicon dioxide, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, butylated hydroxyanisole, citric acid, ethoxyquin, and/or artificial coloring to form the gel.
The DFM(s) may optionally be admixed with a dry formulation of additives including but not limited to growth substrates, enzymes, sugars, carbohydrates, extracts and growth promoting micro-ingredients. The sugars could include the following: lactose; maltose; dextrose; maltodextrin; glucose; fructose; mannose; tagatose; sorbose; raffinose; and galactose. The sugars range from 50-95%, either individually or in combination. The extracts could include yeast or dried yeast fermentation solubles ranging from 5-50%. The growth substrates could include: trypticase, ranging from 5-25%; sodium lactate, ranging from 5-30%; and, Tween 80, ranging from 1-5%. The carbohydrates could include mannitol, sorbitol, adonitol and arabitol. The carbohydrates range from 5-50% individually or in combination. The micro-ingredients could include the following: calcium carbonate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calcium chloride, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; dipotassium phosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; calcium phosphate, ranging from 0.5-5.0%; manganese proteinate, ranging from 0.25-1.00%; and, manganese, ranging from 0.25-1.0%.
To prepare DFMs described herein, the culture(s) and carrier(s) (where used) can be added to a ribbon or paddle mixer and mixed for about 15 minutes, although the timing can be increased or decreased. The components are blended such that a uniform mixture of the cultures and carriers result. The final product is preferably a dry, flowable powder. The DFM(s) or composition comprising same can then be added to animal feed or a feed premix, added to an animal's water, or administered in other ways known in the art (preferably simultaneously with the enzymes of the present invention). A feed for an animal can be supplemented with one or more DFM(s) described herein or with a composition described herein.
By “a mixture of at least two strains,” is meant a mixture of two, three, four, five, six or even more strains. In some embodiments of a mixture of strains, the proportions can vary from 1% to 99%. Other embodiments of a mixture of strains are from 25% to 75%. Additional embodiments of a mixture of strains are approximately 50% for each strain. When a mixture comprises more than two strains, the strains can be present in substantially equal proportions or in different proportions in the mixture.
The DFM may be dosed appropriately.
Suitably dosages of DFM in the feed may be between about 1×103 CFU/g feed to about 1×109 CFU/g feed, suitably between about 1×104 CFU/g feed to about 1×108 CFU/g feed, suitably between about 7.5×104 CFU/g feed to about 1×107 CFU/g feed.
In one embodiment the DFM is dosed in the feedstuff at more than about 1×103 CFU/g feed, suitably more than about 1×104 CFU/g feed, suitably more than about 7.5×104 CFU/g feed.
Suitably dosages of DFM in the feed additive composition may be between about 1×105 CFU/g composition to about 1×1013 CFU/g composition, suitably between about 1×106 CFU/g composition to about 1×1012 CFU/g composition, suitably between about 3.75×107 CFU/g composition to about 1×1011 CFU/g composition.
In one embodiment the DFM is dosed in the feed additive composition at more than about 1×105 CFU/g composition, suitably more than about 1×106 CFU/g composition, suitably more than about 3.75×107 CFU/g composition.
In one embodiment the DFM is dosed in the feed additive composition at more than about 2×105 CFU/g composition, suitably more than about 2×106 CFU/g composition, suitably more than about 3.75×107 CFU/g composition.
As used herein the term “CFU” means colony forming units and is a measure of viable cells in which a colony represents an aggregate of cells derived from a single progenitor cell.
Phytic acid (royo-inositol hexakisphosphate) is an important constituent in cereals, legumes and oilseed crops. The salt form, phytate, is the major storage form of phosphorous in these plants.
Phytases catalyse phosphate monoester hydrolysis of phytic add which results in the step-wise formation of myo-inositol pentakis-; tetrakis-, tris-, bis- and monophosphates, as well as the liberation of inorganic phosphate.
The term “phytase” means a protein or polypeptide which is capable of catalysing the hydrolysis of esters of phosphoric acid including phytate and releasing inorganic phosphate. Phytases are capable to hydrolyse, in addition to phytate, at least some of the inositol-phosphates of intermediate degrees of phosphorylation.
The phytase for use in the present invention may be classified 86-phytase (classified as E.C. 3.1.3.26) or a 3-phytase (classified as E.C. 3.1.3.8).
In one embodiment the phytase is preferably a 6-phytase (E.C. 3.1.3.26).
The phytase for use in the present invention is derivable (preferably derived) from a Citrobacter bacterium.
The phytase for use in the present invention is a Citrobacter phytase, preferably a Citrobacter braakii phytase.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is derivable, preferably derived, from a Citrobacter bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Citrobacter braakii, e.g. Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113; Citrobacter freundii, e.g. C. freundii NCIMB 41247; Citrobacter amalonaticus, e.g. Citrobacter amalonaticus ATCC 25405 or Citrobacter amalonaticus ATCC 25407; Citrobacter gillenii, e.g. Citrobacter gillenii DSM 13694; Citrobacter intermedius, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter murliniae, Citrobacter rodentium, Citrobacter sedlakii, Citrobacter werkmanii, Citrobacter youngae, or Citrobacter species.
In one embodiment the phytase is a Citrobacter phytase derived from e.g.
In a preferred embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is the phytase derivable or derived from Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113 as disclosed in WO2006/037328 (incorporated herein by reference) and having the amino acid sequence shown herein as SEQ ID No. 1, as well as variants thereof e.g. as disclosed in WO2007/112739 (incorporated herein by reference) and WO2011/117396 (incorporated herein by reference), or is the phytase derivable or derived from Citrobacter freundii, preferably C. freundii NCIMB 41247 and having the amino acid sequence shown herein as SEQ ID No. 5, or variants thereof e.g. as disclosed in WO2006/038062 (incorporated herein by reference) and WO2006/038128 (incorporated herein by reference), or is the Citrobacter freundii phytase taught in UniProtKB/TrEMBLaccession no. Q676V7 (shown herein as SEQ ID No. 9), or is the Citrobacter freundii phytase taught in EBI Accession No. EM-PRO:AY390262 (shown herein as SEQ ID No. 10), or is the phytase derivable or derived from Citrobacter braakii YH-15 as disclosed in WO2004/085638 (incorporated herein by reference) and having the amino acid sequence shown herein as SEQ ID No. 7 or variants thereof.
In a preferred embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is the phytase (e.g. 6-phytase) derivable (or derived) from Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113 as disclosed in WO2006/037328 (incorporated herein by reference), or a variant thereof e.g. as disclosed in WO2007/112739 (incorporated herein by reference) and WO2011/117396 (incorporated herein by reference).
In a preferred embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention comprises a polypeptide having phytase activity, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 98.6% identity with (i) amino adds 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (m) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEC) ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10; (b) a variant comprising a deletion, insertion, and/or conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (iii) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEC) ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10; and/or (c) a fragment of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 and/or (iii) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEQ ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10.
In a preferred embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention comprises a polypeptide having phytase activity, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 98.6% identity with (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2; (b) a variant comprising a deletion, insertion, and/or conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2; and/or (c) a fragment of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention comprises a polypeptide having phytase activity comprising an amino acid sequence which has at least 99.1% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID No 1 or 2.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention may be encoded by a polynucleotide, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 98.6% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2; and (b) a polynucleotide having at least 98.3% identity with nucleotides 67 to 1299 of SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO. 4.
The phytase for use in the present invention may be encoded by polynucleotide operably linked to a nucleotide sequence encoding a signal peptide consisting of (i) nucleotides 1 to 66 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or (ii) nucleotides 1 to 66 of SEQ ID NO: 3.
In some embodiments the phytase for use in the present invention may have an improved thermostability indicated as residual activity determined by dividing a supernatant into two parts, one part is incubated for 30 minutes at 60° C., and the other part for 30 minutes at 5° C., following which the activity of both is determined on p-nitrophenyl phosphate at 37° C. and pH 5.5, where the residual activity of the phytase is the activity of the sample having been incubated at 60° C. divided by the activity of the same sample having been incubated at 5° C., where the residual activity of the phytase is at least 105% of the residual activity of the reference phytase shown herein as SEQ ID No. 1, measured in the same conditions.
In some embodiments the phytase as used in the present invention may comprise at least one alteration and no more than 4 alterations as compared to SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, wherein at least one of said one to four alterations is selected from the following: 4P, 46E, 107G, 111P, 119K, 162C, 223E, 241Q, 273L, 276K, 379K, 385D, 91C/146C, 52C/99C, 31C/176C, 31C/177C, 59C/100C, 141C/199C, 162C/247C, 111P/241 Q, 310, 119K, 202N, 286Q and 362K,R.
In some embodiments the phytase as used in the present invention may comprise at least one alteration and no more than 4 alterations as compared to SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, wherein at least one of said one to four alterations is selected from the following: 91C/46C, 52C/99C, 31C/176C, 31C/177C, 59C/100C, 141C/199C, 162C/247C, 111P/241Q.
In a preferred embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is the phytase sold commercially as Ronozyme HiPhos™.
The enzyme Ronozyme HiPhos™ has the amino acid sequence shown as SEQ ID No. 1 herein.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is the Citrobacter braakii YH-15 phytase having the amino acid sequence shown herein as SEQ ID No. 7 or an amino acid sequence which is at least 75%, preferably 80%, preferably 90%, preferably 98%, identity therewith.
In one embodiment the phytase may be a phytase from Citrobacter freundii, such as the phytase enzyme(s) taught in WO2006/038128, which reference is incorporated herein by reference or is the Citrobacter freundii phytase taught in UniProtKB/TrEMBLaccession no. Q676V7 (shown herein as SEQ ID No. 9), or is the Citrobacter freundii phytase taught in EBI Accession No. EM-PRO:AY390262 (shown herein as SEQ ID No. 10).
In one embodiment the phytase may be a phytase from Citrobacter freundii, such as the phytase enzyme(s) taught in WO2006/038128, which reference is incorporated herein by reference.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention may comprises the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID No. 9 or SEQ ID No. 10 or a sequence having at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, identity to SEQ ID No. 5, SEQ ID No. 9 or SEQ ID No. 10 or a functional fragment thereof.
The term “functional fragment” as used herein means having phytase activity. Preferably “functional fragment” means that the fragment has the same phytase activity as the full length sequence, in terms of type of phytase activity and/or level of activity.
In one embodiment preferably the phytase for use in the present invention is encoded by a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, identity to SEQ ID No, 5, SEQ ID No. 9 or SEQ ID No. 10; and (b) a polynucleotide having at least 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity with SEQ ID No. 6 or SEQ ID No. 11.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention is encoded by a nucleotide sequence shown as:
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention may comprise an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 5 which is a Citrobacter freundii phytase or a sequence having at least 90% identity thereto; wherein said polypeptide comprises a combination of mutations selected from the group consisting of: R288M;
numbered according to the numbering in SEQ ID No. 5, and
wherein the isolated polypeptide has increased thermostability compared to a polypeptide having the sequence set out in SEQ ID NO: 5.
In one embodiment the phytase for use in the present invention may comprises the amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 or a sequence having at least 75%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, identity thereto or a functional fragment thereof.
In one embodiment preferably the Citrobacter phytase in accordance with the present invention has a pH optima in the range of 3-4.5. In one embodiment preferably the Citrobacter phytase according to the present invention is capable of its highest activity in the pH range of about 3-3.5.
Both Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113 as disclosed in WO2006/037328 (incorporated herein by reference)—the amino acid sequence for the enzyme is shown herein as SEQ ID No. 1 and Citrobacter braakii YH-15 as described in WO2004/085638—the amino acid sequence for the enzyme is shown herein as SEQ ID No. 7 have a pH optima in the range of 3-4.5.
Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113 as disclosed in WO2006/037328 (incorporated herein by reference)—the amino acid sequence for the enzyme is shown herein as SEQ ID No. 1 is also capable of its highest activity in the pH range of about 3-3.5.
Citrobacter braakii YH-15 as described in WO2004/085638—the amino acid sequence for the enzyme is shown herein as SEQ ID No. 7 has its highest activity at a pH of about 4. Suitably more than one phytase may be used in combination, e.g. 2 or 3 phytases.
