Patent Grant
11944926
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the reproduction of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
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The present disclosure relates generally to filter media and filter devices, and more specifically to filter media and filter devices which combine user-defined arrays of nanofibers and elongate ribbon-like elements to create filter media that provide the benefits of nanofibers in a form that can be utilized in ways similar to conventional filter media.
Fibrous filter media are used in various types of filter devices to trap large and small particles in liquid and gas streams. Such filter media are typically formed from multiple layers of coarse and fine fibers extending parallel to an upstream surface of the filter media. An outer layer of coarse fibers forms a bulk filtration layer for filtering of larger particles, while an inner or underlying layer of fine fibers provides filtering of small particles. Fine fibers are often provided in a thin layer laid down on a supporting permeable substrate or used with one or more permeable protective layers to obtain a variety of benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced initial pressure drop, cleanability, reduced filter media thickness, and to provide a selectively impermeable barrier to various liquids, such as water. However, prior approaches have several inherent disadvantages, including the need for a supporting substrate, a risk of delamination of the fine fiber layer from the substrate, more rapid loading of the filter by captured particles, the alignment of fine fibers parallel to the media face surface, and an inability to control spacings between fine fibers.
In addition to filtering mechanisms, on the molecular level, fibrous materials also trap contaminants with electrostatic forces, including ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals forces. These electrostatic interactions occur on the fiber surface. Because these interactions are known to increase non-linearly at sub-micron length (diameter) scales, functional improvement in fibrous filter media is largely based on minimizing denier (linear mass density or fiber diameter). Although the production of filter media comprising very fine fibers having a high surface-to-volume ratio, such as microfibers and nanofibers, has recently been emphasized in the industry, processing limitations associated with traditional methods of producing such fibers limit the utility of these materials in filtration applications.
The benefits realized through the use of nanofibers for filtering contaminants from a fluid stream are well known, and the technology is widely used. As currently commonly practiced, a thin layer of electrospun or melt-blown nanofibers is deposited on a porous substrate. Nanofibers deposited using these processes form a non-woven mat that lacks physical strength. This makes handling of prior art nanofiber mats without a suitable permeable substrate impractically difficult for filter manufacturing. The unique filtering properties of a nanofiber mat derive from the diameter of the nanofibers, and these properties are currently only obtainable with fibers formed into these non-woven constructs. Filter media formed of micro-fibers are easily handled during filter manufacturing, but because of their larger diameter of the fibers lack the enhanced filtering abilities of nanofibers. Accordingly, to achieve these enhanced properties in a filter, nanofibers are commonly deposited onto microfiber media in the manner previously described.
Nanofibers for prior art filter applications are commonly made by electrospinning, a method that requires the use of high voltages and a flowing polymer solution containing solvents that evaporate during production. Ensor, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 8,652,229 describe methods for electrospinning nanofibers and forming filter elements therefrom. In the methods described, the electrospinning process requires electrical potentials in the 25 kV to 30 kV range and the close control of several process parameters. The rates of nanofiber production are low in the examples given. It is not an environmentally friendly process due to the solvents required. Electrospinning produces an interconnected web (or mat) of continuous small fibers with length to diameter ratios generally 1,000,000:1 or greater.
When forming nanofibers by electrospinning, the nanofiber materials are limited to polymers that can be mixed with a solvent to achieve the properties required for the process.
In electrospinning the fibers of a closely controlled diameter are deposited onto a substrate. The substrate may be a flat plate oriented normal to the axis of the origin of the solution stream. Alternatively, the substrate may be a rotating element with a cylindrical, conical or other radially symmetric shape, the axis of rotation being perpendicular to the axis of the solution stream. Or the substrate may be a rotating disc with the axis of rotation parallel to the axis of the solution stream. Each of these substrate forms allow the forming of fiber mats configured to achieve specific design objectives through optimizing the deposition pattern of the fibers. If translation of the substrate in a plane normal to the solution stream is added to any of the substrate configurations, the deposited fiber may be given a directionality. Indeed, the fiber mat may be formed with a predetermined pattern to achieve design objectives for a given application. Microfiber or nanofiber mats with a particular preferential orientation of the fibers are frequently referred to as “ordered”, and in some cases an “ordered matrix”, or “ordered construct”. The “order” to which this refers, then, is that the elongate continuous fibers forming the mat do not have a random directionality, but rather have a greater portion oriented parallel to a first axis than to a second axis. This is a two-dimensional effect only since the fiber mat forms a thin sheet, frequently membrane-like.
Prior art nanofiber mats cannot withstand tensile loading. Because nanofibers forming the mat have very low structural strength, increasing the number nanofibers does not appreciably increase the thickness of the mat, but simply creates a denser mat with decreased porosity. When the nanofiber mat manufactured by the electrospinning method is used to form an air filter, nanofibers (fibers) can be easily clogged (that is, packing can easily occur), resulting in a decrease in air permeability and an increase in pressure loss. Since clogging can easily occur, there have been problems in that the pressure loss may easily increase and the service life of an air filter may be shortened.
To address these drawbacks, Konishi, in US Application Publication 2018/0353883 discloses an alternate method (not electrospinning) for forming a non-woven mat of nanofibers. Konishi's method forms a mat of fibers that have a range of diameters that average less than one micron, but also that also contains fibers of larger diameters so as to give the mat increased thickness and spacing between the nanofibers. The number of fibers having fiber diameters ranging from 2 times up to 10 times the average fiber diameter of the constituent fibers is in a range of 2 to 20% of a total number of the constituent fibers. The fiber mat is deposited onto a non-woven fabric using a complex process. Although the thickness of the mat is somewhat increased, the long continuous fibers are randomly deposited in a two-dimensional construct similar to electrospun mats.
Microfibers for filters and other applications may be made by melt blowing, a fiber making process in which melted polymer is extruded through a plurality of small orifices surrounded by streams of a high velocity gas. A plurality of randomly oriented fibers are deposited onto a substrate so as to form a non-woven mat or fabric. The process does not require the use of solvents or high voltages, and the fiber deposition rates can be orders of magnitude greater than those possible by electrospinning. Melt blown fibers are generally in the range of two to five microns with a wide diameter distribution. Because the fibers are not drawn to a substrate by an electrostatic charge as in electrospinning, fiber mats formed by melt blowing are not membrane-like, but rather have fibers that are spaced one from another in the direction parallel to the blowing direction. The fibers are long and continuous with a random orientation. In some applications the mat is subsequently compressed to form a non-woven fabric. Melt blowing nanofibers is difficult since extremely small orifices are required and the molten plastic must flow through these orifices and remain in fiber form as they travel to the substrate. Surface tension in the molten fiber tends to cause the material to become droplets rather than fibers so as to reduce the surface energy. Accordingly, the polymers that can be successfully melt blown into nanofibers is limited and the process has not yet been scaled up sufficiently for commercial use. The process remains an efficient method for forming microfiber mats and non-woven fabrics for filters and other applications.
