Patent Application
20140182593
The present invention pertains to a filtering face-piece respirator that has a folded external flange, which flange has a leading edge that matches a perimeter segment of the mask body.
Respirators are commonly worn over a person's breathing passages for at least one of two common purposes: (1) to prevent impurities or contaminants from entering the wearer's respiratory system; and (2) to protect other persons or things from being exposed to pathogens and other contaminants exhaled by the wearer. In the first situation, the respirator is worn in an environment where the air contains particles that are harmful to the wearer, for example, in an auto body shop. In the second situation, the respirator is worn in an environment where there is risk of contamination to other persons or things, for example, in an operating room or clean room.
A variety of respirators have been designed to meet either (or both) of these purposes. Some respirators have been categorized as being “filtering face-pieces” because the mask body itself functions as the filtering mechanism. Unlike respirators that use rubber or elastomeric mask bodies in conjunction with attachable filter cartridges (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. RE39,493 to Yuschak et al.) or insert-molded filter elements (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,790,306 to Braun), filtering face-piece respirators are designed to have the filter media cover much of the whole mask body so that there is no need for installing or replacing a filter cartridge. These filtering face-piece respirators commonly come in one of two configurations: molded respirators and flat-fold respirators.
Molded filtering face piece respirators have regularly comprised non-woven webs of thermally-bonding fibers or open-work plastic meshes to furnish the mask body with its cup-shaped configuration. Molded respirators tend to maintain the same shape during both use and storage. These respirators therefore cannot be folded flat for storage and shipping. Examples of patents that disclose molded, filtering, face-piece respirators include U.S. Pat. No. 7,131,442 to Kronzer et al, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,923,182, 6,041,782 to Angadjivand et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,807,619 to Dyrud et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,536,440 to Berg.
Flat-fold respirators—as their name implies—can be folded flat for shipping and storage. They also can be opened into a cup-shaped configuration for use. Examples of flat-fold respirators are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,568,392 and 6,484,722 to Bostock et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,090 to Chen.
Although flat-fold respirators are convenient in that they can be folded flat for shipping and storage, these respirators tend to have more difficulty in maintaining their cup-shaped configuration during use. Flat-fold respirators have been designed, therefore, with weld lines, seams, and folds, to help maintain their cup-shaped configuration during use. Stiffening members also have been incorporated into panels of the mask body (see U.S. Patent Application Publications 2001/0067700 to Duffy et al., 2010/0154805 to Duffy et al., and U.S. Design Pat. 659,821 to Spoo et al.). Flat-fold respirators need to be carefully unfolded so that they fit properly during use. The present invention, as described below, provides yet another method of improving the structural integrity of a non-molded, filtering, face mask during use, and also provides a respiratory mask that has a clean appearance and that is easily placed into its in-use configuration.
The present invention provides a new filtering facepiece respirator that comprises a mask body and a harness. The mask body comprises a filtering structure that contains one or more filter media layers and that has a perimeter. The mask body also has first and second flanges located on first and second opposing sides thereof. The first and second flanges each have a leading edge, and each flange is folded inwardly in contact with the mask body filtering structure. This contact occurs when the mask body is in an in-use configuration. The leading edge of each flange is configured to match the mask body perimeter when the flanges are folded inwardly in contact with the filtering structure.
The present invention is different from known filtering face piece respirators in that the flanges located on opposing sides of the mask body are folded inwardly to contact the filtering structure such that the leading edge of the folded flange matches the perimeter of the filtering structure. The folding of the flanges inwardly allows a mask body to be created which has extraordinary structural integrity. The mask body exhibits great resistance to collapse, and therefore it can maintain its intended configuration for extended time periods, despite excessive exposure to moist, warm air. The matching of the leading edge of the flange to the mask body perimeter enables a clean finish to be achieved on the resulting respirator, which finish is aesthetically pleasing. The close proximity between the flange and mask body also reduces opportunities for the mask body to strike other objects when in use. Finally, the folded flanges provide the mask body with a structure that approximates a molded mask body. As such, the inventive respirator is easy for the wearer to don. And when a curved or radiused perimeter is provided where the upper portion of the mask body meets the lower portion, a smooth face-fitting curvature is provided around the whole mask body perimeter.
