According to the prior art, tunable band-pass filters comprise resonator elements made of ferrites, in which the resonance frequency is adjusted via an external DC magnetic field. The resonators are generally spherical, because this shape can be manufactured using relatively-simple techniques with the dimensions required for use at high frequencies (diameter of sphere ≦0.3 mm). One reason for using spherical resonators is the linear relationship between the resonance frequency and the modulus of the external DC magnetic field.
Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is used as the material for the resonators at frequencies up to approximately 50 GHz. For frequencies above 50 GHz, the use of hexaferrites has proved preferred. Because of their crystalline structure, hexaferrites provide an anisotropic field, which, with a corresponding orientation relative to the external DC magnetic field, allows the adjustment of high resonance frequencies with significantly-lower field strengths of the DC magnetic field than is possible when using YIG. This property of hexaferrites, allows an avoidance according to the prior art of the technically-demanding generation of high magnetic-field strengths for the adjustment of high resonance frequencies.
Shielded (suspended) striplines are disposed, for example, in channels milled entirely into metal. These channels are connected to one another exclusively via a circular coupling aperture (iris). The prior art assumes that the lines are disposed perpendicular to one another, which leads to high decoupling outside the resonance in view of the orthogonality of the electromagnetic fields. As in case of many other coupler structures according to the prior art, the spheres within the structure are attached in the proximity of a short-circuit. The reason for this is that the resonators, especially the resonator spheres, are coupled via the magnetic field (HF field), which is maximal in the region of the short circuit. Since, according to the prior art, this maximum occurs in the region of the short circuit independently of the frequency, a good coupling of the spheres is achieved over a large frequency range in resonant conditions.
Furthermore, by contrast with non-resonant conditions, field energy supplied through the ferrite properties of the spheres in resonant conditions is radiated in the direction of the diaphragm, thereby leading to an increased energy transfer between the filter input and the filter output.
One possibility according to the prior art for reducing the insertion loss of the filter under otherwise identical conditions (identical line width of the resonance curve of the resonator, identical saturation magnetization of the resonator and identical diameter of the iris) is the use of inverse shielded (suspended) striplines. With this type of line, the middle conductor is attached to the side of the substrate directed towards the resonator or respectively the resonator sphere, wherein the resonators continue to be disposed in the region of the short circuit and to provide the disadvantages associated with this.
In the context of the prior art, it is dispreferred if the magnetic field provides a considerable component parallel to the direction of transport of the decoupled wave in the short-circuited region of two metallic strips within the proximity of the coupling. As a result, disturbing auxiliary modes can be excited by the coupling.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,569 B1 specifies coupler structures with four resonator spheres for use in magnetically-tunable filters. By way of example, this patent discloses a variable band-pass filter for frequencies within a maximum frequency range of one waveguide band, for example, 50-75 GHz. The variable band-pass filter comprises an input waveguide, an output waveguide and a transition waveguide, which are designed for the propagation of a TE10 wave mode. During the operation of the filter, the end of the input waveguide terminated with a short-circuit wall, the beginning of the output waveguide, which is also provided with a short-circuit wall, and the transition waveguide attached in the direction towards the externally-applied, homogenous magnetic field below the input waveguide and the output waveguide, are arranged between two magnetic poles, which supply the variable magnetic field for the adjustment of a resonance frequency. The input waveguide and output waveguide provide a rectangular profile in the direction of the wave propagation, which provides a significantly-smaller cross-sectional area in the coupling region than at the connecting flange. The coupling region of the variable band-pass filter encloses the four resonator spheres attached in the proximity of a short-circuit wall and respectively the tapering end of the input waveguide and output waveguide, and the transition waveguide with a constant cross-sectional area.
One disadvantage of the variable band-pass filter described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,569 B1 is that in resonant conditions, the field distribution of the wave to be decoupled is unfavorable in the coupling region, because the wave is conducted in a waveguide, of which the profile tapers towards the coupling region in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave to be decoupled. As a result, undesirable reflections occur, which overlap in a destructive manner and therefore reduce the amount of energy transported by the incoming wave. This effect also relates to the outgoing wave in the output waveguide, which now provides a defined frequency. Accordingly, the overall insertion loss relative to the input of the input waveguide and the output of the output waveguide is increased, because the field distributions in the coupling region are disturbed by the tapering geometry of the waveguides.
One further disadvantage is the limited bandwidth of the waveguide concept.
The invention is therefore based upon the object of providing a magnetically-tunable filter for high-frequencies, which, in resonant conditions, provides the lowest possible insertion loss and in decoupling conditions provides a very high isolation of the filter input and filter output, and of which the coupling structure does not excite any disturbing auxiliary modes.
