Patent Application
20220096608
The present invention relates to a fibrinolytic composition and method suitable for pharmaceutical use in thrombolytic therapies. The major aspect of the present invention is directed to a novel formulation comprising truncated and thiolated variants of plasmin conjugated site-specifically with PEG-moieties at various sites favorable for retention of activity over extended periods due to enhanced resistance against serpin-mediated inhibition that occurs in vivo, and thus are new drug candidates for the effective clot dissolution of pathological blood clots, especially scenarios where direct delivery of plasmin in the vicinity of a thrombus is the preferred option.
The fibrinolytic system is primarily associated with removal of unwanted thrombi to maintain blood flow to the circulatory system. Fibrinolytic system regulates the activation of the zymogen, plasminogen into active plasmin, which further degrades fibrin into soluble fibrin degradation products. In addition, several distinct regulatory systems regulate the activation of plasminogen, activity of plasmin, and degradation of fibrin. (Collen, 1985; Collen et al., 1991). The pathologic formation of thrombi can produce significant consequences like embolism, ischemia, heart attack, stroke etc. Currently available thrombolytic treatments using plasminogen activators are associated with high general and/or cerebral bleeding risks, and a narrow therapeutic time window especially in case of ischemic strokes. Furthermore, the success of plasminogen activators and other thrombolytic agents in the therapy of thrombotic disease remains limited by intrinsic resistance of thrombi to fibrinolysis.
These issues arouse the attempts to design improved agents that would avoid bleeding complications and enhance thrombolytic potential (Khasa & Adivitiya, 2017). In particular, it would be desirable to overcome the fibrinolytic regulatory systems to achieve effective thrombolysis in such a way that the regulatory systems are at least partially maintained to minimize the risk of bleeding.
Direct fibrinolytic agents have potential for ameliorated thrombolytic therapy with enhanced hemostatic safety, therefore these can be considered as better futuristic approach to treat thrombotic disorders (Khasa & Adivitiya, 2017). Plasmin and its derivatives are ‘direct-acting’ thrombolytic agents which can degrade fibrin without involving the intermediate step of plasminogen activation, hence do not require free plasminogen. These are potent serine proteases involved in clot dissolution and are intrinsic in origin. Plasmin(ogen), a single-chain, glycoprotein (molecular mass of ˜92 kDa), is the inactive precursor of plasmin (Robbins et al., 1967). Several plasmin(ogen) derivatives have been prepared for application as direct thrombolytics. Mini-plasmin(ogen) is a truncated form of plasmin(ogen), composed of the catalytic protease domain and the kringle 5 domain of plasminogen. A deletion mutant of plasminogen called delta plasminogen (TAL6003; Talecris Biotherapeutics, Inc.) composed of the kringle 1 and serine protease domain of plasminogen exhibits fibrinolytic potency comparable to plasmin (Hunt et al., 2008). Another plasmin(ogen) derivative, Micro-plasmin(ogen) (˜29 kDa) is recombinant truncated form of plasmin(ogen), consists of only the catalytic domain which is functionally active. These truncated derivatives are more amenable to production by recombinant DNA technology.
The two main inhibitors of plasmin are α2-AP (plasma concentration of ˜1 μM) and α2-macroglobulin (plasma concentration of ˜3.4-3.7 μM) (Novokhatny, 2008). However, the ability of α2-macroglobulin to inhibit plasmin is much lower than that of α2-AP (Aoki, 2005). α2-antiplasmin is a key player in the fibrinolytic system. It is the fast serpin inhibitor of plasmin which forms a 1:1 stable complex with plasmin, either in the circulation or on the fibrin surface (Wiman & Collen, 1979). α2-AP is synthesized as a glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass of 70,000 Da. A partial X-ray crystal structure of murine α2-AP shows certain unique structural elements (Law et al., 2008). The protein has a long C-terminal sequence with a terminal lysine residue, which functions as a secondary binding site for free circulating plasmin and facilitates plasmin inactivation.
Microplasmin is inactivated at a lower rate than intact plasmin, likely due to the absence of the lysine binding sites (Nagai et al., 2003). The second order rate constant of microplasmin inhibition of by a2-antiplasmin is 2×105 mmol L−1 s−1, which is approximately 100 times slower than the inhibition rate of intact plasmin by a2-antiplasmin (2-4×107 mmol L−1s−1). The lower second order rate constant, corresponds to a half-life of microplasmin in circulating blood of 4 s, as compared to a half-life of 0.02 s (Nagai et al., 2003).
