Filter cartridge having high area microporous membrane

Abstract

A filter cartridge is provided having a filter element including media preferably constructed from continuous, reinforced, geometrically symmetrical, microporous membranes having three distinct pore zones. Preferred filter elements are assembled with high and/or increased filtration area to yield increased throughput cartridge elements. Preferred filter elements are constructed from reinforced microporous membranes that include a scrim having two sides at least substantially encapsulated within a first dope and at least one additional dope coated onto each side of the encapsulated scrim prior to the first dope being quenched. In addition, preferred filter elements according to the present disclosure generally include a geometrically symmetric, continuous, reinforced membrane having three distinct pore zones, the membrane including a scrim at least substantially encapsulated by a relatively large pore size middle zone and two outer zones, one on each side of the middle zone, at least one of the three zones having a pore size at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the other zones. Preferred processes for making and using the disclosed filter elements are also provided.

Description

BACKGROUND

[0002] 1. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to a filter cartridge having a filter element including media preferably constructed from continuous, reinforced, geometrically symmetrical, microporous membranes having three distinct pore zones and to processes of making and using same. More particularly, the present disclosure describes preferred filter elements assembled with high and/or increased filtration area to yield increased throughput cartridge elements. Preferred filter elements according to the present disclosure are constructed from reinforced microporous membranes that include a scrim having two sides at least substantially encapsulated within a first dope and at least one additional dope coated onto each side of the encapsulated scrim prior to the first dope being quenched. In addition, preferred filter elements according to the present disclosure generally include a geometrically symmetric, continuous, reinforced membrane having three distinct pore zones, the membrane including a scrim at least substantially encapsulated by a relatively large pore size middle zone and two outer zones, one on each side of the middle zone, at least one of the three zones having a pore size at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the other zones. encapsulated by a relatively large pore size middle zone and two outer zones, one on each side of the middle zone, at least one of the three zones having a pore size at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the other zones.

[0004] 2. Discussion of Background Art

[0005] Microporous phase inversion membranes are well known in the art.

[0006] Microporous phase inversion membranes are generally porous solids which contain microporous interconnecting passages that extend from one surface to the other. These passages provide tortuous tunnels or paths through which the liquid which is being filtered must pass. The particles contained in the liquid passing through a microporous phase inversion membrane become trapped on or in the membrane structure effecting filtration. A slight pressure, generally in the range of about two (2) to about fifty (50) psid (pounds per square inch differential) is used to force fluid through the microporous phase inversion membrane.

[0007] Particles in a liquid fed to a microporous phase inversion membrane that are larger than the pores of the membrane are either prevented from entering the membrane or are trapped within the membrane pores, and some particles that are smaller than the pores are also trapped or absorbed into the membrane pore structure within the pore tortuous path. The liquid and some particles smaller than the pores of the membrane pass through. Thus, a microporous phase inversion membrane prevents particles of a certain size or larger from passing through it, while at the same time permitting liquid and some particles smaller than that certain size to pass through. Microporous phase inversion membranes have the ability to retain particles in the size range of from about 0.01 or smaller to about 10.0 microns or larger.

[0008] Many important micron and submicron size particles can be separated using microporous membranes. For example, red blood cells are about eight (8) microns in diameter, platelets are about two (2) microns in diameter and bacteria and yeast are about 0.5 microns or smaller in diameter. It is possible to remove bacteria from water by passing the water through a microporous membrane having a pore size smaller than the bacteria. Similarly, a microporous membrane can remove invisible suspended particles from water used in the manufacture of integrated circuits in the electronics industry. Microporous membranes are characterized by bubble point tests, which involve measuring the pressure to force either the first air bubble out of a fully wetted phase inversion membrane (the initial Bubble Point, or “IBP”), and the higher pressure which forces air out of the majority of pores all over the phase inversion membrane (foam-all-over-point or “FAOP”). The procedures for conducting initial bubble point and FAOP tests are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,602 to Barnes et al. which issued Feb. 24, 1987, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The procedure for the initial bubble point test and the more common Mean Flow Pore tests are explained in detail, for example, in ASTM F316-70 and ANS/ASTM F316-70 (Reapproved 1976), which are each incorporated herein by reference. The bubble point values for microporous phase inversion membranes are generally in the range of about two (2) to about one hundred (100) psig, depending on the pore size and the wetting fluid.

[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,738 to Marinaccio et al. describes a process for preparing microporous membranes by quenching a solution of a film-forming polymer in a non-solvent system for the polymer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,479 to Pall generally describes the preparation of skinless microporous polyamide membranes by casting a polyamide resin solution onto a substrate and quenching the resulting thin film of polyamide. The entire disclosures of the Marinaccio '738 and Pall '479 patents are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0010] Since the mechanical strength of some microporous membranes is poor, it is known to reinforce such membranes with a porous support material to improve mechanical properties and facilitate handling and processing. Accordingly, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,479 to Pall describes a procedure wherein a polymer solution is directly cast onto a porous support material so that the polymer solution penetrates the support material during casting and becomes firmly adhered thereto during formation of the reinforced inner layer of a composite microporous membrane. The support material preferably possesses an open structure so that pressure drop across the composite membrane is minimized. The Pall '479 patent further discloses combining two or more microporous membranes, one of which may be reinforced, to form a dual or triple layered structure which is dried under conditions of restraint to produce a single sheet having particle removal characteristics superior to those of individual layers.

[0011] U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,265 to Barnes, Jr. et al. discloses a reinforced laminated filtration membrane comprising a porous reinforcing web impregnated with a polymeric microporous inner membrane and at least one polymeric microporous outer qualifying membrane laminated to each side of the impregnated web. The pore size of the inner membrane is greater than the pore size of the outer membranes. In this manner, the imperfections, e.g., fiber bundles, broken fibers, void areas, and the like, which are invariably present in the reinforcing web, are confined to a coarse, more open inner membrane and the tighter outer qualifying layers are strengthened and supported by the web. The qualifying layers are not affected by imperfections present within the reinforcing web. Further, the use of a coarse, large pore size inner membrane layer insures that there is no substantial pressure drop of fluid across the reinforcing web. The entire disclosure of the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0012] The membranes disclosed in the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent are relatively complicated and costly to produce since three separate operations are required to produce the composite membrane: first, the impregnated reinforced membrane support layer is produced; second, the non-reinforced qualifying layers are produced; and, third, the impregnated reinforced membrane support layer and the non-reinforced qualifying layers are laminated to form the multilayer composite microporous membrane.

[0013] Due to processing and handling restraints, there is a limit to how thin the impregnated reinforced membrane support layer and the non-reinforced qualifying layers can be. As a result, the multilayer composite microporous membrane of the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent is at least about ten (10) mils thick. Furthermore, the overall pore size of the composite membrane described in the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent is generally limited to the range of approximately 0.45 microns or less due to difficulties associated with separately producing and handling non-reinforced qualifying layers having pore sizes of as high as about 0.45 micron. Thus, the utility of the laminated composite membrane is generally limited to sterilizing applications and other applications where membranes having about 0.65, 0.8, 1.2, 3.0 and greater micron ratings are not needed. As the thickness of a membrane increases, pressure drop increases, flow rate worsens and the performance characteristics of the membrane are adversely affected.

[0014] For example, with increasing thickness the total number of pleats in a pleated cartridge element decreases, thereby reducing the effective surface area available for filtration.

[0015] Furthermore, a mechanical strain exists at the crest of each pleat and increases with increasing thickness. As a result, thick membranes are more likely to crack during the operations of pleating, edge-seaming, etc., that are attendant to the production of pleated filter cartridge elements, or during oxidative hydrolytic exposure or multiple steam cycling. Therefore, mechanical strains, which can never be fully relieved after cartridge fabrication, may decrease the useful life of the product and may lead to early failure in integrity.

[0016] U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,777 to Steadly et al. overcomes some of the shortcomings of the process disclosed in the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent by completely saturating the reinforcing web with a large pore size (coarser) membrane casting solution, applying a small pore size membrane casting solution on one side of the coated web and then quenching the large and small pore size casting solutions from only one side to provide a continuous, geometrically asymmetric membrane possessing a pore size gradient. Thus, the lamination step of the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent is eliminated according to the Steadly '777 process, along with the necessity of handling the fragile non-reinforced qualifying layers. Further, following the teachings of the Steadly '777 patent, it is not possible to apply another casting solution on the other side of the large pore size reinforced web containing layer. Thus, additional layers can only be cast on top of the second layer cast on the first layer that includes the woven material. Additionally, the Steadly '777 membrane is a skinned membrane which suffers from drawbacks associated with skinned microporous membranes, in particular, high pressure drop, poor structural integrity, susceptibility to skin breach, propensity to becoming fouled by debris, etc.

[0017] U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,859 to Degen attempts to address some of the deficiencies of the foregoing teachings, in particular, the high pressure drop associated with the skinned membrane disclosed in the Steadly '777 patent by proposing, preferably, an incomplete impregnation of the reinforcing web with coarse membrane casting solution so that a portion of the reinforcing web having a thickness of about 50 microns is not embedded within the microporous membrane. The low flow resistance of that portion of the reinforcing web which is not embedded within the microporous membrane ensures that filtered fluid passing through the supported microporous membrane will not have a significant adverse impact on the pressure drop across the filtration element.

[0018] While the membrane disclosed in the Degen '859 patent exhibits lower pressure drop across the membrane compared to the skinned membrane disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,777, the membrane nonetheless has significant structural drawbacks. First, the membrane suffers from tremendous geometric asymmetry around the central axis of the reinforcing web, i.e., the thickness of the membrane varies on each side of the reinforcing web. As a result, when the membrane is pleated, the mechanical strain on the thick side of the membrane is greater than on the thin side of the membrane. This differential in mechanical strain increases the possibility of stress crack formation and failure of the integrity of the membrane. Second, the membrane poses a possible risk of separation along the membrane-reinforcing web interface, especially during backwashing operations. Third, the membrane exhibits “sidedness,” having a different pore size on one side versus the other side and an exposed scrim reinforcement area. This characteristic necessarily limits the membrane's utility in certain applications, such as certain analytic and diagnostic filtration techniques. Finally, as with the Steadly '777 patent, the membrane of the Degen '859 patent cannot have another section on the opposite side of the membrane-reinforced web for the same reason as in the teachings of the Steadly '777 patent.

[0019] Thus, there is a need for membrane structure that may be produced by a highly robust, single unit operation, with on-line pore size and layer thickness attribute control. There is a further need for a membrane structure that would meet the industry's long recognized need for superior performance and greater flexibility of multi-layered composite structures, while being relatively inexpensively and easily manufactured.

[0020] Additionally, there is a need for a membrane structure that simplifies the production of traditional laminated, single layer structure membranes and increases the range of pore sizes and manageable handling thicknesses that are provided by non-reinforced zones.

[0021] In addition, despite efforts to date, a need remains for a membrane structure having improved utility, flexibility, and processability into finished industrial forms (pleated cartridges, etc.) while assuring structural integrity. More particularly, there is a need for a multizone membrane that exhibits improved and/or increased throughput, without a significant increase in pressure drop or the like. Such unmet need extends to membrane structures having robust mechanical strength, suitable for pleating and industrial handling and capable of being produced on-line and in real time in a wide range of pore size attributes.

