The present invention relates generally to a digital filtering circuit, and, in particular embodiment, to a digital filtering circuit for filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal.
Pulse width modulated (PWM) signals are commonly used in electrical and electronic systems. By changing (e.g., modulating) the duty cycles of, e.g., a sequence of periodic square waves of the PWM signal, information can be carried in the varying duty cycles of the waveforms. PWM signals may be used to carrier control signals or digital information (e.g., speed/audio information) in a wide variety of systems, such as control systems, power systems, audio systems, or the like. The waveforms in a PWM signal may also be referred to as square wavers or pulses herein, and the PWM signal is said to comprise a plurality of pulses (or a plurality of square waves).
In some applications, such as high frequency class-D amplifier applications, the PWM signals generated by the PWM modulator may have pulses with duty cycles outside a pre-determined range, wherein the pre-determined range may be, e.g., between about 2% and about 98%. For example, some pulses may have duty cycles that are too high (e.g., larger than about 98%) or too low (e.g., less than 2%). Pulses with duty cycles outside the pre-determined range may cause problem for subsequent processing in the system. For example, pulses with too low of a duty cycle may fail to set or reset registers properly in a digital system, which may result in an error in the output level of the system. Therefore, it may be advantageous to filter the pulses of the PWM signal to remove pulses having duty cycles outside the pre-determined range.
Challenges exist in the design of a filtering circuit for the PWM signal. For example, a simple RC filter may not be able to remove all pulses in the PWM signal that have duty cycles outside the pre-determined range. In addition, the RC filter may introduce distortions into the filtered pulses, thereby distorting the shape of the pulses (e.g., changing the width of the pulse). For applications such as high frequency class-D amplifier applications, distortion in the filtered pulses of the PWM signal may seriously degrade the system performance. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a filtering circuit that can reliably remove pulses of a PWM signal that have duty cycles outside a pre-determined range while introducing little or no distortion to the filtered pulses.
In some embodiments, a filtering circuit for filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal includes a D flip-flop having an input terminal configured to be coupled to a logic high signal and having an output terminal coupled to an output terminal of the filtering circuit; and a circuit coupled between an input terminal of the filtering circuit and the D flip-flop, the circuit configured to, for a first pulse of the PWM signal having a duty cycle within a pre-determined range: generate a positive pulse at a clock terminal of the D flip-flop as a clock signal of the D flip-flop; and generate a negative pulse at a reset terminal of the D flip-flop as a reset signal of the D flip-flop, wherein a duration between a rising edge of the positive pulse and a falling edge of the negative pulse is equal to a duration of the first pulse of the PWM signal.
In some embodiments, a filtering circuit for filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, the filtering circuit includes: a D flip-flop and a first circuit coupled between an input terminal of the filtering circuit and an input clock terminal of the D flip-flop, wherein the first circuit comprises: a first delay line; a first inverter; a first AND gate; and a second AND gate, wherein the first delay line is coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and the first inverter, the first inverter is coupled between the first delay line and a first input of the first AND gate, and a second input of the first AND gate is coupled to an output of the first delay line, wherein a first input of the second AND gate is coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, a second input of the second AND gate is coupled to an output of the first AND gate, and an output of the second AND gate is coupled to the input clock terminal of the D flip-flop. The filtering circuit further includes a second circuit coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and a reset terminal of the D flip-flop, wherein the second circuit comprises: a second delay line; a second inverter; a third inverter; an NAND gate; and an OR gate, wherein the second delay line is coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and the second inverter, the third inverter is coupled between the second inverter and a first input of the NAND gate, and a second input of the NAND gate is coupled to an output of the second inverter, wherein a first input of the OR gate is coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, a second input of the OR gate is coupled to an output of the NAND gate, and an output of the OR gate is coupled to the reset terminal of the D flip-flop.
In some embodiments, a method of filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, the method includes: applying a logic high signal to an input terminal of a D flip-flop; processing a first pulse of the PWM signal using a first circuit and a second circuit to generate a clock signal and a reset signal, respectively, wherein the first pulse has a duty cycle within a pre-determined range, wherein the clock signal is a positive pulse, and the reset signal is a negative pulse; and sending the clock signal and the reset signal to a clock terminal and a reset terminal of the D flip-flop, respectively.