The effects and safety profile of plasmin and its truncated derivatives have been evaluated in several studies supported by in vivo evidences. When administered systemically, plasmin is rapidly neutralized within seconds by circulating α2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) and does not effectively dissolve the thrombus while also certainly not inducing hemorrhagic complications. It was concluded therefore that intravenous plasmin for thrombolytic therapy was safe but is not effective for clot dissolution (Ambrus et al., 1957; Clifton, 1957; Boyles et al., 1960; Jensen, 1976; Wiman et al., 1979; Nagai et al., 2001; Marder, 2011). Intravenous administration of microplasmin has been found to be associated with reduction in infarct size and has a lower propensity to cause bleeding than recombinant t-PA in various pre-clinical acute stroke models (Nagai et al., 1999; Lapchak et al., 2002; Suzuki et al., 2004). Microplasmin has been demonstrated to be well tolerated in healthy young, and old individuals. But intravenous delivery of microplasmin does not result in effective thrombolysis due to its ultra-fast inactivation by circulating inhibitors in similar manner as plasmin even though slower. In contrast, successful thrombolysis and reperfusion has been achieved with catheter-directed administration of plasmin and microplasmin. Catheter-delivered plasmin is comparable to tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) for local thrombolysis in a rabbit abdominal aorta thrombosis model while minimizing bleeding potential (Marder et al., 2001). According to this strategy, plasmin administered by catheter binds to thrombus, where it is shielded from α2-antiplasmin and induces thrombolysis causing lesser bleeding tendency (Marder et al., 2001).
A study employing truncated plasmin Δ(K2-K5) in middle cerebral artery occlusion model via local infusion suggests that Δ(K2-K5) plasmin treatment even at the highest dose offers at least a 5-fold superior safety margin than the lowest dose of rt-PA. Moreover, Δ(K2-K5) plasmin showed neuro-protective outcome as it significantly reduces infarct volume and improves behavior (Crumrine et al., 2012).
Intracranial hemorrhage safety profile of recombinant microplasmin was also assessed in rats and rabbits. Surprisingly, microplasmin showed potential as neuro-protective agent by virtue of its tendency to reduce infarct volume and improve behavioral rating scores in embolized rabbits (Lapchak et al., 2002). Local delivery of microplasmin over 2 h, induces approximately 50% clot lysis in extracorporeal loop thrombosis model in rabbits, without protracting the bleeding times. Also it reduces focal cerebral infarction in mice ischemic stroke model, when administered within several hours after middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (Nagai et al., 2003).
α2-antiplasmin appears to limit the success of direct thrombolytic agents by making it difficult to achieve efficient clot lysis. Various reports document that transient depletion of α2-AP activity may lead to enhanced endogenous fibrinolytic activity (Pakola et al., 2009; Thijs et al., 2009). Clots from α2-antiplasmin-deficient patients undergo spontaneous lysis even when those clots are suspended in plasma containing normal levels of free α2-antiplasmin (Sakata & Aoki, 1982). Thus, Fibrin bound α2-antiplasmin is a critical inhibitor of clot lysis. The specific inhibition of clot-bound α2-antiplasmin with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against α2-antiplasmin can significantly amplify thrombolysis (Reed et al., 1990; Reed, 1997). Moreover, effective thrombolysis can be achieved by neutralizing α2-AP activity through the use of α2-AP antibodies (α2AP-I) which bind to both circulating as well fibrin-bound α2-AP (Singh et al., 2017). High levels of circulating α2-AP increase brain infarction and interfere with the dissolution of cerebral thromboemboli in mice (Reed et al., 2014). However, depletion of α2-AP by administration of microplasmin, plasmin or polyclonal antibodies enhances endogenous fibrinolysis in downstream areas of secondary thrombosis thus, significantly improving the stroke outcome reduced ischemic brain injury in different animal stroke models. α2-antiplasmin inactivation is significantly more effective than tissue plasminogen activator at reducing brain infarction, hemorrhage and mortality (Nagai et al., 2001; Reed et al., 2014). Intra-vitreal microplasmin administration for non-thrombolytic use has been approved by FDA in 2012 for the treatment of symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) or causing total posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) Chen et al., 2008; de Smet et al., 2009). The drug has been produced in P. pastoris and is marketed commercially under the trade name of Jetrea (ocriplasmin, ThromboGenics, Inc.) (US Food and Drug Administration, 2016)
In view of preclinical reports, plasmin and its derivative have shown encouraging outcomes with improved benefit/risk ratio as compared to available thrombolytics. However, despite possessing a higher efficacy, potential neuro-protective properties and positive safety profile, the rapid inhibition of plasmin/microplasmin by α2-AP hampers their successful development as effective thrombolytics.