[0022] Thus, an object of the present disclosure is to provide a microporous membrane possessing structural integrity.

[0023] Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a microporous membrane exhibiting low pressure drop and high flow rate across the membrane.

[0024] A further object of the present disclosure is to provide a microporous membrane providing advantageous results in the filtration of biological or parenteral fluids.

[0025] Yet a further object of the present disclosure is to provide a microporous membrane providing advantageous results in the filtration of high purity water for the electronics industry.

[0026] Yet another object of the present disclosure is to provide a method for fabricating microporous membranes that satisfy the foregoing objectives.

[0027] The needs and objectives set forth above are fully satisfied according to innovative three zone microporous membrane structures and systems described herein.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0028] In accordance with these and further objects, a multizone membrane is provided according to the present disclosure that is defined by multizone media of reduced thickness. By utilizing multizone media of reduced thickness, higher media filtration surface areas may be achieved within a cartridge construction to yield a high throughput cartridge having desirable pressure drop characteristics, increased service life and reduced filtration costs. In preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, a filter element is constructed from a single-layer of multi-zone microporous membrane material that is pleated with upstream and downstream support materials. A variety of support materials may be utilized, e.g., based on the filter application of interest, and may include a mesh, screen, and/or porous woven or unwoven sheets. Moreover, the support materials may be fabricated in whole or in part from polymeric materials, and may be woven or extruded (symmetric or asymmetric). Preferred pleated materials according to the present disclosure may be advantageously disposed within a conventional and/or standard radial flow cartridge, a mini-cartridge or a capsule.

[0029] Advantageous results may be achieved utilizing filter elements constructed in a variety of physical configurations according to the present disclosure. Thus, for example, filter elements may be fabricated in a radial pleat configuration, a spiral or laid-over pleat configuration, a W-pleat configuration, a spiral wound configuration, or other configurations as may be apparent to persons skilled in the art. Conventional and/or known technologies may be utilized in constructing filter elements according to the present disclosure, e.g., the apparatus and method described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,288 to Paul et al.

[0030] One aspect of a preferred multizone membrane according to the present disclosure includes a three zone microporous membrane comprising: a porous support material substantially impregnated by a first dope to form a middle zone having two sides; and a second zone and a third zone formed from at least one additional dope, each zone having inner and outer surfaces, each of the second and third zones being operatively, continuously, connected to opposite sides of the middle zone, wherein at least one of the three zones has a pore size at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the pore size of at least one of the other zones.

[0031] Another aspect of a preferred multizone membrane according to the present disclosure includes a three zone reinforced, continuous, geometrically symmetrical microporous membrane comprising: a porous support material; and a continuous microporous membrane having a middle zone disposed between an upper zone and a lower zone, each having an outer surface, wherein the support material is substantially embedded within the middle zone and at least one of the zones has a pore size at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the pore size of at least one of the other zones.

[0032] Another aspect of a preferred multizone membrane according to the present disclosure includes a three zone microporous membrane prepared by a process comprising the steps of: providing a continuous support material; at least substantially pressure impregnating the support material with a first dope utilizing a first die means; passing the dope-impregnated continuous support material between substantially opposed second and third die means; and substantially, simultaneously coating both sides of the dope impregnated continuous support material with at least one additional dope on each side of the substantially impregnated support material.

[0033] Thus, a preferred multizone membrane according to the present disclosure may include a geometrically symmetrical, continuous, monolithic, reinforced, polymeric microfiltration membrane that has at least three independent and distinct pore size performance zones. The three distinct zones generally include a reinforced performance zone that may be advantageously central to the membrane structure, and two outer non-reinforced performance zones. The outer non-reinforced zones generally include at least one outer, qualifying performance zone on one side of the central reinforced zone, and a second outer, non-qualifying prefilter performance zone on the other side of the central performance zone. Alternatively, two outer qualifying performance zones, one on each side of the central zone, may be provided. Each of the three zones is preferably, continuously joined throughout the membrane structure.

[0034] According to a preferred multizone membrane of the present disclosure, the three zones may be continuously joined by the molecular entanglement which occurs in the liquid state of the dope, e.g., after the dope of each outer zone is coated onto the dope of the central zone prior to quenching, and not by a lamination bond after quenching. Such a three zone membrane structure is generally produced by a highly robust, single unit operation, with on-line pore size and layer thickness attribute control.

[0035] Three zone membranes produced according to the present disclosure meet the industry's long recognized need for superior performance and greater flexibility of triple layer composite structures. The disclosed three zone membranes contain a greater number of pleats than prior systems through utilization of reduced thickness membrane(s), resulting in increased surface area, increased surface life and reduced filtration costs. Moreover, the disclosed membranes are relatively inexpensively and easily manufactured, and simplify the production of traditional laminated single layer structure membranes. Additionally, preferred embodiments of the disclosed three zone membranes increase the range of pore sizes and manageable handling thicknesses that are provided by the non-reinforced zones.

[0036] The disclosed three zone membranes possess a surprisingly thin cross section and, in preferred embodiments, have three independent performance zones in a geometrically symmetrical, continuous, monolithic, reinforced, polymeric, microfiltration membrane. The design of the disclosed three zone membrane provides robust mechanical strength, suitable for pleating and industrial handling and capable of being produced on-line and in real time in a surprisingly wide range of pore size attributes.

[0037] Additionally, the disclosed three zone membrane includes a minimum functional thickness providing maximum throughput at minimal pressure drops and with high integrity, while being economically produced in a single manufacturing operation.

[0038] The disclosed membrane may be advantageously utilized as a protection layer above an additional membrane, such as a sterilizing membrane. In a preferred alternative embodiment, the filtration member includes an upstream support, a multizone membrane, a conventional sterilizing membrane, and a downstream support. The combination of a multizone membrane of reduced thickness, as disclosed herein, and a conventional sterilizing membrane necessarily sacrifices some level of the reduced thickness otherwise achievable with the reduced thickness multizone membrane alone. Nonetheless, a combined multizone membrane/sterilizing membrane system advantageously results in substantial life improvement and enhanced area as compared to currently available filtration offerings.

[0039] Other objects and advantages of the three zones membranes of the present disclosure will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawings and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] So that those having ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosed subject matter appertains will more readily understand how to make and use the disclosed subject matter, reference may be had the appended figures, wherein:

[0041] FIG. 1 is cross-section of an exemplary three zone membrane according to the present disclosure;

[0042] FIG. 1 a is a perspective view of an exemplary cartridge construction, partially exploded, according to the present disclosure;

[0043] FIG. 1 b is a table showing data related to exemplary cartridge constructions according to the present disclosure;

[0044] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a method and apparatus according to the present disclosure;

[0045] FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a web positioned between opposed dies of the exemplary apparatus of FIG. 2, with a portion of one die partially broken away;

[0046] FIGS. 4 a -h are scanning electron photo micrographs of a supported three zone microporous membrane according to the present disclosure illustrating the inner face of the three porous zones at 100×, 300×, 500×, 1,000×, and 2,500×; and

[0047] FIGS. 5 a -h are scanning electron photo micrographs of a supported three zone microporous membrane according to the present disclosure illustrating the inner face of the three porous zones at 100×, 300×, 500×, 1,000×, and 2,500×.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

[0048] As illustrated in FIG. 1, one representative, exemplary, presently preferred, three zone, reinforced, continuous, non-laminated, geometrically symmetrical, microporous membrane 10 according to the present disclosure is schematically depicted.

[0049] Microporous membrane 10 includes a porous support material or scrim 12 at least substantially encapsulated in a middle or first zone 16, the middle zone 16 being disposed between an upper or second zone 18 and a lower or third zone 20, wherein the support material 12 is at least substantially embedded within the middle zone 16. According to the present disclosure, middle zone 16 typically has a pore size that is at least about twenty (20%) percent greater than the pore size of at least one of the upper zone 18 and the lower zone 20. While the structure disclosed in FIG. 1 and described herein for membrane 10 is presently preferred, it should be understood that the pore size of middle zone 16 need not always represent the largest pore size, and that any one of the three zones could range from the largest to the smallest possible producible pore size.

[0050] Use of the term “microporous membrane” herein is intended to encompass microporous membranes having the ability to retain particles in the size range of from about 0.01 or smaller to about 10.0 microns and higher.

[0051] The term “continuous” as applied to the microporous membrane of the present disclosure shall be understood to refer to a microporous membrane wherein a continuum exists between the three zones constituting the membrane and that no break exists between the structure which comprises the middle zone and that which comprises the upper zone and the lower zone of the membrane. The microporous membrane structure is a continuous structure even in the presence of the reinforcing scrim, in that the fiber strains of scrim constitute a network between which the microporous membrane structure is continuous and penetrating. Therefore, the scrim and the microporous membrane form continuous interpenetrating networks of their respective polymeric structures.

[0052] The term “monolithic” as applied to the microporous membrane of the present disclosure is intended to mean a single unit.

[0053] The phrase “geometric symmetry” utilized herein shall be understood to refer to a structure wherein the upper and lower zones of the microporous membrane possess substantially the same thickness. By “substantially the same thickness,” it is meant that the thickness of the upper zone can differ from the thickness of the lower zone, and vice versa, by not more than about twenty-five percent (25%). It is important to contrast the way the term “symmetry” is employed herein to the way the term “symmetry” is employed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,265 to Barnes, Jr. et al., where “symmetry” is used to refer to pore size symmetry; thus, in the Barnes, Jr. '265 patent, the term “symmetry” applies when the outer qualifying layers possess substantially the same pore size. For certain embodiments of the present disclosure, pore size symmetry is a highly preferred, but not essential, characteristic of the presently disclosed microporous membrane.

[0054] The term “pore size” as used in the present disclosure shall be understood to mean “Mean Flow Pore” as determined by the appropriate ASTM-F3 16-70 and/or ASTM-F316-70 (Reapproved 1976) tests.

[0055] Preferably, the microporous membrane of the present disclosure is hydrophilic. By the use of the term “hydrophilic” in describing the membrane, it is meant a membrane which adsorbs or absorbs water. Generally, such hydrophilicity is enhanced in the presence of a sufficient amount of hydroxyl (OH—), carboxyl (—COOH), amino (—NH2) and/or similar functional groups on the surface of the membrane. Additionally, hydrophilicity is enhanced by micro textural phenomena as described in Knight, Gryte & Hazlett. Such groups assist in the adsorption and/or absorption of water onto the membrane. Such hydrophilicity is particularly useful in the filtration of aqueous fluids.