It is also contemplated in the present invention that more than one Citrobacter phytase (e.g. from the same or different species or strains) may be used in combination. Alternatively, the at least one Citrobacter phytase as detailed herein may be used in combination with one or more non-Citrobacter phytases.
In one embodiment preferably the Citrobacter phytase used in the present invention is a 6-phytase.
In one embodiment preferably the Citrobacter phytase used in the present invention is not used in combination a further phytase, e.g. a further Citrobacter phytase or a further non-Citrobacter phytase.
Preferably, the phytase is present in the feedstuff in range of about 200 FTU/kg to about 1000 FTU/kg feed, more preferably about 300 FTU/kg feed to about 750 FTU/kg feed, more preferably about 400 FTU/kg feed to about 500 FTU/kg feed.
In one embodiment the phytase is present in the feedstuff at more than about 200 FTU/kg feed, suitably more than about 300 FTU/kg feed, suitably more than about 400 FTU/kg feed.
In one embodiment the phytase is present in the feedstuff at less than about 1000 FTU/kg feed, suitably less than about 750 FTU/kg feed.
Preferably, the phytase is present in the feed additive composition in range of about 40 FTU/g to about 40,000 FTU/g composition, more preferably about 80 FTU/g composition to about 20,000 FTU/g composition, and even more preferably about 100 FTU/g composition to about 10,000 FTU/g composition, and even more preferably about 200 FTU/g composition to about 10,000 FTU/g composition.
In one embodiment the phytase is present in the feed additive composition at more than about 40 FTU/g composition, suitably more than about 60 FTU/g composition, suitably more than about 100 FTU/g composition, suitably more than about 150 FTU/g composition, suitably more than about 200 FTU/g composition.
In one embodiment the phytase is present in the feed additive composition at less than about 40,000 FTU/g composition, suitably less than about 20,000 FTU/g composition, suitably less than about 15,000 FTU/g composition, suitably less than about 10,000 FTU/g composition.
It will be understood that as used herein 1 FTU (phytase unit) is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol of inorganic orthophosphate from a substrate in one minute under the reaction conditions defined in the ISO 2009 phytase assay—A standard assay for determining phytase activity and 1 FTU can be found at International Standard ISO/DIS 30024: 1-17, 2009.
In one embodiment suitably the enzyme is classified using the E.C. classification above, and the E.C. classification designates an enzyme having that activity when tested in the assay taught herein for determining 1 FTU.
It has surprisingly been found that Citrobacter phytases (in particular Citrobacter braakii phytases and/or Citrobacter freundii phytases) in combination with DFMs improve a subject's resistance to necrotic enteritis, e.g. that a reduction in lesion scores for instance can be seen.
What is particularly surprising is that the Citrobacter phytases (e.g. from Citrobacter braakii and/or Citrobacter freundii) as taught herein above improve a subjects resistance to necrotic enteritis significantly more than other known phytases (e.g. from non-Citrobacter organisms) known in the art when combined with a DFM.
In one embodiment the effect is even more pronounced with the Citrobacter braakii phytase sold as Ronozyme HiPhos™ as taught herein compared with phytases from other Citrobacter braakii strains (e.g. C. braakii phytase from strain YH-15—whose sequence is shown herein as SEQ ID No. 7)—which was completely unexpected.
Again without wishing to be bound by theory one suggestion how the combination of Citrobacter phytases and DFMs provides surprisingly better results compared with other phytases and DFMs is that C. braakii phytases have a higher activity at lower pHs (e.g. 3.5-4.5) compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. As the first part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of monogastric farm animals, e.g. swine or poultry, has a low pH—C. braakii phytases appear to have more activity in this part of the GI tract thus these phytases are capable of releasing phosphorus and other nutrients, such as protein, much faster from the phytate substrate compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. This is advantageous in many ways, including that it is desirable to act on the phytate as soon as possible as it has a tendency to complex with other substances such as minerals and proteins, particularly as the pH rises. Once the phytate complexes it can be less accessible by enzymes for breakdown. Therefore acting on the phytate substrate early on in the GI tract when the pH is still low is desirable. However the breakdown of the phytate in the early part of the GI tract means that there can be less phosphorus available in the jejunum and the lower part of the GI tract which can have a negative impact on the populations of commensal “good” bacteria such as the Lactobacilli (which have been shown to have beneficial effects such as immune modulation and the production of organic acids that lower the intestinal pH). This negative impact on resident “good” bacteria can result in opportunistic pathogens to flourish—thus upsetting the overall balance of bacteria in the gut.
With regard to the present invention, it has surprisingly been found that the negative impact of using C. braakii phytases can be overcome by combining their use with one or more DFM. The DFM reestablishes the balance of bacteria in the gut—thus leading to reduced gut damage due to pathogenic bacteria and higher performance of the animal subject.
Again without wishing to be bound by theory a further suggestion how the combination of Citrobacter phytases and DFMs provides surprisingly better results compared with other phytases and DFMs is that Citrobacter braakii phytases have a higher activity at lower pHs (e.g. 3.5-4.5) compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. As the first part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a low pH—C. braakii phytases appear to have more activity in this part of the GI tract. This can improve protein digestion by a subject because phytate can form complexes by binding proteins. The results of this early increase in adsorption of proteins can result in the animal producing less hydrochloric acid (HCl)—this can have a negative impact later in the GI tract as it can increase the pH in the later part of the GI tract. Increasing pH in the later part of the GI tract is not advantageous as it increases the chances of pathogens being able to establish themselves within the gut. Surprisingly it has been found by the present inventions that these negative effects of using Citrobacter phytases can be overcome by combining them with DFMs.
Surprisingly the 6-phytase from C. braakii strain ATCC 51113 (with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 1) is even more positively influenced that even other C. braakii 6-phytase enzymes such as the 6-phytase from C. braakii strain YH-15 (with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 7).
Formulation of the DFM with the Enzyme
The DFM and the enzymes may be formulated in any suitable way to ensure that the formulation comprises viable DFMs and an active enzyme.
In one embodiment the DFM and enzymes may be formulated as a liquid, a dry powder or a granule.
The dry powder or granules may be prepared by means known to those skilled in the art, such as, in top-spray fluid bed coater, in a buttom spray Wurster or by drum granulation (e.g. High sheer granulation), extrusion, pan coating or in a microingredients mixer.
For some embodiments the DFM and/or the enzyme(s) may be coated, for example encapsulated. Suitably the DFM and enzymes may be formulated within the same coating or encapsulated within the same capsule. Alternatively one or both of the enzymes may be formulated within the same coating or encapsulated within the same capsule and the DFM could be formulated in a coating separate to the one or both of the enzymes. In some embodiments, such as where the DFM is capable of producing endospores, the DFM may be provided without any coating. In such circumstances, the DFM endospores may be simply admixed with one or both enzymes. In the latter case, the enzymes may be coated, e.g. encapsulated, for instance one or both of the enzymes may be coated, e.g. encapsulated. The enzymes may be encapsulated as mixtures (i.e. comprising one or both) of the enzymes or they may be encapsulated separately, e.g. as single enzymes. In one preferred embodiment both enzymes may be coated, e.g. encapsulated, together.
In one embodiment the coating protects the enzymes from heat and may be considered a thermoprotectant.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition is formulated to a dry powder or granules as described in WO2007/044968 (referred to as TPT granules) or WO1997/016076 or WO1992/012645 (each of which is incorporated herein by reference).
In one aspect a feed of the present invention comprises a steam treated pelletised feed composition comprising a granule comprising a core and one or more coatings. The core may be a salt granule or the like onto which an enzyme solution may have been sprayed so as to form a layer thereon. The core comprises one or more active compounds, such as at least the phytase and/or DFM of the present invention. At least one of the coatings can be a moisture barrier coating. In some embodiments at least one of the coatings comprises a salt.
For certain embodiments, the granules are approximately 210 to 390 μm in size. In some embodiments, the granules may be up to 450 μm or more in size or up to 500 μm or more in size. Examples of such an embodiment may be found in WO 2006/034710, WO 00/01793, WO 99/32595, WO 2007/044968, WO 00/47060, WO 03/059086, WO 03/059087, WO 2006/053564 and US 2003/0054511, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
A preferred salt for the coating of the pellets is one or more of that described in WO2006/034710 (incorporated herein by reference). Examples of preferred salts for coating the pellets include one or more of: Na2SO4 NaCl, Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4, NH4CL, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, KCl, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, K2SO4, KHSO4, MgSO4, ZnSO4 and sodium citrate or mixtures thereof. For some aspects, examples of more preferred salts for coating the pellets include one or more sulphates, such as one or more Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, K2SO4, KHSO4, MgSO4, ZnSO4 or mixtures thereof. For some aspects, examples of more preferred salts for coating the pellets include one or more Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and MgSO4 or mixtures thereof. For some aspects, a preferred salt for coating the pellets is or includes at least Na2SO4.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule that comprises a core, wherein the core comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings comprises a moisture barrier. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule, wherein the granule comprises a core that comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings comprises a salt that is capable of acting as a moisture barrier. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule, wherein the granule comprises a core that comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings comprises one or more of Na2SO4 NaCl, Na2CO3, NaNO3, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4, NH4CL, (NH4)2HPO4, NH4H2PO4, (NH4)2SO4, KCl, K2HPO4, KH2PO4, KNO3, K2SO4, KHSO4, MgSO4, ZnSO4 and sodium citrate or mixtures thereof. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule, wherein the granule comprises a core that comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings comprises one or more sulphates, such as one or more Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, K2SO4, KHSO4, MgSO4, ZnSO4 or mixtures thereof. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule, wherein the granule comprises a core that comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings comprises one or more of Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, and MgSO4 or mixtures thereof. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In certain aspects the feed of the present invention comprises a granule, wherein the granule comprises a core that comprises at least a phytase and/or DFM according to the present invention, and wherein the core is coated with one or more coatings, wherein at least one of the coatings is or includes at least Na2SO4. The granule may be a steam treated granule. The granule may be a steam treated pelletised granule.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition may be formulated to a granule for feed compositions comprising: a core; an active agent; and at least one coating, the active agent of the granule retaining at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity, at least 70% activity, at least 80% activity after conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelleting process, b) a steam-heated feed pretreatment process, c) storage, d) storage as an ingredient in an unpelleted mixture, and e) storage as an ingredient in a feed base mix or a feed premix comprising at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic adds, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds which result in an acidic or a basic feed base mix or feed premix.
With regard to the granule at least one coating may comprise a moisture hydrating material that constitutes at least 55% w/w of the granule; and/or at least one coating may comprise two coatings. The two coatings may be a moisture hydrating coating and a moisture barrier coating. In some embodiments, the moisture hydrating coating may be between 25% and 60% w/w of the granule and the moisture barrier coating may be between 2% and 15% w/w of the granule. The moisture hydrating coating may be selected from inorganic salts, sucrose, starch, and maltodextrin and the moisture barrier coating may be selected from polymers, gums, whey and starch.
The granule may be produced using a feed pelleting process and the feed pretreatment process may be conducted between 70° C. and 95° C. for up to several minutes, such as between 85° C. and 95° C.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition may be formulated to a granule for animal feed comprising: a core; an active agent, the active agent of the granule retaining at least 80% activity after storage and after a steam-heated pelleting process where the granule is an ingredient; a moisture barrier coating; and a moisture hydrating coating that is at least 25% w/w of the granule, the granule having a water activity of less than 0.5 prior to the steam-heated pelleting process.
The granule may have a moisture barrier coating selected from polymers and gums and the moisture hydrating material may be an inorganic salt. The moisture hydrating coating may be between 25% and 45% w/w of the granule and the moisture barrier coating may be between 2% and 10% w/w of the granule.
The granule may be produced using a steam-heated pelleting process which may be conducted between 85° C. and 95° C. for up to several minutes.
In some embodiments the DFM (e.g. DFM endospores for example) may be diluted using a diluent, such as starch powder, limestone or the like.
In one embodiment, the composition is in a liquid formulation suitable for consumption preferably such liquid consumption contains one or more of the following: a buffer, salt, sorbitol and/or glycerol.