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. In the figures, identical reference symbols generally designate the same component parts throughout the various views, which will generally not be re-described in the interest of brevity. For a more complete understanding of the invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments are discussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that the present invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that can be embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specific embodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.
The present invention will be described with respect to exemplary embodiments in a specific context, namely a filtering circuit for filtering a PWM signal to remove pulses of the PWM signal having duty cycles outside a pre-determined range.
In
Still referring to
As illustrated in
The output of the first AND gate 105 is coupled to a first input of the second AND gate 103, and a second input of the second AND gate 103 is coupled to the input terminal 110. The output of the second AND gate 103 is the output of the first circuit 108, and is coupled to the clock terminal of the D flip-flop 101.
Still referring to
The delay line Y 112 may be similar to the delay line X 102. In some embodiments, the pre-determined delay DelayX and DelayY are adjusted to determine the pre-determined range for the duty cycles of pulses, where pulses with duty cycles within the pre-determined range are allowed to pass through the filtering circuit 100, and pulses with duty cycles outside the pre-determined range are filtered out (e.g., removed) from the output terminal 104 of the filtering circuit 100. Details of the filtering circuit 100 are discussed hereinafter with reference to
As illustrated in
The output of the NAND gate 119 is coupled to a first input of the OR gate 111, and a second input of the OR gate is coupled to the input terminal 110 of the filtering circuit 100. An output of the OR gate 111 is the output of the second circuit 118, which is coupled to the reset terminal of the D flip-flop 101.
The PWM modulator 201 generates a PWM signal. The PWM signal may be generated in different ways, such as in phase, out of phase, close loop, or open loop. The PWM signal is then filtered by the filtering circuit 100, which is illustrated in
In
Referring now to
The signals N3 and N4 are combined through a logic AND operation by the first AND gate 105 (see
Note that when the pre-determined delay DelayX is smaller than the pulse width W of the signal N1 (DelayX<W), the signal N2 is aligned with the logic high portion of the signal N, and as a result, the signal CLK is the same as the signal N2. In other words, when DelayX<W, the signal CLK in
On the other hand, if the pre-determined delay DelayX is equal to or larger than the pulse width W of the signal N1 (DelayX≥W), the signal N2 would be aligned with the portion of the signal N1 having a logic low value, and therefore, the signal CLK would not be a positive pulse as illustrated in
Still referring to
The signal N8 is a delayed and inverted version of the signal N7, as illustrated in
Since the input terminal D of the D flip-flop 101 is coupled to a logic high signal, when the rising edge of the signal CLK arrives at time T2, the output PWM signal at the output terminal 104 turns high. When the signal
Recall that if DelayX≥W, a valid clock signal CLK would not be generated. Therefore, the output PWM signal would stay at, e.g., a logic low value, and the positive pulse of the output PWM signal illustrated in
Note that W/T is the duty cycle of the pulse of the input PWM signal. Therefore, the above relationship indicates that pulses of the input PWM signal (e.g., P1) with duty cycles smaller than or equal to DelayX/T will be filtered out (e.g., removed) by the filtering circuit 100.
Since Δ may be orders of magnitude smaller than DelayX, the above inequality can be simplified as
In other words, pulses with duty cycles larger than 1−DelayX/T would be filtered out (e.g., removed) by the filtering circuit 100.
From the two inequalities discussed above, it follows that pulses of the input PWM signal having duty cycles within a pre-determined range between DelayX/T and 1−DelayX/T
will pass through the filtering circuit 100, and pulses with duty cycles outside the pre-determined range would be filtered out (e.g., removed) from the output PWM signal. Another observation is that the pre-determined range
is centered with respect to the full range between zero percent and one hundred percent. As a result, filtering (e.g., removing) of pulses outside the pre-determined range is symmetric with respect to a center (e.g., 50%) of the full range between zero percent and one hundred percent. For example, is DelayX/T is 2%, then pulses with duty cycles at the top 2% (e.g., between 98% and 100%) and at the bottom 2% (e.g., between 0% and 2%) are filtered out. Therefore, given the period T, the pre-determined delay DelayX (or DelayY, which is substantially the same as DelayX) of the delay line X 102 (or the delay line Y 112) determines the pre-determined range for the duty cycles. In some embodiments, the pre-determined delay DelayX (or DelayY) is adjusted to change the pre-determined range for the duty cycles of pulses that are allowed to pass through the filtering circuit 100.