[0056] Preferred microporous membranes of the present disclosure are produced from nylon. The term “nylon” is intended to embrace film forming polyamide resins, including copolymers and terpolymers which include the recurring amido grouping and blends of different polyamide resins. Preferably, the nylon is a hydrolytically stable nylon possessing at least about 0.9 moles of amino end groups per mole of nylon as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,782 to Hou et al., the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0057] While in general the various nylon or polyamide resins are all copolymers of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid, or homopolymers of a lactam and an amino acid, they vary widely in crystallinity or solid structure, melting point, and other physical properties. Preferred nylons for use in the present disclosure are copolymers of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid (nylon 66), copolymers of hexmethylene diamine and sebacic acid (nylon 610), homopolymers of polycaprolactam (nylon 6) and copolymers of tetramethylenediamine and adipic acid (nylon 46). These preferred polyamide resins have a ratio of methylene (CH2) to amide (NHCO) groups within the range of about 4:1 to about 8:1. The nylon polymers are available in a wide variety of grades, which vary appreciably with respect to molecular weight, within the range from about 15,000 to about 42,000 (number average molecular weight) and in other characteristics.

[0058] The highly preferred species of the units composing the polymer chain is polyhexamethylene adipamide, i.e., nylon 66, having molecular weights above about 30,000. Polymers free of additives are generally preferred, but the addition of antioxidants, surface active agents, charge modifying agents or similar additives may have benefit under some conditions.

[0059] Preferred three zone, reinforced, continuous, monolithic, geometrically symmetrical microporous membranes of the present disclosure generally have, as an important component thereof, the porous support material 12 at least substantially embedded within the middle zone 16 of the membrane 10 for providing structural strength or reinforcement to the finished three zone membrane. The porous support material 12 may be prepared from any suitable material in any suitable manner. The support material 12 provides the membrane with sufficient strength to withstand the flow pressures encountered during use without deforming, in the event and/or to the extent that the microporous membrane 10 is damaged. Preferred support materials 12 for use herein include woven materials in a grid or mesh-like configuration as well as nonwoven materials formed by extrusion, lamination, and the like. Support material 12 preferably comprises polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide and polyvinylidene fluoride, although other web-producing polymers may be equally suitable. At present, the support material 12 used in conjunction with the present disclosure is preferably formed from fibers of sufficient strength and uniformity, is uniformly dispersed in cross web and machine direction, and is generally thin for providing a high degree of structural integrity and low pressure drop. For a general discussion of support material attributes and related subject matter, reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 4,645,602 to Barnes, Jr. et al., the entire contents of which were previously incorporated herein by reference.

[0060] In one presently preferred embodiment, the middle zone 16 of the microporous membrane 10 should have an average pore size which is at least about twenty percent (20%) greater, preferably at least about fifty percent (50%) greater, more preferably at least about 100% greater, and most preferably at least about 200% greater, than the average pore size of at least one of the upper zone 18 and lower zone 20 of the membrane, and preferably both the upper and lower zones 18, 20, respectively. The pores formed in the middle zone 16 generally have an average size of about ten (10) microns or less, and the average pore size will preferably range from about 0.5 microns to about two (2) microns, more preferably from about 0.1 to about one (1.0) microns. The middle zone 16 has a pore size distribution which is preferably quite narrow in range, although such tight pore size distribution is not essential for satisfactory performance of the disclosed three zone membrane.

[0061] The middle zone 16 should be as thin as possible so long as it provides sufficient structural strength and embeds the support material 12 such that, presently preferably, no fibers of the support material protrude from the middle zone 16 into either the upper zone 18 or the lower zone 20. However, in one preferred embodiment, some strands/fibers of the support material 12 are contiguous with, or slightly protrude into, at least one of the other two zones 18, 20 formed from a tight dope or coating solution, or into both zones 18, 20 when both zones are formed from a tight dope.

[0062] It is believed that having a relatively thin middle zone 16 in which at least some of the scrim is not completely encapsulated within the middle zone may be advantageous in that the thickness of the middle zone 16 will be kept to a minimum, thus, resulting in a thinner overall finished membrane. The thickness of middle zone 16 will typically range from about fifty (50) microns to about one hundred fifty (150) microns, and preferably from about seventy-five (75) microns to about one hundred (100) microns, or whatever dope volume is necessary to substantially impregnate the scrim being impregnated at any specific time.

[0063] In one presently preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the upper zone 18 and the lower zone 20 of the microporous membrane 10 possess pores having a size providing the desired filtration efficiency or particle removal. Generally, the average size of the pores of the upper zone and the lower zone will be about one (1) micron or less, and can typically range from about 0.01 microns to about one (1) microns. More preferably, the average size of the pores of each zone 18, 20 will range from about 0.2 microns to about 0.5 microns. The pore size distribution of the upper 18 and lower 20 zones of the microporous membrane 10 is preferably narrow. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the average pore size of the upper zone 18 is substantially the same as the average pore size of the lower zone 20. By “substantially the same”, it is meant that the average pore size of the upper zone does not differ from that of the lower zone, and vice versa, by more than about twenty-five (25%) percent.

[0064] An important feature of a preferred embodiment of the three zone, reinforced microporous membrane 10 of the present disclosure is that the upper 18 and the lower 20 zones have substantially the same thickness so as to provide geometric symmetry around the central axis of the membrane 10. These zones 18, 20 should be as thin as possible in order to minimize the pressure drop across the microporous membrane 10 while being sufficiently thick to yield desired particulate removal. The individual thickness of each of the upper and lower zones will generally range from about twenty-five (25) microns to about one hundred (100) microns, preferably from about thirty-five (35) microns to about sixty (60) microns. The overall thickness of the reinforced, continuous, monolithic, geometrically symmetrical, microporous filtration membrane of the present disclosure will generally not exceed about ten (10) mils.

[0065] The geometric symmetry of the presently disclosed microporous membrane 10 minimizes mechanical strains, reduces the likelihood of delamination of the membrane and generally improves the structural integrity of the membrane. This is particularly important to fan-fold pleated cartridge arrangements, where both sides of the microporous membrane are expected to bend equally well around the neutral (unyielding) axis of the reinforcing scrim. Such bending should result in an equal distribution of tension and compression forces in the pleat crests and troughs, such that neither side is burdened with an excessive tension or compression load, which would increase the possibility of damage and/or breech failure of the membrane at the pleat area. Furthermore, the uniquely reduced cross-section on both sides provides an advantage according to the present disclosure, in that the tension and compression forces are minimized as the absolute radius from the center of the reinforcement to the outside surface of the membrane is minimized. However, it should be understood that the thickness of one of the upper zone 18 or the lower zone 20 could be considerably thicker than the other and still be within the teachings of the present application.

[0066] The reinforced microporous membrane 10 may be rolled and stored for use under ambient conditions. It will be understood that preferred three zone, reinforced, microporous membranes of the present disclosure may be formed into any of the usual commercial forms, such as, for example, discs or pleated cartridges. More particularly, microporous membrane 10 may be advantageously incorporated into a radial pleat configuration, a spiral or laid-over pleat configuration, a W-pleat configuration, a spiral wound configuration, or other configurations as may be apparent to persons skilled in the art. Conventional and/or known technologies may be utilized in constructing filter elements according to the present disclosure, e.g., the apparatus and method described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,288 to Paul et al., the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

[0067] For sterile filtration involving biological liquids, three zone, reinforced, microporous membrane 10 may be sanitized or sterilized by autoclaving or hot water flushing. Preferred three zone, reinforced, microporous membranes according to the present disclosure have proven resistant to this type of treatment, particularly when a hydrolytically stable nylon is used as described hereinabove, and retains its structural integrity in use under such conditions.

[0068] Preferred three zone, reinforced, microporous membranes of the present disclosure are easy to handle and readily formed into convoluted structures, e.g. pleated configurations. By reason of its improved flow characteristics, such membranes may be employed directly in existing installations, without pumping modifications. Specifically, due to the improved flow rate, the existing pumps would actually operate at lower loads and thus would most likely have longer useful lives.

[0069] Preferred three zone, reinforced, filtration membranes according to the present disclosure are characterized by unexpectedly high flow rates for a given differential pressure and also characterized by durability, strength, uniformity, lack of pinholes and bubble defects. In many applications, preferred membranes may be used with either side of the membrane facing upstream.

[0070] Turning to FIG. 1a, exemplary cartridge 100 generally includes an extension member with reinforcing ring 102, O-ring seals 104a, 104b, end cap adapter 106, inner core 108, and outer cage 110. Reinforcing ring 102 functions generally to support the extension member, which may be fabricated from a polymeric material, e.g., polypropylene, so as to minimize distortion under steaming which could negatively impact function of O-ring seals 104a, 104b. For pharmaceutical applications, reinforcing ring 102 is preferably fabricated from stainless steel and, for food and beverage applications, reinforcing ring 102 is generally fabricated from a polymeric material, e.g., polysulfone. End cap adapter 106, inner core 108 and outer cage 110 are also typically fabricated from a suitable polymer material, e.g., polypropylene. A filter media 112 is concentrically positioned around inner core 108 within outer cage 110.

[0071] Filter media 112 includes first and second support layers 114, 116 and a multi-zone microporous membrane 118. Multi-zone media 118 may be advantageously correspond to microporous membrane 10, as described with reference to FIG. 1, and is preferably fabricated from a nylon material, e.g., nylon 66. First and second support layers 114, 116 are typically fabricated from a suitable polymeric material, e.g., polypropylene, and may take alternative forms, e.g., a mesh, screen or a porous woven or non-woven sheet. Preferred meshes and screens may be woven or extruded from a polymeric material. In addition, extruded mesh embodiments of first and second support layers 114, 116 may have symmetric or asymmetric geometries.

[0072] According to preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, downstream support layers are advantageously fabricated from Delnet® polymer (Applied Extrusion Technologies, Inc., Middletown, Del.), preferably having a thickness of about 5 thousandths of an inch. Delnet® polymer is generally sided with ribs projecting on one side only, while the opposite side is generally smooth. Preferred embodiments according to the present disclosure advantageously orient the smooth side of the Delnet® polymer against the downstream side of the media, while the ribbed side folds against itself. The ribs generally nest, allowing the downstream support to offer a thickness profile of less than 10 mils. Reversing the orientation of the Delnet® polymer is not prefered, since the ribs would project into the media, possibly damaging it, and the the smooth side of the material would not provide advantageous nesting functionality.

[0073] Downstream support layers fabricated from Delnet® polymer are thus particularly advantageous in that they are thin, strong, and nest within their own structure such that the profile of the pleated material is thinner than the 5 mil thickness would suggest. The aforementioned nesting functionality associated with 5 mil Delnet® polymer reduces the thickness below an expected 10 mils, and allows greater pleat packing than might be expected or otherwise achieved. In addition, the web structure of such downstream support layers provides efficient drainage with very low pressure drop, such drainage functionality being particularly advantageous in high area cartridge(s), as permitted by the disclosed thin multizone membrane.

[0074] As with the downstream support layer, the upstream support layer is also preferably thin in dimension. However, in alternative exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, it may not be advantageous to select the very thinnest materials available. Rather, the selection of an optimal thickness for the upstream support layer may beneficially take into consideration how readily the material accepts and holds a pleat, the material's dirt holding capacity, and/or the rigidity of the material, such that the capping process is enhanced where the ends of the filter are sealed. In a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, a Typar® 3091 L material (Reemay, Inc., Old Hickory, Tenn.) balances these properties well and are advantageously utilized in fabricating the upstream support layer, although other materials exhibiting comparably favorable properties are also contemplated.