The terms set forth below will have the meanings as defined:
“comprises (or comprising)” means its definition as is standard in patent terminology, being an open-ended term that is generally synonymous with “includes”, “having”, or “containing” Although “comprises”, “includes”, “having”, and “containing” and variations thereof are commonly-used, open-ended terms, this invention also may be suitably described using narrower terms such as “consists essentially of”, which is semi open-ended term in that it excludes only those things or elements that would have a deleterious effect on the performance of the inventive respirator in serving its intended function;
“clean air” means a volume of atmospheric ambient air that has been filtered to remove contaminants;
“contaminants” means particles (including dusts, mists, and fumes) and/or other substances that generally may not be considered to be particles (e.g., organic vapors, et cetera) but which may be suspended in air;
“crosswise dimension” is the dimension that extends laterally across the respirator, from side-to-side when the respirator is viewed from the front;
“cup-shaped configuration” means any vessel-type shape that is capable of adequately covering the nose and mouth of a person;
“exterior gas space” means the ambient atmospheric gas space into which exhaled gas enters after passing through and beyond the mask body and/or exhalation valve;
“filtering face-piece” means that the mask body itself is designed to filter air that passes through it; there are no separately identifiable filter cartridges or insert-molded filter elements attached to or molded into the mask body to achieve this purpose;
“filter” or “filtration layer” means one or more layers of air-permeable material, which layer(s) is adapted for the primary purpose of removing contaminants (such as particles) from an air stream that passes through it;
“filter media” means an air-permeable structure that is designed to remove contaminants from air that passes through it;
“filtering structure” means a generally air-permeable construction that filters air;
“first side” means an area of the mask body that is located on one side of a plane that bisects the mask body normal to the cross-wise dimension;
“flange” means a protruding part that imparts structural integrity or strength to the body from which it protrudes;
“folded inwardly” means being bent back towards the part from which extends;
“frontally” means extending away from the mask body perimeter;
“harness” means a structure or combination of parts that assists in supporting the mask body on a wearer's face;
“integral” means being manufactured together at the same time; that is, being made together as one part and not two separately manufactured parts that are subsequently joined together;
“interior gas space” means the space between a mask body and a person's face;
“leading edge” an unattached edge;
“line of demarcation” means a fold, seam, weld line, bond line, stitch line, hinge line, and/or any combination thereof;
“major portion” means the cup-shaped portion of the mask body;
“mask body” means an air-permeable structure that is designed to fit over the nose and mouth of a person and that helps define an interior gas space separated from an exterior gas space (including the seams and bonds that join layers and parts thereof together);
“match” means to substantially follow a similar path as;
“nose clip” means a mechanical device (other than a nose foam), which device is adapted for use on a mask body to improve the seal at least around a wearer's nose;
“perimeter” means the outer edge of the mask body, which outer edge would be disposed generally proximate to a wearer's face when the respirator is being donned by a person;
“pleat” means a portion that is designed to be or is folded back upon itself;
“polymeric” and “plastic” each mean a material that mainly includes one or more polymers and that may contain other ingredients as well;
“plurality” means two or more;
“respirator” means an air filtration device that is worn by a person to provide the wearer with clean air to breathe;
“second side” means an area of the mask body that is located on one side of a plane that bisects the mask body normal to the cross-wise dimension (the second side being opposite the first side);
“snug fit” or “fit snugly” means that an essentially air-tight (or substantially leak-free) fit is provided (between the mask body and the wearer's face);
“tab” means a part that exhibits sufficient surface area for attachment of another component; and
“transversely extending” means extending generally in the crosswise dimension.