In another approach, increasing the nanofiber content of a filter is accomplished through the use of a stratified filter construction with layers of nanofibers interspersed between microfiber substrate layers.
Whether a nanofiber mat is formed by electrospinning, Konshi's method, or another means, the mat is a thin construct, frequently membrane-like. Because of this, the mat is oriented essentially normal to the flow stream direction. The density of the mat is limited by the backpressure that the filtering process can tolerate.
The beneficial effects of including nanofibers in a filter may be temporarily enhanced by electrostatically charging the nanofibers. For instance, it has been demonstrated that charging nanofiber mats interspersed between insulating separating permeable layers causes a significant increase in the filter efficiency. This is described in detail in US application publication 2019/0314746 by Leung. However, the applied electrostatic charge degrades over time so that filters of this type have a finite shelf life, making them impractical for some applications.
Polymeric materials have an inherent electrostatic charge that creates an attractive force, the force at any given point on a surface being inversely dependent on the radius of curvature of the external surface at that point. When the radius of curvature is large the electrostatic attractive force is weak. As the radius is decreased the attractive force increases, a factor exploited in nanofiber filter media. The small diameter of the nanofibers results in an attractive force that is orders of magnitude greater than that of microfibers allowing nanofibers to draw contaminant particles with greater force for removal from a fluid stream. This electrostatic charge is intrinsic to the material and does not degrade in the manner of an applied electrostatic charge.
Filters for use in personal protective equipment (PPE) may also benefit from the inclusion of nanofibers. Specifically, face masks that form a tight seal to the face, also referred to as respirators, are commonly used to prevent contaminants from entering the airway of the wearer. These devices reduce the wearer's exposure to particles including small particle aerosols and large droplets. Face masks of this type must remove contaminants while minimizing the pressure drop across the filter element. The filtering element forming the mask my also be pliable so as to allow the mask to form a seal with the face of the wearer. Typically a wearable filter of this type will have a permeable hydrophobic outer protective layer, a coarse filter media layer for removing large particulate, a fine filter medial layer for removing smaller particulate, and an inner soft permeable fabric layer for contacting the face of the wearer.
Leung in U.S. Pat. No. 8,303,693 teaches a face mask that incorporates a filtration medium a fine filter layer having a plurality of nanofibers and a coarse filter layer having a plurality of microfibers attached to the fine filter layer. Flow passes through the coarse filter to the fine filter layer. The polymer nanofibers in the fine filter layer may be obtained in a variety of ways including electrospinning or by melt-blowing. Accordingly, the nanofibers are long and continuous with a random orientation. The thickness of this nanofiber layer may have a thickness of about 0.01 to about 0.2 millimeters. Because the nanofiber fine filter layer is a thin layer, the layer may tend to clog easily and increase the resistance to air flow. The coarse and fine layers together form a “well-bonded laminate structure”, the layers being bonded one to another. Indeed, it is necessary for the nanofiber layer to be bonded to the microfiber layer for handling purposes during manufacture of a filter since the nanofiber layer lacks physical strength. In one embodiment the nanofibers are deposited onto the microfiber layer during electrospinning or melt blowing so that they adhere to the microfiber layer. In another embodiment the nanofibers are deposited onto a liquid in which the microfibers are submerged so that the nanofibers are not adhered to the microfibers. When forming of a nanofiber layer is complete, the liquid is removed leaving the nanofiber layer atop the microfiber layer but not adhered thereto. The nanofiber layer and microfiber layer are then compressed mechanically together with a small amount of compatible adhesive to form a rigid structure. The manner in which Leung's layered filter assembly is formed illustrates the difficulty and limitations of forming filter assemblies incorporating electrospun and melt blown nanofibers due to their mechanical properties. As with other applications that incorporate electrospun nanofibers, the fiber making process is difficult to scale up and is environmentally undesirable due to the solvents used. The integration of nanofibers into a mask assembly is similarly difficult.
Hofmeister, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 10,159,926 teaches media and devices for filtering or separating a contaminant from a fluid liquid or gas stream. The Hofmeister devices incorporate flow passages formed by layered laminas comprising tunable topographies of user-defined arrays of nanofibers and, optionally, nanoholes. These tunable nanofiber topographies selectively remove contaminants from the fluid stream as it flows through spaces between adjacent laminas, parallel to the surface of the laminas, with at least one of these surfaces having nanofibers formed thereon. Contaminants are drawn to the nanofibers by electrostatic forces in the manner previously described. Nanofiber filters constructed in accordance with the Hofmeister patent can be tuned to remove specific contaminants such as pathogens, chemical contaminates, biological agents, and toxic or reactive compounds from a fluid to be filtered by selecting a suitable nanofiber diameter, height, distance between nanofibers, interlaminar gap and material.
The Hofmeister filter construction requires a rigid housing to maintain the orientation and alignment of the laminas making up the filter so that a continuous flow path is created between an inlet and outlet formed in the housing, the flow passing through interlaminar spaces formed therein.
Accordingly applications for the Hofmeister filter with its tuned topography are limited to those in which the fluid stream is directed through spaces formed between adjacent, aligned laminas, the alignment being maintained by a rigid housing structure. Because of this, the benefits of filter elements comprising a tuned topography formed of nanofiber arrays cannot be realized in filtering devices that do not/cannot include a rigid housing and flow between adjacent parallel laminas.
There is a need for filter media that exploit the inherent electrostatic properties of nanofibers in optimized configurations that do not require a rigid housing and laminar construction. Such media are the subject of this invention.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media that can withstand tensile loading.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media that achieve high collection efficiency and reduced clogging (packing) between fibers.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media that does not require deposition on a substrate during manufacture.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media wherein the nanofibers are configured to optimally exploit the electrostatic properties of the nanofibers.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media wherein the nanofibers cannot be easily expelled from the filter media.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media wherein the nanofibers are integrated in a heterostructure containing nanofibers and support.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media at lower cost than current nanofiber media.
