Patent Application
20230366134
The present invention relates generally to the field of woven fabrics and textiles, and more particularly to yarn forming flat bedding products such as sheets that are thermally insulating, breathable, moisture-wicking, and soft, as well as methods of making the same.
There are many thermal-insulation bed sheets and related flat bedding products available in the marketplace and made using various materials and techniques. One example includes injecting a phase-change material into viscose fibers, mixing the resulting viscose fibers with cotton fibers, and using the resulting specialized fibers to make fabric having better thermal insulation properties. Another example includes making a synthetic yarn having a hollow core structure and using this yarn to make fabric, for instance the synthetic yarn can be polyester, nylon, or the like. These products provide enhanced insulation properties, but they have their drawbacks, for example, related to viscose fabric strength and customers preferring natural/cotton fibers for bedding.
To address this, bedding products have been developed using yarn fibers made by mixing cotton fiber with PVA fiber (polyvinyl alcohol) at different stages in the yarn spinning. The PVA dissolves at (and over) 90 degrees C. thereby creating air pockets in the spaces occupied by the dissolved PVA. These air pockets provide for enhanced thermal-insulation properties of the fabric, but they still have their drawbacks, for example, related to improper PVA mixing, desizing from conventional spinning, and fabric dimensional stability.
U.S. Published Patent Application No. 2007/0087162 to Mandawewala discloses a PVA core yarn, for example, where the yarn defines a single continuous free air space channel at the core of the yarn to provide for a hollow yarn core structure (see
And U.S. Pat. No. 10,196,763 to Debnath discloses a yarn comprising cotton slivers and PVA slivers are blended together in a draw frame of a cotton spinning system. As shown in
Furthermore, it is commonly known that it is difficult to attain a homogenous arrangement of fibers in the cross section by blending the slivers on a draw frame, for example, as even multiple draw frame passages only provide up to about 80% homogenous blend of cotton and PVA fibers. For example,
Moreover, due to the inconsistent quality and lack of homogenous blend of cotton and PVA fibers provided by multiple draw frame passages, further complications can include less effective and productive dyeing, for example, as the dissolved PVA fibers can cause uneven porosity in the yarn which can cause variation in dye saturation or pickup. For example, referring back to
As such, only providing an air space at the core of the yarn (e.g., Mandawewala) limits the thermal properties of the yarn as the air space is not capable of directly communicating with the absorbable air and moisture. And by only blending cotton and PVA together in sliver form (e.g., Debnath) substantially limits the resulting homogeneity of the cotton and PVA, for example, capable of only being about 80% homogenous. Furthermore, draw frame blending is strictly sliver-to-sliver blending of larger fiber groupings (e.g. slivers). Thus, even performing a plurality of draw frame passages still results in larger fiber groupings of cotton and PVA, for example, whereby the dissolving of the PVA fibers results in the presence of a plurality of non-uniform and uneven voids 22′ along the length of the yarn 20. In some known cases, the resulting non-uniform and uneven voids 22′ can likely cause portions of the yarn 20 to be substantially weak, thereby lessening the strength and durability of a fabric woven by the yarn 20.
Additionally, higher thread count sheets, which are typically about 450 thread count and above (generally termed “luxury sheets”) commonly lack attributes or characteristics such as being thermally insulating, moisture-wicking, and breathable. Typically, one or more of these lacking attributes or characteristics can be found in lower thread count sheets, however, higher thread count sheets typically have a greater number of “threads per square inch” and undesired weave structures which in turn prevents air from being transmitted/trapped between the threads of the sheet (or fabric), and thus, limits the sheet from being thermally insulating, moisture wicking and/or breathable.
Accordingly, it can be seen that needs exist for improvements in fibers, sheets made of fibers, and methods of making the fibers and sheets, to provide enhanced thermal insulation properties for better sleep without the drawbacks of the prior art. It is to the provision of solutions meeting these and other needs that the present invention is primarily directed.
The present invention relates to improved yarns, thermal-insulating fabrics made from the yarns, flat bedding products made from the fabric, and methods of making the yarns, fabrics, and products. The resulting thermal-insulation flat bedding products can include sheets, pillow cases, comforters, blankets, duvets, and duvet covers, and even mattress covers, mattress pads and skirts.
In example embodiments, the yarns are made of a cotton fiber and a specialized fiber mixed together at a blow-room stage for ultra-homogenous mixing. For example, the specialized fiber can be a water-soluble fiber such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or another water-soluble synthetic polymer. The PVA fiber can be fine, about 0.9 Dn to about 1.2 Dn, with a 38 mm staple length, which helps uniform mixing. Also, the PVA fiber can be present in an amount of about 10% to about 25% by weight in the yarn.
In addition, the cotton fiber and the specialized fiber are spun into the yarn using a relatively low twist multiplier to get maximum thermal comfort in the flat woven fabric. For example, the twist multiplier can be about 3.2 to about 4.0, which results in the fabric being relatively bulkier but still relatively light in weight, which makes for improved thermal-resistance properties. Also, the cotton and specialized fibers can be spun using an S or Z twist only. The mixing at the blow-room stage and the low twist multipliers produces outer air voids and inner air voids in the yarn.
The fabric is weaved with the yarns oriented in the warp direction (and sometimes in the weft direction). Also, the specialized fiber in the yarn is dissolved in a controlled way (e.g., in water) that does not damage the cotton fiber, with the vacated locations where the specialized fiber was dissolved from now forming air voids (e.g., homogenous in size, shape, and location) throughout in the yarn, which results in excellent thermal insulation in the fabric soft handle and better breathability of the fabric. For example, the fabric can be hot washed (e.g., after desizing it) at about 98 degrees Celsius for about 15 minutes on a jigger machine or other conventional dyeing machine to provide increased contact time of the water-soluble fiber and water. Also, the method can include crosslinking to fix up the air pockets for the lifetime of the fabric.
The resulting woven fabric typically is a greige fabric and can have a thread count from about 80 thread count to about 1200 thread count, a thermal resistance index of about 0.024 C° M2/W to about 0.350 C° M2/W at about 23 degrees Celsius ambient temperature, a total insulation value of about 0.12 Clo to about 0.20 Clo, and a dry heat flux of about 100 W/m2 to about 161 W/m2. The other steps of making the yarns, fabrics, and flat bedding products can all be of a conventional type well-known in the art.