[0075] It is also possible to use Delnet® polymer upstream to realize and achieve similarly advantageous results as are achieved by utilizing Delnet® polymer in fabricating downstream support layers. However, the bulk of advantages of Delnet® polymer according to the present disclosure accrue when it is placed downstream, because the Delnet® polymer advantageously function to keep pleats open effectively under a pressure load. Such functionality is not required of the upstream support when the cartridge receives fluids flowing in the forward direction.

[0076] Filter media 112 is thus typically constructed of a single-layer nylon 66 microporous membrane 118 pleated with polypropylene upstream and downstream support materials 114, 116. Cage 110, core 108 and end cap adapters 106 are typically made of polypropylene. Multiple length cartridges with industry standard connection styles are generally provided to fit the most widely used housing designs and system sizes. Generally, no resin or binder compounds are added and all materials used in manufacturing the disclosed cartridge systems are traceable and approved for use in direct contact with food products and the like.

[0077] In a further preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, the disclosed membrane may be advantageously utilized as a protection layer above an additional membrane, such as a sterilizing membrane (i.e., a membrane capable of retaining a B. diminuta challenge of 107 organisms/cm2 per the applicable liquid HIMA challenge method). In a preferred alternative embodiment, the filtration member includes an upstream support, a multizone membrane, a conventional sterilizing membrane, and a downstream support. The combination of a multizone membrane of reduced thickness, as disclosed herein, and a conventional sterilizing membrane necessarily sacrifices some level of the reduced thickness otherwise achievable with the reduced thickness multizone membrane alone. Nonetheless, a combined multizone membrane/sterilizing membrane system advantageously results in substantial life improvement and enhanced area as compared to currently available filtration offerings. Thus, use of a thin, multizone membrane as a protection layer provides an area advantage over devices attempting to offer this protection with a composite or double layer membrane.

[0078] The disclosed cartridge assemblies advantageously maximize the useful surface area of the filter while maintaining proper flow paths between media pleats. By employing as much as fifty percent (50%) more effective surface area than prior filter systems, the disclosed cartridge assemblies provide lower pressure drops, longer service life and lower overall filtrations costs. The multizone membranes are advantageously made in a single step and are not asymmetric, composite or laminate. By casting the membranes in a single step, i.e., at the same time, reduced thicknesses may be achieved, e.g., between 5 and 8 mils.

[0079] According to preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, the combination of a multizone structure and an ability to install greater area in the cartridge space contribute to the superior performance and advantageous functional parameters described herein. Physical properties and operating parameters for an exemplary cartridge assembly according to the present disclosure are summarized in the following Table 1. As demonstrated by this data, despite the reduced thickness membrane utilized according to the present disclosure, the disclosed cartridge is sufficiently robust to serve rigorous industrial applications.

TABLE 1
Cartridge Component      Material of Construction
Cage, Core, End-Caps and Polypropylene
Media Support Layers
Membrane                 Nylon 66
Adapter Support Ring     Polysulfone
Cartridge Dimensions     Dimension
Filtration Surface Area  11 ft2 (1 m2)
Outside Diameter         2 ¾″ (7 cm) nominal
Length                   Nominal 10, 20, 30 and 40 inches
                         (Nominal 25.4, 50.8, 76.2 and 101.6 cm)
Operating Parameters     Base Level Performance Benchmarks
Maximum Operation Temp.  180° F. (80° C.) for 30 min. sanitation
Maximum Differential     Forward: 80 psid (5.5 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)
Pressure                 25 psid (3.4 bar) @ 180° F. (80° C.)
                         Reverse: 50 psid (3.4 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)
Recommended Filter       35 psid (2.4 bar)
Change-Out Differential
Pressure
Hot Water Sanitization   30 minutes @ 180° F. (80° C.)
Steam Sterilization      30 minutes @ 250° F. (121° C.)

[0080] Physical properties and operating parameters for alternative exemplary cartridge assemblies according to the present disclosure are summarized in the following Table 2 (mini-cartridges) and Table 3 (capsules). Products of this type can be easily adapted to fit a variety of existing housings, yielding greater batch capacity and greatly reducing filter costs. Similarly, for critical small-volume applications, e.g., where convenience and ease of use are desired, the filter capsules described herein can be advantageously assembled into disposable capsules, as might be anticipated by those skilled in the art. These capsules can be fitted with common industrial fittings, such as sanitary vent and drain ports, 1.5″ sanitary flange connections and/or ½″ (13mm) hose barb inlet/outlet connections.

TABLE 2
Cartridge Component	Mini-Cartridge (2.5″ Length)	Mini-Cartridge (5″ Length
Cage, Core, End-Caps and	Polypropylene	Polypropylene
Media Support Layers
Membrane	FlexN Nylon 66	FlexN Nylon 66
Cartridge Dimensions	Dimension	Dimension
Filtration Surface Area	1.4 ft2 (0.13 m2)	3.6 ft2 (0.3 m2)
Outside Diameter	2.25″ (5.7 cm)	2.25″ (5.7 cm)
Length	3.125″ (7.9 cm)	5.5″ (14.0 cm)
Operating Parameters	Specification	Specification
Maximum Operation Temp.	180° F. (80° C.)	180° F. (80° C.)
Maximum Differential	Forward:	Forward:
Pressure	80 psid (5.5 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)	80 psid (5.5 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)
	25 psid (3.4 bar) @ 180° F. (80° C.)	25 psid (3.4 bar) @ 180° F. (80° C.)
	Reverse:	Reverse:
	50 psid (3.4 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)	50 psid (3.4 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)
Steam Sterilization	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)
Autoclave Sterilization	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)

[0081]

TABLE 3
Cartridge Component	Capsule (2.5″ Length)	Capsule (5″ Length)
Cage, Core, End-Caps and	Polypropylene	Polypropylene
Media Support Layers
Membrane	FlexN Nylon 66	FlexN Nylon 66
Cartridge Dimensions	Dimension	Dimension
Filtration Surface Area	1.4 ft2 (0.13 m2)	3.6 ft2 (0.3 m2)
Outside Diameter	3.125″ (7.9 cm)	3.125″ (7.9 cm)
Length - 1.5″ Sanitary	5.125″ (13.0 cm)	7.625″ (19.4 cm)
Inlet/Outlet
Length - 0.5″ Hose Barb	5.5″ (14.0 cm)	8″ (20.3 cm)
Inlet/Outlet
Operating Parameters	Specification	Specification
Maximum Operation Temp.	104° F. (40° C.)	104° F. (40° C.)
Maximum Differential	Forward:	Forward: 75 psid (5.2 bar) @
Pressure	75 psid (5.2 bar) @ 104° F. (40° C.)	104° F. (40° C.)
	Reverse:	Reverse:
	50 psid (1.7 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)	50 psid (1.7 bar) @ 75° F. (25° C.)
Steam Sterilization	Do not in situ steam	Do not in situ steam
Autoclave Sterilization	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)	30 minutes @ 259° F. (126° C.)

[0082] As demonstrated hereinabove, advantageous performance parameters may be achieved utilizing reduced thickness membranes according to the present disclosure in a variety of filtration systems and/or products, three exemplary embodiments being full size cartridges, mini-cartridges, and capsules. Of note, the outer diameter and inner diameter of the exemplary cage and core components are substantially the same for the exemplary mini-cartridges and capsules disclosed herein. However, the inner diameters and outer diameters for the exemplary 10-inch, 20-inch, 30-inch and 40-inch (nominal) cartridges are larger than the disclosed mini-cartridges and capsules.

[0083] With reference to Figure lb, a table is provided that summarizes relevant physical attributes of exemplary cartridges according to the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. lb, the thickness of the upstream support layers is about 0.0080 inches, the thickness of the filter media is about 0.0075 inches, and the thickness of the downstream support layers is about 0.0049 inches. As is known in the art, filter cartridge systems may be further characterized according to their inner and outer periphery dimensions.

[0084] Thus, the inner periphery dimension for a filtration member may be defined by the outer diameter of the core to be positioned therewithin. In like measure, the outer periphery dimension for a filtration member may be defined by the inner diameter of the cage to be positioned therearound. By subtracting the cross-sectional area of the core, based on the outside diameter of the core which the inside pleats would touch (i.e., the inner periphery dimension) from the cross-sectional area of the cage, based on the inside diameter of the cage which the outside pleats would touch (i.e., the outer periphery dimension) and multiplying by the length of the filtration member, a cartridge volume may be determined. However, for puposes of the present disclosure, the length of the filtration member is a non-significant dimension and will cancel in calculating the ratios described hereinbelow. Accordingly, a “Cartridge Volume” is calculated according to the present disclosure without including the length dimension, i.e., multiplication by the length of the filtration medium is omitted and the Cartridge Volume is expressed in the unit “square inches.”

[0085] For the 10-inch (nominal) cartridge product, the outer periphery dimension of exemplary cartridges according to the present disclosuris about 2.646 inches, the inner periphery dimension is about 1.377 inches, and the pleat height is about 0.82 inches. This combination of measurements requires that the pleats roll over in a spiral configuration. For pleated products, a spiral pleat pattern is a particularly efficient means of increasing media area within a given annular volume. The pleat count for the 10-inch (nominal) cartridge product is 120. For the five and 2½-inch cartridge products, the outer periphery dimension is about 2.047 inches, the inner periphery dimension is about 1.02 inches, and the pleat height is about 0.70 inches for exemplary cartridges. The pleat count for the five and 2½-inch cartridge products is 90. Based on the foregoing physical dimensions and characteristics, the Cartridge Volume of the 10-inch (nominal) product is about 4.0 square inches, whereas the Cartridge Volume of the five and 2½-inch cartridge products is about 2.5 square inches.

[0086] A further physical dimension of significance for filtration members according to the present disclosure is pleat area. Pleat area may be calculated by multiplying pleat height by twice the pleat count (based on the two legs associated with each pleat) and by the length of the filtration member. However, as noted above, the length of the filtration member is a non-significant dimension and will cancel in calculating the ratios described hereinbelow. Accordingly, a “Cartridge Area” is calculated according to the present disclosure based on the pleat area, without including the length dimension, i.e., multiplication by the length of the filtration medium is omitted and the Cartridge Area is expressed in the unit “inches.”

[0087] Based on the foregoing and as shown in FIG. 1b, the Cartridge Area for exemplary 10-inch (nominal) cartridge products (spiral pleat) according to the present disclosure is about 196.8 inches, i.e., pleat height (0.82 inches) times pleat count (120) times 2. The Cartridge Area for the five and 2½-inch cartridge products (spiral pleat) is about 126 inches (0.7×90×2). As will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, radial pleat systems will exhibit lower Cartridge Area values as compared to the spiral pleats described hereinabove.