In practicing the present invention, a filtering face-piece respirator is provided that has first and second flanges disposed on first and second opposing sides of the mask body, respectively. The first and second flanges have been discovered to be beneficial in providing improved structural integrity to the mask body to keep it in a spaced, cup-shaped configuration, away from the wearer's mouth during use. Flat-fold respirators are not molded into a permanent face-fitting shape, and therefore they may have a tendency to lose their desired face-fitting configuration after being worn for extended time periods. The wearer, for example, may inadvertently cause the mask body to bump into external objects during use. The moisture in the warm, exhaled air, and in the surrounding environment, may contribute to loss of mask rigidity, which may allow the mask body interior to contact the wearer's face. The provision of first and second flanges, which are folded inwardly to contact the major portion of the mask body, assist in maintaining the desired off-the-face, cup-shaped face configuration. The flanges also have a leading edge that is configured to match the mask body perimeter, at least along a portion thereof when the flange is folded in contact with the major portion of the mask body. This matching of a leading edge of the curved flange to a curved perimeter provides a clean look that improves aesthetics and also makes a more rounded face-fitting perimeter, which can be more comfortable to the wearer.
The filtering structure that is used in connection with the present invention may take on a variety of different shapes and configurations. The filtering structure typically is adapted so that it properly fits against or within the support structure. Generally the shape and configuration of the filtering structure corresponds to the general shape of the mask body. Although a filtering structure has been illustrated with multiple layers that include a filtration layer and two cover webs, the filtering structure may simply comprise a filtration layer or a combination of filtration layers. For example, a pre-filter may be disposed upstream to a more refined and selective downstream filtration layer. Additionally, sorptive materials such as activated carbon may be disposed between the fibers and/or various layers that comprise the filtering structure. Further, separate particulate filtration layers may be used in conjunction with sorptive layers to provide filtration for both particulates and vapors. The filtering structure may include one or more stiffening layers that assist in providing a cup-shaped configuration. The filtering structure also could have one or more horizontal and/or vertical lines of demarcation that contribute to its structural integrity. The first and second flanges when used in accordance with the present invention, however, may make unnecessary the need for such stiffening layers and lines of demarcation.
The filtering structure that is used in a mask body of the invention can be of a particle capture or gas and vapor type filter. The filtering structure also may be a barrier layer that prevents the transfer of liquid from one side of the filter layer to another to prevent, for instance, liquid aerosols or liquid splashes (e.g. blood) from penetrating the filter layer. Multiple layers of similar or dissimilar filter media may be used to construct the filtering structure of the invention as the application requires. Filters that may be beneficially employed in a layered mask body of the invention are generally low in pressure drop (for example, less than about 195 to 295 Pascals at a face velocity of 13.8 centimeters per second) to minimize the breathing work of the mask wearer. Filtration layers additionally may be flexible and may have sufficient shear strength so that they generally retain their structure under the expected use conditions. Examples of particle capture filters include one or more webs of fine inorganic fibers (such as fiberglass) or polymeric synthetic fibers. Synthetic fiber webs may include electret-charged, polymeric microfibers that are produced from processes such as meltblowing. Polyolefin microfibers formed from polypropylene that has been electrically-charged provide particular utility for particulate capture applications. An alternate filter layer may comprise a sorbent component for removing hazardous or odorous gases from the breathing air. Sorbents may include powders or granules that are bound in a filter layer by adhesives, binders, or fibrous structures—see U.S. Pat. No. 6,334,671 to Springett et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,373 to Braun. A sorbent layer can be formed by coating a substrate, such as fibrous or reticulated foam, to form a thin coherent layer. Sorbent materials may include activated carbons that are chemically treated or not, porous alumna-silica catalyst substrates, and alumna particles. An example of a sorptive filtration structure that may be conformed into various configurations is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,429 to Senkus et al.
