The present disclosure relates to a fiber coupler and, more particularly, to a fiber coupler capable of coupling light reflectively from a first optical fiber into a second optical fiber without free-space optics.
A fiber coupler is an optical device with one or more input fibers and one or more output fibers. In general, in operation of a fiber coupler, light launched at an input port by a given input fiber is provided to one or more output ports for coupling in one or more respective output fibers.
According to some possible implementations, a method may include providing a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber such that an end of the first optical fiber is at a fixed position with respect to an end of the second optical fiber; performing an active alignment to enable optical coupling between the first optical fiber and the second optical fiber via an imaging structure, wherein, as a result of the active alignment: an end of the first optical fiber is at a first location on a first surface of the imaging structure, wherein the first location is at a first transverse offset distance from an axis of the imaging structure, and an end of the second optical fiber is at a second location of the first surface of the imaging structure, wherein the second location is at a second transverse offset distance from the axis of the imaging structure; and concurrently fusion splicing the end of the first optical fiber at the first location on the first surface and the end of the second optical fiber at the second location on the first surface.
According to some possible implementations, a method may include fusion splicing an end of a first optical fiber at a first location on a first surface of an imaging structure, wherein the first location is at a first transverse offset distance from an axis of the imaging structure; performing an active alignment to enable optical coupling between the first optical fiber and a second optical fiber via the imaging structure, wherein, as a result of the active alignment, an end of the second optical fiber is at a second location on the first surface of the imaging structure, wherein the second location is at a second transverse offset distance from the axis of the imaging structure; and fusion splicing the end of the second optical fiber at the second location on the first surface of the imaging structure.
According to some possible implementations, a method may include performing an active alignment to enable optical coupling between a first optical fiber and a second optical fiber via an imaging structure, wherein an end of the first optical fiber is at a first location on a first surface of the imaging structure, the first location being at a first transverse offset distance from an axis of the imaging structure, and wherein an end of the second optical fiber is at a second location on the first surface of the imaging structure, the second location being at a second transverse offset distance from the axis of the imaging structure; fusion splicing the end of the first optical fiber at the first location on the first surface of the imaging structure; and fusion splicing the end of the second optical fiber at the second location on the first surface of the imaging structure.
According to some possible implementations, a fiber coupler may include a first fiber to launch light at a first location on a first surface of an imaging structure, wherein the first location is at a first transverse offset distance from an axis of the imaging structure; the imaging structure to: receive the light on a second surface of the imaging structure, and reflect at least a portion of the light from the second surface of the imaging structure such that the at least a portion of the light is imaged at a second location on the first surface of the imaging structure, wherein the second location is at a second transverse offset distance from the axis of the imaging structure; and a second fiber to receive the at least a portion of the light imaged at the second location on the first surface of the imaging structure.
The following detailed description of example implementations refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
Some optical operations are well served in reflection. Such operations include, for example, wavelength filtering, wavelength beam combining, and pump/signal multiplexing using a thin-film filter; and mode-locking of a fiber lasers using a saturable absorber (e.g., a semiconductor Bragg reflector (SBR), a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM), and/or the like), among others. However, it is difficult to implement reflective geometries to couple from a first optical fiber to a second optical fiber without using free-space optics (e.g., exiting the first optical fiber, collimating in a first lens, implementing an optical operation on the free-space collimated beam, re-focusing in a second lens, and coupling into the second optical fiber). The use of free-space optics imposes a number of challenges, such as maintaining optical alignment on an optical path through the free-space optics, preventing possible contamination on one or more surfaces of the free-space optics, and adding cost. It is therefore desirable to develop a fiber-based system in which light remains confined within fiber or within a solid material (e.g., glass) throughout an optical path associated with a reflective geometry used to couple light from a first optical fiber to a second optical fiber.