To circumvent these impediments, attempts are highly desirable so as to target α2-antiplasmin in such a manner that its regulatory mechanism is partly maintained to prevent unwanted bleeding risks. In the context of the situation, ‘direct-acting’ fibrinolytic agents with protection against α2-antiplasmin will brighten the prospects of thrombolytic therapy which further entails a thorough understanding of the substrate-inhibitor interaction mechanism. A study by Turner et al., 2002 provides a structural insight into the antiplasmin-plasmin interaction system. They showed that chimerization of protease domain loops with those of factor D, a component of the complement system, did not significantly alter the fibrinolytic ability of microplasmin, but provided resistance towards α2-antiplasmin (Turner et al., 2002). However, the substitution of heterologous domains and a non-natural chimeric polypeptide potentially creates further hurdles to the development of an effective and immunologically inert drug candidate.
Conjugating biomolecules with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an established method to modulate their molecular interactions. Protein-PEGylation has been clinically proven to enhance the circulation half-life of protein-based therapeutics (Bailon & Berthold, 1998; Greenwald et al., 2003; Fishburn, 2008; Milla et al., 2012; Zheng et al., 2012; Qimeng et al., 2013). The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to proteins enhances their hydrodynamic size. Because PEG tail is quite a flexible moiety, it can also act to shield protein sites from recognition by the immune system, cellular receptors, or proteases.
These properties lead to decreased renal, enzymatic, and cellular clearance, resulting in prolonged circulation half-lives in the bloodstream (Chapman et al., 1999; Chapman, 2002). PEG (Polyethylene glycol) has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Gaberc-Porekar et al., 2008). Numerous strategies based on activated PEG are available to provide coupling of PEG moiety to one or more residues on the protein or peptide. Although the technique of PEG-coupling is generic, but discreet positioning of PEG moiety in a therapeutic protein is eminently important. Generally, it is known that properties such as biological activity and half-life of conjugated protein depend on the site of modification and the size of PEG-group (Veronese, 2001; Harris & Veronese, 2003). Several studies suggest that long PEG chains can stabilize proteins by interacting with the protein surface and reducing the solvent accessible surface area, or by introducing molecular crowding (excluded volume effect) to slow down the unfolding rate of the host protein (Meng et al., 2012; Hamed et al., 2013; Pandey et al., 2013). Conjugation of 10 kDa PEG to trypsin improves its thermal stability while maintaining the bioactivity under physiological conditions (Chiu et al., 2010). However, reduction or even loss of bioactivity can be an unexpected side effect of PEGylation if it sterically restrains ligand-receptor binding (Chapman, 2002; Weir et al., 2002). Therefore, site-specific PEGylation techniques are developed (King et al., 1994; Harris & Chess, 2003), in which the PEG molecule is attached to the protein at a specific residue that can be engineered at a position distal to the target-binding region of the protein. Cysteine-specific conjugation of PEG-maleimide to GCSF increases the half-life of the molecule (Hao, et al., 2006). PEGylation of cysteine mutant of staphylokinase was able to achieve enhanced circulatory half-life while maintaining its thrombolytic potency (Collen et al., 2000). The utility of site-specific PEGylation for creating highly potent, long-acting GM-CSF analogs was demonstrated in rats to achieve up to 47-fold longer circulating half-lives of pegylated forms than wild type GM-CSF (Doherty et al., 2005). Site-specific PEGylation of a thrombomodulin (TM) derivative at the C terminus does not affect its enzymatic activity (Cazalis et al., 2004). It has been shown that coupling of PEG polymer is able to reduce protein protein interactions between therapeutics, proteins, and cells in vivo (Mok et al., 2005). PEGylation of cofactor altered the interactions between the enzyme and modified cofactors by affecting the rate of formation of enzyme/cofactor complexes and/or the formation of enzyme/cofactor/substrate complexes (Ozbakir & Banta, 2018).