It is further an object of the present invention to provide nanofiber filter media that may be produced without the need for high voltages or environmentally detrimental solvents.
It is also an object of this invention to provide a method for increasing the wettability of a fluid on a surface of filter media through the formation of nanofibers on one or more surfaces of the media.
It is further an object of this invention to provide a method for decreasing the wettability of a fluid on a surface of filter media through the formation of nanofibers on one or more surfaces of the media.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method of selectively increasing the wettability of a surface of a filter media for a first flow stream component while decreasing the wettability for a second flow stream component.
It is finally an object of this invention to provide nanofiber filter media that can remove biological contaminants including viruses from an air stream
These and other objects are achieved in devices and methods of the present invention which addresses filter media, filtering devices formed therefrom, and methods for their use wherein the filter media is formed of flexible, elongate ribbon-like polymeric elements having arrays of nanofibers formed thereon. These ribbon elements and ribbon segments may be formed by cutting, slicing, chopping, or slitting elongate film elements on which are formed nanofiber arrays. Ribbons so formed have a planar portion of predetermined thickness and width that may be formed to other non-planar shapes in subsequent processing. These media ribbons may also be formed by embossing of the nanofiber arrays on monofilament fibers as well as on woven and non-woven fiber assemblies. Devices and methods of the present invention are not limited by the method of manufacture of the elongate ribbon-like elements.
The elongate ribbons of filter media of the present invention are formed of a suitable polymeric film, have a flexible planar portion of predetermined thickness and width, and have an array of nanofibers formed on at least one surface of the film. In a preferred embodiment the nanofibers are arranged in rows spaced a first distance apart, with the nanofibers within each row spaced a second distance apart. In some embodiments the first and second distances are equal. In others they are not. The diameter of each nanofiber generally decreases along the nanofiber's length from a first diameter at its base, and the lengths of the fibers in an array fall within a predetermined range. The form of a fiber is largely determined by the ratio of the length of the fiber to its diameter. At low ratios the fiber may have a post-like appearance, while at high ratios the fiber may be tendrilous. Between these extremes is a continuum of nanofiber configurations that share the common characteristic of decreasing diameter over their finite length. Because the electrostatic force at a point on a surface is inversely related to the radius of curvature of the surface at that point, the electrostatic force on a nanofiber of filter media of the present invention is not constant along its length. The electrostatic force increases with the distal reduction in diameter, reaching its maximum at the fiber's distal end. In certain embodiments the ends of the nanofibers are configured to further enhance the electrostatic potential. The electrostatic force of nanofibers formed on ribbon media of the present invention has maximal intensity at the distal portions of the nanofibers—the portion that is most exposed to the fluid stream. This concentration results in much higher attractive forces to contaminants in the fluid stream than the uniform-diameter, continuous fibers of non-woven nanofiber mats previously herein described and currently in use in filter applications. Because of this, nanofiber arrays formed on filter ribbons of the present invention are able to draw contaminants from a flow stream with higher field gradients than other, prior art, nanofiber filter elements.
As with suitably constructed prior art filters, an electrostatic charge may be imparted to the filter media of the present invention to increase the attractive force of the nanofiber arrays formed on ribbons. In certain embodiments, filter ribbons of the present invention are formed from a polymer or polymer blend with suitable electret properties. Among these materials are polypropylene, poly(phenylene ether) (PPE) and polystyrene (PS) and others. In certain embodiments these ribbons have a lamellar construction wherein a first layer on which are formed nanofiber arrays of the present invention is bonded to a second layer with optimal physical and/or electrical properties, the first layer being formed of a suitable electret material. Charging of the media may be accomplished by corona discharge, triboelectrification, polarization, induction, or another suitable method. The imparted electrostatic charge may be dissipated by particle loading, and/or by quiescent or thermal stimulation decay.
In certain embodiments filter media ribbons of the present invention are formed of an antimicrobial plastic. One such material, MICROBAN® by Microban, Inc. (Huntersville, NC) is a synthetic polymer material containing an integrated active ingredient which makes it effective against microbial growth. In certain embodiments these ribbons have a lamellar construction wherein a first a layer on which are formed nanofiber arrays of the present invention is bonded to a second layer with optimal physical properties, the first layer being formed of a antimicrobial plastic. Antimicrobial agents may be blended with polymers with optimal properties for forming nanofiber arrays in methods herein described to create filter ribbons of the present invention that not only have the ability to efficiently remove microbes from a fluid stream, but also to kill those microbes.
The non-random placement of nanofiber tips in a nanofiber array represents a significant enhancement over nanofiber structures produced by other methods, such as electrospinning, because each fiber forming an array of nanofibers described herein has an independent “end” or “tip.” The “ends” or “tips” of the nanofibers have stronger field gradients than the body of the fibers because gradients are enhanced with curvature and the curvature is highest at the tip. Thus, the use in filter devices of nanofiber arrays having millions of tips per square centimeter of lamina surface preserves and enhances the local fiber field gradient far better than traditional fibrous filter media and devices which rely on layered mats of fibers laid down on a substrate.
Because the electrostatic forces are generated by nanofibers formed on the surface of media ribbons of the present invention, the width and thickness of the ribbon on which the nanofiber arrays are formed may be selected based on physical strength, handling, flow or other factors since it does not affect the electrostatic properties of the nanofibers formed thereon. Because the ribbons have appreciable physical strength, structures formed of them may be handled independent of a substrate, and indeed, make practical woven and non-woven mats that may be incorporated in a wide range of filter configurations. Non-woven mats formed of the ribbons may be integrated into a single assembly by bonding of the ribbons one to another using a suitable bonding method. For applications in which the filter must flexibly conform to an external surface, a non-woven mat of bonded or loose ribbons may be positioned between first and second porous or permeable sheet materials and secured there by fastening means between the porous sheets. The sheets may be joined by stitching, needling or other mechanical means, thermal bonding, chemical bonding or other suitable joining method. In a preferred embodiment a quilted assembly is formed by the permeable sheets and the nanofiber mat positioned therebetween, stitching serving to maintain the positions of the elements. In a preferred embodiment one or both of the permeable sheets are formed of filter media. In a preferred embodiment one or both sheets themselves incorporate nanofiber arrays so as to impart specific wettability properties. For instance, a permeable sheet may be nominally wetted by a first selected liquid or vapor while nominally not wetted by a second selected liquid or vapor. Filter media ribbons of the present invention may be weaved to create flexible filter structures. Individual ribbons may be weaved to form the structure, or the ribbons may be formed into a yarn prior to weaving. The tightness of the yarn and of the woven structure may be optimized to achieve desired flow characteristics.
