Patent Grant
9110024
The present invention relates generally to an apparatus and method for improved optical geometry for enhancement of spectroscopic detection of analytes in a sample. More particularly, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for ultrasensitive detection of prions and other low-level analytes.
A conventional method of performing laser induced fluorescence as well as other types of spectroscopic measurements such as infrared, UV-vis, phosphorescence, etc. is to use a small transparent cuvette to contain the sample to be analyzed. A standard cuvette has dimensions of about 1 cm×1 cm and is about 3.5 cm in height and sealed at the bottom. The cuvette is usually made of fused quartz or optical quality borosilicate glass, is optically polished and may have an antireflective coating. The cuvette is filled from an upper, open end that may be equipped with a stopper.
To perform a measurement, the cuvette is filled with the liquid to be investigated and then illuminated with a laser focused through one of the cuvette's faces. A lens is placed in line with one of the faces of the cuvette located at ninety degrees from the input window to collect the laser-induced fluorescence light, so as to reduce interference from the laser itself and from other noise. Only a small volume of the cuvette is actually illuminated by the laser and produces a detectable spectroscopic emission. The output signal is significantly reduced by the fact that the lens picks up only approximately ten percent of the spectroscopic emission due to solid angle considerations. This general system has been used for at least seventy-five years.
Previous developments described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/634,546, filed on Dec. 7, 2006, increased the amount of output signal by approximately a factor of ten over the prior art known at the time, resulting in micromolar limits of detection of fluorescent compounds. The present invention further improves upon this technology, and may result in detection of attomolar quantities of fluorescent compounds.
The following describe some non-limiting embodiments of the present invention.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample, said system comprising an elongated, transparent container for a sample; an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source is directed along the length of the sample, and wherein the radiation induces a signal which is emitted from the sample; and, at least two linear arrays disposed about the sample holder, each linear array comprising a plurality of optical fibers having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the fibers are disposed along the length of the container and in proximity thereto; the second ends of the fibers of each array are bundled together to form a single end port; and the plurality of optical fibers receives the signal and transmits the signal from the first ends of the fibers to the end port comprising the second ends of the fibers; and an end port assembly optically coupled to the single end port and to a detector.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a system is provided for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample, said system comprising an elongated, transparent container for a sample; an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source is directed along the length of the sample, and wherein the radiation induces a fluorescent signal which is emitted from the sample; and, at least four linear arrays disposed about the sample holder in a planar array, and wherein adjacent linear arrays are oriented 90 degrees with respect to each other, each linear array comprising a plurality of optical fibers having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the fibers are disposed along the length of the container and in proximity thereto; the second ends of the fibers of each array are bundled together to form a single end port; and the plurality of optical fibers receives the signal and transmits the signal from the first ends of the fibers to the end port comprising the second ends of the fibers; and an end port assembly optically coupled to the single end port and to a detector, wherein the end port assembly comprises at least one lens.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample is provided, said method comprising providing an elongated, transparent container for a sample; providing an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source is directed along the length of the sample, and wherein the radiation induces a signal which is emitted from the sample; and providing at least two linear arrays disposed about the sample holder, each linear array comprising a plurality of optical fibers having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the fibers are disposed along the length of the container and in proximity thereto; the second ends of the fibers of each array are bundled together to form a single end port; the plurality of optical fibers receives the signal and transmits the signal from the first ends of the fibers to the end port comprising the second ends of the fibers; and an end port assembly optically coupled to the single end port and to a detector.
According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample, said method comprising providing an elongated, transparent container for a sample; providing an excitation source in optical communication with the sample, wherein radiation from the excitation source is directed along the length of the sample, and wherein the radiation induces a fluorescent signal which is emitted from the sample; and, providing at least four linear arrays disposed about the sample holder in a planar array, and wherein adjacent linear arrays are oriented 90 degrees with respect to each other, each linear array comprising a plurality of optical fibers having a first end and a second end, wherein the first ends of the fibers are disposed along the length of the container and in proximity thereto; the second ends of the fibers of each array are bundled together to form a single end port; the plurality of optical fibers receives the signal and transmits the signal from the first ends of the fibers to the end port comprising the second ends of the fibers; and providing an end port assembly optically coupled to the single end port and to a detector, wherein the end port assembly comprises at least one lens.