Therefore, there is a need for better fibrinolytic composition to achieve faster clot dissolution without inhibition by their physiological inhibitors.
An object of the present invention is to provide a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of amino acid residues with a cysteine residue in the plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of amino acid residues with a cysteine residue in the plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain, wherein the cysteine residues are covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of amino acid residues with a cysteine residue in the plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain, said plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide being insensitive to alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of amino acid residues with a cysteine residue in the plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain for prolonging the clot lysis time by retarding or inhibiting alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention provides a fibrinolytic composition comprising:
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to eight amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequences EVNLEPHV, GTF, AG, FGM and EKS of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to eight amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence EVNLEPHV of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in E81C (SEQ ID NO. 3), V82C (SEQ ID NO. 4), N83C (SEQ ID NO. 5), L84C (SEQ ID NO. 6), E85C (SEQ ID NO. 7), P86C (SEQ ID NO. 8), H87C (SEQ ID NO. 9), V88C (SEQ ID NO. 10) E85C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 11), and V82C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 12).
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence GTF of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in G148C (SEQ ID NO. 13), T149C (SEQ ID NO. 14), and F150C (SEQ ID NO. 15).
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to two amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence AG of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in A189C (SEQ ID NO. 16), and G190C (SEQ ID NO. 17).
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence FGM of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in F41C (SEQ ID NO. 18), G42C (SEQ ID NO. 19), and M43C (SEQ ID NO. 20).
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence EKS of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in E64C (SEQ ID NO. 21), K65C (SEQ ID NO. 22), and S66C (SEQ ID NO. 23).
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting at least 2, 3 and 8 consecutive or alternate or random substitution of amino acid residues of catalytic domain of plasmin(ogen) with cysteine.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide further comprising covalently modified thiol groups at one or more substituted cysteine residues.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide wherein said polypeptide is covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety.
Still another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety is a linear or a branched polymer of varying molecular size ranging from about 5 kDa to about 40 kDa.
Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide is insensitive to alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the covalently modified plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide for prolonging the clot lysis time by retarding or inhibiting alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
MALDI-TOF data of the μPG and PEGylated variants confirmed their size, which were close to the expected ones. Expected masses of proteins are 6a. wild-type μPG ˜28 kDa 6b. μPG cysteine variant 6c. mono-PEGylated μPG variant ˜48 kDA 6d. bi-PEGylated μPG variant ˜68 kDa.
The present invention discloses an approach to address the problems associated with the development of direct-acting thrombolytics having desirable therapeutic profile. The invention relates to recombinant analogues of plasminogen-derivative as well as their PEGylated counterparts. The catalytic domain of plasmin(ogen) has been altered by cysteine mutation of one or more amino acids in its primary sequence. Further, a PEG moiety is covalently coupled to the free cysteine residues incorporated in its catalytic domain. The invention describes the method of conjugating thiol reactive PEG to biologically active plasminogen derivative and process involving purification of these PEG-conjugated plasminogen derivatives. Furthermore, the invention exemplifies the in vitro activity of modified plasmin variants against α2-antiplasmin.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a fibrinolytic composition comprising:
In an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the substitutions are done in regions comprising of sequences selected from the group having sequences EVNLEPHV, GTF, AG, FGM, and EKS.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the cysteine substitution in span EVNLEPHV is done at a position selected from the group consisting of E81C (SEQ ID NO. 3), V82C (SEQ ID NO. 4), N83C (SEQ ID NO. 5), L84C (SEQ ID NO. 6), E85C (SEQ ID NO. 7), P86C (SEQ ID NO. 8), H87C (SEQ ID NO. 9), V88C (SEQ ID NO. 10) E85C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 11), and V82C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 12).
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the cysteine substitution in span GTF is done at a position selected from the group consisting of G148C (SEQ ID NO. 13), T149C (SEQ ID NO. 14), and F150C (SEQ ID NO. 15).
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the cysteine substitution in span AG is done at a position selected from the group consisting of A189C (SEQ ID NO. 16), and G190C (SEQ ID NO. 17).