Elongate ribbons of the present invention with the nanofibers formed thereon may be subsequently processed in the same manner as other conventional fibrous media. Because of this, nanofiber filter media of the present invention may be formed into or integrated into filter elements at much lower cost and with much greater design flexibility than prior art, conventionally formed nanofibers made by electrospinning or other similar process.
While prior art nanofiber mats formed by electrospinning or other methods form a thin, membrane-like structure, mats formed of filter ribbons of the present invention are three-dimensional constructs. Ribbons may be piled on top of other ribbons to create mats of a desired thickness, or may fill a cavity through which the fluid stream flows. Mats formed of filter media ribbons of the present invention are flexible and resilient. Their pliable nature and low resistance to fluid flow make mats of the present invention ideally suited for use in personal protective filtering devices used in medical and industrial applications.
A respirator mask of the present invention has a layered filter construct includes filter ribbons of the present invention and benefits from the unique properties of the ribbons. A first, external (distal) layer is a thin woven or non-woven mat (fabric) formed of filter ribbons of the present invention, the ribbons being made of a hydrophobic polymeric material. On a surface of each of these ribbons are formed arrays of nanofibers configured to optimally increase the hydrophobic characteristics of this exterior fabric. Proximal to this first layer is a second layer formed of microfibers configured to remove large particulate. Optionally this second layer may also contain nanofiber bearing filter ribbons of the present invention with the nanofiber arrays configured to optimally remove contaminants of a first composition or size. Proximal to this second layer is positioned a third layer. This layer is a non-woven mat formed of nanofiber bearing filter ribbons of the present invention. Because the ribbons from which this layer are formed have structural strength, the non-woven mat has a predetermined thickness and flow characteristics selected for optimal removal of contaminants while preserving airflow at low pressure drop and resistance to clogging. The arrays of nanofibers on these ribbons are optimally configured for the removal of small particles. In certain embodiments nanofiber arrays of ribbons forming this third layer may be configured to preferentially remove specific contaminants. Indeed, additional layers of ribbon mats of the present invention may be positioned proximal to this third layer, the nanofiber arrays of each layer being optimized to remove specific contaminants. Proximal to the previously described filter layers is a permeable fabric, woven or non-woven that may, in some embodiments, be comfortably pressed against the face of the wearer. In production, the layers forming the filter assembly may be produced as continuous sheets of material, laid up in the proper order, and maintained in their relative position. Elements of the construct may be fastened together in selected locations thermally, by a glue or solvent bonding, by stitching, or by needle punch, a joining method for non-woven fabrics. Because nanofibers of the present invention are integrally formed on the surface of ribbons of the present invention, the nanofibers cannot become loose and be inhaled by the wearer as is possible with respirators made with prior art filter assemblies.
In certain embodiments the film portion of nanofiber media ribbons of the present invention remain smoothly, flexibly planar or curvilinear depending on forces applied thereto. In other embodiments the film portion may be crinkled, that is, may have wrinkles or ripples formed therein so as create flow spaces between ribbons when they are assembled into a woven or non-woven mat. Alternatively, a ribbon may be twisted so as to ensure that there are flow spaces between adjacent ribbons in a mat. While heretofore nanofiber media have been described with reference to elongate ribbons, in certain embodiments, the ribbons are chopped into short segments prior to forming a bed of loose or bonded ribbons for integration into a filter assembly.
The orientation of media ribbons of the present invention relative to the fluid stream in a filter assembly may be random or may have a degree of preferential orientation. That is, the ribbon surfaces with nanofiber arrays formed thereon may be randomly presented to the fluid flow, or may be oriented so that preferentially the surfaces primarily face the oncoming flow, or are primarily oriented parallel to the flow direction.
Filter media ribbons of the present invention with their nanofiber arrays are formed without the use of solvents or high voltage. Specifically, nanofiber arrays of the present invention are formed in a casting process in which a suitable polymer heated to a temperature sufficient to allow flow, is extruded onto a first surface of a mold with an array of nanoholes formed therein, and subsequently flows into the nanoholes of the mold. A surface of a second compressing or quenching element may be used. Subsequently, the polymeric material is cooled sufficiently so that when the compressing element is removed, the polymer with the attached molded nanofibers can be stripped from the mold surface. The result is a planar polymeric film portion with an array of nanofibers integrally formed on a first surface thereof, the form of the nanofiber array being complementary to nanohole array in the mold. The first surfaces of the mold and compressing element may be planar with the polymeric material introduced therebetween as a film prior to heating and material flow into the mold nanoholes. Alternatively, the mold and second element may be rotating cylinders, the polymer in molten form being introduced onto the circumferential surface of the mold, and subsequently compressed between the mold and the cylindrical surface of the second element. This compression enhances the cooling the material so that it can be subsequently peeled from the mold. Whether formed in discrete segments as when using a mold of planar geometry, or formed as elongate strips using the rotating cylindrical mold, the resulting film with arrays of integral nanofibers formed thereon may be cut, slit, chopped or otherwise divided into filter media ribbons of the present invention.
In some embodiments the filter media ribbons are formed of a single polymeric material. Others have a layered construction comprising two or more polymeric materials that together give the filter ribbons an optimal combination of filtering properties for a given application, and physical properties for manufacture of the ribbons. For instance, nanofiber arrays of a first material may be laminated to a film of a second material with optimal mechanical properties that is formed separately. In a variation of the previously described casting method for producing film whereon are formed arrays of nanofibers, rather than applying molten polymer to the mold, a polymer film is applied to the mold. The film is then heated to a temperature sufficient to melt or sufficiently soften the material so as to allow the material to flow into nanoholes in the mold. The surface of a compressing element may increase flow of the material into the nanoholes. The polymer is then cooled sufficiently to allow the film with nanofibers formed thereon to be stripped from the mold. As with the previously described casting process, nanofiber bearing films for fiber ribbons of the present invention formed using this method may have a layered construction, a second film being compressed against the first, nanofiber forming film by the compressing element so that the films are bonded one to another
Numerous other objects, advantages and features of the present disclosure will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art upon a review of the following drawings and description of exemplary embodiments.
Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments are described with reference to the following figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various drawings unless otherwise specified. In the drawings, not all reference numbers are included in each drawing, for the sake of clarity.
The details of one or more embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter are set forth in this document. Modifications to embodiments described in this document, and other embodiments, will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art after a study of the information provided herein. The information provided in this document, and particularly the specific details of the described exemplary embodiments, is provided primarily for clearness of understanding and no unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. In case of conflict, the specification of this document, including definitions, will control.
The present disclosure relates to filter media and devices for removing a contaminant from a fluid stream. In a general embodiment, the nanofiber filters disclosed herein are designed to filter a substance or contaminant from a fluid stream using one or more user-defined arrays of nanofibers, such as those described in U.S. 2013/0216779 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
While the terms used herein are believed to be well understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, definitions are set forth herein to facilitate explanation of the subject matter disclosed herein.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter disclosed herein belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the presently disclosed subject matter, representative methods, devices and materials are now described.
The terms “a”, “an”, and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to “a contaminant” includes a plurality of particles of the contaminant, and so forth. The use of the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” in the claims and/or the specification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”
All references to singular characteristics or limitations of the present disclosure shall include the corresponding plural characteristic(s) or limitation(s) and vice versa, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the reference is made.
All combinations of method or process steps as used herein can be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified or clearly implied to the contrary by the context in which the referenced combination is made.
The methods and devices of the present disclosure, including components thereof, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the essential elements and limitations of the embodiments described herein, as well as any additional or optional components or limitations described herein or otherwise useful.
This description and appended claims include the words “below”, “above”, “side”, “top”, “bottom”, “upper”, “lower”, “when”, “upright”, etc. to provide an orientation of embodiments of the invention to allow for proper description of example embodiments. The foregoing positional terms refer to the apparatus when in an upright orientation. A person of skill in the art will recognize that the apparatus can assume different orientations when in use. It is also contemplated that embodiments of the invention may be in orientations other than upright without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. Further, it is contemplated that “above” means having an elevation greater than, and “below” means having an elevation less than such that one part need not be directly over or directly under another part to be within the scope of “above” or “below” as used herein.
The phrase “in one embodiment,” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may. Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can”, “might”, “may”, “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, while other embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/or states.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing physical dimensions, quantities of ingredients, properties such as reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in this specification and claims are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presently disclosed subject matter.
As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a value or to an amount of mass, weight, time, volume, concentration, percentage or a physical dimension such as length, width, or diameter, is meant to encompass variations of in some embodiments +−40% or more, in some embodiments +−20%, in some embodiments +−10%, in some embodiments +−5%, in some embodiments +−1%, in some embodiments +−0.5%, and in some embodiments +−0.1% from the specified value or amount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods.
As used herein, ranges can be expressed as from “about” one particular value, and/or to “about” another particular value. It is also understood that there are a number of values disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. For example, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particular units are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.
As used herein, the term “fluid” is defined as any liquid or gas which can be passed through the filter media and filter devices disclosed herein. Multiple fluids having different specific gravities and viscosities can be used as well as gas and vapor streams, depending on the application.
As used herein, the term “nanofiber” refers to a fiber structure having a diameter of less than 1000 nanometers for more than half the length of the structure. In some embodiments, the nanofibers disclosed herein can comprise a tapered base portion and a relatively longer fiber portion which extends from the base portion. In such embodiments, the fiber portion has a diameter of less than 1000 nm and a length greater than that of the base portion, and the base portion can have a diameter of from about 10 micron to less than 1.0 micron. Additionally, in some embodiments, the base portion can also have a length of from about 1.0 micron to about 10 microns, and the fiber portion can have a length of from about 10 to 100 times greater than the length of the base portion. Nanofibers having larger diameter base portions in the range of from about 2.0 microns to about 10 microns are best suited for applications wherein the bases must provide stiffness to the nanofiber in the fluid stream.
In some preferred embodiments, nanofibers suitable for use in the nanofiber filter media and filter devices disclosed herein can have an overall length of from about 10 to about 100 microns. Accordingly, suitable nanofibers can also have a length to diameter ratio of from 10:1 to about 1000:1. In one embodiment, the length to diameter ratio is from about 10:1 to about 100:1. By contrast, nanofibers known in the art, including electrospun nanofibers, melt-blown nanofibers and microfiber-derived nanofibers (i.e., microfibers split during processing to obtain sub-micron diameter structures), typically have much greater length to diameter ratios in the range of 1,000,000:1 to 100,000,000:1. As a result, the nanofibers used in nanofiber filter media and filter devices disclosed herein can have from about 10 to about 1000 times more tips per unit length than electrospun nanofibers, melt blown nanofibers and microfiber derived nanofibers.
The related terms “nanofiber array” and “array of nanofibers,” which are used interchangeably herein, collectively refer to a plurality of freestanding nanofibers of user-defined physical dimensions and composition integrally formed on and extending from a backing member, such as a film, according to user-defined spatial parameters. In some embodiments, the nanofiber arrays disclosed herein include nanofibers which extend from a surface of the backing member at an angle substantially normal to a plane containing the surface of the backing member from which the nanofibers extend. By contrast, electrospun nanofibers, melt-blown nanofibers, and microfiber-derived nanofibers are neither integrally formed on nor do they extend from a backing member.
User-tunable physical characteristics of the nanofiber arrays disclosed herein include fiber spacing, diameter (also sometimes referred to herein as “width”), height (also sometimes referred to herein as “length”), number of fibers per unit of backing member surface area (also referred to herein as “fiber surface area density”), fiber composition, fiber surface texture, and fiber denier. For example, nanofiber arrays used in the filter media and filter devices disclosed herein can comprise millions of nanofibers per square centimeter of backing member, with fiber diameter, length, spacing, material composition, and texture configured to perform a filtration function. In some embodiments, one or more of fiber surface area density, diameter, length, spacing, composition, and texture are controlled and optimized to perform a filtration function. In certain embodiments, the nanofiber arrays can be optimized or “tuned” to perform a specific filtration function or target a preselected substance or specific retentate. In further embodiments, an array of nanofibers disposed on a portion of a filter lamina forming a flow passage of a filter device disclosed herein is configured to filter a substance from a fluid containing the substance when the fluid is flowed through the flow passage.