[0088] According to the present disclosure, the ratio of Cartridge Volume to Cartridge Area offers a meaningful indicia of the improved filtration properties achieved according to the present disclosure. For the 10-inch (nominal) product (spiral pleat) the ratio of Cartridge Volume to Cartridge Area is about 49.1 in−1, and the ratio of Cartridge Volume to Cartridge Area for the five and 2½-inch cartridge products (spiral pleat) is about 50.9 in−1. These ratios provide quantitative indicia for characterizing cartridge products that benefit from the reduced membrane thickness, as disclosed herein. In particular, preferred cartridge products (spiral pleat) according to the present disclosure exhibit a ratio of Cartridge Volume to Cartridge Area of greater than about 49.1 in−1, and preferred ratios are in the range of about 49.1 to about 50.9 in−1. Such cartridge products advantageously provide lower pressure drops, longer service life and lower overall filtrations costs. Slightly lower ratios are achieved in non-spiral pleated cartridge systems, e.g., in the range of about 42 to 45 in−1.

[0089] By way of comparison, a spiral-pleated product that might be fabricated utilizing filter media of conventional thickness, i.e., 0.0100 inches, would exhibit a pleat count of about 80 (all other variables being maintained equal). Based on the reduced pleat count, the Cartridge Area (as defined herein) would be reduced to about 112 inches for a 5-inch and/or 2½ inch product. A Cartridge Area of 112 inches for this conventional product would compare to the Cartridge Area of 126 inches achieved according to advantageous aspects of the present disclosure. The Cartridge Volume would remain unchanged, i.e., 2.5 square inches, and the ratio of Cartridge Area to Cartridge Volume would therefore be reduced to about 45.3 in−1. Based on the foregoing, it is apparent that the reduced thickness media utilized according to the present disclosure advantageously reduces the aforementioned ratio by about 11%.

[0090] As illustrated in FIG. 2, one presently preferred method for preparing a three zone, reinforced, continuous, geometrically symmetrical microporous filtration membrane according to the present disclosure includes: providing a porous support material 12 having first 22 and second 24 sides, presently preferably, pressure impregnating the support material 12 with a first solution or dope 26, coating a second solution or dope 28 over the first side 30 of the pressure impregnated support material 32, coating a third solution or dope 36 over the second side 31 of the pressure impregnated support material 32 such that a continuous microporous membrane having a middle zone 16 disposed between an upper zone 18 and a lower zone 20 (See FIG. 1) formed from the first 26, second 28 and third 36 dopes, the support material 12 being, presently preferably, completely embedded within the middle zone 16 and the middle zone having a pore size at least about twenty percent (20%) greater than the pore size of at least one of the upper zone 18 and the lower zone 20.

[0091] The dopes 26, 28, 36, and quench bath 38 utilized in the fabrication of the reinforced microporous membrane 10 herein are conventional in nature. The novel arrangement of slot dies 40, 42, 44 to, presently preferably, first pressure impregnate the support material 12 with a first dope and then to coat both sides thereof with other dopes has been found particularly effective to produce the membrane 10. A schematic representation of one presently preferred apparatus for fabricating membrane 10 of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 2 and includes a first die 40 for pressure impregnating the support material or scrim 12 and substantially opposed second and third dies 42, 44 for substantially simultaneously coating both sides 30, 31 of the initially impregnated scrim 12 or other apparatus capable of coating the membrane as described above.

[0092] The three zone microporous membrane 10 of the present disclosure is generally produced by first pressure impregnating the scrim with a first dope and then coating any one of a plurality of possible dopes containing a film-forming polymer in a solvent system onto each side of the dope impregnated scrim and immediately quenching the dopes 26, 28, 36 in a bath 38 comprised of a conventional nonsolvent system for the polymer. It is presently believed that an important parameter responsible for development of micropores in the membrane (e.g. pore size) is the solvent system employed with the polymer and the nonsolvent system used in quenching the polymer film as well as the phenomena discussed in the previously mentioned patent application. The selection of the solvent for the polymer is determined by the nature of the polymer material used and can be empirically determined on the basis of solubility parameters, as is well known and conventional in the art.

[0093] At present, the dopes for forming the preferred nylon microporous membrane of the present disclosure preferably contain nylon polymers in a solvent system for the polymer. The solvent system comprises a mixture of at least one solvent and one nonsolvent for the polymer. The solvents which can be used with alcohol soluble nylons include lower alkanols, e.g. methanol, ethanol and butanol, and mixtures thereof. It is known that nonalcohol soluble nylons will dissolve in solvents of acids, for example, formic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, and similar acids. The nylon dopes after formation are diluted with a nonsolvent for the nylon which is miscible with the nylon solution. Dilution with nonsolvent may be effected up to the point of incipient precipitation of the nylon. The nonsolvents are selected on the basis of the nylon solvent utilized. For example, when water miscible nylon solvents are employed, water can be the nonsolvent. Generally, the nonsolvent can be water, methyl formate, aqueous lower alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, polyols such as glycerol, glycols, polyglycols, and ethers and esters thereof and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

[0094] The support material 12 having first 22 and second 24 sides may be impregnated with the first dope 26 by any of a variety of techniques, e.g., roll coating, spray coating, slot die coating, and the like, with slot die pressure impregnating being presently preferred, to substantially completely impregnate the support material 12 with the first dope 26. As used in this disclosure, “complete impregnation of the support material” means that all fibers of the support material are completely surrounded by liquid dope and that no portion of the support material is not covered by liquid dope and that no portion of the support material protrudes from the center zone into either the second or third zones in the finished three zone membrane.

[0095] The support material 12 is preferably maintained under tension, in a manner known in the art, while the first dope 26, under pressure, penetrates and saturates the support material 12. The impregnated support 32 can be calendered, if desired, by rollers to force the first coating solution into the support as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,265 to Barnes, Jr. et al., the contents of which were previously incorporated by reference hereinabove. Thereafter, the second dope 28 is coated over the first side 30 of the impregnated support material 32 and the third dope 36 is coated over the second side 31 of the impregnated support material employing the substantially opposed slot dies or any other suitable technique which provides for the essentially simultaneous coating of a second dope on one side of the dope impregnated scrim and a third dope on the second side of the dope impregnated scrim. At present, application of the second 28 and third dopes 36 are preferably simultaneous or substantially simultaneous using substantially opposed slot dies 42, 44, such that the impregnated solution 32 is supported by the mutual hydrodynamic forces of the substantially opposed slot dies 42, 44. Slot dies 42, 44 to which the dopes 28, 36 are fed under pressure have been found to provide particularly good results in applying the second 28 and third 36 dopes to the sides of the dope impregnated support member 12. Preferably, the slot dies 42, 44 are disposed essentially directly opposite one another (See FIG. 2) with the dope impregnated support 32 passing therebetween. The second 28 and third 36 dopes are coated over each side 30, 31 in, presently preferably, substantially equal amounts but are not required to be coated with equal amounts of dope.

[0096] In accordance with one preferred embodiment, the second 28 and third 36 dopes produce substantially identical pore sizes but produce a different pore size from the first dope 26. In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the second 28 and third 36 dopes produce a different pore size as well as each producing a different pore size from the first dope 28. It is possible to have any pore size from the largest to the smallest in any of the three zones and in any order.

[0097] Thereafter, the first 26, second 28 and third 36 dopes are simultaneously quenched with the outer surfaces of the second and third dopes having direct contact with the quenching fluid in the same quench bath 38. Since the first 26 dope is, presently preferably, more coarse, it will coagulate more slowly, provide for the formation of a three zone, continuous, monolithic, symmetrical, geometrical, microporous membrane 10 having a relatively open-pore middle zone 16 (See FIG. 1) disposed between tighter pore sized upper zone 18 and lower zone 20 or a relatively open-pore sized upper or lower zone and a tighter pore sized upper or lower zone. After the microporous membrane is formed, the membrane is washed and dried to provide the final product, shown in FIG. 1.

[0098] It has been determined that the shape of the nose of the first die 40 used to pressure impregnate the scrim 12 is important to accomplishing substantially complete and, presently preferably, complete impregnation or saturation of the scrim 12. Specifically, in order to obtain a complete or a substantially complete impregnation of the scrim 12, the relative position of the scrim on the nose of the die 40 should be approximately as depicted in FIG. 2, except that the upper die surface contacting the scrim should be arched instead of being straight, as shown. Specifically, it is believed that the upper portion of the die 40 should be, presently preferably, arched with the angle that the scrim 12 forms with the die should be between about five (5°) degrees and about sixty five (65°) degrees. Since it is important for one aspect of the invention that the first dope 26 substantially completely impregnate the scrim 12, this relative position of the scrim to the upper surface of the die 40 has been determined as important to ensure that not only is the scrim completely or substantially completely impregnated and saturated with the first dope but also that, presently preferably, a sufficient amount of liquid dope extends beyond the fibers of the scrim 12 so that all fibers are covered by, presently preferred, at least about one (1) mil of liquid dope prior to the scrim, impregnated with the first liquid dope, having the second and third coating dopes coated substantially simultaneously thereon.

[0099] Further, since it is important to prevent or at least minimize vapors from the quench bath from contacting the dopes after the scrim has been impregnated and coated on both sides with the dope, means, such as, for example, a controlled vapor zone, are provided for preventing or at least minimizing the quench bath vapors from interacting with the coated scrim before quench. This controlled vapor zone is needed to prevent dope from solidifying on the bottom of the dies and to prevent quenching of the dope from contact with the vapors before the dope reaches the quench bath, as is known in the art.

[0100] However, it is also important in another aspect of the disclosure to pressure impregnate a predetermined amount of the first dope into the scrim such that at least one portion of the scrim is not completely covered by the liquid dope. In such cases, at least one fiber or portion of a fiber of the scrim be at least contiguous with or slightly protrude into the second dope zone and/or the third dope zone. When producing a three zone membrane having the same pore size zones on both sides of the center zone, both sides of the dope impregnated scrim have at least portions that are at least contiguous with or protrude above the liquid dope surface after the scrim has been impregnated thereby. Such incomplete encapsulation of the scrim by the first dope results in finished three zone membrane having portions/fibers of the scrim that protrude or are contacted by both the second and third zones or only one of the zones, the zone having the tighter pore size.

[0101] When producing a three zone membrane having three different pore size dopes, it is presently preferred that the side of the pressure impregnated scrim that is coated by the tight dope have at least one portion of the scrim extending above the level of the dope impregnating the scrim, breaking the surface tension of the liquid dope substantially impregnating the scrim after the scrim has been pressure impregnated and before being coated by the tight dope.

[0102] The described method can be conducted in a continuous or batch-wise manner in a number of representative apparatus. In general, the support material 12, e.g., in the form of a nonwoven fibrous scrim, is unwound under tension from a roll and pressure impregnated with the first dope 26 as described above. The pressure impregnated support material 12 is then coated on each side 30, 31 with second and third dopes as previously described. The unquenched dope/scrim combination is then substantially immediately immersed while still under tension in a quench bath to form the three zone, continuous, microporous membrane of the present invention from the first, second and/or third dopes. The microporous membrane is then dried and wound under tension on a roll for storage, as is known in the art.

[0103] It is believed that impregnation of the scrim is a function of the viscosity of the dope, the back tension on the scrim, the gap in the initial die which effects the dope pressure and the velocity of the scrim relative to the dope. Each of these parameters is unique to the specific scrim being impregnated by the dope and can be determined by those skilled in the art.