Some implementations described herein provide a fiber coupler capable of coupling light reflectively from a first optical fiber into a second optical fiber without free-space optics. In some implementations, the fiber coupler may include a first fiber to launch light at a first location on a first surface of an imaging structure. Here, the first location may be at a first transverse offset distance from an axis of the imaging structure. The imaging structure of the fiber coupler may receive the light on a second surface of the imaging structure, and reflect at least a portion of the light from the second surface of the imaging structure. Here, the imaging structure reflects the at least a portion of the light such that the at least a portion of the light is imaged at a second location on the first surface of the imaging structure, the second location being at a second transverse offset distance from the axis of the imaging structure. The fiber coupler may further include a second fiber to receive the at least a portion of the light imaged at the second location on the second surface of the imaging structure. The fiber coupler described herein enables optical coupling in which light remains confined (e.g., within an optical fiber or within a solid material) throughout an optical path. That is, the fiber coupler described herein enables optical coupling from the first fiber to the second fiber without free-space optics. In some implementations, the fiber coupler described herein allows optical alignment to be maintained, ensures high reliability (e.g., by avoiding the possibility of surface contamination) and achieves a relatively low cost (e.g., as compared to free-space optics). Various processes for manufacturing such a fiber coupler are also provided below.
First fiber 102 includes an optical fiber capable of launching light at a first location 108 on a first surface of imaging structure 106. In some implementations, first fiber 102 may be a multi-mode fiber, or may be a single-mode fiber. In some implementations, first fiber 102 may also be a single-clad fiber, or may be multiple-clad fiber. As shown in
Second fiber 104 includes an optical fiber capable of receiving the at least a portion of the light imaged at second location 110 on the first surface of imaging structure 106. In some implementations, second fiber 104 may be a multi-mode fiber, or may be a single-mode fiber. In some implementations, second fiber 104 may be a single-clad fiber or may be a multiple-clad fiber. As shown in
Imaging structure 106 includes an optical element capable of receiving light, launched by first fiber 102 at first location 108 on the first surface of imaging structure 106, on a second surface of imaging structure 106, and reflecting at least a portion of the light from the second surface of imaging structure 106 such that the at least a portion of the light is imaged at the second location 110 on the first surface of imaging structure 106.
In some implementations, imaging structure 106 provides two-dimensional imaging. That is, imaging structure 106 may provide imaging in a dimension that is parallel to the first and second transverse offset distances (e.g., a dimension along a vertical direction on a plane of the page of
In some implementations, imaging structure 106 may be a graded-index structure with a parabolic transverse refractive index profile. An example implementation of fiber coupler 100 in which imaging structure 106 is a graded-index structure is described below with regard to
In some implementations, imaging structure 106 may be a curved endcap structure with a fixed refractive index. An example implementation of fiber coupler 100 in which imaging structure 106 is a curved endcap structure is described below with regard to
The number and arrangement of components shown in
As described above, in some implementations, imaging structure 106 may include a graded-index structure with a parabolic or near-parabolic refractive index profile.
In some implementations, graded-index structure 206a may be formed from a doped fused silica, such as germanium-doped fused silica (e.g., similar to that used for graded-index multi-mode fibers for data communications). Notably, while a conventional soft-glass graded-index lens could be used, in practice, the soft-glass graded-index lens would not fusion-splice well to fused-silica optical fibers due to the difference in melting points. In some implementations, fiber coupler 200 may be used for coupling in a high power scenario (e.g., greater than or equal to approximately 100 Watts) meaning that no glue, no soft glass, no mechanical fixturing or mechanical contact between discrete optical components should be used. These constraints may require a fully fused structure, meaning that graded-index structure 206a should be fused-silica-based. In such a case, a graded-index cane (e.g., a drawn rod that is larger in diameter than flexible fiber, which has a maximum diameter of 1 millimeter) that is drawn from a doped fused-silica graded-index preform may be used. In some implementations, graded-index structure 206a may comprise a core region with a radially parabolic or near-parabolic refractive-index profile, wherein if a best-fit is applied to a measured index profile of the core using the rotationally symmetric function (n(r)/ n0)2=1−2Δ(r/R)α, where r is the radial variable, R is the radius of the core or of the region of the core in which a majority of the transmitted power is present (e.g., an 86%-power-enclosed radius), and the best-fit is applied by varying n0, Δ and α, then a parabolic index profile may be defined as one in which the exponent α equals 2, and a near-parabolic index profile as one in which a obeys the relation 1.5≤α≤2.5.