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the cysteine substitution in span FGM is done at a position selected from the group consisting of F41C (SEQ ID NO. 18), G42C (SEQ ID NO. 19), and M43C (SEQ ID NO. 20).
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the cysteine substitution in span EKS is done at a position selected from the group consisting of E64C (SEQ ID NO. 21), K65C (SEQ ID NO. 22), and S66C (SEQ ID NO. 23).
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a fibrinolytic composition, wherein the modified thiol derivative of plasminogen is covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety which is linear or branched polymer having varying molecular size from 5 kDa to 40 kDa.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a use of the fibrinolytic composition for prolonging the clot lysis time by retarding or inhibiting alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to eight amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 useful as a therapeutic agent.
An embodiment of the present invention provides a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to eight amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequences EVNLEPHV, GTF, AG, FGM and EKS of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to eight amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence EVNLEPHV of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in E81C (SEQ ID NO. 3), V82C (SEQ ID NO. 4), N83C (SEQ ID NO. 5), L84C (SEQ ID NO. 6), E85C (SEQ ID NO. 7), P86C (SEQ ID NO. 8), H87C (SEQ ID NO. 9), V88C (SEQ ID NO. 10) E85C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 11), and V82C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 12).
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence GTF of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in G148C (SEQ ID NO. 13), T149C (SEQ ID NO. 14), and F150C (SEQ ID NO. 15).
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to two amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence AG of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in A189C (SEQ ID NO. 16), and G190C (SEQ ID NO. 17).
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence FGM of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in F41C (SEQ ID NO. 18), G42C (SEQ ID NO. 19), and M43C (SEQ ID NO. 20).
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide comprising substitution of one to three amino acid residues of amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2, wherein the amino acid residue substituted with a cysteine residue is selected from the amino acid sequence EKS of plasmin(ogen) catalytic domain.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in E64C (SEQ ID NO. 21), K65C (SEQ ID NO. 22), and S66C (SEQ ID NO. 23).
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting of cysteine substitution, wherein the amino acid sequences with substitution are as set forth in E81C (SEQ ID NO. 3), V82C (SEQ ID NO. 4), N83C (SEQ ID NO. 5), L84C (SEQ ID NO. 6), E85C (SEQ ID NO. 7), P86C (SEQ ID NO. 8), H87C (SEQ ID NO. 9), V88C (SEQ ID NO. 10) E85C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 11), V82C-H87C (SEQ ID NO. 12), G148C (SEQ ID NO. 13), T149C (SEQ ID NO. 14), F150C (SEQ ID NO. 15), A189C (SEQ ID NO. 16), G190C (SEQ ID NO. 17), F41C (SEQ ID NO. 18), G42C (SEQ ID NO. 19), M43C (SEQ ID NO. 20), E64C (SEQ ID NO. 21), K65C (SEQ ID NO. 22), and S66C (SEQ ID NO. 23).
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide consisting at least 2, 3 and 8 consecutive or alternate or random substitution of amino acid residues of catalytic domain of plasmin(ogen) with cysteine.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide further comprising covalently modified thiol groups at one or more substituted cysteine residues.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide wherein said polypeptide is covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety.
In still another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide covalently modified with thiol-reactive polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety, wherein the polyethylene glycol moiety is a linear or a branched polymer of varying molecular size ranging from about 5 kDa to about 40 kDa.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide, wherein said polypeptide is insensitive to alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the covalently modified plasmin(ogen) variant polypeptide for prolonging the clot lysis time by retarding or inhibiting alpha2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition.
The selection of appropriate sites for surface modification is a critical step to maintain the functionality of the modified variants. Several strategies have been developed for protein PEGylation, but the rare occurrence of free cysteine residues in proteins makes thiol based chemistry a more selective approach for PEG-conjugation. Cysteine contains a potentially reactive sulph-hydryl/thiol (—SH) group (Veronese, 2002; Grace et al., 2005). Furthermore, cysteines are commonly present as disulphides, considered to be responsible for maintaining the folding and stability of proteins, hence preserving the bioactive conformation essential for its biological activity (Roberts, 2002). The kringle-less derivative of plasminogen contains twelve cysteine residues, all of which are engaged in six disulphide linkages. Since none of intrinsic cysteines are free in natively folded micro-plasminogen (Peterson et al. 1990), this offers a unique opportunity to strategically incorporate an unpaired cysteine into the micro-plasminogen which will be available free for PEG-coupling provided the cysteine incorporation is tolerated without disruption of catalytic activity. The technique of in vitro mutagenesis allows incorporation of a non-native, free cysteine residue into protein which can offer the benefit of selecting the target site for modification to obtain desired results without unwanted side effects.