[0104] As an example, as would be appreciated by those skilled in the art, if the viscosity of the first dope is too low, the first dope will lack cohesiveness and the ability to be readily coated by the second and/or third dopes. If too viscous, the first dope will not completely, properly, impregnate the scrim which will cause an excess of the first dope to remain on the die side of the scrim and not properly penetrate to the far said of the scrim.

[0105] As illustrated in FIG. 2, one representative apparatus 50 useful in the production of the membrane of the present disclosure includes a conventional assembly 52, for providing the continuous scrim or other support structure 12 for receiving the polymer dopes 26, 28, 36. The conventional assembly typically includes an unwind station comprising a let-off apparatus which includes a spindle for mounting one or more rolls of support material and related release and brake elements conventionally employed for paying out a continuous sheet of the support material, as is known in the art. The assembly 52 also includes a plurality of conventional unwind rollers which begin to orient movement of the scrim through a ladder unit which conventionally includes a series of rollers which further align and begin to tension the scrim 12 and prepare the scrim for the impregnation operation, as is known in the art.

[0106] After the scrim 12 leaves the conventional ladder unit, the scrim enters a conventional drive section. The drive section includes a plurality of individual rollers, at least one of which is driven to pull the scrim 12 from the conventional unwind station. Additional rollers are provided and arranged to regulate the tension in the scrim 12 and the position of the scrim 12, as is known to those skilled in the art.

[0107] The scrim 12 is fed by the conventional drive section, downwardly between, presently preferably, a series of dies, including the first die 40 for, presently preferably, completely pressure impregnating the scrim with a first dope 26 and second 42 and third 44 dies for coating a second 28 and a third 36 dope on to the outer surfaces of the dope impregnated scrim. In a preferred embodiment of one apparatus useful for producing membranes according to the present disclosure, the first die 40 is a single slot die, operatively connected to a suitable reservoir 60 containing the first dope 26. The first dope may vary depending on the type of film-forming polymer used, but is generally a liquid dope formulated and treated to produce a specific pore size when quenched. A conventional controlled pumping mechanism (not shown) operates to selectively deliver the first dope 26 from the reservoir 60 to the first die 40. The first die 40 has an opening configured to provide an even amount of the first dope 26 so as to pressure impregnate the scrim 12 as the scrim 12 passes by the opening of the first die 40. When different sizes of scrim 12 are used, the die 40 may be changed for appropriate scrim impregnation. It is important that the dope 26 transferred to the scrim 12 substantially completely saturate or impregnate the scrim, as was discussed above.

[0108] After the scrim 12 is at least substantially impregnated or saturated with the first dope, the scrim travels between the second 40 and third 44 dies. In one embodiment of the apparatus, the scrim 12 is disposed vertically and travels in the downward direction. In one presently preferred embodiment of the apparatus, the scrim 12 may initially travel at an angle less than vertical, as shown in FIG. 2. Second 40 and third 44 dies are essentially disposed on opposite sides of the scrim 12 in order to produce the membrane of the present disclosure. Second die 42 is directed to coat the polymer dope 28 desired onto the first surface 22 of the substantially saturated scrim 12 and in like manner, third die 44 is directed to coat the polymer dope 36 desired onto the second surface 24 of the substantially saturated scrim 12. Each die 42, 44 is fed from reservoirs 62, 64 having the dopes 28, 36. The dopes comprise, for example, nylon 66 dissolved in formic acid where the desired polymer membranes are nylon and identical. It is to be appreciated that the dopes may be a combination of any of the well-known film-forming polymers in an appropriate well-known solvent. Conventionally controlled pumping mechanisms (not shown) selectively deliver the dope 28, 36 to the dies 42, 44.

[0109] As best shown in FIG. 3, the dies 42, 44 are each disposed on opposite sides of the pressure impregnated scrim 12 and essentially opposed to the other die. Each die 42, 44 has a chamber 72 for receiving the dope solution and a narrow slot 74, transversely extending across each side of the front 75 of each die, for transferring the dope solution onto the impregnated scrim 12 (die 40) and then to coat the substantially saturated scrim on both sides (dies 42, 44). The dope is forced out of the slots 74 by the pressure supplied by the conventional reservoir pumps (not shown), in a manner known in the art. The pressure provided to the dope varies with each dope and scrim used. Determination of the appropriate pressure for any of the dopes applied to a particular scrim is known to those skilled in the art. The dies 42, 44 are positioned close enough to the substantially saturated, impregnated scrim 12 so that the dope directly contacts the outer surface 22 of the dope saturated scrim 12 when the dope is forced from the slot 74. As is apparent in FIG. 3, the length of the slot 74 determines the final width of the dope coated onto the saturated scrim. By masking or other appropriate means, it is possible to foreclose coating the dope at the edges of scrim 12, leaving a selvage area 76 for trimming, potting or other post-formation operations. It is to be understood that the initial dope is different from the other dope(s) and that it is possible to have three different dopes, with a first dope impregnating the scrim 12 and the second and third dopes coated on each side of the first dope impregnated scrim, resulting in a graded density three zone membrane.

[0110] In similar fashion, although not shown, intermediate areas along the slots 74 can also be masked to accommodate the ultimate filtration purposes and apparatus in which the reinforced, continuous membrane of the present invention is to be employed. The internal configuration of the first die 40 is similar and therefore has not been disclosed in greater detail. However, it is believed important that the first die 40 be positioned so that the initial dope substantially, completely saturates the scrim 12, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

[0111] As shown in FIG. 2, after all three dopes have been applied to the scrim 12, the resulting unquenched scrim reinforced structure is directed into the quenching unit 38. Quenching unit 38 is conventional and includes a conventional reservoir for circulating a quantity of nonsolvent, hereinafter referred to as the quench bath, for the dissolved polymer which forces the polymer in each of the three dope zones to solidify. The result of the quench is a continuous, non-laminated, geometrically symmetric, reinforced, membrane 10 comprising a zone of microporous polymer 18, 20 on each side of a middle zone 16 of microporous polymer encapsulating a support material 12 (see FIG. 1). After the polymers have solidified in the quench, the membrane 10 passes over a conventional first roller that is immersed in the quench bath. The membrane 10 is then conventionally drawn through the quench bath and around a second roll which is driven by conventional drive means (not shown). At this time, formation of the composite membrane 10 is complete, but excess liquid from the quench bath 38 remains thereon. The resulting three zone membrane 10 is geometrically symmetric because the layers 18, 20 of polymer were substantially equally coated and quenched before contacting any rollers or other devices that might interfere with the solidification of the dope polymers during quenching.

[0112] As shown in FIG. 2, the scrim 12 having three distinct layers of dope operatively applied thereto is directly immersed in the quench bath 38. For the purpose of this disclosure, the term directly is intended to mean that the impregnated, coated scrim does not contact or interact with any rollers or other solid elements of the apparatus 50 between the dies 40, 42, 44 and the quench bath 38. Thus, directly is not intended to refer to the length of time that the impregnated, coated scrim takes to travel from the coating dies 42, 44 to the quench bath and is not intended to refer to the physical distance between the coating dies 42, 44 and the quench bath 38. However, it is preferred that the distance and the time be as short as possible consistent with the production of high quality membrane. Further, since it is important to prevent or at least minimize vapors from the quench bath from contacting the dopes after the scrim has been impregnated and coated on both sides with the dope, means, such as, for example, a controlled vapor zone, are provided for preventing or at least minimizing the quench bath vapors from interacting with the coated scrim before quench. This controlled vapor zone is needed to prevent dope from solidifying on the bottom of the dies and to prevent quenching of the dope from contact with the vapors before the dope reaches the quench bath, as is known in the art.

[0113] The newly formed membrane 10 is presently preferably, immediately rinsed of excess fluid from the quench in a conventional first stage rinsing unit 70, as is known in the art. The membrane is thereafter directed over another plurality of rollers and into a counter-current flow wash tank 72, including a reservoir containing a quantity of water, a plurality of rollers to increase the contact time of the membrane 10 within the tank 72, and suitable spraying and circulation apparatus, as known in the art to complete the rinse of the membrane 10. After the membrane 10 leaves the wash tank 72, it enters a conventional winding section 74 where the membrane 10 is wound onto a spindle or the like for storage and drying, as is known in the art.

[0114] As should be apparent from the drawings and the previous description, the dies 42, 44 are disposed in opposed fashion to coat, presently preferably, simultaneously, both surfaces of the substantially saturated scrim which, in turn, is passing vertically therebetween. The substantially saturated scrim coated on both sides by dope emanating from the dies is then caused to pass a predetermined distance, toward the quenching unit downwardly where the impregnated, coated scrim is contacted only by air. The distance can be controlled somewhat by movement of the dies 40, 42, 44 and more readily by lowering or raising the level of the quench liquid in the tank. Control over this distance may effect formation of the microporous membrane by controlling the vapor zone. Once having traversed the distance to the quench tank, the impregnated, coated scrim is then immersed in the quench fluid contained therein. The coated scrim is then caused to pass a predetermined distance, within the quenching unit, before reaching a first roller, as is known in the art.

[0115] An important aspect of the method for producing the product of the present disclosure is that the impregnated, coated scrim does not encounter any rollers or other solid or physical elements of the apparatus at this stage, which is prior to solidification of the three zones of dope to an extent that the membrane develops sufficient integrity to avoid and resist deformation encountered during subsequent steps of the manufacturing process. Accordingly, the first predetermined distance and the second predetermined distance function together to provide means for permitting the polymer membranes to solidify on the impregnated, coated scrim sufficiently to avoid and resist damaging deformation during subsequent manufacture of the composite membrane. This ensures that the membrane zones 18, 20 are substantially uniform in thickness and provide the pore structure and size desired and intended by selection of the dope(s), quench solutions and other parameters, including temperature, concentrations, rate of the impregnated, coated scrim passing through the apparatus, and the like.

[0116] Generally, the residence time the impregnated, coated scrim travels within the quench tank 38 is related to speed of travel of the impregnated, coated scrim, temperature and concentration of the quench fluid and the height of the tank Accordingly, at the bottom of the tank 38, a roller, as is known in the art, is provided to reverse the travel direction of the coated scrim, upwardly and out of the tank. Upon exiting the tank 38 the quenched membrane is subjected to washing for the purpose of removing the excess quench liquids. The apparatus provides first state rinsing unit 70 and a counter-current flow wash tank 72, as described hereinabove. Thereafter, the membrane structure is wound and/or dried for subsequent usage, as is known in the art.

EXAMPLES

[0117] Preparation of the Dopes:

[0118] Two dopes were prepared using the methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,265 to Bames, Jr. et al., Example 1. The dopes were produced using a 14.5 percent by weight Nylon 66 (Monsanto/Solutia Vydyne® 66B) polymer. The characteristics of the prepared dopes processed as standard dry double layer non-reinforced membrane are given in Table 4.

TABLE 4
Dopes for Examples 1, 2, and 3
	Dope		Viscosity	IBP	FAOP	Thickness
Dope I.D.	Type	% Solids	(cp)	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	M.F.P. (micron)
97L028	“A” = Smaller	14.5	˜3000	43.5	49.8	7.0	69.1	0.426
	Pore
97L038	“B” = Larger	14.5	˜3000	19.7	21.6	9.1	259.2	1.006
	Pore

Example 1

[0119] A geometrically symmetric and pore size symmetric reinforced three zone membrane, with an “open” (large pore size) scrim impregnation was prepared as follows.