The present invention describes a system for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest in a sample. The analyte of interest may be biological or chemical in nature, and by way of example only may include chemical moieties (toxins, metabolites, drugs and drug residues), peptides, proteins, cellular components, viruses, and combinations thereof. The analyte of interest may be in either a fluid or a supporting media such as, for example, a gel. In one embodiment, the analyte of interest is a prion, a conformationally altered form (PrPSc) of cellular prion protein (PrPC), which has distinct physiochemical and biochemical properties such as aggregation, insolubility, protease digestion resistance, and a β-sheet-rich secondary structure. Herein, “prion” is understood to mean the abnormal isoform (e.g., PrPSc) of a proteinaceous, infectious agent implicated in causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE's) or prion diseases, understood herein to include but are not limited to, the human diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and kuru, as well as the animal forms of the disease: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, commonly known as mad cow disease), chronic wasting disease (CWD) (in elk and deer), and scrapie (in sheep). It is to be understood that “proteinaceous” means that the prion may comprise proteins as well as other biochemical entities, and thus is not intended to imply that the prion is comprised solely of protein.
The sample is irradiated by an excitation source in optical communication with the sample 307 (
The first ends of the optical fibers may be disposed in a substantially linear manner along the length of the container comprising the sample. The second ends of the optical fibers are bundled together to form a single end port. In other words, a given length of the second ends of the fibers from each linear array are intermingled to form a single bundle. Preferably, the second ends of the fibers from each linear array are randomly interspersed within the bundle. The plurality of optical fibers receives the signal emitted from the analyte of interest and transmits the signal from the first ends of the fibers to the end port comprising the second ends of the fibers. The fibers have a high numerical aperture (NA), which corresponds sine θ/2, where θ is the angle of accepted incident light (optical acceptance angle). In the present invention, the NA may range from about 0.20 to about 0.25 and the optical acceptance angle of from about 20 degrees to about 45 degrees. The optical acceptance angle is chosen such that substantially all of the emitted signal may be intercepted by the plurality of fibers. This ensures optimum collection efficiency of the signal from dilute analytes, such as PrPsc.
In one embodiment, the optical fibers comprise fused silica. The fibers may have a diameter of from about 50 micrometers to about 400 micrometers. The bundling of the optical fibers from each linear array offers several advantages. Rather than separate detectors for each linear array being required, a single detector may be used. For a system comprising four linear arrays, this results in a detection area having one-quarter the size of four individual detectors. The background noise thus is dramatically decreased, which in turn increases the signal to noise ratio and thus lowers the limit of detection. In one embodiment, the size of the detector is from about 0.5 mm×0.5 mm to about 1 mm×1 mm. The limit of detection of the system of the present invention is at least 0.1 attomole of analyte, alternatively is at least 200 attomole, alternatively is from about 0.1 attomole to about 1.0 micromole, alternatively is from about 0.1 attomole to about 1 nanomole, and alternatively is from about 0.4 to about 1.0 attomole of analyte. Alternatively, the limit of detection of the system is at least 0.1 attogram of analyte, and alternatively is at least 10 attogram of analyte.
Non-limiting examples of suitable detectors include photo-diode detectors, photo-multipliers, charge-coupled devices, a photon-counting apparatus, optical spectrometers, and any combination thereof.
Another advantage of the system of the present invention is that no external power source, other than that required to power the laser, is required to collect and detect the signal emitted from the analyte of interest. This simplifies the system, increases portability and thus the range of applications. In addition, the absence of an external power source significantly further reduces the amount of background noise that must be overcome, which in turn contributes to a lower limit of detection.
The emitted signal that is captured is converted to an electrical signal by photo-detector and transmitted to an analyzer (not shown), which receives the electrical signal and analyses the sample for the presence of the analyte. Examples of analyzers would be well-understood by those of skill in the art. The analyzer may include a lock-in amplifier, which enables phase sensitive detection of the electrical signal, or any other means known in the art for analyzing electric signals generated by the different types of photo-detectors described herein.