The nanofiber arrays disclosed herein, when formed on a substantially planar surface of a backing member, can include nanofibers spaced along an X-axis and a Y-axis at the same or different intervals along either axis. In some embodiments, the nanofibers can be spaced from about 100 nm to 200 micron or more apart on the X-axis and, or alternatively, the Y-axis. In certain embodiments, the nanofibers can be spaced from about 1 micron to about 50 micron apart on one or both of the X-axis and the Y-axis. In a preferred embodiment, the nanofibers can be spaced from about 2 micron to about 7 micron apart on one or both of the X-axis and the Y-axis.
In some embodiments, an array of nanofibers can include nanofibers having an average length of at least 25 micron. In certain embodiments, the nanofibers can have a length of from about 10 micron to about 100 micron. In certain embodiments, the nanofibers can have a length of from about 15 micron to about 60 micron. In an exemplar embodiment, the nanofibers can have an average length of from about 20 micron to about 30 micron. In specific embodiments, the nanofibers can have a length of about 15.00 micron, 16.00 micron, 17.00 micron, 18.00 micron, 19.00 micron, 20.00 micron, 21.00 micron, 22.00 micron, 23.00 micron, 24.00 micron, 25.00 micron, 26.00 micron, 27.00 micron, 28.00 micron, 29.00 micron, 30.00 micron, 31.00 micron, 32.00 micron, 33.00 micron, 34.00 micron, 35.00 micron, 36.00 micron, 37.00 micron, 38.00 micron, 39.00 micron, 40.00 micron, 41.00 micron, 42.00 micron, 43.00 micron, 44.00 micron, 45.00 micron, 46.00 micron, 47.00 micron, 48.00 micron, 49.00 micron, 50.00 micron, 51.00 micron, 52.00 micron, 53.00 micron, 54.00 micron, 55.00 micron, 56.00 micron, 57.00 micron, 58.00 micron, 59.00 micron, or 60.00 micron.
The nanofiber backing member surface area density can range from about 25,000,000 to about 100,000 nanofibers per square centimeter. In some embodiments, the nanofiber surface area density can range from about 25,000,000 to about 2,000,000 nanofibers per square centimeter. In specific embodiments, the nanofiber surface density is about 6,000,000 nanofibers per square centimeter. In an exemplar embodiment, the nanofiber surface area density is about 2,000,000 nanofibers per square centimeter.
In some embodiments, an array of nanofibers can include nanofibers having an average denier of from about 0.001 denier to less than 1.0 denier. In an exemplar embodiment, the nanofibers forming a nanofiber array disclosed herein can be less than one denier and have a diameter ranging from about 50 nm to about 1000 nm.
Nanofiber arrays and methods for producing nanofiber arrays suitable for use in the filter media and filter devices disclosed herein are described by the present inventors in U.S. 2013/0216779, U.S. 2016/0222345, and White et al., Single-pulse ultrafast-laser machining of high aspect nanoholes at the surface of SiO2, Opt. Express. 16:14411-20 (2008), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
A preferred method for manufacturing herein described ribbons and ribbon segments of the present invention with nanofiber arrays for filter elements of the present invention is hot pressing, a method in which a suitable polymeric film is positioned between a temperature controlled compressing plate and a substrate/mold formed of silica or another suitable material in which patterns of nanoholes have been formed, the pattern of the nanoholes being complementary to the pattern of nanofibers to be produced. Methods for making molds with patterns of nanoholes formed therein by single-pulse femto-second laser machining are described in detail in US 2015/0093550, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The compressing plate, mold and film are heated to a predetermined temperature and a force is applied to the compressing plate so as to press the film against the silica mold. When the temperature of the film material reaches a sufficient level, the softened film material flows into the nanoholes in the mold. In some embodiments with certain materials the softened polymer infiltrates the nanoholes due to surface tension effects only. In other embodiments with films formed of the same or different materials, infiltration of the nanoholes is accomplished by a combination of hydrostatic pressure and surface tension. Thereafter the system is cooled sufficiently to allow the film to be peeled off of the substrate with the molded nanofibers attached to its first surface. The hot-pressing method for producing filter ribbons with nanofiber arrays is described in detail by Hofmeister, et al. in US 2016/0222345, herein incorporated by reference. While hot pressing is a preferred method for forming ribbons for filters of the present invention, solution casting may also be used. The solution casting method for producing filter ribbons with nanofiber arrays is described in detail by Hofmeister, et al. in US 2015/0093550.
Another preferred method for manufacturing ribbons of the present invention has the ability to produce continuous elongate strips of film with arrays of nanofibers formed on at least one surface thereof. In method 800, a variation of a film producing technique referred to as “chill roll casting” and depicted in
Under certain conditions, with suitable polymers, quench roll 812 is eliminated. The thickness of film strip 818 is determined by process parameters, These may include properties of polymer 820, the temperature of polymer 810 as it is deposited on surface 804 of chill roll 802, the temperature and rotational speed of chill roll 802, and other factors that affect the cooling of film strip 818. Under these conditions, material is drawn into nanoholes 806 of surface 804 of chill roll 802 by surface tension.
In the methods of manufacture previously herein described, reference is made to molds made of silica or another suitable material. Among these suitable materials are transparent materials like borosilicate glass, soda lime glass, BK7 optical glass, plastic, single-crystal quartz, diamond and sapphire. All have been successfully micromachined with femtosecond laser pulses. Fused silica is a preferred material since it offers a combination of properties like wide range of spectral transparency, low autofluorescence, good biocompatibility, chemical inertness, near zero thermal expansion, excellent thermal shock resistance, and low dielectric constant and losses.
Any alternate method capable of producing integral arrays of nanofibers of predetermined lengths, diameters, and profiles formed on a surface of a film and substantially perpendicular to a first surface of a film, and further, wherein the spatial arrangement of the fibers has a predetermined pattern, may be used. All fall within the scope of this invention.
Using the foregoing methods, nanofiber arrays with a variety of mechanical, electrical and chemical properties, Debye moments, tailored affinities, and functional binding sites can be produced from almost a wide variety of polymers without the use of solvents or high voltage electrical fields.
Nanofibers forming nanofiber arrays disclosed herein can be composed of virtually any thermoplastic polymer, polymer resin, or similar material. Non-limiting examples of suitable polymers include poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone) (PCL), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinyl formal (PVF), polyisoprene, trans (PI), polypropylene (PP), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), PIP castline (PiPc), PIP natural (PiPn), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly-lactic acid (PLA), and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). It should be understood that a blend of two or more such polymers can also be used. It should also be understood that a blend or block co-polymer of two or more such polymers can also be used. For example, in one embodiment, a blend of block co-polymer comprising PCL-block-PEO can be used to alter the functionality of the backing member and nanofibers.
