Fine cellulose particles and process for production thereof

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to fine cellulose particles and a process for production thereof. More specifically, this invention relates to fine cellulose particles composed substantially of regenerated cellulose and having a sharp particle size distribution, and a process for production thereof.
Particles of cellulose or its derivatives have recently found extensive use in various fields as chromatographic materials, polymeric carriers, cosmetic additives, lubricants, etc. 2. Description of the Prior Art
Previously, highly pure microcrystalline cellulose developed by FMC Corporation of U. S. A. was well known as fine cellulose particles. It is known that this highly pure microcrystalline cellulose is produced by hydrolyzing a purified pulp of an especially high purity with a mineral acid under certain conditions, removing the non-crystalline region by washing, thereafter milling, purifying and drying the hydrolyzed product (see the pamphlet entitled "Crystalline Cellulose, Avicel.RTM.", published on March 1, 1983 by Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.). It is seen from the pamphlet that this highly pure microcrystalline cellulose is chemically natural cellulose itself, i.e. I-type cellulose, and is available in an average particle diameter of from about 6 micrometers to about 40 micrometers or even to about 120 micrometers. Investigations of the present inventors have shown that this highly pure microcrystalline cellulose (Grade PH-M06) has a crystallinity of as good as about 31 to 35%.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 21738/1973 discloses a method in which viscose having an average degree of polymerization of at least 400 is gradually coagulated and regenerated by dropping it in particles onto a coagulating regenerating bath having a low acid concentration and a low anhydrous sodium sulfate concentration. A working example in this patent document describes regenerated cellulose particles having a size of 30 to 46 mesh (300 to 590 micrometers).
Japanese Patent Publication No. 21,761/1981 discloses a method which comprises extruding viscose from an extrusion opening, allowing its continuous flow to change spontaneously into a flow of liquid droplets in air, and thus supplying it into a coagulating and regenerating bath as nearly spherical liquid droplets. This patent document states that the method gives cellulose particles having a size of 16 to 170 mesh (88 to 1168 micrometers).
Japanese Patent Publication No. 7162/1982 discloses hollow fine particles of regenerated cellulose having a large void nearly centrally. It describes that these particles have an apparent density of not more than 0.4 g/cm.sup.3, and a size of 16 to 170 mesh.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 60753/1973 discloses a method of producing porous regenerated cellulose particles having a size of 16 to 170 mesh by using a coagulating and regenerating bath having a higher acid concentration and a higher anhydrous sodium sulfate concentration than in the method disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 21738/1973 cited above.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 89,748/1974 discloses a method of producing a cellulose powder having a length/diameter ratio of from 20/1 to 2/1 and a length of not more than 1 mm, which comprises regenerating a fibrous material of regenerated cellulose and drying and pulverizing the hydrolyzed product.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 212,231/1982 discloses a method of producing a cellulose powder from a fibrous material of natural cellulose in the same way as above.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 45,254/1982 discloses that by heatinga suspension of viscose in a water-immiscible liquid such as chlorobenzene to a temperature of 30.degree. to 100.degree. C. with continuous stirring, solidifying it and then decomposing the resulting particles with an acid, particles comprising 85% by volume of particles having a particle diameter of 150 to 350 micrometers (Example 1) are obtained.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 39565/1980 discloses a method of preparing spherical cellulose particles which comprises adding dropwise a solution of cellulose triacetate in methylene chloride or chloroform to an aqueous medium having dissolved in it a dispersing agent such as gelatin or polyvinyl alcohol with stirring, heating the mixture to form spherical particles of cellulose triacetate, and thereafter saponifying the resulting particles. A working example of this patent document discloses cellulose particles having a size of 30 to 500 micrometers.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 40618/1980 discloses a method of producing cellulose particles having a size of 50 to 500 micrometers from cellulose esters other than cellulose triacetate by the same method as above.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 28,763/1980 discloses a method of producing microspherical particles which comprises spray drying a solution of a fatty acid ester of cellulose in a mixture of at least three solvents having a boiling point difference of at least 30.degree. C. from each other.