In operation, light enters fiber coupler 200 via first fiber 102. As described above, first fiber 102 may be fusion-spliced off-axis at first location 108 on a first surface of graded-index structure 206a (e.g., illustrated as a left surface in
As a numerical example, using light with wavelength on the order of 1 micron, first fiber 102 may be a step-index multimode fiber with core diameter of 135 microns, clad diameter 155 microns, and numerical aperture (NA) 0.22, and second fiber 104 may be a step-index multimode fiber with core diameter 150 microns, clad diameter 250 microns, and NA 0.22. Here, a receiving area of second fiber 104 should be slightly larger than an emitting area of first fiber 102 because the imaging will inherently be 1:1 (i.e., no magnification/demagnification) and it is generally accepted in the art of multimode-beam coupling to provide some margin on the order of 10 wavelengths in order to ensure low loss. In this example, graded-index structure 206a may have a doped core diameter of 1.65 millimeters (mm), an undoped clad diameter of 2.0 mm, a roughly parabolic index profile with an NA of 0.275, an effective focal length of 3.0 mm, and a physical (quarter-pitch) length of 6.96 mm. Here, the offsets of the fusion splices from axis 112 of graded-index structure 206a may be in a range from approximately 200 microns to approximately 400 microns. The diameter of the beam on the second surface of graded-index structure 206a may be, for a 0.15 radian half-angle input divergence, approximately 0.9 mm. Here, graded-index structure 206a may be fabricated using a standard 0.275 NA graded-index preform that may be drawn down to a standard 62.5/125 micron OM1 multimode data communications fiber.
In one embodiment, reflective element 206b is planar and perpendicular to axis 112, and d1 is equal to d2, and first location 108 is diametrically opposed to second location 110 with respect to axis 112. In another embodiment, reflective element 206b is planar but not perpendicular to axis 112, and either d1 is not equal to d2 or first location 108 is not diametrically opposed to second location 110 (or both).
The number and arrangement of components shown in
As described above, in some implementations, imaging structure 106 may include a curved endcap structure.
In some implementations, curved endcap structure 306a may be formed from a material having a fixed refractive index. For example, curved endcap structure 306a may be formed from undoped fused silica. As shown in
In operation, light enters fiber coupler 300 via first fiber 102. As described above, first fiber 102 may be fusion-spliced off-axis at first location 108 on a first surface of curved endcap structure 306a (e.g., illustrated as a left surface in
The use of curved endcap structure 306a may be advantageous in some applications in that a curved endcap may be less expensive to fabricate and/or more precise in image-plane position than a graded-index structure. As an example, a diameter of curved endcap structure 306a may be approximately 2 mm, a tip-to-tip length may be approximately 6 mm, and a radius of curvature of the curved second surface may be approximately 6 mm.
In another embodiment, the first surface of curved endcap structure 306a may be non-planar, for example comprising two mutually angled planar sections wherein first location 108 is on one planar section and second location 110 is on another planar section. In another embodiment, first fiber 102 and second fiber 104 may be non-parallel, for example slightly converging toward curved endcap structure 306a.
In another embodiment, curved endcap structure 306a may comprise a material having a variable-index structure, for example a graded-index structure having a parabolic or near-parabolic index structure similar to graded-index structure 206a. In this case, the device length that optimizes coupling from first fiber 102 to second fiber 104 is determined by a combination of the graded-index strength and the curvature of the reflective element 306b. One advantage of such a combination of graded-index structure 206a with curved endcap structure 306b is that it allows improved selectivity of the divergence of a beam transmitted through reflective element 306b by design.
The number and arrangement of components shown in
Fiber coupler 100 may be used in a variety of applications. For example, a reflective element (e.g., reflective element 206b, reflective element 306b) may have a particular spectral characteristic, for example, to provide a spectrally limited passband using a notch filter. As another example, the reflective element can have a particular spectral phase characteristic, such as a Gires-Tournois interferometer, for example, for use in a short-pulse fiber oscillator. As another example, another type of reflective structure or device can be attached to the second surface of imaging structure 106 (e.g., by gluing, chemical bonding, or another bonding technique, optical contacting, or simply close proximity). The reflective structure may be, for example, a semiconductor Bragg reflector (SBR or SESAM), a bulk Gires-Tournois interferometer, a Lyot filter, a polarizer, a waveplate, an acousto-optic modulator, an electro-optic modulator, a Faraday rotator, an isolator, a circulator, a Bragg grating, a saturable absorber, or similar bulk optic, which may be secured to the fiber assembly in order to reduce cost and improve reliability and stability.