As used herein “ribbon” or “ribbon-like structure” refers to an elongate strip of flexible polymeric material having an array of nanofibers formed on at least a portion of one of its planar surfaces. Nanofibers are formed on a functional backing material in web form. In a primary embodiment the webs are post processed by chopping or slitting to form the ribbon or ribbon like structures. However, for the purposes of the patent, the entire web may be considered a ribbon or ribbon like structure.
Ribbon 100 is depicted with longitudinal distance 114 and transverse distance 116 between adjacent nanofibers 110 constant over surface 108. In other embodiments, either distance 114 or distance 116 or both may vary along the length of ribbon 100. Nanofibers 110 are shown in ordered parallel rows. In other embodiments other arrangements are used depending on the particular filtering process requirements. Similarly, height 112 and diameter 120 of nanofibers 110 are constant across the surface of ribbon 100. In other embodiments height 112 and diameter 120 of nanofibers on a first portion of surface 108 of ribbon 100 may have first values, while on a second portion of surface 108, height 112 and diameter 120 may have second values.
The process used to produce nanoholes 806 in chill roll 802 uses the energy of a single laser pulse to vaporize material so as to form the nanohole. The vaporized material of chill roll 802 is expelled to form a nanohole 806. The process is well controlled within limits, however the precise geometry of a nanohole 806 is determined by the flow of superheated vaporized material at the site. Accordingly, there may be minor variations in the form of nanoholes 806, and in the nanofibers 110 that are molded therein. Also, nanofibers 110, particularly those with long, tendrilous forms, may stretch somewhat during extraction from nanoholes 806. Therefore it will be understood that when it is stated that nanofibers 110 in an array have a height 112, height 112 is a nominal height, and individual fibers 110 may have a height that is somewhat greater or less than nominal height 112. Similarly, when considering diameters 120 of nanofibers 110, diameter 120 is a nominal value and there may be natural variations in the diameters 120 in nanofibers 110 within an array.
Nanofibers of the present invention may be broadly characterized by the ratio of their length (112 in
The nanofiber arrays formed on filter ribbons of the present invention may form a tuned topography. That is ribbons may be optimally configured to remove specific contaminants such as pathogens, chemical contaminates, biological agents, and toxic or reactive compounds from a fluid to be filtered. By selecting specific values for longitudinal distance 114 and transverse distance 116 between adjacent nanofibers (
Filter media ribbons with nanofibers of the present invention may be formed from virtually any polymeric material. These polymeric materials have inherent electrostatic properties and exert an electrostatic force at a point on the surface of an object formed therefrom that is inversely related to the radius of curvature of the surface at that point. As the radius of the surface at a given point is reduced, the electrostatic attractive force at that point increases. Accordingly, the electrostatic force exerted by a nanofiber is much greater than that exerted by a microfiber. This is of particular importance in filter applications in which contaminants smaller than the pore size of the filter must be removed from a fluid stream. Electrostatic forces draw contaminants to fibers for removal from the fluid stream. As the diameter of the fibers is decreased, the electrostatic force exerted by the fibers increases. The attractive force of a nanofiber is generally orders of magnitude greater than that of a microfiber, and therein lies the incentive for creating nanofiber filters. The high level of electrostatic force exerted by nanofibers allows them to efficiently remove contaminants from a fluid stream.
The arrangement of nanofibers in an array can impact filtration specificity and efficiency by modulating the strong gradients in the electrical and chemical potential fields of normally highly reactive sub-micron length scale structures. Control of these gradients at process length scales can enhance efficiency of transport or flow. However, if two nanofibers are in close proximity and the potential fields overlap, then the gradient of the potential field is reduced and the advantages of the nanoscale topography are reduced. The arrangement of nanofibers in a nanofiber array of the proper scale and spacing will preserve the separation of nanofibers thus optimizing the potential field gradient.
An electrostatic charge may be imparted to the filter media of the present invention to increase the attractive force of the nanofiber arrays formed on ribbons. Filter ribbons of the present invention may be formed from a polymer or polymer blend with suitable electret properties. Among these materials are polypropylene, poly(phenylene ether) and polystyrene. In certain embodiments these ribbons may have a lamellar construction that has a first layer formed of an electret material on which are formed nanofiber arrays of the present invention, and a second layer bonded thereto with desirable physical and/or electrical properties. The materials selected for each layer may be optimized for a specific filtering application. Charging of the media may be accomplished by corona discharge, triboelectrification, polarization, induction, or another suitable method. Over time the imparted electrostatic charge may be dissipated by particle loading, and/or by quiescent or thermal stimulation decay.
Nanofiber arrays on media ribbons of the present invention also advantageously affect the wetting of the surface of the ribbon by water vapor. Many polymers are hydrophobic, or have low wetting ability. The presence of nanofiber arrays of the present invention on the surface of a polymeric filter element increases the wettability of the surface so that vapor precipitates and collects on the filter media. Nano-textured nucleation of the liquid from the vapor is triggered by the tips of the nanofibers. Droplets grow to cover the surface of the media once a critical radius is reached. This wetting of the nanofiber array covered surface enhances the collection efficiency of the element. This is diagrammatically illustrated in
Methods for modifying the wettability of surfaces by forming nanofiber arrays thereon are discussed in detail in co-pending application U.S. 2020/0039122 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Referring now again to
Woven filter media may be created from ribbons 100. The ribbons may be weaved individually in the structure, or may be formed into a multi-strand yarn prior to weaving. Alternatively, ribbons 100 can be formed into a non-woven mat 400 as depicted in
Referring now to
Advantageously, for certain applications like mask 420, nanofiber bearing ribbons of the present invention may be formed of an antimicrobial plastic. Representative of these materials is MICROBAN® by Microban, Inc. (Huntersville, NC). MICROBAN® is a synthetic polymer material containing an integrated active ingredient which makes it effective against microbial growth. The MICROBAN® additive may be blended with polymers with optimal properties for forming nanofiber arrays in methods herein described to create filter ribbons of the present invention that not only have the ability to efficiently remove microbes from a fluid stream, but also to kill those microbes. In certain embodiments these ribbons have a lamellar construction wherein a first layer, on which are formed nanofiber arrays of the present invention, is bonded to a second layer with optimal physical properties, the first layer being formed of an antimicrobial plastic.