U. S. Patent No. 4,312,980 and European Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 25639 disclose a method of producing porous spherical particles of cellulose, which comprises suspending in an aqueous medium a solution of cellulose triacetate in a mixture of a chlorinated hydrocarbon having a boiling point lower than the aqueous medium and an aliphatic higher alcohol having at least 6 carbon atoms to thereby form droplets of the solution, thereafter removing the chlorinated hydrocarbon from the droplets by evaporation, saponifying the resulting spherical particles of cellulose triacetate containing the aliphatic higher alcohol, and then removing the aliphatic higher alcohol. Working examples of these patent documents disclose particles having a particle diameter of 100 to 200 micrometers.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 24430/1981 discloses a method of producing porous spherical particles of cellulose, which comprises suspending in an aqueous medium a solution of crystalline cellulose triacetate having a certain degree of polymerization in a chlorinated hydrocarbon having a lower boiling point than the aqueous medium to thereby form droplets of the solution, thereafter removing the chlorinated hydrocarbon from the droplets by evaporation, and saponifying the resulting spherical particles of cellulose triacetate. A working example of this patent document describes porous spherical particles of cellulose having a particle diameter of 100 to 200 micrometers.
European Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 47064 (corresponding to U. S. Patents Nos. 4,390,691 and 4,461,892) describes a method of producing porous spherical cellulose particles, which comprises suspending a solution of an organic acid ester of cellulose in a solvent composed mainly of a chlorinated hydrocarbon to thereby form droplets of the solution, evaporating the chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent from the droplets to thereby form spherical particles of the organic acid ester of cellulose, and thereafter saponifying the spherical particles; wherein an acid or an alkali is added to, and mixed with, the solution of the organic acid ester of cellulose before it is suspended in the aqueous medium. A working example of this patent document describes porous spherical cellulose particles having a particle diameter of 50 to 100 micrometers.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 159,801/1982 discloses a process for producing a granular cellulose gel, which comprises dissolving cellulose in a solution of paraformaldehyde in dimethyl sulfoxide, dispersing the resulting solution in a liquid, mixing the dispersion with a coagulating agent for cellulose, gelling and flocculating the dispersed liquid droplets of cellulose, and as required, regenerating the cellulose with hot water.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 159,802/1982 discloses a method of producing porous cellulose which comprises immersing granular cellulose in a solution of para-formaldehyde in dimethyl sulfoxide, and heating the immersed cellulose to swell it.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 219,333/1982 discloses a method of producing fine spherical particles of cellulose acetate, which comprises mixing a solution of cellulose acetate in an organic solvent and an aqueous medium containing a dispersant, a surface-active agent and a defoamer for at least 10 seconds with stirring at a rotating speed of at least 2000 rpm while maintaining the peripheral speed of the rotating blade at at least 450 m/min., and then evaporating the organic solvent from the mixture.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 30,752/1973 discloses a method of producing a cellulose powder which comprises treating cellulose with tetrahydrofuran, and then pulverizing it.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 105,758/1975 discloses a method of producing a fine powder of cellulose which comprises passing a sheet of dry cellulose under pressure through a pair of rotating rolls, and thereafter hydrolyzing it with a mineral acid.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of this invention to provide fine cellulose particles composed substantially of regenerated cellulose, or II-type cellulose, and having a sharp particle size distribution.
Another object of this invention is to provide fine particles of II-type cellulose having an average particle diameter of as small as not more than 20 micrometers and such a sharp particle size distribution that the proportion of particles having a particle diameter in the range of the average particle diameter .+-.5 micrometers is at least 70% by weight based on the entire particles.
Still another object of this invention is to provide a novel process for producing fine cellulose particles composed substantially of regenerated cellulose or II-type cellulose and having a sharp particle size distribution and an average particle diameter of not more than 300 micrometers, particularly not more than 30 micrometers.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide the novel process mentioned above comprising a step of forming a viscose dispersion by mixing viscose with a particular ionic or nonionic polymeric compound.
A further object of this invention is to provide a process for producing fine spherical particles of cellulose having a particle diameter of several tens of micrometers or below, particlularly several micrometers or below, which comprises mixing viscose with both a water-soluble anionic polymeric compound and a cationic polymeric compound.
A still further object of this invention is to provide fine particles of II-type cellulose which have a sharp particle size distribution, and therefore, can be used in various fields either as such or as a mixture with other particles having different particle size distributions.
Additional objects of this invention along with its advantages will become apparent from the following description.