[0120] A non-woven polypropylene bicomponent fiber web or scrim suitable for preparation of a membrane according to the present disclosure (commercially available from Freudenberg under tradename Viledon®, Grade # F02432), having a basis weight of nominally 30 gm/sq.meter was processed by the method taught in the present application. The scrim was pre-treated with a mild Corona Discharge to enhance its wetability prior to pressure impregnation. The larger pore size dope, 97L038, was used to pressure impregnate the web with an impregnation weight of about seven grams per sq.meter of nylon solids. The nylon solids were provided from the dissolved nylon in the dope solution which was, for this example, a 14.5 wt % nylon solution (approx. 50 grams of liquid dope per sq. meter), which was sufficient to impregnate and fill the void volume of the scrim, creating the first zone of large pore size dope integral with the supporting scrim. Almost immediately following pressure impregnation of the scrim with the 97L038 dope, both sides of the pressure impregnated scrim were essentially simultaneously coated with substantially even layers of small pore size dope, 97L028. In this example, the total coating weight delivered to the two sides was about thirty seven (37) gm/sq.meter of nylon solids in about a fourteen and one half (14.5) wt % solution (approx. 260 grams of liquid dope per square meter), with the total being split into two streams of dope feeding onto the two sides, so that both sides were substantially evenly coated with the same dope, creating the second and third zones of small pore size dope. The split in the amount of the 97L028 dope was not perfect in that one side of the impregnated scrim received approximately fifteen (15) gm/sq.meter of nylon solids (zone two), where the other side received approximately twenty two (22) gm/sq.meter of nylon solids (zone three). The imbalance in the amount of dope coated on the two sides resulted in a slight imbalance in the small pore size qualifying zone coating, but the imbalance was not detrimental to performance of the finished product. The grand total application of both dopes (large and small pore size) was, thus, approx. forty four (44) gm/sq.meter nylon solids. The coated three zone structure was then quickly brought into contact with a Marinacco-style quench solution, which simultaneously quenched the three zone structure from the outer surfaces of the small pore size dope, 97L028, such that a continuous microporous membrane structure was formed. The quenched membrane was then washed, dried under X & Y direction dimensional restraint and tested in the usual manner. The test results are shown in Table 5.

[0121] FIGS. 4 a -4f are Scanning Electron Photo Micrographs of a cross-section of the membrane produced in Example 1.

Example 2

[0122] A geometrically symmetric and pore size asymmetric three zone membrane was prepared as follows.

[0123] A second three zone membrane was prepared in nearly identical manner as in Example 1, with the exception that one of the coating sides of the pressure impregnated scrim (in this case, zone two) was coated with the same approximately fifteen (15) gm/sq.meter nylon solids from the large pore size dope 97L038. The opposite side (zone three) was coated with the approximately twenty two (22) gm per sq.meter nylon solids from small pore size Dope 97L028. After two-side simultaneous quenching, washing and restrained drying, the resultant finished membrane had achieved a continuous, substantially geometric symmetry around the neutral axis of the reinforcing scrim, but had very different pore size attributes on both sides of the scrim (i.e., Pore Size Asymmetric.) The test results for this membrane are also shown in Table 5.

[0124] FIGS. 5 a -5f are Scanning Electron Photo Micrographs of a cross-section of the membrane produced in Example 2.

Example 3

Control, Reinforced Membrane

[0125] A control, reinforced membrane was produced for comparison with the reinforced membrane produced according to the method of the present application. This three zone, reinforced, membrane was identical to the membrane produced in Example 1, except that the pressure impregnated first zone was also produced using the small pore size dope 97L028. Thus, all three zones were produced using a single dope, split into three streams to each of the dies. After two-side simultaneous quenching, washing and restrained drying, the resultant finished membrane was a continuous, substantially geometrically symmetric, single pore size structured membrane; which was similar in appearance and finction to any standard single layer reinforced membrane which is common to the Nylon microporous membrane industry today. The test results for this membrane are also shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5
Membrane Test Attributes from Examples 1, 2, and 3
	Dope Type in		IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Example #	Zone “3-1-2”	Roll I.D. #	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
1	“A-B-A”	97L028-05	44.2	54.7	7.1	97	0.430
2	“A-B-B”	97L028-03	41.3	47.9	7.3	145.1	0.562
3 (Control)	“A-A-A”	97L028-01	41.8	49.7	6.9	81.4	0.489

Discussion of Examples 1 through 3

[0126] As can be seen from Table 5, the Example 1 membrane has a clearly improved flow rate over the standard (control) membrane. The raw water flow rate (Q, expressed as cc/min clean deionized water for a nominally forty seven (47) mm test disc (13.5 cm2 test area) under water pressure of 5 psid) has shown about a twenty (20%) percent improvement, while the integrity, as measured by Initial Bubble Point, has surprisingly increased by about six (6%) percent, for the same overall membrane thickness. This improvement potentially provides a double benefit, these being improved clean water flow rate and improved integrity as measured by IBP. The increase in Initial Bubble Point is corroborated by both the increase in membrane Foam-All-Over-Point, and the decrease in the ASTM Mean Flow Pore size rating.

[0127] The Example 1 membrane is representative of one advantageous aspect of membranes fabricated according to teachings of the present disclosure, where there are two geometrically symmetric, separate and self-sufficient qualifying zones of small pore size membrane, yielding the highest possible integrity by redundant qualifying layers, separated by a non-restrictive inner zone which contains the reinforcement, without diminishing the performance of the qualifying layers, in a surprisingly thin overall section.

[0128] The Example 2 membrane provided a stunning improvement in flow rate over the standard (control) membrane of about seventy eight (78%) percent, while retaining almost the same integrity attributes in IBP and FAOP. The Mean Flow Pore (MFP), a more universally recognized method for mean pore size, of which FAOP is attempting to approximate, shows the expected difference: a larger mean flow pore is consistent with a higher flow rate, and this indicates that there is, by the flow averaging method, a wider distribution of pore sizes in the Example 2 membrane when compared to the control membrane. This does not, however, diminish the importance of the flow improvement with essentially the same Initial Bubble Point, which is a rating of the single largest pore on the membrane, and a measurement which the microfiltration industry has come to rely upon for testing the integrity of a membrane. Thus, Example 2 illustrates another advantage to an exemplary membrane according to the present disclosure, which is the ability to produce, in a single membrane, three separate zones of performance which, when oriented by decreasing pore size, can provide a novel, surprisingly thin section combination reinforced prefilter and final filter, having geometric symmetry, good integrity, and very high flow rates.

Example 4

[0129] The dopes used in this example were prepared as described in the first three examples. The dopes were produced using Nylon 66 (Monsanto/Solutia Vydyne® 66Z) polymer. Characteristics of these dopes processed as standard dry double layer non-reinforced membrane are given in Table 6.

TABLE 6
Dopes for Example 4
	Dope		Viscosity	IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Dope I.D.	Type	% Solids	(cp)	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min	(micron)
97A012	“A” = Smaller	14.5	3050	51.7	65.3	7.8	30.6	0.336
	Pore
97A016	“B” = Larger	12.5	1500	23.5	30.3	7.5	205.0	0.789
	Pore

[0130] Another geometrically symmetric and pore size symmetric reinforced three zone membrane, with an “open” (large pore size) scrim impregnation was prepared.

[0131] A non-woven fiber spunbonded web suitable for preparation of membranes according to the present disclosure (commercially available from Ahlstrom, tradename Hollytex®, Grade # 3257), having a basis weight of nominally thirty two (32) gm/sq.meter was selected for processing. The processing method was essentially the same as disclosed in Example 1. The differences were: Zone one pressure impregnation using large pore size dope 97A0 16 with an impregnation weight of about six (6) gram per sq.meter of nylon solids. Zones two and three were essentially simultaneously coated with substantially even layers of the small pore size dope, 97A0 12. In this example, the total coating weight delivered to the two sides was about nineteen (19) gm/sq.meter of nylon solids, with the total substantially evenly split between the two sides so that both zones received about eight (8) to about eleven (11) gm/sq.meter of coating. Quenching, washing, drying and testing were accomplished as described in previous examples. The test results for this membrane are shown in Table 7. At the same time, a control membrane was processed using the small pore size dope 97A012 in zone one as well as in zones two and three. The test results for the control membrane are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7
Membrane Test Attributes from Examples 4
	Dope Type in		IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Example #	Zone “3-1-2”	Roll I.D. #	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
4	“A-B-A”	97A016-05	40.5	54.0	4.7	114.0	0.554
(control)	“A-A-A”	97A012-06	46.1	54.9	4.4	72.2	0.498

Discussion of Example 4

[0132] A three zone, reinforced membrane having an extremely thin cross-section was produced, as shown above. This example demonstrates the ability of the reinforced zone and the two very thin qualifying zones to provide a reasonably high integrity membrane. It should be noted that the thickness of the filled Hollytex scrim is approximately 3.5 mils. Therefore, the remaining 1.2 mils of the 4.7 mil membrane in Example 4 is shared by zones two and three, leaving only about 0.6 mils of effective qualifying layer on each side of the reinforced zone. However, this thickness was sufficient to provide a flow rate improvement of about fifty eight (58%) percent with only about a twelve (12%) percent loss of integrity as compared to the control membrane.

Example 5

[0133] The dopes used in this example were prepared as described in the preceding examples. The dopes were produced using Nylon 66 (Monsanto/Solutia Vydyne® 66Z) polymer. Characteristics of these dopes processed as standard dry double layer non-reinforced membrane are given in Table 8:

TABLE 8
Dopes for Example 5
	Dope			IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Dope I.D.	Type	% Solids	Viscosity	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
97B024	“A” = Smaller	14.5	2894	60.5	73.5	6.8	28.9	0.322
	Pore
97B011	“B” = Larger	12.5	1400	29.3	36.1	6.3	136.9	0.646
	Pore

[0134] Another geometrically symmetric and pore size symmetric reinforced three zone membrane, with an “open” (large pore size) scrim impregnation was prepared as described below.

[0135] The same substrate was used as in Example 4 (Hollytex® 3257) and the processing method was essentially the same as disclosed in Example 1. However, zone one was pressure impregnated using large pore size dope 97B011 with an impregnation weight of about 6 gm/sq.meter of nylon solids. Zones two and three were simultaneously coated with substantially even layers of the small pore size dope, 97B024. In this example, the total coating weight delivered to the two sides was about 38 gm/sq.meter of nylon solids. The total coating weight delivered was split between the two sides, so that both zones two and three received about seventeen (17) to about twenty one (21) grams per sq.meter of nylon solids coating. The grand total application of both dopes (large and small pore size) was thus approximately 44 gm/sq.meter nylon solids. Quenching, washing, drying and testing were conducted as previously described. The test results for the resulting membrane are shown in Table 9. During the same experiment, a control membrane was processed, using the small pore size dope 97B024 in all three zones. The test results for the control membrane are also shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9
Membrane Test Attributes from Examples 5
	Dope Type in		IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Example #	Zone “3-1-2”	Roll ID. #	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
5	“A-B-A”	97B024-05	61.6	75.8	6.1	45.7	0.357
(control)	“A-A-A”	97B024-02	64.5	79.3	6.0	29.8	0.332

Discussion of Example 5

[0136] As can be seen, as compared to Example 4, the nominally higher coating weights used to form the qualifying zones two and three in the present Example 5 resulted in a very high integrity membrane having an IBP within about five (5%) percent of the control membrane, and a flow rate improvement of about fifty three (53%) percent as compared to the control membrane.