The molecular surface of the catalytic domain of plasminogen consists of several distinct surface-exposed loops (Wang et al., 2000). The surface-loops among different serine proteases are considered to be important for their selective interactions with substrates and inhibitors (Madison et al., 1989; Wang et al., 2000). The residues were selected on the basis of surface accessibility and association with α2-AP using available structural information. The X-ray crystal structure of human antiplasmin (α2-AP) has not been solved yet. But the crystal structure of murine antiplasmin is known (Law et al., 2008), which shares ˜78.47% sequence similarity with human plasminogen. The three dimensional structure models of micro-plasminogen in complex with murine α2-antiplasmin was predicted using the available structural information of human plasminogen catalytic domain (Wang et al., 2000) as well as murine antiplasmin. The docking models generated by GRAMM-X Protein-Protein Docking Web Server v.1.2.0 (Tovchigrechko and Vakser, 2006) were analyzed using PyMOL graphic visualization system and used to interpret potential interface residues between these two proteins.
Five different locations consisting of two to eight residues were chosen by keeping it in mind that selected sites are distant from the catalytic site as well as the native cysteines of protein involved in disulfide linkage so that there is expected to be little interference with the fibrinolytic abilities [
The present invention provides a method for development of improved thrombolytic molecules to treat ischemic stroke and other thrombotic diseases. Because α2-antiplasmin is a fast covalent inhibitor of plasmin and its derivatives, it makes them inefficient for clot dissolution. Therefore, the specific object of the present invention is to provide partial protection to plasmin or its derivatives from ultrafast inactivation by plasma inhibitors, thereby speeding up the fibrinolysis process and making it more effective. The present invention describes construction of eight cysteine analogs of truncated plasminogen derivatives, primarily in the regions of the protein that are associated in interaction with α2-antiplasmin, as also those regions that lie relatively away from the major activation sites. Further, the invention illustrates the effect of covalent grafting of single 20 kDa/40 kDa PEG chain (i.e. mono-PEGylation) and also the double (i.e. bi-PEGylation) sites in the protein, on α2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition of truncated plasmin derivatives. The present invention further discloses that the covalently modified plasmin variants obtained by site-specific PEGylation exhibit a markedly reduced inhibition rate relative to the wild type/unmodified/native plasmin variant. The explanation to the successful protein resistance properties of PEG attached to the surface is the flexibility and mobility of PEG chains as flexible PEG moiety that sterically interfered with the recognition of α2-antiplasmin interacting sites. In addition, the correlation of the number of conjugation sites, size of PEG group and their effect on α2-antiplasmin inhibition was determined. Bi-PEGylation i.e. attachment of 20 kDa-PEG at two different sites in plasmin derivative molecule contributes to its relatively longer activity than the mono-PEGylated ones as the cumulative shielding effect of PEG is greater that affects the interaction between α2-antiplasmin and modified plasmin derivatives in more significant manner. Furthermore, the present invention describes that modified conjugates retain their characteristic amidolytic properties. The kinetic parameters revealed that both the free cysteine variants and their covalently modified forms were quite equivalent to their natural counterparts, showing comparable amidolysis of small molecular weight chromogenic substrate (chromozyme PL). The present invention provides a method for achieving efficient clot lysis by prolonging the α2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition of plasmin derivative as the long half-life will allow the persistence of effect. The combined effects of native plasmin activity and retardation of α2-antiplasmin mediated inhibition helps to facilitate faster clot dissolution. This new functional attribute of lesser antiplasmin sensitivity imparted to plasmin variants makes it a distinctly promising molecule for the treatment thrombotic disorders.
The primary attributes such as self-sustaining mechanism (plasminogen-independent pathway of fibrin degradation) combined with enhanced α2-antiplasmin resistance makes modified plasmin derivatives a promising candidate for the development of efficacious thrombolytic agents.