Firstly, these objects and advantages of this invention are achieved by a first process for producing fine cellulose particles, which comprises
(1) mixing viscose with at least a water-soluble anionic polymeric compound to form a dispersion of fine particles of viscose,
(2) (i) heating the dispersion or mixing it with a coagulating agent to thereby coagulate the viscose in the dispersion, and thereafter neutralizing it with an acid to form fine particles of cellulose, or (ii) coagulating and neutralizing the dispersion with an acid to form fine particles of cellulose, and
(3) thereafter, separating the fine particles of cellulose from the mother liquor, and as required, subjecting them to removal of sulfur, washing with an acid, washing with water, or drying.
Step (1) includes one preferred embodiment in which viscose is mixed with the aqueous anionic polymeric compound and a cationic compound.
Secondly, the above objects and advantages of the invention are achieved by a second process for producing fine cellulose particles, which comprises
(1) mixing viscose with a water-soluble polyethylene glycol or its derivative having a number average molecular eight of at least 1,500 at a temperature of at least 55.degree. C. to form a dispersion of fine particles of viscose,
(2) (i) heating the dispersion at a temperature equal to, or higher than, the temperature used in forming the dispersion, or mixing the dispersion with a coagulating agent to thereby coagulate the viscose in the dispersion, and thereafter neutralizing it with an acid to form fine particles of cellulose, or (ii) coagulating and neutralizing the above dispersion with an acid to form fine particles of cellulose, and
(3) thereafter, separating the fine particles of cellulose from the mother liquor, and as required, subjecting them to removal of sulfur, washing with an acid, washing with water, or drying.
Of the fine cellulose particles produced by the processes of this invention, those having the following properties have been provided for the first time by this invention and constitute part of this invention.
(a) They are composed substantially of II-type cellulose;
(b) they have a crystallinity, determined by X-ray diffractometry, of 5 to 35%;
(c) they are composed substantially of spherical or elongated spherical particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 20 micrometers; and
(d) they have such a particle size distribution that the proportion of particles having a particle diameter in the range of the average particle diameter (micrometers) .+-.5 micrometers is at least 70% by weight of the entire particles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS
FIG. 1(A) is a chart of the particle size distribution of the fine cellulose particles obtained in Example 1.
FIG. 1(B) is a graph of the particle size distribution data of FIG. 1(A).
FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the state of dispersion of viscose particles for the production of celluose particles in accordance with the first process of this invention;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are micrographs taken at different magnifications of cellulose particles obtained in accordance with the first process of the invention;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are micrographs at different magnifications of other cellulose particles obtained in accordance with the first process of the invention;
FIGS. 7 and 8 are micrographs taken at different magnifications of cellulose particles obtained in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the first process of the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a micrograph of cellulose particles obtained by the second process of this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The first process of this invention will now be described in detail.
According to the first process, a dispersion of fine particles of viscose is formed in the first step; fine particles of cellulose are formed in the second step; and the fine particles of cellulose are separated from the mother liquor in the third step.
The first step of forming the dispersion of fine particles of viscose is carried out by mixing viscose with a water-soluble anionic polymeric compound.
The viscose used, for example, has a gamma value of 30 to 100, preferably 35 to 90; a salt point of 3 to 20, preferably 4 to 18; a cellulose concentration of 3 to 15% by weight, preferably 5 to 13% by weight; an alkali concentration of 2 to 15% by weight, preferably 4 to 13% by weight; an alkali (as sodium hydroxide) weight proportion, based on cellulose, of 40 to 100% by weight, preferably 50 to 90% by weight; and a viscosity at 20.degree. C. of 50 to 20,000 centipoises, preferably 80 to 18,000 centipoises.
The pulp source of viscose is preferably linter pulp derived from either a coniferous tree or a broad-leaved tree. The viscose as cellulose has an average degree of polymerization of usually 110 to 1,000.
The water-soluble anionic polymeric compound has a sulonic acid group, a phosphonic acid group or a carboxyic acid group as an anionic group. These anionic groups may be in the form of a free acid group or a salt thereof.
The sulfonic acid group may be derived from, for example, vinylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, methylstyrenesulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid, or salts of these.
The phosphonic acid group may be derived, for example, from styrenephosphonic acid, vinylphosphonic acid or salts of these.
The carboxylic acid group may be derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, styrenecarboxylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid or salts of these acids.