In another embodiment the feed additive composition may be formulated by applying, e.g. spraying, the enzyme(s) onto a carrier substrate, such as ground wheat for example.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition according to the present invention may be formulated as a premix. By way of example only the premix may comprise one or more feed components, such as one or more minerals and/or one or more vitamins.
In one embodiment the DFM and/or enzymes for use in the present invention are formulated with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier selected from at least one of maltodextrin, limestone (calcium carbonate), cyclodextrin, wheat or a wheat component, sucrose, starch, Na2SO4, Talc, PVA, sorbitol, benzoate, sorbiate, glycerol, sucrose, propylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, glucose, parabens, sodium chloride, citrate, acetate, phosphate, calcium, metabisulfite, formate and mixtures thereof.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition and/or premix and/or feed or feedstuff according to the present invention is packaged.
In one preferred embodiment the feed additive composition and/or premix and/or feed or feedstuff is packaged in a bag, such as a paper bag.
In an alternative embodiment the feed additive composition and/or premix and/or feed or feedstuff may be sealed in a container. Any suitable container may be used.
The feed additive composition of the present invention may be used as—or in the preparation of—a feed.
The term “feed” is used synonymously herein with “feedstuff”.
The feed may be in the form of a solution or as a solid—depending on the use and/or the mode of application and/or the mode of administration.
When used as—or in the preparation of—a feed—such as functional feed—the composition of the present invention may be used in conjunction with one or more of: a nutritionally acceptable carrier, a nutritionally acceptable diluent, a nutritionally acceptable excipient, a nutritionally acceptable adjuvant, a nutritionally active ingredient.
In a preferred embodiment the feed additive composition of the present invention is admixed with a feed component to form a feedstuff.
The term “feed component” as used herein means all or part of the feedstuff. Part of the feedstuff may mean one constituent of the feedstuff or more than one constituent of the feedstuff, e.g. 2 or 3 or 4. In one embodiment the term “feed component” encompasses a premix or premix constituents.
Preferably the feed may be a fodder, or a premix thereof, a compound feed, or a premix thereof. In one embodiment the feed additive composition according to the present invention may be admixed with a compound feed, a compound feed component or to a premix of a compound feed or to a fodder, a fodder component, or a premix of a fodder.
The term fodder as used herein means any food which is provided to an animal (rather than the animal having to forage for it themselves). Fodder encompasses plants that have been cut.
The term fodder includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes.
Fodder may be obtained from one or more of the plants selected from: alfalfa (lucerne), barley, birdsfoot trefoil, brassicas, Chau moellier, kale, rapeseed (canola), rutabaga (swede), turnip, clover, alsike clover, red clover, subterranean clover, white clover, grass, false oat grass, fescue, Bermuda grass, brome, heath grass, meadow grasses (from naturally mixed grassland swards, orchard grass, rye grass, Timothy-grass, corn (maize), millet, oats, sorghum, soybeans, trees (pollard tree shoots for tree-hay), wheat, and legumes.
The term “compound feed” means a commercial feed in the form of a meal, a pellet, nuts, cake or a crumble. Compound feeds may be blended from various raw materials and additives. These blends are formulated according to the specific requirements of the target animal.
Compound feeds can be complete feeds that provide all the daily required nutrients, concentrates that provide a part of the ration (protein, energy) or supplements that only provide additional micronutrients, such as minerals and vitamins.
The main ingredients used in compound feed are the feed grains, which include corn, soybeans, sorghum, oats, wheat and barley.
Suitably a premix as referred to herein may be a composition composed of microingredients such as vitamins, minerals, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, fermentation products, and other essential ingredients. Premixes are usually compositions suitable for blending into commercial rations.
Any feedstuff of the present invention may comprise one or more feed materials selected from the group comprising a) cereals, such as small grains (e.g., wheat, barley, rye, oats and combinations thereof) and/or large grains such as maize or sorghum; b) by products from cereals, such as corn gluten meal, Distillers Dried Grain Solubles (DDGS), wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat shorts, rice bran, rice hulls, oat hulls, palm kernel, and citrus pulp; c) protein obtained from sources such as soya, sunflower, peanut, lupin, peas, fava beans, cotton, canola, fish meal, dried plasma protein, meat and bone meal, potato protein, whey, copra, sesame; d) oils and fats obtained from vegetable and animal sources; e) minerals and vitamins.
A feedstuff of the present invention may contain at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50% or at least 60% by weight corn and soybean meal or corn and full fat soy, or wheat meal or sunflower meal.
In addition or in the alternative, a feedstuff of the present invention may comprise at least one high fibre feed material and/or at least one by-product of the at least one high fibre feed material to provide a high fibre feedstuff. Examples of high fibre feed materials include: wheat, barley, rye, oats, by products from cereals, such as corn gluten meal, Distillers Dried Grain Solubles (DDGS), wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat shorts, rice bran, rice hulls, oat hulls, palm kernel, and citrus pulp. Some protein sources may also be regarded as high fibre: protein obtained from sources such as sunflower, lupin, fava beans and cotton.
In the present invention the feed may be one or more of the following: a compound feed and premix, including pellets, nuts or (cattle) cake; a crop or crop residue: corn, soybeans, sorghum, oats, barley, corn stover, copra, straw, chaff, sugar beet waste; fish meal; freshly cut grass and other forage plants; meat and bone meal; molasses; oil cake and press cake; oligosaccharides; conserved forage plants: hay and silage; seaweed; seeds and grains, either whole or prepared by crushing, milling etc.; sprouted grains and legumes; yeast extract.
The term feed in the present invention also encompasses in some embodiments pet food. A pet food is plant or animal material intended for consumption by pets, such as dog food or cat food. Pet food, such as dog and cat food, may be either in a dry form, such as kibble for dogs, or wet canned form. Cat food may contain the amino acid taurine.
The term feed in the present invention also encompasses in some embodiments fish food. A fish food normally contains macro nutrients, trace elements and vitamins necessary to keep captive fish in good health. Fish food may be in the form of a flake, pellet or tablet. Pelleted forms, some of which sink rapidly, are often used for larger fish or bottom feeding species. Some fish foods also contain additives, such as beta carotene or sex hormones, to artificially enhance the color of ornamental fish.
The term feed in the present invention also encompasses in some embodiment bird food. Bird food includes food that is used both in birdfeeders and to feed pet birds. Typically bird food comprises of a variety of seeds, but may also encompass suet (beef or mutton fat).
As used herein the term “contacted” refers to the indirect or direct application of the composition of the present invention to the product (e.g. the feed). Examples of the application methods which may be used, include, but are not limited to, treating the product in a material comprising the feed additive composition, direct application by mixing the feed additive composition with the product, spraying the feed additive composition onto the product surface or dipping the product into a preparation of the feed additive composition.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition of the present invention is preferably admixed with the product (e.g. feedstuff). Alternatively, the feed additive composition may be included in the emulsion or raw ingredients of a feedstuff.
For some applications, it is important that the composition is made available on or to the surface of a product to be affected/treated. This allows the composition to impart one or more of the following favourable characteristics: performance benefits.
The feed additive compositions of the present invention may be applied to intersperse, coat and/or impregnate a product (e.g. feedstuff or raw ingredients of a feedstuff) with a controlled amount of DFM and enzymes.
The DFM and enzyme may be used simultaneously (e.g. when they are in admixture together or even when they are delivered by different routes) or sequentially (e.g. they may be delivered by different routes). In one embodiment preferably the DFM and enzymes are applied simultaneously. Preferably the DFM and enzymes are admixed prior to being delivered to a feedstuff or to a raw ingredient of a feedstuff.
The DFM in feed additive compositions according to the present invention—can be added in suitable concentrations—such as for example in concentrations in the final feed product which offer a daily dose of between about 2×105 CFU to about 2×10″ CFU, suitably between about 2×106 to about 1×1010, suitably between about 3.75×107 CFU to about 1×1010 CFU.
Preferably, the feed additive composition of the present invention will be thermally stable to heat treatment up to about 70° C.; up to about 85° C.; or up to about 95° C. The heat treatment may be performed for up to about 1 minute; up to about 5 minutes; up to about 10 minutes; up to about 30 minutes; up to about 60 minutes. The term thermally stable means that at least about 75% of the enzyme components and/or DFM that were present/active in the additive before heating to the specified temperature are still present/active after it cools to room temperature. Preferably, at least about 80% of the enzyme components and/or DFM that were present and active in the additive before heating to the specified temperature are still present and active after it cools to room temperature.
In a particularly preferred embodiment the feed additive composition is homogenized to produce a powder.
In an alternative preferred embodiment, the feed additive composition is formulated to granules as described in WO2007/044968 (referred to as TPT granules) incorporated herein by reference.
In another preferred embodiment when the feed additive composition is formulated into granules the granules comprise a hydrated barrier salt coated over the protein core. The advantage of such salt coating is improved thermo-tolerance, improved storage stability and protection against other feed additives otherwise having adverse effect on the enzyme and/or DFM.
Preferably, the salt used for the salt coating has a water activity greater than 0.25 or constant humidity greater than 60% at 20° C.
Preferably, the salt coating comprises a Na2SO4.
The method of preparing a feed additive composition may also comprise the further step of pelleting the powder. The powder may be mixed with other components known in the art.
The powder, or mixture comprising the powder, may be forced through a die and the resulting strands are cut into suitable pellets of variable length.
Optionally, the pelleting step may include a steam treatment, or conditioning stage, prior to formation of the pellets. The mixture comprising the powder may be placed in a conditioner, e.g. a mixer with steam injection. The mixture is heated in the conditioner up to a specified temperature, such as from 60-100° C., typical temperatures would be 70° C., 80° C., 85° C., 90° C. or 95° C. The residence time can be variable from seconds to minutes and even hours. Such as 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minutes, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes and 1 hour.
It will be understood that the feed additive composition of the present invention is suitable for addition to any appropriate feed material.
As used herein, the term feed material refers to the basic feed material to be consumed by an animal. It will be further understood that this may comprise, for example, at least one or more unprocessed grains, and/or processed plant and/or animal material such as soybean meal or bone meal.
As used herein, the term “feedstuff” refers to a feed material to which one or more feed additive compositions have been added.
It will be understood by the skilled person that different animals require different feedstuffs, and even the same animal may require different feedstuffs, depending upon the purpose for which the animal is reared.
Preferably, the feedstuff may comprise feed materials comprising maize or corn, wheat, barley, triticale, rye, rice, tapioca, sorghum, and/or any of the by-products, as well as protein rich components like soybean mean, rape seed meal, canola meal, cotton seed meal, sunflower seed meal, animal-by-product meals and mixtures thereof. More preferably, the feedstuff may comprise animal fats and/or vegetable oils.
Optionally, the feedstuff may also contain additional minerals such as, for example, calcium and/or additional vitamins.
Preferably, the feedstuff is a corn soybean meal mix.
In one embodiment, preferably the feed is not pet food.
In another aspect there is provided a method for producing a feedstuff. Feedstuff is typically produced in feed mills in which raw materials are first ground to a suitable particle size and then mixed with appropriate additives. The feedstuff may then be produced as a mash or pellets; the later typically involves a method by which the temperature is raised to a target level and then the feed is passed through a die to produce pellets of a particular size. The pellets are allowed to cool. Subsequently liquid additives such as fat and enzyme may be added. Production of feedstuff may also involve an additional step that includes extrusion or expansion prior to pelleting—in particular by suitable techniques that may include at least the use of steam.
The feedstuff may be a feedstuff for a monogastric animal, such as poultry (for example, broiler, layer, broiler breeders, turkey, duck, geese, water fowl), swine (all age categories), a pet (for example dogs, cats) or fish, preferably the feedstuff is for poultry.
In one embodiment the feedstuff is not for a layer.