The cloning of truncated plasminogen derivative (catalytic domain) was done in T7 RNA polymerase inducible promoter based expression vector pET11a and transformed into expression host E. coli strain BL21(DE3) procured from Novagen Inc. (Madison, Wis., USA). All the DNA modifying enzymes including restriction enzymes, T4 DNA Ligases and thermostable DNA polymerase used in gene cloning experiments were purchased from New England Biolabs (Beverly, Mass.) or Promega Inc. (Madison, Wis., USA). E. coli XL1-Blue cloning host and the QuickChange™ Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit were obtained from Stratagene Inc. (La Jolla, Calif.). Commercially available kits from Qiagen (GmbH, Germany) were used for isolation of plasmid and extraction of the DNA or for retrieving the PCR amplified DNA from agarose gel. All the oligonucleotide primers used in the study for cloning and mutagenesis were custom synthesized from the Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT), USA. DNA sequencing was performed on an automated sequencer (ABI PRISM 377 DNA Sequencer, Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems). Protein purification resins such as SP-Sepharose™ (Fast Flow) and Superdex™-75 pg were procured from GE-Amersham Biosciences. FPLC was performed on the sophisticated chromatographic purification pump AKTA Purifier™, GE Healthcare, USA. Absorption spectroscopic measurements were carried out on Lambda 35 Perkin-Elmer UV/Vis spectrophotometer. All the materials required for the SDS-PAGE were purchased from Bio-RAD, USA. Superior quality methoxy-PEG maleimide reagent (10 kDa to 40 kDa) was purchased from JenKem Technology, USA. Zeba™ Spin Desalting columns used for protein desalting were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. Exact masses of the modified derivatives were determined by MALDI-TOF on ABISCIEX machine TripleTOF® 5600/5600. Urokinase was covalently immobilized onto cross-linked agarose (Sepharose 6B-CL) obtained from Pharmacia Ltd., Uppsala, Sweden. Chromogenic plasmin substrate, tosyl-Gly-Pro-Lys-anilide (Chromozyme® PL), was a product of Boehringer-Mannheim, USA. Plasmin inhibition kinetics was studied using commercially available α2-Antiplasmin from Calbiochem. All the reagents used were of the highest analytical grade available.
The present invention is described in further detail in the following non-limiting examples.
The full length HPG cDNA (encoding protein having amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1) in pCMV6 vector was custom synthesized from Ori Gene Technologies Inc, USA. The nucleotide sequence coding for full length HPG available in NCBI (GenBank: AL109933.25) was used as a template for designing the forward and reverse primers for PCR amplification of the desired coding sequence. Overhang primers containing suitable restriction sites (Nde1/Hind III pair) for directional cloning in pET-11a were used for PCR amplification of micro-plasminogen. The amplified sequences restriction digested with Nde1/Hind III were then ligated into the pET-11a vector digested with the same set of restriction enzymes [
The selection of appropriate sites for surface modification is a critical step to maintain the functionality of the modified variants. The kringle-less derivative of plasminogen contains twelve cysteine residues, all of which are engaged in six disulphide linkages. Since none of intrinsic cysteines are free in natively folded micro-plasminogen, in vitro mutagenesis was used to strategically incorporate an unpaired cysteine into the micro-plasminogen which will be available for PEG-coupling. The technique of in vitro mutagenesis allows incorporation of a non-native, free cysteine residue into protein which can offer the benefit of selecting the target site for modification to obtain desired results without unwanted side effects.
The molecular surface of the catalytic domain of plasminogen consists of several distinct surface-exposed loops. The residues were selected on the basis of surface accessibility and association with α2-AP using available structural information. The docking models generated by GRAMM-X Protein-Protein Docking Web Server v.1.2.0 were analyzed using PyMOL graphic visualization system and used to interpret potential interface residues between these two proteins.