A water-soluble anionic polymeric compound having the carboxylic acid group may, for example, be supplied as a homopolymer or copolymer containing sodium acrylate units by polymerizing sodium acrylate or a mixture of it with a copolymerizable monomer in a customary manner. Furthermore, by sulfonating a homopolymer of styrene, a water-soluble anionic polymeric compound having a sulfonic acid group may be produced.
The same can be said when the sulfonic acid group is derived from monomers other than styrenesulfonic acid, and when the phosphonic acid group and carboxylic acid group are derived from the aforesaid monomers.
The water-soluble anionic polymeric compound preferably contains at least 20 mole % of units derived from such a monomer as described above which has the anionic group. Such a preferred polymeric compound includes both a homopolymer and a copolymer.
The water-soluble anionic polymeric compound has a number average molecular weight of preferably at least 5,000, more preferably 10,000 to 3,000,000.
The water-soluble anionic polymeric compound in this invention is not limited to the vinyl-type polymers described above, and may include carboxymethyl cellulose, sulfoethyl cellulose, and salts (e.g., Na salt) of these.
In one preferred embodiment of the first process of the invention, the first step of forming the dispersion of fine particles of viscose is carried out by mixing viscose with both the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound and a cationic polymeric compound. According to this preferred embodiment, spherical, not elongated spherical, fine cellulose particles having a particle diameter of less than several tens of micrometers, especially less than several micrometers, can be produced very easily. These spherical particles can be produced easily even when the amount of the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound is used in a smaller amount than in the case of using it alone or the stirring of the compounds during mixing with viscose is less intense.
The cationic compound is, for example, a polymeric compound having an ammonium group as a cationic group, and preferably has water-solubility. Polymeric compounds having quaternary ammonium salt groups as the anionic group are preferred.
Examples of the cationic polymeric compound include ammonium salts represented by the following formula (I) ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group, X.sup.1 represents one equivalent of an anion, and n is a number showing the degree of polymerization,
ammonium salts represented by the following formula (II) ##STR2## wherein R.sup.3 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or a benzyl group, X.sup.2 represents one equivalent of an anion, and m is a number showing the degree of polymerization,
and ammonium salts represented by the following formula (III) ##STR3## wherein R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group, X.sup.3 represents one equivalent of an anion, and l is a number showing the degree of polymerization.
In formula (I) above, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a benzyl group. The lower alkyl group may be linear or branched, and includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl and n-pentyl. Methyl and ethyl are preferred as the lower alkyl group. X.sup.1 is one equivalent of an anion such as a chlorine ion, a bromine ion, or a hemisulfate ion. The number n showing the degree of polymerization is, for example, 5 to 1,500, preferably 8 to 1,200.
In formula (II), specific examples of the lower alkyl represented by R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 and one equivalent of an anion represented by X.sup.2 are the same as those given for the lower alkyl group and one-equivalent of an anion in formula (I). In formula (II), m is a number representing the degree of polymerization and is, for example, 3 to 1,000, preferably 5 to 800.
Examples of the cationic polymer compound [including the ammonium salts of formulae (I), (II) and (III)] include poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-methylenepiperizium chloride), poly(N,N-diethyl-3,5-methylenepiperizium chloride), polyvinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, polyvinylbenzyltriethyl ammonium chloride, polymethacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride and polymethacryloxyethyltriethyl ammonium chloride.
The cationic polymeric compounds have a number average molecular weight of, for example, 500 to 150,000, preferably 1,000 to 100,000, more preferably 3,000 to 70,000.
In the preferred embodiment, the dispersion can be formed in step (1) by, for example, simultaneously mixing viscose, the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound and the cationic polymeric compound, or by first mixing viscose with the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound and then mixing the resulting mixture with the cationic polymeric compound.
The water-soluble anionic polymer compound is used preferably as an aqueous solution, more preferably as an aqueous solution in which the concentration of the polymeric compound is 0.5 to 25% by weight, especially 2 to 22% by weight. The aqueous solution of the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound preferably has a viscosity of 30,000 to 50,000 centipoises at 20.degree. C.
When viscose is first mixed with the cationic polymeric compound and then with the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound, viscose is liable to coagulate, and therefore, the mixing operation should be carried out with utmost care.
The amount of the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound to be mixed is 0.3 to 100 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 45 parts by weight, especially preferably 4 to 20 parts by weight, per part by weight of cellulose.