In one aspect, the invention relates to an improved process for making a thermal-insulating fabric including mixing cleaned cotton slivers containing cleaned cotton fibers with cleaned water-soluble slivers containing cleaned water-soluble fibers at a blow-room stage to produce one or more homogenously-blended slivers; drawing the homogenously-blended slivers on a draw frame to produce a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver; spinning the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver using low twist multipliers which produces a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn with a bulkier surface; using the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in preparatory to make beam; and weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn into a greige fabric for better thermal comfort.
In example embodiments, the process further includes dissolving the water-soluble fiber to form a plurality of micro passageways in the yarn of the greige fabric, the plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of locations at an outer surface of the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn to a central core portion thereof. In example embodiments, the fabric has a thread count from about 80 thread count to about 1000 thread count. In example embodiments, the step of weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn includes orienting the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in the warp direction of the fabric. In example embodiments, the step of weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn further includes orienting more of the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in the weft direction of the fabric to produce maximum thermal comfort. In example embodiments, the process further includes hot washing the greige fabric, after desizing it, at about 98 degrees Celsius for about 15 minutes on a jigger machine or other dyeing machine to provide increased contact time of the water-soluble fiber with water. In example embodiments, the process further includes crosslinking to fix up the micro passageways produced from the dissolved water-soluble fibers, wherein the crosslinking provides durability to the micro passageways such that they maintain their shape throughout the lifetime of the fabric. In example embodiments, the water-soluble fiber is a fine PVA fiber, about 0.9 Dn to about 1.2 Dn, with a 38 mm staple length, which helps uniform mixing at the blow-room stage. In example embodiments, the step of mixing with water-soluble fiber includes mixing a PVA fiber in an amount of about 10% to about 25% by weight in the yarn. In example embodiments, the step of spinning includes spinning the cotton fiber with water-soluble fiber using an S or Z twist only. In example embodiments, the step of spinning includes spinning the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver using a low twist multiplier of about 3.2 to about 4.0 depending upon yarn count. In some example embodiments, the woven fabric has a thermal resistance index of about 0.024 C° M2/W to about 0.030 C° M2/W at about 23 degrees Celsius ambient temperature. In example embodiments, the woven fabric has a total insulation value of about 0.12 Co to about 0.20 Co. In example embodiments, the woven fabric has a dry heat flux of about 100 W/m2 to about 140 W/m2.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of forming a twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn including mixing a plurality of base material staple fibers, cleaning the base material staple fiber, carding the base material staple fiber and forming a cleaned base material staple sliver; mixing a plurality of dissolvable fibers, cleaning the dissolvable fiber, carding the dissolvable fiber and forming a cleaned dissolvable sliver; combining the cleaned base material staple sliver and the cleaned dissolvable sliver for mixing in a blow room to produce a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; cleaning the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; carding the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; forming a homogenously-blended sliver comprising a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; drawing the homogenously-blended sliver on a draw frame; and spinning the homogenously-blended sliver to produce the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn having an ultra-homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers that are evenly and uniformly distributed throughout the cross section thereof.
In example embodiments, each of the plurality of base material staple fibers can be selected from a group consisting of cotton, silk, modal, acrylics, a blend of cotton and polyester, a blend of polyester and viscose, a blend of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and cotton, a blend of Lyocell and cotton, a blend of cotton and bamboo, a blend of cotton and sea weed, a blend of cotton and silver, a blend of cotton and charcoal, and a blend of cotton and modal or any combination thereof. In example embodiments, the dissolvable fibers are polyvinyl alcohol. In example embodiments, the polyvinyl alcohol fibers are between about 0.9 Dn-1.2 Dn with a staple length of about 38 mm.
In example embodiments, the method further includes producing an ultra-homogenous blended roving on the roving machine after drawing the homogenously-blended sliver on the draw frame. In example embodiments, the method further includes spinning the ultra-homogenous blended roving on a ring frame to produce the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn having an ultra-homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers that are evenly and uniformly distributed throughout the cross section thereof. In example embodiments, the method further includes weaving a fabric from the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn. In example embodiments, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn is provided in the warp direction of the fabric. In example embodiments, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn is provided in both the warn and weft directions of the fabric. In example embodiments, the method further includes dissolving the dissolvable fibers of the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn so as to form a plurality of pores in the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized fiber, the pores being uniformly distributed throughout the structure of the yarn so as to provide a plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface thereof and to within a central core portion of the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a specialized yarn having an ultra-homogenous blend of base insoluble fibers and dissolvable fibers, the dissolvable fibers being uniformly distributed and evenly dispersed throughout the structure of the yarn, the base insoluble fibers and dissolvable fibers being first homogenously and intimately mixed together in a blow room and then cleaned and carded so as to form one or more homogenously-blended slivers having base insoluble fibers and dissolvable fibers, and wherein the one or more homogenously-blended slivers are mixed again on a draw frame to produce an ultra-homogenous blended sliver.
In example embodiments, the specialized yarn further includes producing an ultra-homogenous roving by passing the ultra-homogenous sliver through a roving machine. In example embodiments, the specialized yarn further includes spinning the ultra-homogenous roving using an S or Z twist to produce the specialized yarn. In example embodiments, the spinning includes spinning the homogenously-blended roving on a ring frame at a low twist multiplier. In example embodiments, the twist multiplier is between about 3.2 to about 4.0. In example embodiments, the specialized yarn further includes weaving a fabric having a plurality of yarns, and wherein at least one of the yarns includes the specialized yarn. In example embodiments, the fabric includes at least one specialized yarn in the warp direction and at least one specialized yarn in the weft direction.
In yet another example embodiment, the present invention relates to a woven fabric including at least one specialized yarn, the specialized yarn having a plurality of base material fibers and a plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the at least one specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof, the micro passageways being uniformly distributed throughout the structure of the yarn so as to define an ultra-homogenous blend of base material fibers and micro passageways for permitting the absorption of heat and moisture from a user covering at least a portion thereof with the woven fabric.
In example embodiments, the plurality of micro passageways are formed by a plurality of dissolvable fibers, the base material fibers and the dissolvable fibers being first homogenously mixed together in a blow room to produce at least one homogenously-blended sliver, and wherein the at least one homogenously-blended sliver is further blended together on a draw frame to produce a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver having a plurality of base material fibers and dissolvable fibers uniformly distributed throughout the structure of the sliver. In example embodiments, the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver is further passed through a roving machine to produce a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous roving. In example embodiments, the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous roving is spun on a spinning machine to produce a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn having an ultra-homogenous blend of base material fibers and dissolvable fibers, the dissolvable fibers being distributed ultra-homogenously throughout the base material fibers.