By way of example only a feedstuff for chickens, e.g. broiler chickens may be comprises of one or more of the ingredients listed in the table below, for example in the % ages given in the table below:
By way of example only the diet specification for chickens, such as broiler chickens, may be as set out in the Table below:
By way of example only a feedstuff laying hens may be comprises of one or more of the ingredients listed in the table below, for example in the % ages given in the table below:
By way of example only the diet specification for laying hens may be as set out in the Table below:
By way of example only a feedstuff for turkeys may be comprises of one or more of the ingredients listed in the table below, for example in the % ages given in the table below:
By way of example only the diet specification for turkeys may be as set out in the Table below:
By way of example only a feedstuff for piglets may be comprises of one or more of the ingredients listed in the table below, for example in the % ages given in the table below:
By way of example only the diet specification for piglets may be as set out in the Table below:
By way of example only a feedstuff for grower/finisher pigs may be comprises of one or more of the ingredients listed in the table below, for example in the % ages given in the table below:
By way of example only the diet specification for grower/finisher pigs may be as set out in the Table below:
The feed additive composition of the present invention and other components and/or the feedstuff comprising same may be used in any suitable form.
The feed additive composition of the present invention may be used in the form of solid or liquid preparations or alternatives thereof. Examples of solid preparations include powders, pastes, boluses, capsules, pellets, tablets, dusts, and granules which may be wettable, spray-dried or freeze-dried. Examples of liquid preparations include, but are not limited to, aqueous, organic or aqueous-organic solutions, suspensions and emulsions.
In some applications, DFM or feed additive compositions of the present invention may be mixed with feed or administered in the drinking water. In one embodiment the dosage range for inclusion into water is about 1×103 CFU/animal/day to about 1×10″ CFU/animal/day, and more preferably about 1×107 CFU/animal/day.
Suitable examples of forms include one or more of: powders, pastes, boluses, pellets, tablets, pills, capsules, ovules, solutions or suspensions, which may contain flavouring or colouring agents, for immediate-, delayed-, modified-, sustained-, pulsed- or controlled-release applications.
By way of example, if the composition of the present invention is used in a solid, e.g. pelleted form, it may also contain one or more of: excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate and glycine; disintegrants such as starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium and certain complex silicates; granulation binders such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), sucrose, gelatin and acacia; lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate and talc may be included.
Examples of nutritionally acceptable carriers for use in preparing the forms include, for example, water, salt solutions, alcohol, silicone, waxes, petroleum jelly, vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, liposomes, sugars, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, surfactants, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, perfume oil, fatty acid monoglycerides and diglycerides, petroethral fatty acid esters, hydroxymethyl-cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like.
Preferred excipients for the forms include lactose, starch, a cellulose, milk sugar or high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
For aqueous suspensions and/or elixirs, the composition of the present invention may be combined with various sweetening or flavouring agents, colouring matter or dyes, with emulsifying and/or suspending agents and with diluents such as water, propylene glycol and glycerin, and combinations thereof.
Non-hydroscopic whey is often used as a carrier for DFMs (particularly bacterial DFMs) and is a good medium to initiate growth.
Bacterial DFM containing pastes may be formulated with vegetable oil and inert gelling ingredients.
Fungal products may be formulated with grain by-products as carriers.
In one embodiment preferably the feed additive composition according to the present invention is not in the form of a microparticle system, such as the microparticle system taught in WO2005/123034.
The DFM and/or feed additive composition according to the present invention may be designed for one-time dosing or may be designed for feeding on a daily basis.
The optimum amount of the composition (and each component therein) to be used in the combination of the present invention will depend on the product to be treated and/or the method of contacting the product with the composition and/or the intended use for the same.
The amount of DFM and enzymes used in the compositions should be a sufficient amount to be effective and to remain sufficiently effective in improving the performance of the animal fed feed products containing said composition. This length of time for effectiveness should extend up to at least the time of utilisation of the product (e.g. feed additive composition or feed containing same).
The ratio of DFM to each enzyme in the feed can be in the ranges given below:
DFM:phytase (CFU/FTU): In range from 5.0×102CFU DFM: 1 FTU enzyme to 5.0×109 CFU:1 FTU enzyme; preferably in the range from 7.5×104CFU DFM: 1 FTU enzyme to 2.5×107 CFU:1 FTU enzyme.
In one embodiment preferably the feedstuff comprises the following:
a phytase at at least 500 FTU/kg of feed; and
Enviva Pro® (DFM) at 75,000 CFU/g to 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
In one embodiment preferably the feedstuff comprises the following:
a phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed; and
Enviva Pro® (DFM) at 75,000 CFU/g to 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
In another embodiment the feedstuff comprises the following:
a phytase at 625 FTU/kg of feed; and
Enviva Pro® (DFM) at 37,500 CFU/g to 75,000 CFU/g of feed.
In a preferred embodiment the feed additive composition comprises sufficient enzyme and DFMs to dose the feedstuff as follows:
a phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed; and
Enviva Pro® (DFM) at 75,000 CFU/g to 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
In a preferred embodiment the feed additive composition comprises sufficient enzyme and DFMs to dose the feedstuff as follows:
a phytase at 500 FTU/kg of feed; and
Enviva Pro® (DFM) at 37,500 CFU/g to 75,000 CFU/g of feed.
The Enviva Pro® listed in these preferred embodiments can be replaced by any other DFM taught herein.
Preferably the phytase listed in these preferred embodiments comprises a polypeptide having phytase activity, selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence which has at least 70%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 98.6% identity with (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (iii) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEQ ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10; (b) a variant comprising a deletion, insertion, and/or conservative substitution of one or more amino acids of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2, and/or (iii) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEQ ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10; and/or (c) a fragment of (i) amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No, 2, and/or (ii) the mature polypeptide part of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 and/or (iii) SEQ ID No. 7, and/or (iv) SEQ ID No. 5, and/or (v) SEQ ID No. 9, and/or (vi) SEQ ID No. 10.
Preferably the phytase listed in these preferred embodiments is the enzyme Ronozyme HiPhos™ or has an amino acid which has at least 98.6% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID No, 1 or SEQ ID No, 2.
In a preferred combination the feed additive composition comprises a combination of the phytase which is the enzyme Ronozyme HiPhos™ or has an amino acid which has at least 98.6% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 with a DFM, preferably the DFM is selected from the group consisting of Envivo Pro®, Calsporin®, Clostat®, Gallipro®, GalliproMax®, Gallipro®Tect®, Poultry Star®, Protexin®, Proflora®, Ecobiol®, Ecobiol® Plus, Fortiflora®, BioPlus2B®, Lactiferm®, CSI®, Yea-Sacc®, Biomin IMB52®, Biomin C5®, Biacton®, Oralin E1707®, Probios-pioneer PDFM®, Sorbiflore®, Animavit®, Bonvital®, Levucell SB 20®, Levucell SC 0 & SC10®, ME Bactocell ActiSaf® (formerly BioSaf®), Miya-Gold®, Fecinor, Fecinor Plus®, InteSwine®, BioSprint®, Provita®, PepSoyGen-C®, Toyocerin®, and TOYOCERIN®.
In one embodiment the feed additive composition comprises a combination of the phytase which is the enzyme Ronozyme HiPhos™ or has an amino acid which has at least 98.6% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 with a DFM, preferably the DFM is a bacterium selected from the genera consisting of: Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Leuconostoc, Carnobacterium, Propionibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Megasphaera and combinations thereof.
the feed additive composition comprises a combination of the phytase which is the enzyme Ronozyme HiPhos™ or has an amino acid which has at least 98.6% identity with amino acids 23-433 of SEQ ID No. 1 or SEQ ID No. 2 with a DFM, preferably the DFM is selected from the group consisting of bacterium from one or more of the following species: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus spp, and Pediococcus spp, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pediococsus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium thoenii, Lactobacillus farciminis, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Megasphaera elsdenii, Clostridium butyricum, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. animalis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus salivarius ssp. Salivarius, Propionibacteria sp and combinations thereof.
In a preferred combination the feed additive composition comprises a combination of the phytase derivable, preferably derived, from a Citrobacter bacterium selected from the group consisting of: Citrobacter braakii, e.g. Citrobacter braakii ATCC 51113; Citrobacter freundii, e.g. C. freundii NCIMB 41247; Citrobacter amalonaticus, e.g. Citrobacter amalonaticus ATCC 25405 or Citrobacter amalonaticus ATCC 25407; Citrobacter gillenii, e.g. Citrobacter gillenii DSM 13694; Citrobacter intermedius, Citrobacter koseri, Citrobacter murliniae, Citrobacter rodentium, Citrobacter sedlakii, Citrobacter werkmanii and Citrobacter youngae with a DFM selected from the group consisting of Enviva Pro®, Calsporin®, Clostat®, Gallipro®, GalliproMax®, Gallipro®Tect®, Poultry Star®, Protexin®, Proflora®, Ecobiol®, Ecobiol® Plus, Fortiflora®, BioPlus2B®, Lactiferm®, CSI®, Yea-Sacc®, Biomin IMB52®, Biomin C5®, Biacton®, Oralin E1707®, Probios-pioneer PDFM®, Sorbiflore®, Animavit®, Bonvital®, Levucell SB 20®, Levucell SC 0 & SC10®, ME Bactocell ActiSaf® (formerly BioSaf®), Miya-Gold®, Fecinor, Fecinor Plus®, InteSwine®, BioSprint®, Provita®, PepSoyGen-C®, Toyocerin®, and TOYOCERIN®.
Combination with Other Components
The DFM and enzyme(s) for use in the present invention may be used in combination with other components. Thus, the present invention also relates to combinations. The DFM in combination with a Citrobacter phytase (e.g. a Citrobacter braakii phytase or Citrobacter freundii phytase) may be referred to herein as “the feed additive composition of the present invention”.
The combination of the present invention comprises the feed additive composition of the present invention (or one or more of the constituents thereof) and another component which is suitable for animal consumption and is capable of providing a medical or physiological benefit to the consumer.
In one embodiment the “another component” may be one or more further feed enzymes.
Suitable additional enzymes for use in the present invention may be one or more of the enzymes selected from the group consisting of: amylases, xylanases and/or proteases.
In one embodiment preferably the “another component” is not a further enzyme or a further DFM.
The components may be prebiotics. Prebiotics are typically non-digestible carbohydrate (oligo- or polysaccharides) or a sugar alcohol which is not degraded or absorbed in the upper digestive tract. Known prebiotics used in commercial products and useful in accordance with the present invention include inulin (fructo-oligosaccharide, or FOS) and transgalacto-oligosaccharides (GOS or TOS). Suitable prebiotics include palatinoseoligosaccharide, soybean oligosaccharide, alginate, xanthan, pectin, locust bean gum (LBG), inulin, guar gum, galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), non-degradable starch, lactosaccharose, lactulose, lactitol, maltitol, maltodextrin, polydextrose (i.e. Litesse®), lactitol, lactosucrose, soybean oligosaccharides, palatinose, isomalto-oligosaccharides, gluco-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides, pectin fragments, dietary fibres, mannan-oligosaccharides.
Dietary fibres may include non-starch polysaccharides, such as arabinoxylans, cellulose and many other plant components, such as resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans and oligosaccharides.
In one embodiment the present invention relates to the combination of the feed additive composition according to the present invention (or one or more of the constituents thereof) with a prebiotic. In another embodiment the present invention relates to a feed additive composition comprising (or consisting essentially of or consisting of) a DFM in combination with a Citrobacter phytase and a prebiotic.
The prebiotic may be administered simultaneously with (e.g. in admixture together with or delivered simultaneously by the same or different routes) or sequentially to (e.g. by the same or different routes) the feed additive composition (or constituents thereof) according to the present invention.
Other components of the combinations of the present invention include polydextrose, such as Litesse®, and/or a maltodextrin and/or lactitol. These other components may be optionally added to the feed additive composition to assist the drying process and help the survival of DFM.
Further examples of other suitable components include one or more of: thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, binders, crystal modifiers, sweeteners (including artificial sweeteners), rheology modifiers, stabilisers, anti-oxidants, dyes, enzymes, carriers, vehicles, excipients, diluents, lubricating agents, flavouring agents, colouring matter, suspending agents, disintegrants, granulation binders etc. These other components may be natural. These other components may be prepared by use of chemical and/or enzymatic techniques.
In one embodiment the DFM and/or enzyme may be encapsulated. In one embodiment the feed additive composition and/or DFM and/or enzyme is/are formulated as a dry powder or granule as described in WO2007/044968 (referred to as TPT granules)—reference incorporated herein by reference.