This object is achieved according to the invention by the magnetically-tunable filter described in claim 1.
Preferred further embodiments of the filter according to the invention are described in the dependent claims referring back to claim 1.
The filter according to the invention is integrated within a filter housing with two filter arms and provides two tunable resonator spheres made from a magnetizable material, which are disposed one above the other within the two filter arms. At least one of the filter arms preferably provides a substrate layer, which is coated with a fin line or slotted conductor extending in the direction towards an electrical contact. Both filter arms are connected by a coupling aperture, wherein one resonator sphere is positioned on each side of the coupling aperture within each of the two filter arms.
One particular advantage of the use of a fin line for the magnetically-tunable filter according to the invention results from the weak components of the HF field magnetic (high-frequency field) in the direction of propagation of the decoupled electromagnetic waves (x-direction). The magnetic field in the region of the resonator sphere preferably provides only one very weak component in the x-direction. As a result of these properties of the field distribution, the 210-auxiliary mode is excited only very weakly, so that the undesired auxiliary resonance preferably appears in the resonance curve only in a considerably weakened form.
Moreover, it is preferred that both filter arms are disposed one above the other, so that the two resonator spheres are now no longer positioned side-by-side but rather one above the other. This provision is associated with further advantages in the integration of the filter according to the invention together with further components within a combined housing. Accordingly, in a housing with a given, restricted base area, more components can now be included around the filter according to the invention, because this filter preferably provides a reduced lateral extension.
The internal structures, which are defined by a sequence of different layers, are preferably structured in a similar manner in both filter arms, which simplifies the manufacture of the filter according to the invention.
A realization of the coupling aperture as a single gap or as an apertured diaphragm with any required open cross section is similarly simple to manufacture.
The coupling aperture preferably provides an open cross-section, of which the area corresponds at least to the area of an equatorial surface of a resonator sphere. This guarantees that inhomogeneous field areas (edge effects) are shielded from the walls beyond the coupling aperture, so that the coupling mechanism via electron-spin resonance can occur only within a homogeneous field region, in which the two resonator spheres are disposed.
It is additionally preferred that the metal strips of the fin line are soldered laterally with indium solder.
Moreover, it is preferred that each resonator sphere is arranged within the filter arm above an open-circuit region, wherein the open-circuit region isolates the metal strips of the fin line at its ends relative to one another and at the same time also forms an isolated region relative to the walls of the filter housing. An arrangement of this kind preferably reduces the amount of the HF magnetic-field component, which causes disturbing auxiliary modes in the decoupled electromagnetic wave.
It is also preferred that one filter arm is composed of two cuboids of different sizes, so that the substrate layer is formed on the smaller cuboid. This guarantees a stable attachment of the substrate layer within a filter arm.
The layer thickness of the substrate layer can expediently be varied, so that the magnetically-tunable filter according to the invention can preferably be used in different frequency ranges. The dielectric constant of the material, of which the substrate layer is made is preferably low.
The metal strips of the fin line are preferably built up on a substrate of Teflon, because Teflon has the property that it can be clamped in a stable manner in the filter arm.
By preference, the resonator spheres have a diameter of approximately 300 μm, this size being still readily handled during manufacture.
A mirror-image arrangement of the resonator spheres on both sides of the coupling aperture is also preferred, because this contributes to reducing the cost of adjustment. In particular, it is preferred if the resonator spheres are each glued directly onto the substrate layer, thereby avoiding the cost of attaching an appropriate mounting, which, once again, preferably facilitates the assembly of the filter according to the invention.
One further advantage of the filter according to the invention is that the resonator spheres in the filter arms are arranged with different internal structures. Accordingly, a magnetically-tunable filter according to the invention, which consists of an aperture-coupled microstripline and a unilateral fin line, achieves a stretched geometry with a reduced overall height. The filter according to the invention is therefore easier to install as a whole in a narrow slit between the pole shoes of an electromagnet. With a small distance between the pole shoes, high magnetic-field strengths can be generated at a reduced cost and therefore more readily. A small spacing distance preferably has a positive effect on the homogeneity of the DC magnetic field.