In example embodiments, the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn is provided for weaving the fabric, the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn being used in the warp and/or weft directions. In example embodiments, the fabric including the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in the warp and/or weft directions is processed through a hot bath at least once so as to dissolve the dissolvable fiber to form the plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the at least one specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof.
In example embodiments, at least one micro passageway, extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the at least one specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof, is provided about every 0.5-15 degrees around the entire 360 degrees of the outer surface of the specialized yarn. In example embodiments, the plurality of base material staple fibers can be selected from a group consisting of cotton, silk, modal, acrylics, a blend of cotton and polyester, a blend of polyester and viscose, a blend of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and cotton, a blend of Lyocell and cotton, a blend of cotton and bamboo, a blend of cotton and sea weed, a blend of cotton and silver, a blend of cotton and charcoal, and a blend of cotton and modal or any combination thereof. In example embodiments, the dissolvable fibers are polyvinyl alcohol.
According to yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method of forming a twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn including mixing a plurality of base material staple fibers, cleaning the base material staple fiber, carding the base material staple fiber and forming a cleaned base material staple web; providing a plurality of dissolvable fibers; combining the cleaned base material staple web and the plurality of dissolvable fibers for mixing in a blow room to produce a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; cleaning the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; carding the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; forming a homogenously-blended sliver comprising a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; drawing the homogenously-blended sliver on a draw frame to produce a twice-blended ultra-homogenous sliver; and spinning the twice-blended ultra-homogenous sliver to produce the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn comprising an ultra-homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers that are evenly and uniformly distributed throughout the cross section thereof.
In example embodiments, the method further includes mixing the plurality of dissolvable fibers, cleaning the dissolvable fibers, carding the dissolvable fibers and forming a cleaned dissolvable fiber web, and wherein the cleaned base material staple web and the dissolvable fiber web are combined in the blow room and intimately mixed together to produce a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers.
According to another aspect, the present invention relates to a process for making a breathable, moisture-wicking and thermal-insulating fabric including mixing cleaned cotton slivers including cleaned cotton fibers with cleaned water-soluble slivers including cleaned water-soluble fibers at a blow-room stage to produce one or more homogenously-blended slivers; drawing the homogenously-blended slivers on a draw frame to produce a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver; spinning the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver using low twist multipliers which produces a twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn with a bulkier surface; using the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in preparatory to make beam; and weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn into a greige fabric for better thermal comfort, the greige fabric including a 7-end, 8-end or 10-end sateen weave.
In example embodiments, the process further includes dissolving the water-soluble fiber to form a plurality of micro passageways in the yarn of the greige fabric, the plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of locations at an outer surface of the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn to a central core portion thereof. In example embodiments, the fabric has a thread count from about 450 thread count to about 1200 thread count. In example embodiments, the step of weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn includes orienting the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in the warp direction of the fabric.
In example embodiments, the step of weaving the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn further includes orienting more of the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous yarn in the weft direction of the fabric to produce maximum thermal comfort. In example embodiments, the process further includes crosslinking to fix up the micro passageways produced from the dissolved water-soluble fibers, wherein the crosslinking provides durability to the micro passageways such that they maintain their shape and resist shrinking throughout the lifetime of the fabric. In example embodiments, the water-soluble fiber is a fine PVA fiber, about 0.9 Dn to about 1.2 Dn, with a 38 mm staple length, which helps uniform mixing at the blow-room stage. In example embodiments, the step of mixing with water-soluble fiber includes mixing a PVA fiber in an amount of about 10% to about 25% by weight in the yarn. In example embodiments, the step of spinning includes spinning the cotton fiber with water-soluble fiber using an S or Z twist only.
In example embodiments, the step of spinning includes spinning the twice-mixed ultra-homogenous sliver using a low twist multiplier of about 3.2 to about 4.0 depending upon yarn count. In example embodiments, the woven fabric is thermally insulative, breathable and moisture-wicking. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes a warp float size of at least 1 millimeter. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes a warp float size of 2 millimeters or less.
In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a thermally-insulating and moisture-wicking woven, high-thread-count fabric having superior breathability and performance. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes at least one specialized yarn, the specialized yarn including a plurality of base material fibers and a plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the at least one specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof. In example embodiments, the micro passageways are uniformly distributed throughout the structure of the yarn so as to define an ultra-homogenous blend of base material fibers and micro passageways for permitting air ventilation and the absorption of heat and moisture from a user covering at least a portion thereof with the woven fabric. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes a thread count of between 450-1200.
In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes a 7-end, 8-end or 10-end sateen weave. In example embodiments, the 7-end sateen weave can comprise move numbers of 2, 3, 4 or 5, the 8-end sateen weave can comprise move numbers of 3 or 5, and the 10-end sateen weave can comprise move numbers of 3 or 7. In example embodiments, the at least one specialized yarn is single ply. In example embodiments, the at least one specialized yarn is 2-ply or 3-ply. In example embodiments, the at least one specialized yarn is provided in the warp direction of the fabric. In example embodiments, the specialized yarn is provided in the warp and weft directions of the fabric. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes a warp float size of between 1-2 millimeters.
In example embodiments, the plurality of base material fibers can be selected from a group consisting of cotton, silk, bamboo, sea shell, sea weed, cupro, wool, milk, modal, acrylics, poly(trimethylene terephthalate), Lyocell, silver, charcoal, viscose or other cellulosic fibers, a blend of cotton and polyester, a blend of polyester and viscose, a blend of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and cotton, a blend of cotton and TENCEL, a blend of Lyocell and cotton, a blend of cotton and bamboo, a blend of cotton and seaweed, a blend of cotton and silver, a blend of cotton and charcoal, and a blend of cotton and modal and/or any combination thereof. In example embodiments, the dissolvable fibers are polyvinyl alcohol. In example embodiments, the dissolvable fibers of the specialized yarn are between about 10%-25% of the weight of the sum of the dissolvable fibers and the base material fibers. In example embodiments, the woven fabric includes an EPI value of between about 100-260, a PPI value of between about 1100-940, a yarn count ranging from between about 60 s-120 s for warp and between about 60 s-160 s for weft, a warp crimp and weft crimp value between about 1.40% to about 5.97%, and a fabric thickness between about 0.18 millimeters to about 0.37 millimeters.
In example embodiments, the woven fabric comprises a thread count from about 450 thread count to about 1200 thread count, a thermal resistance index of about 0.024 C° M2/W to about 0.350 C° M2/W at about 23 degrees Celsius ambient temperature, a total insulation value of about 0.12 Co to about 0.30 Co, and a dry heat flux of about 100 W/m2 to about 161 W/m2.