In one preferred embodiment the DFM and/or enzyme for use in the present invention may be used in combination with one or more lipids.
For example, the DFM and/or enzyme for use in the present invention may be used in combination with one or more lipid micelles. The lipid micelle may be a simple lipid micelle or a complex lipid micelle.
The lipid micelle may be an aggregate of orientated molecules of amphipathic substances, such as a lipid and/or an oil.
As used herein the term “thickener or gelling agent” refers to a product that prevents separation by slowing or preventing the movement of particles, either droplets of immiscible liquids, air or insoluble solids. Thickening occurs when individual hydrated molecules cause an increase in viscosity, slowing the separation. Gelation occurs when the hydrated molecules link to form a three-dimensional network that traps the particles, thereby immobilising them.
The term “stabiliser” as used here is defined as an ingredient or combination of ingredients that keeps a product (e.g. a feed product) from changing over time.
The term “emulsifier” as used herein refers to an ingredient (e.g. a feed ingredient) that prevents the separation of emulsions. Emulsions are two immiscible substances, one present in droplet form, contained within the other. Emulsions can consist of oil-in-water, where the droplet or dispersed phase is oil and the continuous phase is water; or water-in-oil, where the water becomes the dispersed phase and the continuous phase is oil. Foams, which are gas-in-liquid, and suspensions, which are solid-in-liquid, can also be stabilised through the use of emulsifiers.
As used herein the term “binder” refers to an ingredient (e.g. a feed ingredient) that binds the product together through a physical or chemical reaction. During “gelation” for instance, water is absorbed, providing a binding effect. However, binders can absorb other liquids, such as oils, holding them within the product. In the context of the present invention binders would typically be used in solid or low-moisture products for instance baking products: pastries, doughnuts, bread and others.
“Carriers” or “vehicles” mean materials suitable for administration of the DFM and/or enzymes and include any such material known in the art such as, for example, any liquid, gel, solvent, liquid diluent, solubilizer, or the like, which is non-toxic and which does not interact with any components of the composition in a deleterious manner.
The present invention provides a method for preparing a feed additive composition comprising admixing a DFM and a Citrobacter phytase with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier selected from at least one of maltodextrin, limestone (calcium carbonate), cyclodextrin, wheat or a wheat component, sucrose, starch, Na2SO4, Talc, PVA, sorbitol, benzoate, sorbiate, glycerol, sucrose, propylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, glucose, parabens, sodium chloride, citrate, acetate, phosphate, calcium, metabisulfite, formate and mixtures thereof.
Examples of excipients include one or more of: microcrystalline cellulose and other celluloses, lactose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate, glycine, starch, milk sugar and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
Examples of disintegrants include one or more of: starch (preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch), sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium and certain complex silicates.
Examples of granulation binders include one or more of: polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), sucrose, maltose, gelatin and acacia.
Examples of lubricating agents include one or more of: magnesium stearate, stearic acid, glyceryl behenate and talc.
Examples of diluents include one or more of: water, ethanol, propylene glycol and glycerin, and combinations thereof.
The other components may be used simultaneously (e.g. when they are in admixture together or even when they are delivered by different routes) or sequentially (e.g. they may be delivered by different routes).
Preferably, when the feed additive composition of the present invention is admixed with another component(s), the DFM remains viable.
In one embodiment preferably the feed additive composition according to the present invention does not comprise chromium or organic chromium
In one embodiment preferably the feed additive according to the present invention does not contain glucanase.
In one embodiment preferably the feed additive according to the present invention does not contain sorbic acid.
The DFMs for use in the present invention may be in the form of concentrates. Typically these concentrates comprise a substantially high concentration of a DFM.
Feed additive compositions according to the present invention may have a content of viable cells (colony forming units, CFUs) which is in the range of at least 104 CFU/g (suitably including at least 105 CFU/g, such as at least 106 CFU/g, e.g. at least 107 CFU/g, at least 108 CFU/g) to about 1010 CFU/g (or even about 1011 CFU/g or about 1012 CFU/g).
When the DFM is in the form of a concentrate the feed additive compositions according to the present invention may have a content of viable cells in the range of at least 109 CFU/g to about 1012 CFU/g, preferably at least 1010 CFU/g to about 1012 CFU/g.
Powders, granules and liquid compositions in the form of concentrates may be diluted with water or resuspended in water or other suitable diluents, for example, an appropriate growth medium such as milk or mineral or vegetable oils, to give compositions ready for use.
The DFM or feed additive composition of the present invention or the combinations of the present invention in the form of concentrates may be prepared according to methods known in the art.
In one aspect of the present invention the enzymes or feed is contacted by a composition in a concentrated form.
The compositions of the present invention may be spray-dried or freeze-dried by methods known in the art.
Typical processes for making particles using a spray drying process involve a solid material which is dissolved in an appropriate solvent (e.g. a culture of a DFM in a fermentation medium). Alternatively, the material can be suspended or emulsified in a non-solvent to form a suspension or emulsion. Other ingredients (as discussed above) or components such as anti-microbial agents, stabilising agents, dyes and agents assisting with the drying process may optionally be added at this stage.
The solution then is atomised to form a fine mist of droplets. The droplets immediately enter a drying chamber where they contact a drying gas. The solvent is evaporated from the droplets into the drying gas to solidify the droplets, thereby forming particles. The particles are then separated from the drying gas and collected.
The term “subject”, as used herein, means an animal that is to be or has been administered with a feed additive composition according to the present invention or a feedstuff comprising said feed additive composition according to the present invention.
The term “subject”, as used herein, means an animal. Preferably, the subject is a mammal, bird, fish or crustacean including for example livestock or a domesticated animal (e.g. a pet).
In one embodiment the “subject” is livestock.
The term “livestock”, as used herein refers to any farmed animal. Preferably, livestock is one or more of cows or bulls (including calves), pigs (including piglets), poultry (including broilers, chickens and turkeys), birds (including ducks, grouse, pheasant and quail for example), fish (including freshwater fish, such as salmon, cod, trout and carp, e.g. koi carp, and marine fish, such as sea bass), crustaceans (such as shrimps, mussels and scallops), horses (including race horses), sheep (including lambs).
In one embodiment the term livestock and/or poultry and/or chickens does not include egg layers.
In another embodiment the “subject” is a domesticated animal or pet or an animal maintained in a zoological environment.
The term “domesticated animal or pet or animal maintained in a zoological environment” as used herein refers to any relevant animal including canines (e.g. dogs), felines (e.g. cats), rodents (e.g. guinea pigs, rats, mice), birds, fish (including freshwater fish and marine fish), and horses.
In one embodiment the subject may be challenged by an enteric pathogen.
By way of example a subject may have one or more enteric pathogens present in its gut or digestive tract. For example a subject may have one or more enteric pathogens in its gut or digestive tract at a level which:
The enteric pathogen may be Clostridium perfringens for example.
As used herein, “animal performance” may be determined by the feed efficiency and/or weight gain of the animal and/or by the feed conversion ratio and/or by the digestibility of a nutrient in a feed (e.g. amino acid digestibility) and/or digestible energy or metabolizable energy in a feed and/or by nitrogen retention and/or by animals ability to avoid the negative effects of necrotic enteritis and/or by the immune response of the subject.
Preferably “animal performance” is determined by feed efficiency and/or weight gain of the animal and/or by the feed conversion ratio.
By “improved animal performance” it is meant that there is increased feed efficiency, and/or increased weight gain and/or reduced feed conversion ratio and/or improved digestibility of nutrients or energy in a feed and/or by improved nitrogen retention and/or by improved ability to avoid the negative effects of necrotic enteritis and/or by an improved immune response in the subject resulting from the use of feed additive composition of the present invention in feed in comparison to feed which does not comprise said feed additive composition.
Preferably, by “improved animal performance” it is meant that there is increased feed efficiency and/or increased weight gain and/or reduced feed conversion ratio.
As used herein, the term “feed efficiency” refers to the amount of weight gain in an animal that occurs when the animal is fed ad-libitum or a specified amount of food during a period of time.
By “increased feed efficiency” it is meant that the use of a feed additive composition according the present invention in feed results in an increased weight gain per unit of feed intake compared with an animal fed without said feed additive composition being present.
As used herein, the term “feed conversion ratio” refers to the amount of feed fed to an animal to increase the weight of the animal by a specified amount.
An improved feed conversion ratio means a lower feed conversion ratio.
By “lower feed conversion ratio” or “improved feed conversion ratio” it is meant that the use of a feed additive composition in feed results in a lower amount of feed being required to be fed to an animal to increase the weight of the animal by a specified amount compared to the amount of feed required to increase the weight of the animal by the same amount when the feed does not comprise said feed additive composition.
Nutrient digestibility as used herein means the fraction of a nutrient that disappears from the gastro-intestinal tract or a specified segment of the gastro-intestinal tract, e.g. the small intestine. Nutrient digestibility may be measured as the difference between what is administered to the subject and what comes out in the faeces of the subject, or between what is administered to the subject and what remains in the digesta on a specified segment of the gastro intestinal tract, e.g. the ileum.
Nutrient digestibility as used herein may be measured by the difference between the intake of a nutrient and the excreted nutrient by means of the total collection of excreta during a period of time; or with the use of an inert marker that is not absorbed by the animal, and allows the researcher calculating the amount of nutrient that disappeared in the entire gastro-intestinal tract or a segment of the gastro-intestinal tract. Such an inert marker may be titanium dioxide, chromic oxide or acid insoluble ash. Digestibility may be expressed as a percentage of the nutrient in the feed, or as mass units of digestible nutrient per mass units of nutrient in the feed.
Nutrient digestibility as used herein encompasses starch digestibility, fat digestibility, protein digestibility, mineral digestibility and amino acid digestibility.
Energy digestibility as used herein means the gross energy of the feed consumed minus the gross energy of the faeces or the gross energy of the feed consumed minus the gross energy of the remaining digesta on a specified segment of the gastro-intestinal tract of the animal, e.g. the ileum. Metabolizable energy as used herein refers to apparent metabolizable energy and means the gross energy of the feed consumed minus the gross energy contained in the faeces, urine, and gaseous products of digestion. Energy digestibility and metabolizable energy may be measured as the difference between the intake of gross energy and the gross energy excreted in the faeces or the digesta present in specified segment of the gastro-intestinal tract using the same methods to measure the digestibility of nutrients, with appropriate corrections for nitrogen excretion to calculate metabolizable energy of feed.
Nitrogen retention as used herein means a subject's ability to retain nitrogen from the diet as body mass. A negative nitrogen balance occurs when the excretion of nitrogen exceeds the daily intake and is often seen when the muscle is being lost. A positive nitrogen balance is often associated with muscle growth, particularly in growing animals.
Nitrogen retention may be measured as the difference between the intake of nitrogen and the excreted nitrogen by means of the total collection of excreta and urine during a period of time. It is understood that excreted nitrogen includes undigested protein from the feed, endogenous proteinaceous secretions, microbial protein, and urinary nitrogen.
The term survival as used herein means the number of subject remaining alive. The term “improved survival” may be another way of saying “reduced mortality”.
Carcass Yield and Meat Yield
The term carcass yield as used herein means the amount of carcass as a proportion of the live body weight, after a commercial or experimental process of slaughter. The term carcass means the body of an animal that has been slaughtered for food, with the head, entrails, part of the limbs, and feathers or skin removed. The term meat yield as used herein means the amount of edible meat as a proportion of the live body weight, or the amount of a specified meat cut as a proportion of the live body weight.
The present invention further provides a method of increasing weight gain in a subject, e.g. poultry or swine, comprising feeding said subject a feedstuff comprising a feed additive composition according to the present invention.
An “increased weight gain” refers to an animal having increased body weight on being fed feed comprising a feed additive composition compared with an animal being fed a feed without said feed additive composition being present.
Necrotic enteritis is an acute or chronic enterotoxemia seen in chickens, turkeys and ducks worldwide, caused by Clostridium perfringens. Necrotic enteritis is often characterised by a fibrino-necrotic enteritis, usually of the mid-small intestine. Mortality may be 5-50%, usually around 10%. Infection occurs by faecal-oral transmission. Spores of the causative organism are highly resistant. Predisposing factors include coccidiosis/coccidiasis, diet (high protein), in ducks possibly heavy strains, high viscosity diets (often associated with high rye and wheat inclusions in the diet), contaminated feed and/or water, other debilitating diseases.