The structure and also the method of operation of the invention and its further advantages and objects are best understood with reference to the following description in conjunction with the associated drawings. The drawings are as follows:
By way of explanation of the magnetically-tunable filter according to the invention, the following section initially describes the structures conventional at the time of the invention and their disadvantages with reference to
The external DC magnetic field H0 for tuning the resonance frequency is aligned parallel to the z axis of the coordinate system shown in
By way of explanation of this auxiliary mode,
The substrate layers 5 of the two filter arms 4a, 4b are disposed respectively in two propagation channels milled or eroded from metal, which are connected to one another exclusively via a circular opening or an apertured diaphragm 13. The apertured diaphragm 13 according to the invention provides an open cross-section, of which the area corresponds at least to the area of an equatorial surface of a resonator sphere 3a, 3b. The resonator spheres 3a, 3b, which are made of a ferrimagnetic or a ferromagnetic material, in particular, a ferrite, are positioned on opposing sides, in mirror-image symmetry to one another on both sides of the coupling aperture 8 or respectively of the apertured diaphragm within an open-circuit region 17 of the fin lines 7. The coupling of the resonator spheres 3a, 3b via an open-circuit region 17 differs significantly from conventional designs, in which the resonator spheres 3a, 3b, which provide a diameter within the range from 100 μm to 1000 μm, are coupled in the region of a short-circuit.
The coupling aperture 8 common to the two filter arms 4a, 4b can also be realized as a combination of an apertured diaphragm 13 with at least one single gap 12.
With a bilateral fin line 7, which is not illustrated in the drawings, two metal strips 15a, 15b separated by a non-conductive strip 14 are disposed jointly on a first surface 16a of the substrate layer 5, wherein, at the same time, a second surface 16b of the substrate layer 5 provides at least one metal strip 15c.
By contrast with this classic, unilateral fin line 7, wherein the substrate layer 5 is preferably attached in the middle of the waveguide 25, which surrounds it, the substrate layer 5 in the magnetically-tunable filter 1 according to the invention is positioned with a displacement in the direction towards the aperture or respectively towards a coupling aperture 8. As a result of this arrangement of the substrate layer 5, the spacing distance between the substrate layer 5 and the coupling aperture 8, which is designed in this first exemplary embodiment as an apertured diaphragm 13 or respectively as an iris, is reduced, in order to guarantee a good coupling between both resonator spheres 3a, 3b in resonant conditions.
The entire propagation channel for the electromagnetic waves to be transported is designed in a stepped manner, which means that in each case one filter arm 4a, 4b is composed of a relatively-larger cuboid 20a and a relatively-smaller cuboid 20b, so that the substrate layer 5 with its additional layers applied can be simply attached to the relatively-smaller cuboid 20b. As a result, a stable support of the substrate layer 5 within the waveguide 25 or respectively within the propagation channel is achieved. The fixing of the substrate layer 5 in the propagation channel or respectively in the waveguide 25 can be implemented, for example, by means of a conductive adhesive, which is applied to the lateral edges 26 at the limit between the relatively-larger cuboid 20a and the relatively-smaller cuboid 20b. According to the invention, the conductive connection of the lateral metallization to the surrounding waveguide 25 prevents the propagation of undesired modes. The DC magnetic field H0, with which the filter 1 according to the invention is tuned, is disposed perpendicular to the substrate layer 5.
Quartz, ceramic or a similar material, which provides a low dielectric coefficient εr, is provided as the substrate layer 5. With substrate layers 5 made of the named materials, the line wavelength is longer than when using substrate materials with a high dielectric coefficient εr. The relatively-longer line wavelength provides the advantage that the magnetic field in the interior of the resonator sphere 3a, 3b is more homogeneous, and accordingly, the excitation of magnetostatic modes of a relatively higher order, which are noticed as interfering, auxiliary resonances, is reduced.
As an example by way of explanation of the present invention,
According to the invention, the coupling of the resonator spheres 3a, 3b is implemented via an open-circuit region 17 of the two lateral metal strips 15a, 15b. On one hand, the open-circuit region 17 isolates the ends of both metal strips 15a, 15b relative to one another and, on the other hand, also relative to a wall 18 of the filter housing 2. The reasons for this type of coupling will be explained in greater detail below.
As an example by way of explanation of the present invention and, in particular, by way of explanation of the factual situation described above,
In the resonance characteristic from
With the use of a coupling in the open-circuit region 17 and the use of unilateral fin lines 7, a significantly improved performance is achieved according to the invention by comparison with classic coupler structures using a coupling with a short-circuit region. In the first exemplary embodiment of the magnetically-tunable filter 1 according to the invention, the two waveguides 25 or respectively propagation channels are coupled via a slot-shaped coupling aperture or via a single gap 12. With the use of slot-shaped coupling apertures 12, the coupler structure illustrated in
An increase in isolation can be implemented with both coupler structures from
With both coupler structures from
The resonator spheres 3a, 3b are positioned on opposite sides of the apertured diaphragm 13 in the open-circuit region of the fin line 7 or of the fin lines 7. With this coupler structure also, the resonator spheres 3a, 3b are also coupled via the open-circuit region 17, because the characteristic of the magnetic field is very similar to the field characteristic of a unilateral fin line 7. The magnetic field energy in the case of the antipodal fin line is preferably guided within the substrate layer 5, which accounts for the difference by comparison with the use of a unilateral fin line 7. For this reason, the resonator spheres 3a, 3b are attached or glued directly to the substrate layer 5. Accordingly, no sphere mountings are required in this structure. To allow an accurate positioning of the resonator spheres 3a, 3b on the substrate layer 5, circular contours 24 have been provided in the lateral metallization 10.