These and other aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will be understood with reference to the drawing figures and detailed description herein, and will be realized by means of the various elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following brief description of the drawings and detailed description of example embodiments are explanatory of example embodiments of the invention and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of example embodiments taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures, which form a part of this disclosure. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices, methods, conditions, or parameters described and/or shown herein, and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed invention. Any and all patents and other publications identified in this specification are incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein.
Also, as used in the specification including the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural, and reference to a particular numerical value includes at least that particular value, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” or “approximately” one particular value and/or to “about” or “approximately” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
In example embodiments, the present invention relates to a specialized yarn and to methods of making and using the specialized yarn. In example embodiments, the specialized yarn is preferably porous and provides for excellent thermal insulation properties, and thus, provides for greater thermal insulation compared to known yarns. In example embodiments, as will be described below, the specialized yarn comprises an ultra-homogenous blend of insoluble fibers (e.g., base material staple fibers) and dissolvable (or water-soluble) fibers. According to one example embodiment, the insoluble fiber comprises cotton and the dissolvable fibers comprise polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Preferably, after producing the yarn or after the yarn is used for weaving a fabric, the dissolvable yarns are exposed to a treatment process, for example, such that they dissolve and disappear, thereby causing a plurality of pores to form in the specialized yarn. Accordingly, the specialized yarn preferably defines a plurality of insoluble yarns (comprising pores defined by the dissolved fibers) that are homogenously and uniformly distributed through the cross section thereof. According to example embodiments, the plurality of pores throughout the structure of the yarn defines a plurality of micro passageways extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof. In example embodiments, one or more fabrics can be woven from the specialized yarn. Preferably, fabric that is woven from the specialized fabric is preferably thermally-insulating and highly absorbent, for example, so as to provide for improved heat and moisture absorbency properties. According to some example embodiments, the fabric produced by at least one of the specialized yarns comprises a thread count of between about 80-1000. According to some example embodiments, the fabric comprises a thread count of between 80-500. According to other example embodiments, the fabric comprises a thread count of between 450-1000.
With reference now to the drawing figures, wherein like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout the several views,
According to example embodiments, the cotton and PVA fibers 102, 112 are typically first introduced to the pre-spinning process 100 as bales, for example, which are presented to the bale opener and further carried to the blow-room stage 104, 114, followed by cleaning 106, 116, carding 108, 118, to produce cotton and PVA slivers 110, 120. According to example embodiments, a processing line can be provided for each of the cotton and PVA materials, for example, such that the cotton and PVA fibers are independently processed to produce, for example, one or more cotton slivers 110 on a first processing line and one or more PVA slivers 120 on a second processing line. For example, according to one example embodiment, at least a first bale opener and blow room can be provided for the pre-spinning processing of the cotton and at least a second bale opener and blow room can be provided for the pre-spinning processing of the PVA. In alternate example embodiments, a single bale opener and blow room can be configured for processing both the cotton and PVA, for example, so long as they are processed independently to produce a clean cotton sliver 110 and a clean PVA sliver 120.
According to example embodiments, the dissolvable fibers are between about 0.9 Dn-1.2 Dn with a staple length of about 38 mm. According to one example embodiment, the dissolvable fibers have a denier of between 0.9-1.2 and a staple length of 38 mm. According to another example embodiment, the PVA fibers are between 0.5 Dn-2.5 Dn with a staple length that is equal to or more than 28 mm and equal to or shorter than 55 mm. In other example embodiments, the PVA fibers can preferably comprise a desired denier and length.
As depicted in
Next, the homogenous mixture of cotton and PVA fibers proceed with a cleaning stage 206 and a carding stage 208 to result in producing a homogenously blended cotton/PVA sliver 210. According to example embodiments, the mixture can be varied so as to contain a desired amount of PVA fiber mixed with the cotton fiber (as will be described below).
The spinning process 200 then includes a series of steps to complete the making/spinning of the specialized yarn 228. For example, the spinning process 200 can include conventional steps using conventional equipment as are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the depicted spinning process 200 includes steps using equipment related to a sliver and ribbon lap former at 214 and 216 (optionally using a unilap), combing at 218, drawing at 220, speed frame/roving at 222, spinning at 224 (optionally ring frame with low twist multiplier TM), and auto coner at 226, to produce the specialized yarn 228. The specialized yarn 228 can then be packaged for example in a carton for transporting to a weaving location.
According to example embodiments, during drawing at 220, two or more homogenously blended cotton/PVA slivers 210 are drawn together in the draw frame of a spinning system and output as a single, ultra-homogenous cotton/PVA sliver. Thus, according to preferred example embodiments of the present invention, the cotton and PVA fibers are first blended together at the blow room stage 202 to produce the homogenous mixture of cotton/PVA fibers, for example, which is carded at 208 to produce the homogenously blended cotton/PVA sliver at 210. Then, at the drawing step 220, two or more of the homogenously blended cotton/PVA slivers 210 are further blended together (drawn together in draw frame) to form an ultra-homogenous cotton/PVA sliver, for example, such that the cotton and PVA fibers are uniformly distributed throughout the sliver and thereby resulting in the specialized yarn 228 comprising an ultra-homogenous and uniformly-blended structure defining cotton and PVA fibers 102, 112.
Preferably, by both mixing/blending together at the blow room stage 202 and then further mixing/blending at drawing stage 220, an ultra-homogenous yarn structure of uniformly distributed cotton and PVA fibers is achievable (e.g., specialized yarn 228). In example embodiments, by initially mixing/blending the cotton and PVA fibers 102, 112 in the blow room stage 202, intimate mixing of fibers 102, 112 is achievable so as to produce a 97%-99% homogenous mixture of the cotton and PVA fibers 204. This is quite different from the prior art yarns as shown in
According to one example embodiment, in the step for spinning at 224, a roving formed from the roving step of 222 (comprising an ultra-homogenous mixture of cotton and PVA fibers 102, 112) is spun on a ring frame using a relatively low TM (aka twist factor) to form the yarn. For example, the TM can be about 3.2 to about 4.0. In other embodiments, the TM is about 3.2 to about 3.7, and in yet other embodiments the TM is about 3.2 to about 3.3. The specific TM selected can be based on the yarn count. This results in providing a relatively bulkier surface without adding any extra weight to the yarn, which provides improved thermal comfort in the resulting fabric. This is because lower density and greater mass result in better thermal insulation because there is a larger volume of air pockets throughout the yarn (similarly to for example wool).