The filtration layer is typically chosen to achieve a desired filtering effect. The filtration layer generally will remove a high percentage of particles and/or or other contaminants from the gaseous stream that passes through it. For fibrous filter layers, the fibers selected depend upon the kind of substance to be filtered and, typically, are chosen so that they do not become bonded together during the molding operation. As indicated, the filtration layer may come in a variety of shapes and forms and typically has a thickness of about 0.2 millimeters (mm) to 1 centimeter (cm), more typically about 0.3 mm to 0.5 cm, and it could be a generally planar web or it could be corrugated to provide an expanded surface area—see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,804,295 and 5,656,368 to Braun et al. The filtration layer also may include multiple filtration layers joined together by an adhesive or any other means. Essentially any suitable material that is known (or later developed) for forming a filtering layer may be used as the filtering material. Webs of melt-blown fibers, such as those taught in Wente, Van A., Superfine Thermoplastic Fibers, 48 Indus. Engn. Chem., 1342 et seq. (1956), especially when in a persistent electrically charged (electret) form are especially useful (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,682 to Kubik et al.). These melt-blown fibers may be microfibers that have an effective fiber diameter less than about 20 micrometers (μm) (referred to as BMF for “blown microfiber”), typically about 1 to 12 μm. Effective fiber diameter may be determined according to Davies, C. N., The Separation Of Airborne Dust Particles, Institution Of Mechanical Engineers, London, Proceedings 1B, 1952. Particularly preferred are BMF webs that contain fibers formed from polypropylene, poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and combinations thereof. Electrically charged fibrillated-film fibers as taught in van Turnhout, U.S. Pat. Re. 31,285, also may be suitable, as well as rosin-wool fibrous webs and webs of glass fibers or solution-blown, or electrostatically sprayed fibers, especially in microfilm form. Electric charge can be imparted to the fibers by contacting the fibers with water as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,718 to Eitzman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,783,574 to Angadjivand et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,743,464 to Insley et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,454,986 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,657 to Eitzman et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,375,886 and 5,496,507 to Angadjivand et al. Electric charge also may be imparted to the fibers by corona charging as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,537 to Klasse et al. or by tribocharging as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,798,850 to Brown. Also, additives can be included in the fibers to enhance the filtration performance of webs produced through the hydro-charging process (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,598 to Rousseau et al.). Fluorine atoms, in particular, can be disposed at the surface of the fibers in the filter layer to improve filtration performance in an oily mist environment—see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,398,847 B1, 6,397,458 B1, and 6,409,806 B1 to Jones et al. Typical basis weights for electret BMF filtration layers are about 10 to 100 grams per square meter. When electrically charged according to techniques described in, for example, the '507 Angadjivand et al. patent, and when including fluorine atoms as mentioned in the Jones et al. patents, the basis weight may be about 20 to 40 g/m2 and about 10 to 30 g/m2, respectively.
An inner cover web can be used to provide a smooth surface for contacting the wearer's face, and an outer cover web can be used to entrap loose fibers in the mask body or for aesthetic reasons. The cover web typically does not provide any substantial filtering benefits to the filtering structure, although it can act as a pre-filter when disposed on the exterior (or upstream to) the filtration layer. To obtain a suitable degree of comfort, an inner cover web preferably has a comparatively low basis weight and is formed from comparatively fine fibers. More particularly, the cover web may be fashioned to have a basis weight of about 5 to 50 g/m2 (typically 10 to 30 g/m2), and the fibers may be less than 3.5 denier (typically less than 2 denier, and more typically less than 1 denier but greater than 0.1). Fibers used in the cover web often have an average fiber diameter of about 5 to 24 micrometers, typically of about 7 to 18 micrometers, and more typically of about 8 to 12 micrometers. The cover web material may have a degree of elasticity (typically, but not necessarily, 100 to 200% at break) and may be plastically deformable.
Suitable materials for the cover web may be blown microfiber (BMF) materials, particularly polyolefin BMF materials, for example polypropylene BMF materials (including polypropylene blends and also blends of polypropylene and polyethylene). A suitable process for producing BMF materials for a cover web is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,013,816 to Sabee et al. The web may be formed by collecting the fibers on a smooth surface, typically a smooth-surfaced drum or a rotating collector—see U.S. Pat. No. 6,492,286 to Berrigan et al. Spun-bond fibers also may be used.