The present invention relates to increasing the subject's resistance to necrotic enteritis. In other words, the present invention relates to avoiding or reducing the negative effect of necrotic enteritis.
The term “resistance to” as used herein may encompass the term “tolerance of”. Therefore in one embodiment the subject may not be resistant to necrotic enteritis but the subject may be able to tolerate the necrotic enteritis, i.e. without negative effects on performance of the subject.
In one embodiment the present invention relates to a feed additive composition according to the present invention for treating or preventing necrotic enteritis in a subject. Typically the subject will be one which has been or will be challenged with Clostridium perfringens and/or Eimeria species. Such challenge may come from the environment or the application of live microorganisms in the feed or drinking water, e.g. when live coccidia vaccines are used.
In another embodiment the present invention relates to a feed additive composition for preventing and/or treating coccidiosis in a subject.
The present invention yet further provides a method of preventing and/or treating necrotic enteritis and/or coccidiosis wherein an effective amount of a feed additive composition according to the present invention is administered to a subject.
Immune response as used herein means one of the multiple ways in which DFMs modulate the immune system of animals, including increased antibody production, up-regulation of cell mediated immunity, up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and augmented toll-like receptor signalling. It is understood that immuno-stimulation of the gastro intestinal tract by DFMs may be advantageous to protect the host against disease, and that immunosuppression of the gastro intestinal tract may be advantageous to the host because less nutrients and energy are used to support the immune function.
Preferably the immune response is a cellular immune response.
Preferably immune response is measure by looking at immune markers.
The term pathogenic bacteria as used herein means for example toxigenic clostridia species, e.g. Clostridium perfringens and/or E. coli and/or Salmonella spp and/or Campylobacter spp. In one embodiment the pathogenic bacteria may be Avian pathogenic E. coli species. The present invention may reduce populations of pathogenic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject.
In one embodiment the present invention relates to reducing nutrient excretion in manure. This has positive effects on reducing environmental hazards. For example, in a preferred embodiment the present invention relates to reducing nitrogen and/or phosphorus content in the subject's manure. This, therefore, reduces the amount of nitrogen and/or phosphorus in the environment, which can be beneficial.
For some applications, it is believed that the DFM in the composition of the present invention can exert a probiotic culture effect. It is also within the scope of the present invention to add to the composition of the present invention further probiotic and/or prebiotics.
Here, a prebiotic is:
“a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or the activity of one or a limited number of beneficial bacteria”.
The term “probiotic culture” as used herein defines live microorganisms (including bacteria or yeasts for example) which, when for example ingested or locally applied in sufficient numbers, beneficially affects the host organism, i.e. by conferring one or more demonstrable health benefits on the host organism. Probiotics may improve the microbial balance in one or more mucosal surfaces. For example, the mucosal surface may be the intestine, the urinary tract, the respiratory tract or the skin. The term “probiotic” as used herein also encompasses live microorganisms that can stimulate the beneficial branches of the immune system and at the same time decrease the inflammatory reactions in a mucosal surface, for example the gut.
Whilst there are no lower or upper limits for probiotic intake, it has been suggested that at least 108-1012, preferably at least 108-1010, preferably 108-109, cfu as a daily dose will be effective to achieve the beneficial health effects in a subject.
The term “good bacteria” as used herein means bacteria which are commensal non-pathogenic bacteria in the gut. “Good bacteria” include Lactobacillus spp, e.g. Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacterium. Good bacteria may prevent disease by making an unfavorable environment for less desirable bacteria.
In one aspect, suitably the enzyme or DFM used in the present invention may be in an isolated form. The term “isolated” means that the enzyme or DFM is at least substantially free from at least one other component with which the enzyme or DFM is naturally associated in nature and as found in nature. The enzyme or DFM of the present invention may be provided in a form that is substantially free of one or more contaminants with which the substance might otherwise be associated. Thus, for example it may be substantially free of one or more potentially contaminating polypeptides and/or nucleic acid molecules.
In one aspect, preferably the enzyme and/or DFM according to the present invention is in a purified form. The term “purified” means that the enzyme and/or DFM is present at a high level. The enzyme and/or DFM is desirably the predominant component present in a composition. Preferably, it is present at a level of at least about 90%, or at least about 95% or at least about 98%, said level being determined on a dry weight/dry weight basis with respect to the total composition under consideration.
It is envisaged within the scope of the present invention that the embodiments of the invention can be combined such that combinations of any of the features described herein are included within the scope of the present invention. In particular, it is envisaged within the scope of the present invention that any of the therapeutic effects of the bacteria may be exhibited concomitantly.
The scope of the present invention encompasses nucleotide sequences encoding proteins having the specific properties as defined herein.
The term “nucleotide sequence” as used herein refers to an oligonucleotide sequence or polynucleotide sequence, and variant, homologues, fragments and derivatives thereof (such as portions thereof). The nucleotide sequence may be of genomic or synthetic or recombinant origin, which may be double-stranded or single-stranded whether representing the sense or anti-sense strand.
The term “nucleotide sequence” in relation to the present invention includes genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA, and RNA. Preferably it means DNA, more preferably cDNA sequence coding for the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the nucleotide sequence when relating to and when encompassed by the per se scope of the present invention does not include the native nucleotide sequence according to the present invention when in its natural environment and when it is linked to its naturally associated sequence(s) that is/are also in its/their natural environment. For ease of reference, we shall call this preferred embodiment the “non-native nucleotide sequence”. In this regard, the term “native nucleotide sequence” means an entire nucleotide sequence that is in its native environment and when operatively linked to an entire promoter with which it is naturally associated, which promoter is also in its native environment. However, the amino acid sequence encompassed by the scope of the present invention can be isolated and/or purified post expression of a nucleotide sequence in its native organism. Preferably, however, the amino acid sequence encompassed by scope of the present invention may be expressed by a nucleotide sequence in its native organism but wherein the nucleotide sequence is not under the control of the promoter with which it is naturally associated within that organism.
Typically, the nucleotide sequence encompassed by the scope of the present invention is prepared using recombinant DNA techniques (i.e. recombinant DNA). However, in an alternative embodiment of the invention, the nucleotide sequence could be synthesised, in whole or in part, using chemical methods well known in the art (see Caruthers M H et al., (1980) Nuc Acids Res Symp Ser 215-23 and Horn T et al., (1980) Nuc Acids Res Symp Ser 225-232).
A nucleotide sequence encoding either a protein which has the specific properties as defined herein or a protein which is suitable for modification may be identified and/or isolated and/or purified from any cell or organism producing said protein. Various methods are well known within the art for the identification and/or isolation and/or purification of nucleotide sequences. By way of example, PCR amplification techniques to prepare more of a sequence may be used once a suitable sequence has been identified and/or isolated and/or purified.
By way of further example, a genomic DNA and/or cDNA library may be constructed using chromosomal DNA or messenger RNA from the organism producing the enzyme. If the amino acid sequence of the enzyme is known, labelled oligonucleotide probes may be synthesised and used to identify enzyme-encoding clones from the genomic library prepared from the organism. Alternatively, a labelled oligonucleotide probe containing sequences homologous to another known enzyme gene could be used to identify enzyme-encoding clones. In the latter case, hybridisation and washing conditions of lower stringency are used.
Alternatively, enzyme-encoding clones could be identified by inserting fragments of genomic DNA into an expression vector, such as a plasmid, transforming enzyme-negative bacteria with the resulting genomic DNA library, and then plating the transformed bacteria onto agar plates containing a substrate for enzyme (i.e. maltose), thereby allowing clones expressing the enzyme to be identified.
In a yet further alternative, the nucleotide sequence encoding the enzyme may be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoroamidite method described by Beucage S. L. et al., (1981) Tetrahedron Letters 22, p 1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al., (1984) EMBO J. 3, p 801-805. In the phosphoroamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesised, e.g. in an automatic DNA synthesiser, purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in appropriate vectors.
The nucleotide sequence may be of mixed genomic and synthetic origin, mixed synthetic and cDNA origin, or mixed genomic and cDNA origin, prepared by ligating fragments of synthetic, genomic or cDNA origin (as appropriate) in accordance with standard techniques. Each ligated fragment corresponds to various parts of the entire nucleotide sequence. The DNA sequence may also be prepared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers, for instance as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202 or in Saiki R K et al., (Science (1988) 239, pp 487-491).
The scope of the present invention also encompasses amino acid sequences of enzymes having the specific properties as defined herein.
As used herein, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “polypeptide” and/or the term “protein”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “peptide”. In some instances, the term “amino acid sequence” is synonymous with the term “enzyme”.
The amino acid sequence may be prepared/isolated from a suitable source, or it may be made synthetically or it may be prepared by use of recombinant DNA techniques.
The protein encompassed in the present invention may be used in conjunction with other proteins, particularly enzymes. Thus the present invention also covers a combination of proteins wherein the combination comprises the protein/enzyme of the present invention and another protein/enzyme, which may be another protein/enzyme according to the present invention.
Preferably the amino acid sequence when relating to and when encompassed by the per se scope of the present invention is not a native enzyme. In this regard, the term “native enzyme” means an entire enzyme that is in its native environment and when it has been expressed by its native nucleotide sequence.
The present invention also encompasses the use of sequences having a degree of sequence identity or sequence homology with amino acid sequence(s) of a polypeptide having the specific properties defined herein or of any nucleotide sequence encoding such a polypeptide (hereinafter referred to as a “homologous sequence(s)”). Here, the term “homologue” means an entity having a certain homology with the subject amino acid sequences and the subject nucleotide sequences. Here, the term “homology” can be equated with “identity”.
The homologous amino acid sequence and/or nucleotide sequence should provide and/or encode a polypeptide which retains the functional activity and/or enhances the activity of the enzyme.
In the present context, a homologous sequence is taken to include an amino acid sequence which may be at least 75, 85 or 90% identical, preferably at least 95 or 98% identical to the subject sequence. Typically, the homologues will comprise the same active sites etc. as the subject amino acid sequence. Although homology can also be considered in terms of similarity (i.e. amino acid residues having similar chemical properties/functions), in the context of the present invention it is preferred to express homology in terms of sequence identity.
In the present context, a homologous sequence is taken to include a nucleotide sequence which may be at least 75, 85 or 90% identical, preferably at least 95 or 98% identical to a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide of the present invention (the subject sequence). Typically, the homologues will comprise the same sequences that code for the active sites etc. as the subject sequence. Although homology can also be considered in terms of similarity (i.e. amino acid residues having similar chemical properties/functions), in the context of the present invention it is preferred to express homology in terms of sequence identity.
Homology comparisons can be conducted by eye, or more usually, with the aid of readily available sequence comparison programs. These commercially available computer programs can calculate % homology between two or more sequences.
% homology may be calculated over contiguous sequences, i.e. one sequence is aligned with the other sequence and each amino acid in one sequence is directly compared with the corresponding amino acid in the other sequence, one residue at a time. This is called an “ungapped” alignment. Typically, such ungapped alignments are performed only over a relatively short number of residues.
Although this is a very simple and consistent method, it fails to take into consideration that, for example, in an otherwise identical pair of sequences, one insertion or deletion will cause the following amino acid residues to be put out of alignment, thus potentially resulting in a large reduction in % homology when a global alignment is performed. Consequently, most sequence comparison methods are designed to produce optimal alignments that take into consideration possible insertions and deletions without penalising unduly the overall homology score. This is achieved by inserting “gaps” in the sequence alignment to try to maximise local homology.
However, these more complex methods assign “gap penalties” to each gap that occurs in the alignment so that, for the same number of identical amino acids, a sequence alignment with as few gaps as possible—reflecting higher relatedness between the two compared sequences—will achieve a higher score than one with many gaps. “Affine gap costs” are typically used that charge a relatively high cost for the existence of a gap and a smaller penalty for each subsequent residue in the gap. This is the most commonly used gap scoring system. High gap penalties will of course produce optimised alignments with fewer gaps. Most alignment programs allow the gap penalties to be modified. However, it is preferred to use the default values when using such software for sequence comparisons.