Thus, according to example embodiments of the present invention, finer yarns of higher counts can be produced by spinning on a ring frame at a low TM, for example, as described above. In example embodiments, the ring frame can be configured for accepting a homogenous sliver or roving. In some example embodiments, coarser yarns of lower counts can be produced by spinning on an open end spinning machine. In some example embodiments, the open end machine is configured for accepting a homogenously blended and uniformly distributed sliver comprising base staple fibers and dissolvable fibers.
According to another example embodiment, the pre-spinning process 100 and at least an initial portion of the spinning process 200 can be altered as desired. For example,
Starting with the pre-spinning process 100′, cotton fiber 102′ is provided in bale form, which is drawn by a bale opener to be opened and mixed at a blow-room stage 104′, followed by a cleaning stage 106′ and a carding stage 108′ to result in producing a cotton web 110′. Preferably, additional equipment or processes including conventional steps using conventional equipment as are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art can be provided so as to produce the cotton web 110′. According to example embodiments, the cotton web 110′ can be moved along a conveyor or other transportation means so as to be directed to a blow room 202′ for mixing with a PVA fiber 120′.
For example, after producing the cotton web 110′, the cotton web 110′ and PVA fiber 120′ are homogenously mixed together in the blow room 202′ in a desired proportion (e.g., the PVA fiber not being more than about 25% of the entire weight of the combination of cotton fibers and PVA fibers). Thus, rather than introducing cotton slivers 110 and PVA slivers 120 in the blow room 202 of the spinning process 100 for mixing the same, a cotton web 110′ and PVA fibers 120′ are introduced in the blow room 202′ and are homogenously mixed together. Thereafter, the spinning process 200′ is generally similar to the spinning process 200, for example, wherein the blow room 202′ produces a homogenous blend of cotton/PVA fibers 204′. The homogenous blend of cotton/PVA fibers 204′ then proceed through a cleaning stage 206′, and then are carded at carding stage 208′, which produces a homogenously-blended cotton/PVA sliver 210′. The homogenously-blended cotton/PVA sliver 210′ can then be processed as similarly described above, including processing the homogenously-blended cotton/PVA sliver 210′ through a sliver and ribbon lap former at 214 and 216 (optionally using a unilap), combing at 218, drawing at 220, speed frame/roving at 222, spinning at 224 (optionally ring frame with low twist multiplier TM), and auto coner at 226, to produce the specialized yarn 228.
Accordingly, as depicted in
Accordingly, according to example embodiments of the present invention, the base staple material and dissolvable material can be processed in various ways so as to produce the specialized yarn 228. As described above, according to one example embodiment, cotton and PVA fibers are opened and mixed independently from each other to produce cotton slivers and PVA slivers, for example, which are then returned to the blow room for mixing together in desired proportions. According to another example embodiment, a cotton sliver can be returned to the blow room for mixing together with PVA fibers. According to another example embodiment, a cotton web can be returned to the blow room for mixing with PVA fibers. According to another example embodiment, a cotton web and a PVA web can be returned to the blow room for mixing together in desired proportions. Thus, according to example embodiments of the present invention, preferably the base staple material is at least cleaned independently before being returned to the blow room to be mixed with the dissolvable fibers. In some examples, the base staple material is opened, cleaned, carded and formed into a sliver. In other examples, the base staple material is opened, cleaned and formed into a web. The base staple material sliver or web is then mixed together in the blow room with the raw PVA fibers, or for example, the PVA fibers can be introduced into the blow room in the form of a sliver or web.
In example embodiments, the weaving process 300 can include conventional steps using conventional equipment as are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the depicted weaving process 300 includes steps using equipment related to special yarn storage at 302, special yarn issue to weaving at 304, setting up special yarn at 306, sizing at low temperature at 308, and weaving at 310, to produce the unfinished raw fabric 312. The greige fabric 312 is typically inspected for quality control purposes.
Preferably, the step of setting up special yarn at 306 includes setting up the special yarn 228 in the warp direction for weaving at 310. Using the special yarn 228 in the warp direction results in yarn coverage in the flat bedding product (e.g., bed sheets) with increased surface area contact with the user, so that when the user sleeps, more of their released body heat is trapped in the air pockets for enhanced thermal properties. Typically, the special warp yarns 228 are woven together with conventional yarns (e.g., 100 percent cotton, cotton/poly blend, or other blends including bamboo, linen, silk, wool, milk, TENCEL or other cellulosic fibers, and/or other conventional fibers) in the weft direction to make the fabric. To weave some fabrics, the special yarn 228 is also used in the weft direction for weaving at 310, for example for sateen weave fabrics for which users tend to touch the warp surface of the fabric, including for fitted sheets and flat sheets. According to alternate example embodiments, the conventional yarns can be selected from a group consisting of modal, acrylics, a blend of polyester and viscose, a blend of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and cotton, a blend of Lyocell and cotton, a blend of cotton and bamboo, a blend of cotton and sea weed, a blend of cotton and silver, a blend of cotton and charcoal, and a blend of cotton and modal or any combination thereof.
The finished fabric 420 can then be made into flat bedding products such as sheets, pillow cases, comforters, blankets, duvets, mattress covers and skirts, and the like. Such flat bedding products can be made from the finished fabric 420 using conventional steps using conventional equipment as are known to persons of ordinary skill in the art. For example, according to some example embodiments, one or more cutting/stitching routines can be performed such as length cutting, length stitching, cross cutting, cross stitching, and/or other various routines to produce desired flat bedding products.
According to one example embodiment, at least one micro passageway (e.g., defined by a plurality of interconnected or spaced-apart pores P), extending from a plurality of positions along an outer surface of the at least one specialized yarn and to within a central core portion thereof, is provided at least about every 1-30 degrees around the entire 360 degrees of the outer surface of the processed specialized yarn 228′. According to another example embodiment, at least one micro passageway (extending from an outer surface to the central core) is provided every 0. 5-15 degrees around the entire 360 degrees of the outer surface of the processed specialized yarn 228′ (see
According to the depicted example embodiments, the specialized yarn 228 is a single ply yarn, and for example, can be woven together with another specialized yarn 228, or for example, can be woven with another conventional yarn comprising cotton, a cotton/poly blend, or for example, a desired material and/or composition. According to some example embodiments, the specialized yarn can comprise a 2-ply yarn, or for example, a 3-ply yarn. In such a case, preferably two or three single ply specialized yarns can be twisted together, for example, using an S or Z twist such that additional bulk, strength and/or absorbency can be provided in the finished fabric. According to some example embodiments, the warp and/or weft yarn can comprise a 2-ply or 3-ply yarn comprising a combination of one or more specialized yarns 228 and one or more conventional yarns. Accordingly, according to some example embodiments, a fabric can comprise at least one of a warp or weft yarn that is at least 2-ply or 3-ply, for example, wherein at least one of the yarns of the 2-ply or 3-ply yarns comprises the specialized yarn 228.