Recall that in
From the timing diagram of
will pass through the filtering circuit 100, and pulses with duty cycles outside the pre-determined range would be filtered out (e.g., removed) from the output PWM signal. Note that to arrive at the above pre-determined range, it is assumed that the delay Δ is much smaller (e.g., orders of magnitude smaller) than DelayX.
and therefore, are filtered out and do not appear in the output PWM signal.
and therefore, are filtered out and do not appear in the output PWM signal.
A few observations can be made from
Variations to the disclosed embodiments are possible and are fully intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, the number of buffers 109 and 115 in
Referring to
Embodiments may achieve advantages. For example, the disclosed filtering circuit 100 filters out (e.g., removes) pulses of a PWM signal having duty cycles outside a pre-determined range, thus removing pulses that may cause failure in set/resetting registers. Little or no distortion is introduced in the filtered pulses by the filtering circuit 100, which is advantageous for applications (e.g., high frequency class-D amplifier with PWM signal having frequencies of a few megahertz (MHz), such as 2 MHz or more) sensitive to distortions in the pulse shape. The pre-determined range for the duty cycles can be easily adjusted by adjusting the pre-determined delay (e.g., DelayX) of the delay line in the filtering circuit 100. The filtering circuit 100 may be implemented using full digital cells, which may minimize the variation spread. The filtering circuit 100 may be implemented without a high speed clock. For example, the filtering circuit 100 may only include the logic gates, delay lines that could be operated without using an external high speed clock. Precise control of the filtering function of the filtering circuit is achieved, and the good noise immunity is also achieved.
Example embodiments of the present invention are summarized here. Other embodiments can also be understood from the entirety of the specification and the claims filed herein.
A filtering circuit for filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, the filtering circuit includes: a D flip-flop, an input terminal of the D flip-flop configured to be coupled to a logic high signal, an output terminal of the D flip-flop coupled to an output terminal of the filtering circuit; and a circuit coupled between an input terminal of the filtering circuit and the D flip-flop, the circuit configured to, for a first pulse of the PWM signal having a duty cycle within a pre-determined range: generate a positive pulse at a clock terminal of the D flip-flop as a clock signal of the D flip-flop; and generate a negative pulse at a reset terminal of the D flip-flop as a reset signal of the D flip-flop, wherein a duration between a rising edge of the positive pulse and a falling edge of the negative pulse is equal to a duration of the first pulse of the PWM signal.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the D flip-flop is configured to generate an output pulse at the output terminal of the D flip-flop using the clock signal and the reset signal, the output pulse corresponding to the first pulse of the PWM signal and having a same duration as the first pulse.
The filtering circuit of example 2, wherein the circuit is configured to, for a second pulse of the PWM signal having a duty cycle outside the pre-determined range: stop generating the positive pulse or stop generating the negative pulse, thereby preventing the D flip-flop from generating an output pulse corresponding to the second pulse of the PWM signal.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the pre-determined range is substantially centered with respect to a full range between a zero percent duty cycle and a one hundred percent duty cycle.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the clock signal of the D flip-flop is rising-edge effective, and the reset signal of the D flip-flop is low effective.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the PWM signal comprises a first plurality of positive pulses having duty cycles within the pre-determined range, wherein for each of the first plurality of positive pulses: the clock signal of the D flip-flop is generated by the circuit before the reset signal of the D flip-flop is generated by the circuit.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the PWM signal comprises a first plurality of negative pulses, wherein for each of the first plurality of negative pulses: the clock signal of the D flip-flop is generated by the circuit after the reset signal of the D flip-flop is generated by the circuit.
The filtering circuit of example 1, wherein the circuit comprises: a first delay line with a first pre-determined delay, an input of the first delay line coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit; a first inverter, an input of the first inverter coupled to an output of the first delay line; a first AND gate, a first input of the first AND gate coupled to an output of the first inverter, a second input of the first AND gate coupled to the output of the first delay line; and a second AND gate, a first input of the second AND gate coupled to an output of the first AND gate, a second input of the second AND gate coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, and an output of the second AND gate coupled to the clock terminal of the D flip-flop.