Five different locations consisting of two to eight residues were chosen by keeping it in mind that selected sites are distant from the catalytic site as well as the native cysteines of protein involved in disulfide linkage so that there is expected to be little interference with the fibrinolytic abilities [
The variants of micro-plasminogen having cysteine mutations selected on the basis of computational studies are selected from the amino acid sequences as set forth in SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8, SEQ ID NO. 9, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 13, SEQ ID NO. 14, SEQ ID NO. 15, SEQ ID NO. 16, SEQ ID NO. 17, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 19, SEQ ID NO. 20, SEQ ID NO. 21, SEQ ID NO. 22, and SEQ ID NO. 23. Variants of micro-plasminogen having single site substitution (SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8, SEQ ID NO. 9, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 18, and SEQ ID NO. 20) as well as variants having double-site substitution (SEQ ID NO. 11, and SEQ ID NO. 12) were constructed based on the predicted locations using site-directed mutagenesis (QuickChange mutagenesis kit obtained from Stratagene Inc.) [
The number of free thiols in cysteine variant proteins was measured by a classical colorimetric method using Ellman's reagent 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). DTNB or 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) reacts with thiol groups to form a mixed disulphide of the protein and one mole of 2-nitro 5 thiobenzoate per mole of protein sulphydryl group. The amount and concentration of free sulphydryls per molar concentration of protein sample is calculated from the molar extinction coefficient of TNB dianions and the absorbance value of protein at 412 nm. β-mercaptoethanol having single free thiol was used standard.
Following the validation of present free thiol groups, the proteins were then incubated with 15-20 fold molar excess of maleimide-activated linear methoxy PEG (JenKem Technology USA) of different molecular weight (eg. 20 kDa, 40 kDa) in presence of 100 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8) and 2 mM EDTA. The reaction mixture was allowed to gently stir for 3 h at room temperature. [
Desalted PEGylation reaction mixture (consisting of PEG-protein conjugate, un-reacted protein and polymer, described in example 4) was diluted 10 times with 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5 and loaded onto a SP-Sepharose column (GE Healthcare life sciences) pre-equilibrated in 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5. After washing with 2-3 bed volumes of 20 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.5, bound protein was eluted using linear gradient of 1M NaCl. The eluted protein fraction was further purified to obtain more uniform PEGylated product using Superdex-75 pg (16×600 mm) (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, USA) size exclusion chromatography to separate un-reacted protein fraction from the PEGylated protein [
The purified mono-PEGylated as well as bi-PEGylated thiol derivatives of micro-plasminogen were converted to their active forms (microplasmin) using urokinase-coupled sepharose beads in presence of 50 mM Tris-Cl (pH 8), 25 mM lysine and 25% glycerol. The reaction was set up at 25° C. with slow stirring from for upto 8 hours and monitored at regular intervals using Chromozym® PL.
PEGylated micro-plasminogen variants (SEQ ID NO. 3; SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 6, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8, SEQ ID NO. 9. SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12, SEQ ID NO. 18, SEQ ID NO. 20) as well as un-PEGylated micro-plasminogen (SEQ ID NO. 2) were further characterized. All the variants were checked for their purity on the SDS-PAGE. The protein sample was mixed in 5× loading reducing dye and separated on 12% polyacrylamide gel. Furthermore, the accurate molecular weights of both PEGylated as well un-PEGylated derivatives were determined by MALDI-TOF on ABISCIEX machine TripleTOF® 5600/5600 [
The PEGylated variants (SEQ ID NO. 4, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 8, SEQ ID NO. 9, SEQ ID NO. 10, SEQ ID NO. 11, SEQ ID NO. 12) were assessed for amidolytic as well α2-AP inhibition activity.
The enzymatic activity of PEGylated-microplasmin variants were monitored with the substrate, Chromozym® PL (0.5 mM), at 37° C. in presence of 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4, 0.1 M NaCl and 0.5% BSA. Absorbance was recorded at 405 nm for 10 minutes. Enzyme activities of the all cysteine variants and their PEGylated forms were compared to that of wild type micro-plasmin [Table 4]. The results show that there amidolytic parameters were not substantially affected upon PEGylation, however, a slight increase in Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values can be accounted for slightly reduced accessibility.
α2-AP inhibition kinetics was performed by separately adding PEGylated micro-plasmin variants (20 nM) and antiplasmin (60 nM) to cuvette containing 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 and incubating at 25° C. for the time interval ranging 15 sec-30 minutes. Change in absorbance at 405 nm was recorded at 60 s intervals after the addition of 0.5 mM Chromozym® PL. The residual enzyme activity was measured at different intervals from the slope of the curve and plotted as log % residual activity versus time (Wiman et al., 1978; Turner et al., 2002) as shown in
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 201911003104 | Jan 2019 | IN | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IN2020/050074 | 1/23/2020 | WO | 00 |