According to another example embodiment, the warp and/or weft yarns of the fabric can comprise a 3-ply parallel specialized yarn 228 configuration, for example, wherein three specialized yarns 228 run parallel with respect to each other in either of the warp and/or weft directions. According to example embodiments, by providing three specialized yarns 228 (e.g., 3-ply parallel warp and/or weft), a greater amount of surface area of the specialized yarns 228 (and thus pores P) are exposed to the skin of the user, and thus, a greater amount of heat and moisture absorbency is attainable. On alternate example embodiments, a 4-ply, 5-ply or 6-ply parallel yarn configuration can be provided, for example, for providing even greater heat and moisture absorbency.
Referring back to
As shown in Table 4, several machine settings in the warping at 306, sizing at 308 and the weaving at 310 for making the unfinished greige fabric 312 are shown in comparison to the machine settings used for making conventional sheets. In example embodiments, at warping 306 the creel tension on the yarn is maintained at 3 GMs/meter as compared to conventional warping at 5 Gms/meter. During sizing at 308, the warp stretch is managed below about 0.6% for better loom performance and minimum warp breaks, for example compared to a warp stretch of about 0.9% for conventional sizing settings. During weaving at 310, the loom shed setting is maintained for minimum stress on the warp yarn by setting the back rest height to 15 mm compared to 30 mm for conventional weaving. And the shed crossing is set to 290 degrees compared to 310 degrees for conventional machine settings.
According to example embodiments, testing was done to confirm the improved thermal properties of the finished fabric 420, including the following thermal resistance test. According to one example embodiment, a test plate is set to 35 C (roughly equivalent to skin temperature) while the ambient conditions are set to 20 C to 25 C (23 C according to one example embodiment) and 65% relative humidity. Due to the temperature difference, heat leaves the plate and travels through the test fabric 420 into the ambient air. This heat loss causes the test plate temperature to drop whereby the instrument supplies more power to the plate to bring the temperature back up to and maintain it at 35 C. This power input (in W/m2) is then used to calculate the thermal resistance. This test is driven by the temperature differential between the plate and ambient air. The results of the thermal resistance test conducted on a dry hot plate are detailed in Table 5. In example embodiments, the total thermal resistance (Rct) can be calculated using the following formula: Rct=(Tplate−Tair)×Aplate/Hinput. In example embodiments, Rct is the total thermal resistance, Aplate is the area of the plate test section (mm2), Tplate is the surface temperature of the plate (° C.), Tair is the ambient air temperature, and Hinput is the power input (W).
The thermal testing was conducted based on ASTM D 1518-11A (Standard Test Method for Thermal Resistance of Batting Systems Using a Hot Plate) at the Wool Research Association in India. Three specimens were used, with Specimen 1 labeled “Aero-1,” Specimen 2 labeled “Aero-2,” and Specimen 3 labeled “Conventional Sheet” in Table 5. Specimens 1 and 2 were the samples of the finished fabric 420, and their test results demonstrate the improved thermal properties of the finished fabric 420. As can be seen from Table 5, the two tested Specimens 1 and 2 of the finished fabric 420 have a better thermal insulation index than the tested conventional sheet (Specimen 3). The clo value for the Specimen 1 and 2 fabric sheets are in fact far superior to the Specimen 3 conventional sheet.
The dry heat flux, which is the heat loss to keep the human body at 35 degrees Celsius, was calculated based on the thermal insulation index (Rct) and clo value, with the heat loss parameter calculated from the thermal transport measurements. The clo value is a unit of thermal resistance that indicates the insulating ability of the test material, with materials having higher clo values providing more thermal insulation. Total dry heat flux (Qdry)(W/m2), gives the measured heat loss at the thermal hot plate from which the fabric insulation values are calculated. The test was conducted at 23 degrees Celsius ambient temperature to calculate total heat loss. In example embodiments, Aplate is the area of the plate test section (mm2), for example, which is sized to be at least about 254 mm2 according to example embodiments.
According to another example embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of forming a twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn. According to example embodiments, the method comprises mixing a plurality of base material staple fibers, cleaning the base material staple fiber, carding the base material staple fiber and forming a cleaned base material staple sliver; mixing a plurality of dissolvable fibers, cleaning the dissolvable fiber, carding the dissolvable fiber and forming a cleaned dissolvable sliver; combining the cleaned base material staple sliver and the cleaned dissolvable sliver for mixing in a blow room to produce a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; cleaning the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; carding the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; forming a homogenously-blended sliver comprising a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; drawing the homogenously-blended sliver on a draw frame; and spinning the homogenously-blended sliver to produce the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn having an ultra-homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers that are evenly and uniformly distributed throughout the cross section thereof.
According to another example embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of forming a twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn. The method comprises mixing a plurality of base material staple fibers, cleaning the base material staple fiber, carding the base material staple fiber and forming a cleaned base material staple web; providing a plurality of dissolvable fibers; combining the cleaned base material staple web and the plurality of dissolvable fibers for mixing in a blow room to produce a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; cleaning the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; carding the homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; forming a homogenously-blended sliver comprising a homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers; drawing the homogenously-blended sliver on a draw frame to produce a twice-blended ultra-homogenous sliver; and spinning the twice-blended ultra-homogenous sliver to produce the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn, the twice-blended ultra-homogenous specialized yarn comprising an ultra-homogenous blend of base material staple fibers and dissolvable fibers that are evenly and uniformly distributed throughout the cross section thereof.
According to another example embodiment, the present invention comprises woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 comprising higher thread counts of between about 450 to about 1200. In example embodiments, the higher thread count fabrics (e.g., luxury fabrics) preferably comprise attributes or characteristics (e.g., performance features) such as being thermally insulating, moisture-wicking, and breathable. According to example embodiments, the specialized yarn 228 (as described above) is incorporated with the one or more woven fabrics as described below so as to provide superior thermal insulation, superior breathability, and superior moisture wicking at thread counts of 450 to about 1200.