Prior art filter media formed of nanofibers are primarily made by electrospinning or a similar method that forms a thin, membrane-like fiber mat. Flow through the structure is substantially normal to the plane of the mat, and, because the fibers are not substantially distanced one from another in a direction normal to the plane of the mat, clogging may limit the filter life and efficiency. In contrast, filter media of the present invention comprises ribbons with cross-sections orders of magnitude greater than nanofibers. This allows the construction of filters wherein the media ribbons are spaced one from another so as to create a resilient three-dimensional structure. Because the fibers are so spaced, flow through the filter media is not restricted to a single direction. Indeed, a suitable housing may be filled with ribbons of the present invention and flow may proceed from a defined inlet to a defined outlet with the path therebetween being undefined. Indeed, baffles may be added to lengthen the path for flow through the media. In filter media of the present invention the nanofibers are not structural members but rather are features on a structural members, these features being configured to create attractive electrostatic forces that are orders of magnitude greater than those created by filter elements wherein the nanofibers are structural members. Particles suspended in a fluid exhibit random motion resulting from their collisions with fast-moving fluid molecules, an effect known as “Brownian Motion”. Filter elements formed of ribbons of the present invention create flow paths that are orders of magnitude longer than those of prior art membrane-like nanofiber filter elements. These longer flow paths take advantage of the Brownian Motion effect to allow the building of filters that have a high filtering efficiency combined with a low pressure drop, and the added benefit of an increased resistance to clogging.
While filter element ribbons and ribbon segments of the present invention have been previously described and depicted with flat film portions, other shapes are contemplated and fall within the scope of this invention. For instance, ribbon 600 depicted in
Unlike prior art processes for producing nanofibers filter media, the chill roll casting process previously herein described is scalable and may be automated to enable production of quantities of nanofiber-bearing filter ribbons rapidly and at low cost. For instance, referring now to
In the casting system of
In some embodiments, filter media ribbons of the present invention are divided into segments of predetermined length. These segments may be formed into non-woven mats or placed in a housing as previously described.
Segment 900 is identical to ribbon 100 in all aspects except as specifically hereafter described. Like ribbon 100, segment 900 has arrays of nanofibers 910 formed on first surface 908 of film portion 902. However, segment 900 has a predetermined length 905. In some embodiments length 905 is 100× or greater than width 904 of ribbon 900. In other embodiments, length 905 is between 10× and 100× width 904 of ribbon 900. In yet other embodiments, length 905 is between 1× and 10× width 904 of ribbon 900. The length of a segment for an application may be optimized based on filtering requirements and on the method of manufacturing the filter. For instance, if the filter will incorporate a non-woven mat formed of segments 900, it may be advantageous to make length 905 a higher multiple of width 904 than would be the case if segments 900 were to fill a cavity in a housing.
In certain embodiments ribbon segments may have a shape imparted to the film portion so that when the segments are assembled in a non-woven mat or into a filter housing, natural flow paths between segments are created. Referring now to
When viewed in a plan view, ribbon segments 900 and 1000 have a rectangular shape imparted by the orthogonal cuts that formed them. In other embodiments formed by other slitting, cutting or chopping methods, the shape of the ribbon segments may have other predetermined shapes, or may be randomly formed segments with irregular shapes. All fall within the scope of this invention.
In an alternate system for making films with nanofiber arrays for producing filter ribbons of the present invention, nanofibers are embossed on an existing film of polymeric material, the embossing being accomplished in a process similar to the chill casting method previously herein described. In previous embodiments a molten polymer is applied to the mold. In the embossing embodiment film is applied to the mold; the film is sufficiently heated to allow the material to flow into the mold nanoholes, then cooled so that the film with its newly formed nanofibers can be peeled from the mold. Referring now to
In other embodiments, film 1280 is formed of a malleable polymer that is applied to surface 1204 of mold/chill roll 1202 such that the malleable polymer film 1280 infiltrates at least a portion of nanoholes 1206. Roll 1212 is maintained at a temperature such that compressive force applied by roll 1212 to film 1280 causes further infiltration of film 1280 into nanoholes 1206 and solidification of that material and of material covering surface 1204 of chill roll 1202. Thereafter, film 1282 with nanofibers 1284 formed thereon is removed from roll 1202 in the manner previously described.
Filter media of the present invention provide the benefits of nanofibers in elongate ribbons that can be subsequently processed in largely the same manner as conventional fibrous filter media. Filter media of the present invention are not deposited on a substrate during manufacturing and are configured to maximally exploit the electrostatic properties of the materials from which they are formed. Along with enhanced electrostatic properties, the nanofibers arrays of ribbons may affect the wettability of the ribbon surface on which they are formed. Wettability for selected liquids may be preferentially enhanced while decreasing the wettability for other liquids thereby increasing filter efficiency. Because the nanofiber arrays are integral with the ribbon they cannot be expelled from the filter media. Ribbons or the present invention with nanofibers integrally formed thereon may be produced at reduced cost compared to conventionally produced nanofiber media, and without the use of high voltage or environmentally detrimental solvents.
According to the principles of the present invention, any flexible elongate ribbon-like polymeric structure having arrays of nanofibers formed on at least one surface falls within the scope of this invention regardless of the method of manufacture of the structure.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
It will be understood that the particular embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the invention. The principal features of this invention may be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize numerous equivalents to the specific procedures described herein. Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention and are covered by the claims.
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein may be made and/or executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of the embodiments included herein, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit, and scope of the invention. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Thus, although there have been described particular embodiments of the present invention, it is not intended that such references be construed as limitations upon the scope of this invention except as set forth in the following claims.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/941,364, filed Jul. 28, 2020 and entitled “FILTER MEDIA RIBBONS WITH NANOFIBERS FORMED THEREON”, which is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/875,067, filed May 15, 2020 and entitled “FILTER MEDIA RIBBONS WITH NANOFIBERS FORMED THEREON”, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 11,014,029 on May 25, 2021 and which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/852,970, filed May 24, 2019 and entitled “Unitary Multiscale Filter Media,” the entire disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 20220258084 A1 | Aug 2022 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| 62852970 | May 2019 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 16875067 | May 2020 | US |
| Child | 16941364 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
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| Parent | 16941364 | Jul 2020 | US |
| Child | 17688616 | US |