The filtering circuit of example 8, wherein the circuit further comprises one or more buffers coupled between the output of the first inverter and the first input of the first AND gate.
The filtering circuit of example 8, wherein the circuit further comprises: a second delay line with a second pre-determined delay, an input of the second delay line coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit; a second inverter, an input of the second inverter coupled to an output of the second delay line; a third inverter, an input of the third inverter coupled to an output of the second inverter; an NAND gate, a first input of the NAND gate coupled to an output of the second inverter, a second input of the NAND gate coupled to an output of the third inverter; and an OR gate, a first input of the OR gate coupled to an output of the NAND gate, a second input of the OR gate coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, and an output of the OR gate coupled to the reset terminal of the D flip-flop.
The filtering circuit of example to, wherein the circuit further comprises one or more buffers coupled between the output of the second inverter and the input of the third inverter.
A filtering circuit for filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, the filtering circuit includes: a D flip-flop and a first circuit coupled between an input terminal of the filtering circuit and an input clock terminal of the D flip-flop, wherein the first circuit comprises: a first delay line; a first inverter; a first AND gate; and a second AND gate, wherein the first delay line is coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and the first inverter, the first inverter is coupled between the first delay line and a first input of the first AND gate, and a second input of the first AND gate is coupled to an output of the first delay line, wherein a first input of the second AND gate is coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, a second input of the second AND gate is coupled to an output of the first AND gate, and an output of the second AND gate is coupled to the input clock terminal of the D flip-flop. The filtering circuit further includes a second circuit coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and a reset terminal of the D flip-flop, wherein the second circuit comprises: a second delay line; a second inverter; a third inverter; an NAND gate; and an OR gate, wherein the second delay line is coupled between the input terminal of the filtering circuit and the second inverter, the third inverter is coupled between the second inverter and a first input of the NAND gate, and a second input of the NAND gate is coupled to an output of the second inverter, wherein a first input of the OR gate is coupled to the input terminal of the filtering circuit, a second input of the OR gate is coupled to an output of the NAND gate, and an output of the OR gate is coupled to the reset terminal of the D flip-flop.
The filtering circuit of example 12, wherein an input terminal of the D flip-flop is configured to be coupled to a logic high signal.
The filtering circuit of example 13, wherein the input clock terminal of the D flip-flop is configured to accept a clock signal with an effective rising-edge, and the reset terminal of the D flip-flop is configured to accept a reset signal with an effect low voltage level.
The filtering circuit of example 13, wherein the first circuit further comprises one or more buffers, wherein the one or more buffer are coupled in series between the first inverter and the first input of the first AND gate.
The filtering circuit of example 13, wherein the second circuit further comprises one or more buffers, wherein the one or more buffer are coupled in series between the second inverter and the third inverter.
A method of filtering a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal, the method includes: applying a logic high signal to an input terminal of a D flip-flop; processing a first pulse of the PWM signal using a first circuit and a second circuit to generate a clock signal and a reset signal, respectively, wherein the first pulse has a duty cycle within a pre-determined range, wherein the clock signal is a positive pulse, and the reset signal is a negative pulse; and sending the clock signal and the reset signal to a clock terminal and a reset terminal of the D flip-flop, respectively.
The method of example 17, further comprising: generating, by the D flip-flop, an output signal at an output terminal of the D flip-flop, the output signal having a same pulse width as the first pulse of the PWM signal.
The method of example 18, further comprising: processing a second pulse of the PWM signal using the first circuit and the second circuit to generate a first signal and a second signal, respectively, wherein the second pulse has a duty cycle outside the pre-determined range, wherein the first circuit is configured to stop generating the clock signal when the second pulse is a positive pulse, and the second circuit is configured to stop generating the reset signal when the second pulse is a negative pulse; and sending the first signal and the second signal to the clock terminal and the reset terminal of the D flip-flop, respectively.
The method of example 19, wherein the D flip-flop is configured not to generate a pulse at the output terminal of the D flip-flop in response to the first signal and the second signal.
While this invention has been described with reference to illustrative embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. It is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments.
Number | Name | Date | Kind |
---|---|---|---|
5432693 | Anderson | Jul 1995 | A |
7852156 | Chen | Dec 2010 | B1 |
10341596 | Liu | Jul 2019 | B1 |
20180097443 | Couleur | Apr 2018 | A1 |