To achieve attributes or characteristics in the woven fabric such as superior thermal insulation, superior breathability, and superior moisture wicking, the structure of the woven fabric is preferably modified so as to maximize the above-mentioned attributes or characteristics. In example embodiments, rather than the woven structure of the fabric being a 5-end sateen weave (as described above), a 7-end, 8-end, or 10-end sateen weave is preferably provided, for example, so as to utilize their unique diagonal structures for permitting a more open and more spacious weave structure with a greater porous surface so as to allow the maximum amount of air to become contained therein and therebetween. Furthermore, at least the warp yarns of the woven fabrics preferably comprise the specialized yarn 228, for example, so that the porosity and breathability of the resulting woven fabrics are further improved. Preferably, the specialized yarn 228 is spun with a low twist multiplier so that the resulting processed specialized yarn 228′ is lofty (e.g., bulky and airy) and comprises improved ventilation and porosity.
According to another example embodiment, the specialized yarn 228 can be used for constructing other desired woven fabrics such as an 8-end or 10-end sateen weave. For example,
According to example embodiments and as described above, the woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 can comprise one or more specialized yarns 228 in either of the warp and/or weft directions. According to example embodiments, the specialized yarns 228 can be manufactured as described above, for example, such that the resulting processed specialized yarn 228′ comprises a homogenous distribution (between 97%-99%) of cotton fibers 102 and pores P (e.g., formed form the PVA fibers 112) provided throughout the length of the yarn 228′. According to example embodiments, the specialized yarns 228 can comprise various other mixtures beyond cotton fibers 102 and PVA fibers 112 (e.g., dissolvable fibers), for example, wherein the cotton fibers 102 can further comprise various other fibers and/or mixtures such as a cotton/poly blend, or other blends including a higher thread count luxury cotton or cotton and TENCEL blend, bamboo, modal, sea shell, cupro, silk, wool, milk, poly (trimethylene terephthalate), acrylics, Lyocell, sea weed, silver, charcoal, viscose or other cellulosic fibers, and/or other conventional fibers or blends. According to example embodiments, the various fibers as described above preferably provide for improved thermal insulation, higher breathability and moisture wicking and quick drying properties.
According to example embodiments, as similarly described above, the specialized yarn 228 is a single ply yarn, and for example, can be woven together with another specialized yarn 228, or for example, can be woven with another conventional yarn comprising cotton, a cotton/poly blend, or for example, a desired material and/or composition. According to some example embodiments, the specialized yarn can comprise a 2-ply yarn, or for example, a 3-ply yarn. In such a case, preferably two or three single ply specialized yarns can be twisted together, for example, using an S or Z twist such that additional bulk, strength and/or absorbency can be provided in the finished fabric. According to some example embodiments, the warp and/or weft yarn can comprise a 2-ply or 3-ply yarn comprising a combination of one or more specialized yarns 228 and one or more conventional yarns. Accordingly, according to some example embodiments, a fabric can comprise at least one of a warp or weft yarn that is at least 2-ply or 3-ply, for example, wherein at least one of the yarns of the 2-ply or 3-ply yarns comprises the specialized yarn 228.
According to another example embodiment, the warp and/or weft yarns of the fabrics can comprise a 3-ply parallel specialized yarn 228 configuration, for example, wherein three specialized yarns 228 run parallel with respect to each other in either of the warp and/or weft directions. According to example embodiments, by providing three specialized yarns 228 (e.g., 3-ply parallel warp and/or weft), a greater amount of surface area of the specialized yarns 228 (and thus pores P) are exposed to the skin of the user, and thus, a greater amount of heat and moisture absorbency is attainable. In alternate example embodiments, a 4-ply, 5-ply or 6-ply parallel yarn configuration can be provided, for example, for providing even greater breathability, and heat and moisture absorbency.
In example embodiments, the woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 can comprise a thread count of between about 450-1200, an EPI (ends per inch) value of between about 100-260, a PPI (picks per inch) value of between about 1100-940, and a yarn count ranging from between about 60 s-120 s for warp and between about 60 s-160 s for weft. The warp crimp and weft crimp can preferably be within a range from between about 1.40% to about 5.97%, and the fabric thickness can range from between about 0.09 millimeters to about 0.45 millimeters, for example between about 0.18 millimeters to about 0.27 millimeters according to one example embodiment. Furthermore, the warp float size for each of the woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 is preferably between about 1 millimeter to about 2 millimeters, for example, above 1 millimeter to about 2 millimeters according to one example embodiment. According to another example embodiment, the warp float size is at least about 1.01 millimeters. According to some example embodiments, the warp float size is 2 millimeters or less.
Furthermore, in addition to the attained performance features of the woven fabrics described herein, for example, comprising superior thermal insulation, superior breathability, and superior moisture wicking, the woven fabrics preferably also comprise additional performance features such as being resistant to shrinking and pilling. With respect to the prevention of the woven fabric shrinking, the woven fabric is crosslinked during the finishing process so as to set or fix up the porosity of the pores (of the processed specialized fiber 228′) to remain therein throughout the life of the fabric. Furthermore, in addition to fixing up the porosity of the pores of the processed specialized fibers 228′, the other fibers of the woven fabric in addition to the weave construction (e.g., 7-end, 8-end or 10-end) is preferably set or fixed up so as to prevent shrinking over the life of the fabric. As such, the woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 comprising the specialized yarn 228 is preferably configured so as to not be affected by one or more washes or other process or actions that the fabric may go through during its lifetime, for example, such that the pores of the specialized yarn (and the other yarns and fabric construction) are prevented from shrinking or degrading over time. Similarly, one or more processes provided during the finishing of the woven fabrics 700, 720, 740, 760, 800, 820, 900, 920 so as to be pill-proof or resistant to pilling.
With reference to Table 6 below, three separate performance tests are summarized, for example, a thermal insulation test, a breathability test and a moisture wicking test. According to example embodiments, fabrics according to the present invention (see Aireolux™) perform substantially better and have far superior performance properties compared to conventional sheets (see Sateen) undergoing the same performance tests. In example embodiments, the fabric of the present invention was tested against a conventional fabric of the same thread count, for example thread count of 500, 600 and 700 according to example embodiments of the present invention. In other example embodiments, performance tests were performed on fabrics of higher thread counts, for example thread counts up to about 1200. In example embodiments, the performance tests as described herein were tested after undergoing one wash and tumble dry. According to example embodiments, the thermal resistance test was conducted according to ASTM D 1518-11A (Option #2), the breathability test was conducted according to ASTM D737, and the moisture wicking test was conducted according to AATCC 197.