When the cationic polymeric compound is used together, its amount is preferably 0.0005 to 0.4 part by weight, more preferably 0.001 to 0.3 part by weight, especially preferably 0.003 to 0.2 part by weight, per part by weight of the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound.
Mixing in step (1) may be effected by any means which can lead to the formation of the dispersion of fine viscose particles. For example, it can be carried out by mechanical stirring with stirring vanes or baffles, ultrasonic stirring, or mixing with a static mixer, either singly or in combination.
Advantageously, the mixing is carried out at a temperature lower than the boiling point of carbon dioxide contained in the viscose, preferably at 0.degree. to 40.degree. C..
The dispersion of fine viscose particles formed in the first step is then coagulated and neutralized in the second step to form fine particles of cellulose. Coagulation and neutralization may be carried out simultaneously or at different times.
When coagulation and neutralization are to be carried out at different times, the coagulation may be effected by heating the dispersion or mixing the dispersion with a coagulating agent. The neutralization can be effected by subsequently contacting the coagulated product with an acid.
Desirably, the coagulation reaction is carried out while the resulting dispersion is being mixed. The mixing operation may be carried out by any means, and for example, as in the step of forming the dispersion of fine particles, it may be carried out by using stirring vanes or the like.
In the embodiment in which the cationic polymeric compound is used, true spherical particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 20 micrometers can be easily obtained by performing the first and second steps under relatively mild shearing conditions, for example by using stirring vanes at a peripheral speed of not more than 200 m/min. and a rotating speed of not more than 1,000 rpm. This is one great advantage of the preferred embodiment in view of the fact that for example, the peripheral speed and rotating speed of the stirring vanes must be made larger than when fine particles are to be formed without using the cationic polymeric compound. The preferred embodiment also has the advantage that under low shear, the deformation of particles, for example the occurrence of elongated spherical particles, under high shear can be inhibited.
Coagulation by heating can be advantageously carried out at a temperature above the boiling point of carbon disulfide contained in viscose, for example at 50.degree. to 90.degree. C. Coagulation with a coagulating agent needs not to be carried out at such an elevated temperatures, and temperatures of 0.degree. to 40.degree. C. usually suffice. Examples of the coagulating agent are lower aliphatic alcohols, alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts of inorganic acids, inorganic acids, and organic acids, and mixtures of these with each other or with water-soluble polymeric compounds such as polyethylene glycol or its derivatives. The lower aliphatic alcohols may be linear or branched and are preferably aliphatic alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol and n-butanol. Examples of the inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and carbonic acid. The alkali metal salts of inorganic acids are preferably sodium salts such as NaCl and Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and potassium salts such as K.sub.2 SO.sub.4. The alkaline earth metal salts of inorganic acids are preferably magnesium salts such as MgSO.sub.4 and calcium salts such as CaCl.sub.2. The organic acids are preferably carboxylic acids and sulfonic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, benzoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, maleic anhydride, malic acid and oxalic acid.
The coagulating agent is used in a proportion of about 20 to 300% by weight based on cellulose in the viscose.
The acid used as a neutralizing agent preferably includes, for example, an inorganic strong acid such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
The neutralizing agent is used in an amount sufficient to neutralize viscose, and fine particles of cellulose can be formed.
As stated above, the coagulation and neutralization in the second step may be carried out simultaneously. An acid, preferably an inorganic strong acid such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, is an effective agent for the coagulation and neutralization. The acid used in an amount sufficient to neutralize viscose is sufficient for the coagulation and neutralization process. The simultaneous coagulation and neutralization are carried out advantageously at a temperature of, for example, 0.degree.0 to 40.degree. C.
According to the first process of the invention, the fine particles of cellulose formed in the second step are then separated in the third step from the mother liquor, and as required, subjected to removal of sulfur, washing with an acid, washing with water or drying. If desired, bleaching may be carried out after acid washing. The separation of the fine particles from the mother liquor can be carried out, for example, by filtration or centrifugal separation. The removal of sulfur may be carried out by using an aqueous solution of an alkali such as sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide. As required, the remaining alkali may be removed by washing with an acid such as dilute hydrochloric acid, and the product is washed with water and dried.
Now, the second process of this invention will be described below in detail.