By contrast with the classic antipodal fin line 7a, in which the substrate layer 5 is attached in the middle of the waveguide 25 surrounding the latter, the substrate layer 5 is displaced in the direction towards the coupling aperture 8, so that the substrate layer 5 is disposed within the filter arms 4a, 4b in each case asymmetrically relative to a central plane 21 of the respective filter arm 4a, 4b. Because of this arrangement, the spacing distance between the substrate layer 5 and the coupling aperture 8 is reduced in order to guarantee a good coupling between the resonator spheres 3a, 3b in resonant conditions.
As a result of the concentration of the magnetic field energy in the substrate layer 5, the overall height of the structure of the second exemplary embodiment can be further reduced by comparison with the first exemplary embodiment with the unilateral fin line 7, so that the magnetically-tunable filter 1 according to the second exemplary embodiment of the invention can be more readily integrated into a narrow slot between the pole shoes of an electromagnet.
Moreover, the propagation channel or respectively the waveguide 25 in the second exemplary embodiment is stepped in order to allow a stable support of the substrate layer 5 on the relatively-smaller cuboid 20b of the filter housing 2. The fixing of the substrate layer 5 in the propagation channel or respectively the waveguide 25 is realized, for example, by means of a conductive adhesive, which is applied to the lateral edges 26 at the limit between the relatively-smaller cuboid 20b and a relatively-larger cuboid 20a. Furthermore, soldering with indium solder ensures a conductive connection of the lateral metallization 10 to the propagation channel surrounding it, thereby preventing the propagation of undesirable modes. The DC magnetic field H0 is also disposed perpendicular on the substrate layer 5.
With the second exemplary embodiment, a use of an antipodal fin line 7a in a magnetically-tunable filter 1 according to the invention also allows a coupling of the resonator spheres 3a, 3b via a slot-shaped coupling aperture 8 or apertured diaphragm. In this case, with the structure from
An increase of isolation is also possible through appropriate cascading of the coupling structures. The coupler structures from
Since the two resonator spheres 3a, 3b are subjected to different marginal conditions with reference to the characteristic of the magnetic field, the possibility of rotating at least one of the two resonator spheres 3a, 3b is provided. Different marginal conditions in the field characteristic lead to offset resonance frequencies of the individual resonator spheres 3a, 3b, thereby increasing the insertion loss in the pass-band range of the relevant filter. It is possible through targeted rotations of the resonator spheres 3a, 3b to adjust the position of the resonance frequency of the individual resonator spheres 3a, 3b within a certain frequency range.
In further exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the use of a coplanar line with or without ground instead of the microstripline 22 is also provided. In yet further exemplary embodiments, the fin line 7 in the second filter arm 4b is replaced by a (suspended) stripline or an inverse (suspended) stripline. The unilateral fin line 7 can also be replaced by an antipodal fin line 7a, or a bilateral fin line. As already mentioned, it is possible to increase the isolation by cascading with an identical coupling structure or with different coupling structures. With the coupling structures illustrated in
Tunable band-pass filters, of which the centre frequency can be adjusted as required over a given frequency range, are required in many areas of high-frequency technology. The construction of a magnetically-tunable band-pass filter according to the present invention requires a coupler structure for coupling the resonator spheres 3a, 3b, which guarantees that a high decoupling/isolation remote from the resonance frequency is provided between the filter input and filter output. At the same time, the coupler structure must guarantee a high energy transfer from the input to the output in resonant conditions. In resonant conditions, the invention achieves high isolation and at the same time a high energy transfer at frequencies far above 70 GHz to 110 GHz.
The invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, in particular, the invention is not restricted to spherical resonators made of a ferrite. All the features described above and presented in the drawings can be combined with one another as required.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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10-2006-058.227.6 | Dec 2006 | DE | national |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
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PCT/EP07/10633 | 12/6/2007 | WO | 00 | 11/5/2008 |