In example embodiments, the thermal resistance is expressed in square meters Celsius per watt (C° m2/W), which can be used to determine the dry heat flux (W/m2) across a given area in response to a steady applied temperature gradient. As described above, the total thermal resistance (Rct) can be calculated using the following formula: Rct=(Tplate−Tair)×Aplate/Hinput. In example embodiments, Rct is the total thermal resistance (C° m2/W). Aplate is the area of the plate test section (mm2), Tplate is the surface temperature of the plate (° C.), Tair is the ambient air temperature (° C.), and Hinput is the power input (W). Other values obtained that are related to the thermal resistance include a clo value and tog value (described in greater detail below). In example embodiments, the breathability test (e.g., air permeability—measured in cubic feet per minute (CFM)) is conducted at a pressure of 125 pa and a test area of 38 cm2. In example embodiments, the moisture absorbency test defines the distance (measured in millimeters) that a liquid is able to be transported along vertically aligned fabric specimens over a given time.
In example embodiments, a tog is a measure of thermal insulance of a unit area, also known as thermal resistance. As described above, total thermal resistance (Rct) can be expressed as: Rct=(Tplate−Tair)×Aplate/Hinput. In example embodiments, 1 tog is equivalent to 0.1 Rct. And a clo, another thermal insulation measurement, can be expressed as 1 clo=0.155 Rct or 1.55 tog.
According to example embodiments and for comparison purposes, a 500, 600 and 700 thread count conventional fabric (see samples 1, 3 and 5) were tested against a 500, 600 and 700 thread count fabric according to an example embodiment of the present invention (see samples 2, 4 and 6). In example embodiments, each of the samples (1-6) were first pretreated by undergoing a single cold wash per AATCC 135 (40° C.) followed by tumble drying. Each of the samples then underwent several tests as shown in Table 6.
Starting with the conventional samples, the conventional 500 thread count fabric (sample 1) yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.0333 C° m2/W (clo=0.215, tog=0.333), a heat flux of 150.91 W/m2, a breathability value of 16.80 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 123 mm in the warp direction and 120 mm in the weft direction. The conventional 600 thread count fabric (sample 3) yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.0248 C° m2/W (clo=0.160, tog=0.248), a heat flux of 217.50 W/m2, a breathability value of 16.53 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 137 mm in the warp direction and 137 mm in the weft direction. The conventional 700 thread count fabric (sample 5) yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.0268 C° m2/W (clo=0.1729, tog=0.268), a heat flux of 222.20 W/m2 a breathability value of 4.80 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 116 mm in the warp direction and 110 mm in the weft direction.
The 500 thread count fabric of the present invention (sample 2) yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.0427 C° m2/W (clo=0.275, tog=0.427), a heat flux of 138.70 W/m2, a breathability value of 32.25 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 145 mm in the warp direction and 132 mm in the weft direction. The 600 thread count fabric (sample 4) of the present invention yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.3490 C° m2/W (clo=0.226, tog=0.349), a heat flux of 148.55 W/m2, a breathability value of 17.40 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 159 mm in the warp direction and 151 mm in the weft direction. The 700 thread count fabric (sample 6) of the present invention yielded a thermal resistance value of 0.0266 C° m2/W (clo=0.172, tog=0.266), a heat flux of 161.00 W/m2, a breathability value of 12.10 CFM, and moisture wicking values of 141 mm in the warp direction and 143 mm in the weft direction.
Table 7 shown below highlights the specific performance tests in detail and provides conclusions based on the test results. As such, the fabric of the present invention comprises supreme breathability, moisture absorbency and thermal insulation compared to conventional fabrics of the same thread count. Furthermore, as depicted in Table 8 below, the fabrics of the present invention (samples 2, 4, 6) comprise far superior characteristics than the conventional fabric (samples 1, 3, 5). For example, according to example embodiments, sample 2 is superior to sample 1 in each of the performance tests, sample 4 is superior to sample 3 in each of the performance tests, and sample 6 is superior to sample 5 in each of the performance tests. For example, as detailed in Table 8, the thermal resistance (e.g., temperature regulation) of sample 2 is about 8% better than sample 2, the thermal resistance of sample 4 is about 31% better than sample 3, and the thermal resistance of sample 6 is about 28% better than sample 5. The breathability of sample 2 is about 192% better than sample 1, the breathability of sample 4 is about 105% better than sample 3, and the breathability of sample 6 is about 252% better than sample 5. And the moisture absorption of sample 2 is about 14% better than sample 1, the moisture absorption of sample 4 is about 16% better than sample 3, and the moisture absorption of sample 6 is about 25.67 better than sample 5.
Thus, according to example embodiments, example embodiments of the present invention comprise luxury fabrics of higher thread counts (e.g., 450-1200), which comprise unique and superior attributes and characteristics (e.g., superior thermal insulation, superior breathability, and superior moisture wicking) compared to known higher thread count fabrics. Preferably, by utilizing the unique diagonal weave structures of the 7-end, 8-end and 10-end sateen weaves in combination with the specialized, low twist multiplier yarns 228 and a warp float size of 1 millimeter or greater, higher thread count fabrics, or for example, luxury fabrics, can achieve attributes and characteristics that were previously unattainable. According to example embodiments, the luxury, high-thread-count fabrics as described herein are provided for bedding, for example, for bed sheets including a fitted sheet, a top sheet, one or more pillow cases, etc. In example embodiments, the bed sheets preferably continuously adjust to the body temperature of a user that is lying on or between the bed sheets, for example, such that when the user becomes hotter or heats up moisture is wicked away to keep the user cool. And in a similar manner, when the user cools down, the bed sheets wick away moisture to keep the user warm. Preferably, moisture is wicked away from the user's skin to keep them cool and comfortable throughout their rest or sleep. Preferably, the specialized yarn and ultra-homogenous porosity thereof causes the sheets to be exceptionally breathable to provide a comfortable and restful sleep or rest. Furthermore, the bed sheets preferably comprise a soft hand and feel to deliver a superior degree of comfort.
While the invention has been described with reference to example embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that a variety of modifications, additions and deletions are within the scope of the invention, as defined by the following claims.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201821014465 | Apr 2018 | IN | national |
This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/600,981 filed Oct. 14, 2019, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/346,279 filed Apr. 30, 2019, which is a U.S. National Phase Patent Application of PCT/IN2019/050307 filed Apr. 15, 2019, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/678,148 filed May 30, 2018 and Indian Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 201821014465 filed Apr. 16, 2018, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62678148 | May 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 16600981 | Oct 2019 | US |
| Child | 18360067 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 16346279 | Apr 2019 | US |
| Child | 16600981 | US |