The sample is excited by focusing temporally modulated light from a solid state, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (Beam of Light Tech.™, Clackamas, Oreg.) along the axis of the capillary, with typical power of 30 mW continuous wave at a wavelength of 532 nm, which matches well with the absorption peak of reference material rhodamine. A fiber optic assembly was designed comprised of four linear arrays which span approximately a third of the length of the capillary and are positioned at 90 degrees with respect to each other around the perimeter of the capillary. Because of the large numerical aperture (0.22, or an acceptance angle of ˜23 deg.) of the fibers, this orientation of the fibers results in complete coverage of the sample's field of view. The light collected by the four linear arrays is ganged (i.e., bundled, or combined) and focused into transfer optics in which a holographic notch filter (Kaiser Optical Systems Inc. Ann Arbor, Mich.), and band pass filters (Omega Optical, Inc. Brattleboro, Vt.) are mounted. These are used to eliminate the scattered light from the excitation source, and band-limit the detection of the fluorescence of the reporter dye, respectively. The light is then focused back into a single, multi-mode, 400 micron optical fiber (Thorlabs™, Inc. Newton, N.J.) and coupled to a single low noise photo-voltaic diode detector (United Detector Technology, Hawthorne, Calif.) which is mounted on a BNC connector directly on the pre-amplifier of the detection electronics. Detection of the signal employs a phase sensitive, or “lock-in”, detection scheme. The excitation source is modulated with an optical chopper (Thorlabs Inc.) which serves to generate the reference frequency for the detection system. The diode detector is mounted on the input of the transconductance pre-amplifier (Stanford Research Systems, Inc. Sunnyvale, Calif.) to reduce the total line impedance and eliminate difficulties in impedance matching of the signal at these low levels. The signal is then detected with a lock-in amplifier (Stanford Research Systems) and data acquisition is performed through a LabView™ (National Instruments Inc., Austin, Tex.) program. The program consists of an electronic strip chart which poles the lock-in amplifier for its reading in voltage and periodically displays the time history of the measurements to the operator, and stores the values with a time stamp in an ASCII file. The time constant of the lock-in amplifier should be chosen to provide a bandwidth of a few tenths of a Hertz. For the measurements, a time constant of 3 seconds was chosen. The lock-in requires several time constants in duration to obtain a stable reading (3 to 30 seconds in this case). The values for the measurements were taken after the signal had stabilized (20 to 30 sec.) after loading a new sample. The modulation of the excitation source, and reference frequency for the lock-in detector, were 753 Hz which was chosen to minimize environmental noise. In addition to this filtering of the signal at line-frequency and two times line frequency was done with the lock-in amplifier and the pre-amplifier signal was band-pass filtered at the modulation frequency. For the samples the pre-amplifier sensitivity of 1 nAN was chosen, giving an input impedance of 1 M Ohm. In making the measurements we maintained a set of startup procedures which included: a warm up of 15 minutes for all electronics (the laser, lock-in amplifier, pre-amplifier), a visual check of dark signal levels to assure that system is properly electrically grounded, a measurement of laser power to check for stability and output level, a visual check of laser alignment. Control measurement of baseline signal is checked using a capillary with distilled, deionized water.
The sensitivity limits of the instrument were tested by measuring the fluorescence signal emission of Rhodamine Red at decreasing concentrations. Rhodamine Red was detectable to a concentration of 0.01 attograms (ag) [20 attomoles (am)]. Determination of specificity and sensitivity was carried out by performing assays using full-length recombinant PrP (rPrP) from deer, hamster, mouse and sheep. Regardless of the species tested, the limits of detectability were ≧10 ag PrP.