A typical cover web may be made from polypropylene or a polypropylene/polyolefin blend that contains 50 weight percent or more polypropylene. These materials have been found to offer high degrees of softness and comfort to the wearer and also, when the filter material is a polypropylene BMF material, to remain secured to the filter material without requiring an adhesive between the layers. Polyolefin materials that are suitable for use in a cover web may include, for example, a single polypropylene, blends of two polypropylenes, and blends of polypropylene and polyethylene, blends of polypropylene and poly(4-methyl-1-pentene), and/or blends of polypropylene and polybutylene. One example of a fiber for the cover web is a polypropylene BMF made from the polypropylene resin “Escorene 3505G” from Exxon Corporation, providing a basis weight of about 25 g/m2 and having a fiber denier in the range 0.2 to 3.1 (with an average, measured over 100 fibers of about 0.8). Another suitable fiber is a polypropylene/polyethylene BMF (produced from a mixture comprising 85 percent of the resin “Escorene 3505G” and 15 percent of the ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer “Exact 4023” also from Exxon Corporation) providing a basis weight of about 25 g/m2 and having an average fiber denier of about 0.8. Suitable spunbond materials are available, under the trade designations “Corosoft Plus 20”, “Corosoft Classic 20” and “Corovin PP-S-14”, from Corovin GmbH of Peine, Germany, and a carded polypropylene/viscose material available, under the trade designation “370/15”, from J.W. Suominen OY of Nakila, Finland.
Cover webs that are used in the invention preferably have very few fibers protruding from the web surface after processing and therefore have a smooth outer surface. Examples of cover webs that may be used in the present invention are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,782 to Angadjivand, U.S. Pat. No. 6,123,077 to Bostock et al., and WO 96/28216A to Bostock et al.
The strap(s) that are used in the harness may be made from a variety of materials, such as thermoset rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, braided or knitted yarn/rubber combinations, inelastic braided components, and the like. The strap(s) may be made from an elastic material such as an elastic braided material. The strap preferably can be expanded to greater than twice its total length and be returned to its relaxed state. The strap also could possibly be increased to three or four times its relaxed state length and can be returned to its original condition without any damage thereto when the tensile forces are removed. The elastic limit thus is preferably not less than two, three, or four times the length of the strap when in its relaxed state. Typically, the strap(s) are about 20 to 30 cm long, 3 to 10 mm wide, and about 0.9 to 1.5 mm thick. The strap(s) may extend from the first tab to the second tab as a continuous strap or the strap may have a plurality of parts, which can be joined together by further fasteners or buckles. For example, the strap may have first and second parts that are joined together by a fastener that can be quickly uncoupled by the wearer when removing the mask body from the face. Alternatively, the strap may form a loop that is placed around the wearer's ears—see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,394,090 to Chen et al. An example of a strap that may be used in connection with the present invention is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,332,465 to Xue et al. Examples of fastening or clasping mechanism that may be used to joint one or more parts of the strap together is shown, for example, in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,062,221 to Brostrom et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,986 to Seppala, and EP1,495,785A1 to Chien. The harness also may be in the form of a reusable carriage or an adhesive layer that is provided on the internal surface of the perimeter.
As indicated, an exhalation valve may be attached to the mask body to facilitate purging exhaled air from the interior gas space. The use of an exhalation valve may improve wearer comfort by rapidly removing the warm moist exhaled air from the mask interior. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,188,622, 7,028,689, and 7,013,895 to Martin et al.; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,428,903, 7,311,104, 7,117,868, 6,854,463, 6,843,248, and 5,325,892 to Japuntich et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,883,518 to Mittelstadt et al.; and RE37,974 to Bowers. Essentially any exhalation valve that provides a suitable pressure drop and that can be properly secured to the mask body may be used in connection with the present invention to rapidly deliver exhaled air from the interior gas space to the exterior gas space.