Example 6

[0137] The dopes were prepared as previously described. The dopes were produced using Nylon 66 (Monsanto/Solutia Vydyne® 66Z) polymer. Characteristics of these dopes processed as standard dry double layer non-reinforced membrane are given in 10:

TABLE 10
Dopes for Example 6
	Dope		Viscosity	IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Dope I.D	Type	% Solids	(cp)	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
97B066	“A” = Smaller	14.5	2980	71.8	>90	4.5	24.8	0.219
	Pore
97B067	“B” = Larger	12.5	1772	31.8	39.3	5.6	93	0.628
	Pore

[0138] Still another geometrically symmetric and pore size symmetric reinforced three zone membrane, with an “open” (large pore size) scrim impregnation was prepared.

[0139] The same substrate as Example 4 was used, (Hollytex® 3257). The processing method was essentially the same as disclosed in Example 1. However, zone one was pressure impregnated using a large pore size dope 97B067 with an impregnation weight of about 6 gm/sq.meter of Nylon solids. Zones two and three were simultaneously coated with substantially even layers of the small pore size dope, 97B066. In this example, the total coating weight delivered to the two sides was about 24 grams per sq.meter of nylon solids. The total coating weight delivered was split between the two sides, so that both zones received about 11 to about 13 gm/sq.meter of nylon solids coating. The grand total application of both dopes (large and small pore size) was thus approximately 30 gm/sq.meter nylon solids. Quenching, washing, drying and testing were accomplished as described in prior examples. The test results for this membrane are shown in Table 11. During the same experiment, a control membrane was processed, using the small pore size dope 97B066 in all three zones. The test results for the control membrane are also shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11
Membrane Test Attributes from Examples 6
	Dope Type in		IBP	FAOP	Thickness		M.F.P.
Example #	Zone “3-1-2”	Roll I.D. #	(psig)	(psig)	(mils)	Q (cc/min)	(micron)
6	“A-B-A”	97B066-01	71.0	>90	4.6	39.6	0.261
(control)	“A-A-A”	97B066-11	71.7	>90	4.5	29.4	0.254

Discussion of Example 6

[0140] Again, as compared to Example 4, the nominally higher coating weights of qualifying zones two and three in the present example have resulted in a very high integrity membrane, having an IBP within about one (1%) percent of the control membrane, and a flow rate improvement of about thirty five (35%) percent over the control membrane.

[0141] This particular example is representative of a 0.1 micron membrane, suitable for use in purifying water for manufacture of semiconductors and integrated circuits, in the electronics industry. The increased clean water flow rate of the new membrane resulting from the new process described in the present application allows for the design of a smaller and less costly water treatment system in constructing a semiconductor fabrication plant, while providing the same high quality finish water at the design demand flow rate.

Summary of Examples

[0142] The three zone membranes of the present disclosure are characterized as having markedly improved flow rates in filtration applications, for their pore size attributes, as compared to standard products now common in the membrane filtration industry. The relatively thin cross-sections of these three zone, membrane products result in membrane cartridges having more surface area and even higher throughputs. This translates into a higher value added product for the filtration customer.

[0143] It is believed that routine experimentation with substrates, pre-treatments, zone coating weights, polymers, dope viscosity, thickness, pore sizes, and orientations of the zones with respect to pore sizes will yield optimized membrane products which have superior performance to existing membrane products. Other membrane applications which will benefit from the ability to customize zone performance will include (as examples), diagnostic products using body fluids, transfer membranes, separation devices, medical devices, and others which will become obvious to those skilled in the arts of membrane science.

[0144] As clearly shown in FIGS. 4a-h, the three zone, supported, microporous membrane of the present disclosure has three distinct, continuous zones. Also, as clearly shown FIGS. 4b-4d, at least one portion of the scrim encapsulated in the center zone (zone having largest pore size) at least partially protrudes into both the upper and the lower zones (zones having the same, smaller pore size).

[0145] As clearly shown in FIG. 5a-h, the three zone, supported, microporous membrane made in accordance with the present disclosure has three distinct, continuous, zones. Also, as clearly shown FIGS. 5b-5d, at least one portion of the scrim encapsulated in the center zone (zone having largest pore size) at least partially protrudes into the lower zone (zone having the smaller pore size).

[0146] Based on the above, it should be clear that the teachings of the present disclosure, which includes the intermingling of the dopes in fluid form from the three dies prior to quench, provides an advantageous three zone, continuous membrane, as described herein.

[0147] Based on the foregoing description, it should now be apparent that the use of the apparatus and the process to produce three zoned, reinforced membranes as described herein will carry out the objects set forth hereinabove. It should also be apparent to those skilled in the art that the process of the present disclosure can be practiced to manufacture a variety of microporous membranes having at least a single layer of support material at least substantially embedded in a first zone of microporous membrane and having at least one zone of microporous polymer membrane on each opposed surface of the first zone. Similarly, the dope quench solutions, concentration and temperatures thereof, as well as the speed at which the scrim is continuously fed through the apparatus, can readily be determined by those skilled in the art.

[0148] It is important to note that the three zone membrane of the present disclosure has a discontinuous pore structure with a continuous entanglement of the separate layers/zones of polymer such that the continuous microporous membrane produced is structurally integral. After formation of the three zone, reinforced, microporous membrane 10 of the present disclosure, the membrane may be treated in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,474 to Ostreicher et al., the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, to produce a cationically charge modified microporous membrane particularly suitable for the filtration of parenteral or biological liquid or, in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,475 to Barnes, Jr. et al., the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, to produce cationically charge modified microporous membrane particularly suitable for the filtration of high purity water required in the manufacture of electronic components.

[0149] While experiments have not as yet conducted to verify that the present disclosure will have the same or similar results when using other ternary phase inversion polymers, it is presently believed that the present disclosure can be useful in the processing of a large number of ternary phase inversion polymers into membrane or other useful purposes because of the similar chemical compositions and structures. Specifically, since nylon 66 is a member of a group of polymers that are capable of being process into microporous membrane via the phase inversion process, the nature of this process is such that there is a strong probability that the methods and systems of the present disclosure will be applicable to these other polymers as well, including, but not limited to, nylon 66, nylon 46, nylon 6, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidenediflouride (PVDF) and other ternary phase inversion polymers that form microporous structures through the phase inversion process

[0150] The subject disclosure is specifically directed to filter elements constructed of a single-layer of multi-zone microporous membrane (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,782) pleated with upstream and downstream support materials, and disposed within a standard radial flow cartridge, a mini-cartridge, or a capsule. Examples of commercial embodiments of the present disclosure include the LifeAssure™ and Life AssurePB™ products available from Cuno Incorporated (Meriden, Conn.).

[0151] Filter cartridge are well known in the art and filter element packs can take a variety of configuration, as are well known in the art. For example, a filter element constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the subject disclosure can have a radial pleat configuration, a spiral or laid-over pleat configuration, a W-pleat configuration, or a spiral wound configuration. An apparatus and method of forming a spiral pleated filter element in accordance with the subject disclosure is disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,882,288 to Paul et al., the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Regardless of the configuration, pleat packs constructed with the relatively thin multi-zone microporous membrane of the subject disclosure will contain a greater number of pleats than pleats packs constructed from conventional multi-layer composite media. This results in increased surface area, increased service life and reduced filtration costs.

[0152] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the type of drainage material utilized in constructing a pleated filter element in accordance with the subject disclosure will vary depending upon the specific application in which the filter is employed. The drainage material may be in the form of a mesh or screen or a porous woven or non-woven sheet. The selected mesh or screen may be a polymeric mesh that may be woven or extruded, and an extruded mesh may be symmetric or asymmetric.

[0153] Although the subject disclosure has been described and illustrated with respect to preferred embodiments, it is contemplated and should be readily apparent that modifications and changes can be made to the disclosed preferred embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims. Thus, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by the foregoing description, but rather, only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1. A microporous filtration media comprising: a) a multizone microporous media defining a Cartridge Area, and dimensioned and configured to be positioned within a cage and around a core that define a Cartridge Volume; b) an upstream support layer positioned adjacent said multizone microporous media; c) a downstream support layer positioned opposite said upstream support layer and adjacent said multizone microporous media; wherein a ratio of said Cartridge Area to said Cartridge Volume is greater than about 49 in−1.

2. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is fabricated as a three zone reinforced, continuous, geometrically symmetrical microporous membrane.

3. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is fabricated from a porous support material that defines first, second and third zones, and wherein at least one of the zones has a pore size at least about twenty percent greater than the pore size of at least one of the other zones.

4. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is fabricated from media having a thickness of between 5 and 8 mils.

5. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is fabricated at least in part from a nylon material.

6. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said upstream support layer and said downstream support layer are fabricated from polypropylene.

7. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media, said upstream support layer, and said downstream support layer define a pleated configuration, and wherein said pleated configuration is selected from the group consisting of a radial pleat configuration, a spiral pleat configuration, a laid-over pleat configuration, and a W-pleat configuration.

8. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media, said upstream support layer, and said downstream support layer define a spiral wound configuration.

9. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said ratio of Cartridge Area to Cartridge Volume is between about 49 in−1 and 51 in−1.

10. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is spiral pleated, said Cartridge Volume is about 4 square inches and said Cartridge Area is about 197 inches.

11. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media is spiral pleated, said Cartridge Volume is about 2.5 square inches and said cartridge area is about 126 inches.

12. A microporous filtration media according to claim 1, wherein said multizone microporous media, said upstream support layer, and said downstream support layer define a filtration element selected from the group consisting of a cartridge, a mini-cartridge and a filter capsule.

13. A microporous filtration media comprising: a) a multizone microporous media defining a Cartridge area, and dimensioned and configured to be positioned within a cage and around a core that define a Cartridge Volume; b) an upstream support layer positioned adjacent said multizone microporous media; c) a sterilizing media positioned opposite said upstream support layer and adjacent said multizone microporous media; d) a downstream support layer positioned opposite said multizone microporous media and adjacent said sterilizing media; said multizone microporous media having a thickness of about 5 to about 8 mils.

14. A microporous filtration media comprising: a) a multizone microporous media that is radial pleated and that defines a Cartridge Area, said multizone microporous media being dimensioned and configured to be positioned within a cage and around a core that define a Cartridge Volume; b) an upstream support layer positioned adjacent said multizone microporous media; c) a downstream support layer positioned opposite said upstream support layer and adjacent said multizone microporous media; wherein a ratio of said Cartridge Area to said Cartridge Volume for said radial pleated multizone microporous media is between about 42 and 45 in−1.