Brain homogenates from normal and infected hamsters, deer and sheep were examined for their use in the method of the present invention. Western blotting of 10% brain homogenates confirmed the presence of PrPSc in the starting material. Typical PrP banding patterns were evident in the 10% brain homogenates prior to PK treatment with the characteristic band shifting to lower molecular sizes of PrPSc following PK digestion along with the elimination of PrPC from the normal hamster brain material as confirmation of complete proteolytic digestion. Serial dilutions of detergent extracted brain homogenates from clinical animals have demonstrated that the limits of PrPSc detection by Western blotting is approximately 10−3-10−4 while detection of PrPSc by capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was sensitive following an additional 101-102 fold dilution (data not shown). In comparison, using the same monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and brain homogenates, the sensitivity of the assay reported in this manuscript exceeded that for Western blotting and capture ELISA by at least 5 orders of magnitude. Using the method of the present invention, the signal to baseline ratios (S/B) were used to evaluate PrP detectability in brain homogenates. It was determined that an S/B ratio of greater than 1.1 indicated the presence of PrP. Serial dilutions of PK-treated and untreated brain homogenates from normal and infected brain tissue of hamsters, sheep and deer were assayed by SOFIA. As expected, following PK treatment all samples from normal brain tissues had S/B ratios of less than 1.1 regardless of the concentration tested indicating the absence of PrPC. As demonstrated by total signal output or S/B ratios above 1.1, protease resistant PrPSc, from serial 10-fold dilutions of PK-treated infected hamster brain homogenates, was detectable to a dilution of 10−11 and from sheep and deer to 10−10. In addition, maximum PrPSc detection from the PK-treated brain homogenates ranged from dilutions of 10−7-10−8 for hamsters as well as sheep and deer.
In the case of 10-fold serially diluted non-PK treated normal brain homogenates, PrPC was detectable by SOFIA to a dilution of 10−11 for hamsters and 10−10 for deer and sheep (with peak detection at 10−6-10−7 dilutions) after which the S/B ratios all fell below 1.1. The S/B ratios from of non-PK treated brain tissue of 263K infected hamsters, scrapie-infected sheep and CWD-infected deer continued to indicate the presence of PrP. Serially diluted brain homogenates from infected tissues all showed S/B values greater than 1.1 to a dilution of 10−11 for sheep and deer (with peak detection at 10−7) and 10−13 for hamsters (peak detection at 10−8). These results indicate that PrP from non-protease treated, infected brain tissue can be diluted beyond the levels of PrPC detectability while still maintaining the capability to detect total PrPSc. These results further suggest that there is at least 1 log more total PrPSc than PrPC in an infected brain at clinical disease. In support of this, it has previously been reported that PrPSc accumulates in the brain during scrapie infection and attains concentrations 10 times greater than that of PrPC. Using previously published data on 263K-infected hamsters (R. Atarashi et al. “Ultrasensitive detection of scrapie prion protein using seeded conversion of recombinant prion protein,” Nature Meth. vol. 4 (2007) pp. 645-650), SOFIA has a detection limit of approximately 10 ag of PrPSc from non-PK treated hamster brain. Extrapolation directly from the hamster data suggests that 1 femtogram of PrPSc can be detected from sheep and deer brain material. However, assuming equal antibody reactivity, Western blotting of diluted samples indicated that there is at least 10-100 fold more PrPSc in hamster brains than in sheep and deer brain material on a gram equivalent basis (data not shown) suggesting that detection of the protein in the latter two species could be in the range of 10-100 ag or better.
In all embodiments of the present invention, all percentages are by weight of the total composition, unless specifically stated otherwise. All ratios are weight ratios, unless specifically stated otherwise. All ranges are inclusive and combinable. All numerical amounts are understood to be modified by the word “about” unless otherwise specifically indicated.
All documents cited in the Detailed Description of the Invention are, in relevant part, incorporated herein by reference; the citation of any document is not to be construed as an admission that it is prior art with respect to the present invention. To the extent that any meaning or definition of a term in this document conflicts with any meaning or definition of the same term in a document incorporated by reference, the meaning or definition assigned to that term in this document shall govern.
Whereas particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC52-06 NA 25396, awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in the invention. This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2010/028692 filed Mar. 25, 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/211,264, filed Mar. 25, 2009, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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