In another example, fiber coupler 100 can be configured to provide a pump-light input port and a signal-light output port for a fiber amplifier. With many fiber amplifier architectures, it is beneficial to have pump light counter-propagating with respect to signal light, and it is also beneficial to have a pump input occur in the same location as the signal output, directly at a tip of the doped amplifier fiber, without the use of fused fiber side couplers. This embodiment, which can be referred to as a pump/signal combiner, 1+1:1 combiner, or pump/signal WDM, is shown in
As illustrated in
In some implementations, the pump input fiber (i.e., first fiber 102) may be multi-mode, and the amplifier fiber (i.e., second fiber 104) may be a double-clad or triple-clad, large-mode-area (LMA) core fiber, wherein the pump light is carried in a pump cladding region and the signal light is carried in the LMA core and is preferably in a single mode. In another implementation, both the pump input fiber and the amplifier fiber may be single-clad and single-mode, and both the pump light and the signal light may be in a single mode. In another implementation, fiber coupler 100 may be used for coupling both the pump light and the signal light into the amplifier fiber (e.g., rather than coupling the signal light out), in which case the labels associated with the signal light shown (and the corresponding directions of the arrows associated with the signal light) in
The number and arrangement of components shown in
As shown in
As further shown in
As further shown in
Notably, in example process 500, the two fusion splices are performed separately (i.e., at different times). Thus, in example process 500, one fiber (e.g., first fiber 102 or second fiber 104) may be spliced to imaging structure 106 first, then the other fiber (e.g., second fiber 104 or first fiber 102) may be aligned to the correct location on imaging structure 106 (e.g., using active alignment to ensure good coupling), and then fusion spliced.
Process 500 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
In a first implementation, the fusion splicing of the end of first fiber 102 at first location 108 and the fusion splicing of the end of second fiber 104 at second location 110 may be performed using a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. In some implementations, use of a CO2 laser may be advantageous because a CO2 laser may be focused specifically on a splice area for an individual splice. In some implementations, the use of a CO2 laser may ensure that a second splice does not perturb a pre-existing first splice.
In a second implementation, process 500 may further include packaging first fiber 102, second fiber 104, and imaging structure 106 to provide strain relief and/or heatsinking. For example, following the splicing operation of second fiber 104, the entire structure may be packaged in a way as to provide strain relief and/or heatsinking, for example, by potting the entire assembly or otherwise securing first fiber 102 and second fiber 104 with respect to imaging structure 106.
Although
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Process 600 may include additional implementations, such as any single implementation or any combination of implementations described below and/or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
In a first implementation, the concurrent fusion splicing of the end of first fiber 102 at first location 108 and the end of second fiber 104 at second location 110 is performed using a single heat source (which may utilize a conventional fusion splicing technology).
In a second implementation, process 600 may further include packaging first fiber 102, second fiber 104, and imaging structure 106 to provide strain relief and/or heatsinking. For example, following the concurrent splicing operation, the entire structure may be packaged in a way as to provide strain relief and/or heatsinking, for example, by potting the entire assembly or otherwise securing first fiber 102 and second fiber 104 with respect to imaging structure 106.
Although
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Some implementations described herein provide a fiber coupler 100 capable of coupling light reflectively from a first fiber 102 into a second fiber 104 without free-space optics. In some implementations, fiber coupler 100 may include first fiber 202 to launch light at a first location 108 on a first surface of an imaging structure 106, wherein first location 108 is at a first transverse offset distance d1 from an axis 112 of imaging structure 106. Fiber coupler 100 may further include imaging structure 106 to receive the light on a second surface of imaging structure 106, and reflect at least a portion of the light from the second surface of imaging structure 106 such that the at least a portion of the light is imaged at a second location 110 on the first surface of imaging structure 106, where second location 110 is at a second transverse offset distance d2 from axis 112 of imaging structure 106. Fiber coupler 100 may further include second fiber 104 to receive the at least a portion of the light imaged at second location 110 on the second surface of imaging structure 106.
The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the implementations to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the implementations.
Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various implementations. In fact, many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependent claim listed below may directly depend on only one claim, the disclosure of various implementations includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, a combination of related and unrelated items, etc.), and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” or the like are intended to be open-ended terms. Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and/or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”).
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/744,492, filed on Oct. 11, 2018, the content of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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62744492 | Oct 2018 | US |