According to the second process, a dispersion of fine particles of viscose is formed in the first step; fine particles of cellulose are formed in the second step; and the fine cellulose particles are separated from the mother liquor. The general procedure of the second process, therefore, is not different from the first process.
The first step of forming the dispersion of fine particles of viscose is carried out by mixing viscose with a water-soluble polyethylene glycol or its derivative having a number average molecular weight of at least 1,500.
The viscose used may be the same as that described in the description of the first process.
The polyethylene glycol or its derivative has a number average molecular weight of at least 1,500, preferably 1,500 to 400,000.
Examples of suitable polyethylene glycol derivatives include water-soluble compounds obtained by blocking only the hydroxyl group at one end of polyethylene glycol with an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, a phenyl group substituted by an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or an acyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, and A--B--A' type block copolymers (in which A and A' are identical or different and represent a polyethylene oxide block, and B represents a polypropylene oxide block). Specific examples include polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, polyethylene glycol monolauryl ether, polyethylene glycol monocetyl ether, polyethylene glycol monomethylphenyl ether, polyethylene glycol monononylphenyl ether, polyethylene glycol monoacetate, polyethylene glycol monolaurate, and polyoxyethylene block-polyoxypropylene block-polyoxyethylene block copolymer.
Polyethylene glycol is preferred among the polyethylene glycol and its derivatives. Polyethylene glycol has a number average molecular weight of preferably 6,000 to 200,000, more preferably 8,000 to 100,000, especially preferably 10,000 to 30,000. The polyethylene glycol derivative preferably has a number average molecular weight of 1,500 to 16,000.
According to the second process of the invention, viscose is first mixed with the water-soluble polyethylene glycol or its derivative by any means which can lead to the formation of a dispersion of fine particles of viscose. Specific means are the same as those described above with regard to the first process.
The water-soluble high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol or its derivative is used preferably as an aqueous solution, more preferably as an aqueous solution in which the concentration of polyethyene glycol or its derivative is 0.5 to 60% by weight, especially 5 to 55% by weight, above all 10 to 40% by weight.
The polyethylene glycol or its derivative is used in an amount of 1 to 30 parts by weight, preferably 2 to 28 parts by weight, especially preferably 4 to 24 parts by weight, above all 8 to 16 parts by weight, per part by weight of cellulose. The temperature at which viscose is mixed with the polyethylene glycol or its derivative is not particularly restricted. Desirably, the mixing is carried out at a temperature lower than the temperature at which the dispersion of fine particles of viscose is formed. The dispersion of fine particles of viscose is formed at a temperature of at least 55.degree. C. At temperatures lower than 55.degree. C., it is impossible to obtain the dispersion of fine particles of viscose which is a basis for giving fine particles of cellulose.
According to the second process, the dispersion of fine particles of viscose is then coagulated and neutralized in the second step to form fine particles of cellulose. The coagulation and neutralization may be carried out simultaneously or at different times.
When coagulation and neutralization are to be carried out at different times, the coagulation may be effected by heating the dispersion or mixing the dispersion with a coagulating agent. The neutralization can be effected by subsequently contacting the coagulated product with an acid.
Desirably, the coagulation reaction is carried out while the resulting dispersion is being mixed.
The coagulation reaction is carried out at a temperature equal to, or higher than, the temperature at which the dispersion is formed. Coagulation by heating or by using a coagulating agent is preferably carried out at a temperature of 60.degree. to 90.degree. C.
The coagulating agent and its amount are the same as described above with regard to the first process.
The use of a combination of the coagulating agent and polyethylene glycol or its derivative in coagulation brings about the advantage that the decrease in the concentration of polyethylene glycol or its derivative in the dispersion by the addition of the coagulating agent can be prevented and the dispersion can be coagulated stably.
The acid used as a neutralizing agent is preferably an inorganic strong acid such as sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid.
The neutralizing agent is used in an amount sufficient to neutralize viscose, and fine particles of cellulose are formed. As stated above, the coagulation and neutralization in the second step may be carried out simultaneously. An inorganic strong acid such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid is preferably an effective agent for coagulation and neutralization. The acid used in an amount sufficient to neutralize viscose is also sufficient for coagulation and neutralization. Advantageously, the simultaneous coagulation and neutralization are carried out at a temperature of 60.degree. to 90.degree. C.