Calculation of maximum % homology therefore firstly requires the production of an optimal alignment, taking into consideration gap penalties. A suitable computer program for carrying out such an alignment is the Vector NTI (Invitrogen Corp.). Examples of software that can perform sequence comparisons include, but are not limited to, the BLAST package (see Ausubel et al 1999 Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, 4th Ed—Chapter 18), BLAST 2 (see FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999 174(2): 247-50; FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999 177(1): 187-8 and tatiana@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), FASTA (Altschul et al 1990 J. Mol. Biol. 403-410) and AlignX for example. At least BLAST, BLAST 2 and FASTA are available for offline and online searching (see Ausubel et al 1999, pages 7-58 to 7-60).
Although the final % homology can be measured in terms of identity, the alignment process itself is typically not based on an all-or-nothing pair comparison. Instead, a scaled similarity score matrix is generally used that assigns scores to each pairwise comparison based on chemical similarity or evolutionary distance. An example of such a matrix commonly used is the BLOSUM62 matrix—the default matrix for the BLAST suite of programs. Vector NTI programs generally use either the public default values or a custom symbol comparison table if supplied (see user manual for further details). For some applications, it is preferred to use the default values for the Vector NTI package.
Alternatively, percentage homologies may be calculated using the multiple alignment feature in Vector NTI (Invitrogen Corp.), based on an algorithm, analogous to CLUSTAL (Higgins DG & Sharp PM (1988), Gene 73(1), 237-244).
Once the software has produced an optimal alignment, it is possible to calculate % homology, preferably % sequence identity. The software typically does this as part of the sequence comparison and generates a numerical result.
Should Gap Penalties be used when determining sequence identity, then preferably the following parameters are used for pairwise alignment:
In one embodiment, CLUSTAL may be used with the gap penalty and gap extension set as defined above.
Suitably, the degree of identity with regard to a nucleotide sequence is determined over at least 20 contiguous nucleotides, preferably over at least 30 contiguous nucleotides, preferably over at least 40 contiguous nucleotides, preferably over at least 50 contiguous nucleotides, preferably over at least 60 contiguous nucleotides, preferably over at least 100 contiguous nucleotides.
Suitably, the degree of identity with regard to a nucleotide sequence may be determined over the whole sequence.
The present invention also encompasses sequences that are complementary to the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention or sequences that are capable of hybridising either to the sequences of the present invention or to sequences that are complementary thereto.
The term “hybridisation” as used herein shall include “the process by which a strand of nucleic acid joins with a complementary strand through base pairing” as well as the process of amplification as carried out in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technologies.
The present invention also encompasses the use of nucleotide sequences that are capable of hybridising to the sequences that are complementary to the sequences presented herein, or any derivative, fragment or derivative thereof.
The term “variant” also encompasses sequences that are complementary to sequences that are capable of hybridising to the nucleotide sequences presented herein.
Preferably, complementary sequences are those capable of hybridising under stringent conditions (e.g. 50° C. and 0.2×SSC {1×SSC=0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na3citrate pH 7.0}) to the nucleotide sequences presented herein.
More preferably, complementary sequences are those that are capable of hybridising under high stringency conditions (e.g. 65° C. and 0.1×SSC {1×SSC=0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M Na3citrate pH 7.0}) to the nucleotide sequences presented herein.
In a more preferred aspect, the present invention covers nucleotide sequences that can hybridise to the nucleotide sequence of the present invention, or the complement thereof, under high stringent conditions (e.g. 65° C. and 0.1×SSC).
Four thousand one-day-old Cobb male chicks are purchased from a commercial hatchery. At study initiation, fifty males are allocated to each treatment pen by blocks, for a total of 9 pens per treatment. The study consists of the following treatments (Table 1):
Clostridium
perfringens
Bacillus DFM1
Lactobacillus DFM2
Citrobacter phytase A4
Citrobacter phytase B5
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B
Bacillus DFM
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B
Lactobacillus DFM
1“Bacillus DFM” - is Enviva Pro ® which is a combination of Bacillus subtilis strains Bs2084, LSSAO1 and 15AP4, provided by Danisco A/S and is dosed at 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
2“Lactobacillus DFM” - is Sorbiflore ® which is a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus farciminis, provided by Danisco Animal Nutrition and is dosed at 350,000 CFU/g of feed.
3“Ronozyme P ®” is a 6-phytase from Peniphora lycii expressed in Aspergillus oryzae - the amino acid sequence of which is given herein as SEQ ID No. 8. (This is a “non-Citrobacter” 6 phytase)
4
Citrobacter phytase A - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain ATCC 51113. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 1.
5
Citrobacter phytase B - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain YH-15. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 7.
Bird weights by pen are recorded at study initiation, 23 d, 35 d, and termination (42d). The pen is the unit of measure. Broiler diets are fed as mash feed. Diets meet or exceed NRC standards (Table 2). The mixer is flushed to prevent cross contamination of diets. All treatment feeds are mixed using a Davis S-20 mixer. Samples are collected from each treatment diet from the beginning, middle, and end of each batch and blended together to confirm enzyme activities and DFM presence in feed.
Birds receive feed ad-libitum appropriate to the treatment from day 0 to 42. Enzymes and DFMs are provided by Danisco in the appropriate mixtures and levels for all experimental treatments. The pens are arranged within the facility to prevent direct contact in order to avoid contamination. A change from starter to grower occurred on day 21. Grower diet is replaced with the finisher diet on day 35. At each feed change, feeders are removed from pens by block, weighed back, emptied, and refilled with the appropriate treatment diet. On the final day of the study feed is weighed. Pens are checked daily for mortality. When a bird is culled or found dead, the date and removal weight (kg) are recorded. A gross necropsy is performed on all dead or culled birds to determine the sex and probable cause of death. Signs of Necrotic Enteritis are noted.
All pens have approximately 4 inches of built up litter with a coating of fresh pine shavings. All birds are spray vaccinated prior to placement into pens with a commercial coccidiosis vaccine (Coccivac-B). On days 18, 19, and 20 all birds, except Treatment 1, are dosed with a broth culture of C. perfringens. A field isolate of C. perfringens known to cause NE and originating from a commercial broiler operation is utilized as the challenge organism. Fresh inoculum is used each day. The titration levels are approximately 1.0×108-9. Each pen receives the same amount of inoculum. The inoculum is administered by mixing into the feed found in the base of the tube feeder. On day 21, five birds from each pen are selected, euthanized, group weighed, and examined for the degree of presence of Necrotic Enteritis lesions. The scoring is based on a 0 to 3 score, with 0 being normal and 3 being the most severe (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=marked/severe; Hofacre et al., 2003 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 12:60-64). No concomitant drug therapy is used during the study. The pH of jejunal digesta is measured on fresh samples (0.5 g) diluted with 5 mL of deionized water and using a combined glass-reference microelectrode.
On day 21, a total of 8 birds per treatment are euthanised and the total gastrointestinal tract from below the gizzard to the ileal-cecal junction is collected from each bird and sent overnight on ice to the laboratory. The samples are further dissected in the laboratory to obtain a 20 cm portion of the jejunum surrounding the Meckle's diverticulum; the remainder of the intestinal tract is discarded. The sections are rinsed with 0.1% peptone to remove the intestinal contents and opened longitudinally to expose the epithelial lining. The sections are masticated in 99 ml of 0.1% peptone at 7.0 strokes/s for 60 s to release mucosa-associated bacterial cells. Bacteria are harvested from the masticated solution by centrifugation at 12,000×g for 10 minutes. The resultant bacterial pellet is resuspended in 10 ml of MRS broth+10% glycerol, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −20° C. until further analysis.
Genomic DNA is isolated from all samples by phenol chloroform extraction and purified using Roche Applied Science High Pure PCR Template Purification Kit (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, Ind.).
Bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing is performed as described by Dowd (Dowd et al. 2008; 8, 125). An equivalent amount of DNA isolated from the intestinal mucosa from each bird is analyzed. The V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene is amplified in each sample using the primers 28 F (5′-GAGTTTGATCNTGGCTCAG) and 519R (5′-GTNTTACNGCGGCKGCTG). Following sequencing, raw data is screened and trimmed based on quality. Sequences are sorted by individual samples based on barcode sequences. Barcode tags are removed and non-bacteria ribosomal sequences are removed. The bacterial community composition is determined using BlastN comparison to a quality controlled and manually curated database derived from NCBI. The relative abundance of each bacterial ID is determined for each sample. Data is compiled at each taxonomic level using NCBI nomenclature.
For performance data means are separated using pair wise t-tests. Significant differences are considered at P<0.05. Pens are used as the experimental unit. Proportions of bacterial species are calculated from count data and the results analysed using a categorical model analysis and then a Chi-square probability calculated using JMP 8.0.2 (SAS institute, Cary, N.C.), where each sample representing one bird is considered an experimental unit.
Body weight gain and feed efficiency are significantly reduced by the C. perfringens challenge compared to the unchallenged control. Citrobacter phytases, with or without DFM significantly improve body weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers before the NE challenge, compared to the other treatments. In the overall experiment (0 to 42 days), including the challenge from 18 to 20 days, supplementation with a Citrobacter phytase, Ronozyme P, Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM slightly improves body weight gain and feed efficiency (from 0 to 42 days) compared to the challenged control, to a level between the challenged and unchallenged controls. The combination of Ronozyme P and the Bacillus DMF or Lactobacillus DFM does not significantly improve body weight gain or feed efficiency of broilers compared to Ronozyme P or the DFMs by themselves. In contrast, the combination of a Citrobacter phytase (either Citrobacter phytase A or B) and either of the DFMs improves body weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers to a level that is greater than the unchallenged control, indicating a synergistic effect of the Citrobacter phytases and a DFM product. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B—indicating that unexpectedly an event better effect can be obtained using Citrobacter A in combination with a DFM compared with Citrobacter phytase B in combination with a DFM.
There is a reduction in mortality and lesion scores observed with the supplementation of either a Bacillus or a Lactobacillus DFM to a level near, but not equal to the unchallenged control. Ronozyme P reduces the mortality and lesion scores compared to the challenged control, although not to the level of the unchallenged control. Citrobacter phytases A and B do not significantly change the severity of lesion scores or the mortality due to NE compared to the challenged control. The combination of Ronozyme P and either Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM reduces the mortality due to NE and the lesion scores to the level of the unchallenged control. The combination of Citrobacter phytase and either Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM reduces the mortality due to NE and the lesion scores to a level that was slightly better (less mortality and lesion scores) compared to the unchallenged control. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B—indicating that unexpectedly an event better effect can be obtained using Citrobacter A in combination with a DFM compared with Citrobacter phytase B in combination with a DFM.
Both DFMs reduce the pH of the jejunal digesta compared to the challenged control; Ronozyme P does not change the pH, and the Citrobacter phytases increase the pH. The combination of Ronozyme P or Citrobacter phytase A or Citrobacter phytase B, and Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM reduces the pH of jejunal digesta to a level that was lower compared to the challenged and unchallenged control treatments. The pH of the jejunal digesta is negatively correlated with the proportion of Lactobacillus spp. as a proportion of the total bacterial DNA in jejunal mucosa at 21 d. In turn, the relative proportion of Lactobacillus spp. is positively correlated with body weight gain and feed efficiency after the challenge (21 to 35 days).
There is a benefit of utilising Citrobacter phytases (particularly Citrobacter phytase A) in combination with a DFM, to prevent losses particularly during a C. perfringens challenge and to maximize the positive effects of this phytase in the digestibility of minerals, protein, and energy, which are translated on increased feed efficiency and body weight gain compared to the challenged and unchallenged controls. These benefits are also evident on the reduced intestinal damage and mortality due to NE with the combination compared to the phytase by itself and the challenged control treatment.