A nose clip that is used in the present invention may be essentially any additional part that assists in improving the fit over the wearer's nose. Because the wearer's face exhibits in the nose region, a nose clip may be used to better assist in achieving the appropriate fit in this location. The nose clip may comprise, for example, a pliable dead soft band of metal such as aluminum, which can be shaped to hold the mask in a desired fitting relationship over the nose of the wearer and where the nose meets the cheek. An example of a suitable nose clip is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,089 and Des. 412,573 to Castiglione. Other nose clips are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/238,737 (filed Sep. 26, 2008); U.S. Publications 2007-0044803A1 (filed Aug. 25, 2005); and 2007-0068529A1 (filed Sep. 27, 2005).
A mask compression toughness test was used to determine the collapse resistance of a mask under a gradual crushing load. Testing was conducted with the perimeter of the mask body attached to an elliptical platform. The platform simulated a two-dimensional plane of a wearer's face when in contact with the perimeter of a donned respirator. With the mask mounted on the fixture, the assembly was aligned vertically in the compression testing apparatus. A compressive load was then gradually applied to the mask body through a plate, attached to a load cell, which was aligned parallel to the platform and along the center axis of the mask body. The plate was configured such that it over-extended the mask body around its full perimeter so that full contact to the mask body was maintained throughout the compression cycle. The test apparatus used was a TA-XT plus Texture Analyzer available from Micro Systems, Scarsdale, N.Y. The elliptical mask mounting fixture had a major axis length of 140 mm and a minor axis length of 75 mm and a thickness of 3 mm. The mask body perimeter was fixed to the perimeter of the fixture. With the mask body fixed to the plate, the assembly was rigidly mounted into the test apparatus, and the compression cycle was initiated. The x-head speed of the compression plate was 5 mm per second, and the compression load was recorded in grams-force (gf) from the point of contact with the mask body up to crush point of 25 mm. The crushing force was recorded at points over the full compression cycle, and the area under the curve represented by those points was calculated and given as the area under the force-displacement curve. This area value gives a perspective of crush resistance, or toughness, of the test mask and is given in units of mm-gf.
A respirator filtering structure was formed from three layers of nonwoven material and other respirator components. The inventive mask was assembled in two operations—preform making and mask finishing. The preform making stage included the steps of (a) lamination and fixing of nonwoven fibrous webs, (b) formation of pleat crease lines, and (c) assembly of perimeter web material and the nose clip. The mask finishing operation included folding of pleats along embossed crease lines, fusing both the lateral mask edges and reinforced flange material, cutting the final form, and attaching a headband.
In the preform making stage, three layers of nonwoven material were plied in face to face orientation. In the example, individual materials that formed the layers were assembled in the following order:
1. Outer netting/scrim
2. Filter material
3. Inner cover web
The outer cover web was a lamination of a Thermanet 5103 netting, (available from Conwed, Minneapolis, Minn.) that was bonded to a 17 grams/meter square (gms) Elite 050 scrim, from Leggett and Platt-Hanes Industries, Carthage, Mo. The outer cover web (indicated as 60 in
In the mask finishing operation, pleats were folded along crease lines as shown in
To demonstrate the improved crush toughness of the mask, constructed as described above, the mask body was tested using the Mask Compression Toughness Test in two conditions: first, with the support flanges free of the mask body, and second, with the support flanges fixed to the mask body. To simulate the mask with flanges fixed, as they would be in use (second condition) with staples, adhesive or welds, the flanges were stapled to the mask body in a location similar to that shown in
This invention may take on various modifications and alterations without departing from its spirit and scope. Accordingly, this invention is not limited to the above-described but is to be controlled by the limitations set forth in the following claims and any equivalents thereof.
This invention also may be suitably practiced in the absence of any element not specifically disclosed herein.
All patents and patent applications cited above, including those in the Background section, are incorporated by reference into this document in total. To the extent there is a conflict or discrepancy between the disclosure in such incorporated document and the above specification, the above specification will control.