According to the second process of this invention, the fine particles of cellulose formed in the second step are then treated in the third step under the same conditions as described above with regard to the first process.
As a result, the present invention can very easily give fine cellulose particles composed substantially of II-type cellulose. The fine cellulose particles having a relatively sharp particle size distribution are an aggregate of particles having an average particle diameter of, for example, about 1 to 200 micrometers.
Preferred fine cellulose particles provided by this invention are characterized in that:
(a) they are composed substantially of II-type cellulose,
(b) they have a crystallinity, determined by X-ray diffractometry, of 5 to 35%,
(c) they are composed substantially of spherical or elongated spherical particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 20 micrometers, and
(d) they have such a particle size distribution that the proportion of particles having a particle diameter in the range of the average particle diameter (micrometers) .+-.5 micrometers is at least 70% of the entire particles.
The fine cellulose particles of this invention are characterized by having the above requirements (a) to (d). These requirements will be described below.
The fine cellulose particles of this invention are composed substantially of II-type cellulose, i.e. regenerated cellulose. Accordingly, fine cellulose particles composed of natural cellulose, i.e. I-type cellulose, completely differ from the fine particles of this invention. As is well known, II-type cellulose and I-type cellulose are distinguished from each other by X-ray diffractometery. The X-ray diffraction pattern of II-type cellulose does not substantially have a diffraction peak at a diffraction angle 2.theta.=15.degree. which exists clearly in I-type cellulose.
The fine cellulose particles of the invention is characterized by having a crystallinity, determined by X-ray diffractometry, of 5 to 35%, preferably 10 to 28%, especially preferably 15 to 26%. The fine cellulose particles of the invention are not amorphous, but crystalline as specified by the above crystallinity.
The fine cellulose particles of the invention are composed substantially of spherical or elongated spherical particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 20 micrometers. The fine cellulose particles of the invention are furthermore composed substantially of spherical to elongated spherical particles having an average particle diameter of 1 to 18 micrometers, preferably 1.5 to 15 micrometer. The "elongated spherical" as used in this application is a generic concept embracing such a shape as an ellipse, a long-stretched circle, a peanut-like shape or an oval shape in the projection chart or top plan view of a particle. The fine particles of cellulose in this invention are spherical or elongated spherical, and therefore differ from angled or irregularly shaped particles. The elongated spherical particles of cellulose are liable to form if the dispersion formed in the first step is coagulated in the second step while viscose and the water-soluble anionic polymeric compound are being mixed too vigorously. The fine cellulose particles of this invention have a very sharp particle size distribution such that the proportion of particles having a particle diameter in the range of the average particle diameter .+-.5 micrometers is at least 70% by weight based on the entire particles. For example, when the entire particles have an average particle diameter of 10 micrometers, the proportion of particles having a particle diameter in the range of 5 to 15 micrometers is at least 70% by weight based on the entire particles. When the average particle diameter is 3 micrometers, the above range of the average particle diameter .+-.5 micrometers should be understood to be more than 0 but not more than 8 micrometers since the lower limit is never 0 or below.
The proportion of particles having an average particle diameter .+-.5 micrometers in the fine cellulose particles is at least 75% by weight in the case of a sharper size distribution, at least 80% by weight in the case of a much sharper size distribution, at least 85% by weight in the case of a still sharper size distribution, and at least 90% by weight in the case of an especially sharp size distribution, based on the entire particles.
In fine cellulose particles of this invention which have an average particle diameter of at least 5 micrometers, the proportion of particles having a particle size in the range of the average particle diameter micrometers.+-.average particle (micrometers) is preferably at least 70% by weight of the entire particles.
Secondarily, the fine particles of cellulose of this invention are characterized by the following properties.
Cellulose constituting the fine cellulose particles of the invention mostly shows a degree of polymerization in the range of 100 to 700, and a copper value, measured and defined by the following method, of not more than 3. Many of the fine cellulose particles of the invention have a degree of water swelling, measured and defined by the following method, of 100 to 500%. In some of these fine cellulose particles, the volume of pores having a pore diameter, measured by the mercury porosimeter method, of 0.01 to 0.5 micrometer is not more than 60.times.10.sup.-3 cc/g.
As stated above, the fine cellulose particles of this invention are fine and have a sharp particle size distribution, are relatively stable to chemicals and free from toxicity. Hence, they can be used in wide industrial fields as diluents for medicines, extenders for cosmetics, or as food additives.