Again without wishing to be bound by theory one suggestion how the combination of Citrobacter phytases and DFMs provides surprisingly better results compared with other phytases and DFMs is that Citrobacter braakii phytases have a higher activity at a lower pH (e.g. 3.5-4.5) compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. As the first part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of monogastric farm animals, e.g. swine or poultry, has a low pH—Citrobacter braakii phytases appear to have more activity in this part of the GI tract thus these phytases are capable of releasing phosphorus and other nutrients, such as protein, much faster from the phytate substrate compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. This is advantageous in many ways, including that it is desirable to act on the phytate as soon as possible as it has a tendency to complex with other substances such as minerals, particularly as the pH rises. Once the phytate complexes it can be less accessible by enzymes for breakdown. Therefore acting on the phytate substrate early on in the GI tract when the pH is still low is desirable. However the breakdown of the phytate in the early part of the GI tract means that there can be less phosphorus available in the jejunum and the lower part of the GI tract which can have a negative impact on the populations of commensal “good” bacteria such as the Lactobacilli (which have been shown to have beneficial effects such as immune modulation and the production of organic acids that lower the intestinal pH). This negative impact on resident “good” bacteria can result in opportunistic pathogens to flourish—thus upsetting the overall balance of bacteria in the gut.
With regard to the present invention, it has surprisingly been found that the negative impact of using Citrobacter braakii phytases can be overcome by combining their use with one or more DFM. The DFM reestablishes the balance of bacteria in the gut—thus leading to reduced gut damage due to pathogenic bacteria and higher performance of the animal subject.
Again without wishing to be bound by theory a further suggestion how the combination of Citrobacter phytases and DFMs provides surprisingly better results compared with other phytases and DFMs is that Citrobacter braakii phytases have a higher activity at lower pHs (e.g. 3.5-4.5) compared with some other non-Citrobacter phytases. As the first part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a low pH—Citrobacter braakii phytases appear to have more activity in this part of the GI tract. This can improve protein digestion by a subject because phytate can form complexes by binding proteins. The results of this early increase in adsorption of proteins can result in the animal producing less hydrochloric acid (HCl)—this can have a negative impact later in the GI tract as it can increase the pH in the later part of the GI tract. Increasing pH in the later part of the GI tract is not advantageous as it increases the chances of pathogens being able to establish themselves within the gut. Surprisingly it has been found by the present inventions that these negative effects of using Citrobacter phytases can be overcome by combining them with DFMs.
Surprisingly the 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain ATCC 51113 (with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 1) is even more positively influenced that even other Citrobacter braakii 6-phytase enzymes such as the 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain YH-15 (with the amino acid sequence SEQ ID No. 7).
Four thousand one-day-old Cobb male chicks are purchased from a commercial hatchery. At study initiation, fifty males are allocated to each treatment pen by blocks, for a total of 8 pens per treatment. The study consists of the following treatments (Table 1):
Bacillus DFM1
Lactobacillus DFM2
Citrobacter phytase A4 500 FTU/kg
Citrobacter phytase B4 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A 500 FTU/kg
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B 500 FTU/kg
Lactobacillus DFM
1“Bacillus DFM” - is Enviva Pro ® which is a combination of Bacillus subtilis strains Bs2084, LSSAO1 and 15AP4, provided by Danisco A/S and is dosed at 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
2“Lactobacillus DFM” - is Sorbiflore ® which is a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus farciminis, provided by Danisco Animal Nutrition and is dosed at 350,000 CFU/g of feed.
3“Ronozyme P ®” is a 6-phytase from Peniphora lycii expressed in Aspergillus oryzae - the amino acid sequence of which is given herein as SEQ ID No. 8. (This is a “non-Citrobacter” 6 phytase)
4
Citrobacter phytase A - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain ATCC 51113. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 1.
5
Citrobacter phytase B - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain YH-15. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 7.
Birds receive feed ad-libitum appropriate to the treatment from day 0 to 42. Enzymes and DFMs are provided by Danisco in the appropriate mixtures and levels for all experimental treatments. The pens are arranged within the facility to prevent direct contact in order to avoid cross contamination of diets. Starter diet is replaced with the grower diet on day 21, and grower diet is replaced with the finisher diet on day 35. At each feed change, feeders are removed from pens by block, weighed back, emptied, and refilled with the appropriate treatment diet. On the final day of the study feed is weighed. Pens are checked daily for mortality. When a bird is culled or found dead, the date and removal weight (kg) are recorded.
All pens had approximately 4 inches of built up litter with a coating of fresh pine shavings. All birds are spray vaccinated prior to placement into pens with a commercial coccidiosis vaccine (Coccivac-B). No concomitant drug therapy is used during the study.
Means are separated using pair wise t-tests. Significant differences are considered at P<0.05. Pens are used as the experimental unit.
Body weight gain is significantly reduced by the negative control treatment at 42 days. There is no significant improvement in performance when either of the DFMs are supplemented. Contrary to this, supplementation of the Citrobacter phytases to the diets results in significant improvements in body weight gain, to a level similar to the positive control. Ronozyme P however, does not lead to a significant improvement against the negative control. When Ronozyme P is supplemented in combination with Bacillus DMF or Lactobacillus DFM there is a numerical improvement in body weight gain at 42 days, compared to the negative control. The combination of Citrobacter phytase and Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DMF demonstrates a significant improvement compared to the positive control diet, showing an enhanced effect of the Citrobacter phytase and the DFMs.
Similar observations are observed when the feed conversion ratio (FCR) is analysed. There is no significant effect of supplementing either of the probiotics on feed conversion efficiency, only a slight numerical increase. There are significant effects of the Citrobacter phytases but not Ronozyme P, when phytase is supplemented alone. Similarly, when a combination of either lactobacillus or bacillus and Ronozyme P are supplemented there is no significant improvement on top of the negative control. However, the combination of Citrobacter phytases and either Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM results in significant improvements in FCR to a level lower (improved feed efficiency) than the positive control, and lower (improved feed efficiency) than the added effect of either Lactobacillus DFM or Bacillus DFM, and phytase were supplemented alone. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B—indicating that unexpectedly an event better effect can be obtained using Citrobacter A in combination with a DFM compared with Citrobacter phytase B in combination with a DFM.
In conclusion, there is a positive effect between the Citrobacter phytase and each of the DFMs—Bacillus and Lactobacillus. This is supported by increase in body weight gain and feed efficiency, greater than the sum of the effect of either supplement alone. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B.
One thousand male Ross 308 broiler chickens are raised to 12 days in floor pens and are fed a typical commercial starter diet. On day 13, birds are allocated to produce 8 replicates per treatment, totaling 64 birds per treatment (8 birds per cage). From day 13 to 21, treatment diets are fed (Table 1).
Bacillus DFM1
Lactobacillus DFM2
Citrobacter phytase A4 500 FTU/kg
Citrobacter phytase B4 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B 500 FTU/kg
Bacillus DFM
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase A 500 FTU/kg
Lactobacillus DFM
Citrobacter phytase B 500 FTU/kg
Lactobacillus DFM
1“Bacillus DFM” - is Enviva Pro ® which is a combination of Bacillus subtilis strains Bs2084, LSSAO1 and 15AP4, provided by Danisco A/S and is dosed at 150,000 CFU/g of feed.
2“Lactobacillus DFM” - is Sorbiflore ® which is a combination of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus farciminis, provided by Danisco Animal Nutrition and is dosed at 350,000 CFU/g of feed.
3“Ronozyme P ®” is a 6-phytase from Peniphora lycii expressed in Aspergillus oryzae - the amino acid sequence of which is given herein as SEQ ID No. 8. (This is a “non-Citrobacter” 6 phytase)
4
Citrobacter phytase A - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain ATCC 51113. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 1.
5
Citrobacter phytase B - is a 6-phytase from Citrobacter braakii strain YH-15. The amino acid sequence of this enzyme is given herein as SEQ ID No. 7.
Broiler diets are fed as mash. Diets met or exceeded NRC standards (Table 2). The mixer is flushed to prevent cross contamination of diets. All treatment feeds are mixed using a Davis S-20 mixer. Samples are collected from each treatment diet from the beginning, middle, and end of each batch and blended together to confirm enzyme activities and DFM presence in feed.
Birds receive feed ad-libitum appropriate to the treatment from day 0 to 21, the entire duration of the study. No concomitant drug therapy is used during the study. Enzymes and DFMs are provided by Danisco in the appropriate mixtures and levels for all experimental treatments. The cages are physically divided to prevent direct contact in order to avoid contamination. On the final day of the study, the birds, as well as the feed in the feeders are weighed.
Faecal samples are collected on days 18, 19 and 20, weighed and recorded, and then frozen at −20° C. on the day of collection. Excreta are subsequently pooled within each treatment group, mixed with a blender and two samples are taken. The samples are freeze dried and ground to pass through a 0.5 mm sieve re-frozen and stored until being analysed for; dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca).
On Day 21, all birds are euthanized and contents of the lower half of the ileum are obtained by flushing with distilled water. Digesta from birds within each cage are pooled and frozen immediately after collection. Duplicate proximate analyses of diets, ileal digesta and excreta are performed for DM, N, amino acids, GE, Ca, P, and an inert marker.
DM is determined by drying all samples at 100° C. for 24 h. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is carried out on diets and ileal digesta to determine the relative amino acid concentrations. Phosphorus and calcium levels are determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and energy determined using adiabatic bomb calorimeter (Model 1261, Parr Instrument Co., Moline, Ill.). Finally, N content is measured by the combustion method (Model FP2000, LECO Corp., St. Joseph, Mich.). Digestibility coefficients are calculated for both faecal and ileal digestibility.
Means are separated using pair wise t-tests. Significant differences are considered at P<0.05, using each cage as an experimental unit.
There is no significant effect on ileal phosphorus digestibility, compared to the negative control, when Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM is supplemented alone. However, supplementation with Citrobacter phytase increases ileal phosphorus digestibility to a level equal to the positive control. There is a significant increase in ileal phosphorus digestibility when Ronozyme P is added to the diets alone, to a lever lower than the positive control diet. When the combination of Citrobacter phytase and DFMs are added to the diets, ileal phosphorus digestibility increases compared to Citrobacter phytase supplemented alone. In contrast, when the Ronozyme P and DFM combinations are added to the diet, the ileal phosphorus digestibility coefficients are similar to those observed when Ronozyme P was supplemented alone. These trends are reflected in total tract digestibility of phosphorus. There is a significant increase in ileal amino acid digestibility when the Citrobacter phytase is supplemented to the diet, compared to the negative control. When Ronozyme P is supplemented there is a slight increase in ileal amino acid digestibility compared to the negative control. When the Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM is supplemented alone there is only a slight increase on ileal amino acid digestibility. There is a significant effect of supplementing a combination of Citrobacter phytase and Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM on amino acid digestibility, compared to supplementation of the DFM or Citrobacter phytase alone, which is greater than the sum of the increases when either was supplemented alone. This incremental effect is not observed when the RonozymeP+DFM combination is added to diets. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B—indicating that unexpectedly an event better effect can be obtained using Citrobacter A in combination with a DFM compared with Citrobacter phytase B in combination with a DFM.
Energy digestibility (AME) is significantly increased from the level of the negative control when Citrobacter phytase is supplemented to the diets. This is not the case when Ronozyme P is added to the diets; where only a slight numerical increase in AME is observed. When either Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM is supplemented to the diets there is a very slight increase in AME, however it is not significantly different from the negative control. When either of the DFMs are supplemented in combination with the Citrobacter phytase, there is a significant increase in AME greater than the sum of the increase from the phytase or either of the DFMs alone. This was not the case when either of the DFMs was supplemented with the Ronozyme P phytase.
In conclusion, there is a significant effect between the Citrobacter phytase and the Bacillus DFM or Lactobacillus DFM. This effect is more pronounced for Citrobacter phytase A compared with Citrobacter phytase B—indicating that unexpectedly an event better effect can be obtained using Citrobacter A in combination with a DFM compared with Citrobacter phytase B in combination with a DFM. This is reflected in increases in P, AME, and ileal amino acid digestibility. The increases in digestibility coefficients observed when combinations of products are supplemented are greater than the sum of the improvements when either are supplemented alone.
All publications mentioned in the above specification are herein incorporated by reference.
Various modifications and variations of the described methods and system of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in biochemistry and biotechnology or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1102857.8 | Feb 2011 | GB | national |
| 1102865.1 | Feb 2011 | GB | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB2012/050122 | 1/19/2012 | WO | 00 | 8/15/2013 |