Of course, the fine cellulose particles of this invention can be used as an aggregate of fine particles having the above characteristics (a) to (d). As required, groups of fine cellulose particles of the invention which differ from each other in average particle diameter and/or particle size distribution may be prepared, and used as a mixture.
The following examples illustrate the present invention in greater detail.
The various properties of the viscose and cellulose particles in the present invention are measured by the following methods.
Measurement Of The Crystallinity
Determined by X-ray diffractometry. An X-ray diffraction curve from 2.theta.=5.degree. to 2.theta.=45.degree. is taken, and the crystallinity is calculated in accordance with the following equation. ##EQU1## where T'={(a+C)-b}.times.K
C=c-a
K=0.896 (the incoherent scattering correction coefficient of cellulose),
a: the area of the diffraction curve (2.theta.=5-45.degree.) of amorphous starch,
b: the area of the air scattering curve (2.theta.=5-45.degree.),
c: the areas of the diffraction curve (2.theta.=5-45.degree.) of the sample
Measurement Of The Particle Size Distribution
About 0.1 g of a sample is put in 25 ml of pure water and dispersed with stirring. The particle size distribution of the sample is measured by a light-transmission type particle size distribution measuring instrument (SKC-2000 made by Seishin Co., Ltd.).
Measurement Of The Pore Volume Of Fine Cellulose Particles
Measured by DIGITAL READOUT POROSIMETER (Model 5-7121 mercury porosimeter made by American Instrument Co.).
The pore diameter is calculated in accordance with the following equation. ##EQU2## where
D is the pore diameter in micrometers, and
P is the pressure in Psia.
The pore volume at this pore diameter is calculated by using the density of mercury (13.5585 g/cm.sup.3 at 15.degree. C.).
where
V: pore volume (cc/g)
Q: the amount of mercury penetrated (cc)
S: the amount of sample (g)
Degree Of Water Swelling
About 1.0 g of fine cellulose particles are immersed in 20 times their amount of pure water and filtered spontaneously on a glass filter composed of a glass filter and a cellulose acetate film having a hole diameter of 0.2 micrometer placed in intimate contact with the glass fiber, followed by centrifugal dehydration in accordance with the method of measuring the degree of water swelling in JIS L-1015. The swollen cellulose particles are weighed (c). While the fine cellulose particles are placed on the glass filter their absolutely dried weight (d) is determined in accordance with the method of measuring the degree of water swelling in JIS L-1015. The degree of water swelling is calculated in accordance with the following equation. ##EQU3## a: the weight (g) of the glass fiber and the cellulose acetate film after the centrifugal dehydration,
b: the weight (g) of the glass fiber and the cellulose acetate film in an absolutely dry condition,
c: the weight (g) of the cellulose particles, the glass filter and the cellulose acetate film after the centrifugal dehydration,
d: the weight (g) of the cellulose particles, the glass filter and the cellulose acetate film in an absolutely dry condition
Averaqe Degree Of Polymerization
Measured in accordance with the method described in JIS L-1015.
Copper Value
Measured in accordance with the method described in JIS P-1801-1961.
Gamma Value
About 2.5 g of viscose is dissolved in 70 ml of pure water, and pure water is further added to adjust the total amount of the solution to 100 ml. Twenty milliliters of the viscose solution is passed through a column packed with 20 ml of an ion exchange resin (Amberlite IRA 410, OH-form) at a flow rate of 10 ml/min. Then, 20 ml of pure water is passed through the column three times and all of the waters are received in a Erlenmeyer flask. About 3 g of powdery calcium carbonate is added to the resulting liquid that has passed through the column. With stirring, 5 ml of 10% acetic acid and 5 ml of N/20 iodine are added. The mixture is back-titrated with N/20 sodium thiosulfate using a starch solution as an indicator. The gamma value is calculated in accordance with the following equation. ##EQU4## where A: the amount (ml) of N/20 sodium thiosulfate consumed,
B: the amount (ml) of N/20 sodium thiosulfate consumed in a blank test,
C: the weight (g) of the viscose sample
D: the concentration (wt.%) of cellulose in viscose
Salt Point
A small amount of viscose is added to an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, and the mixture is shaken. The minimum concentration of the aqueous sodium chloride solution which regenerates cellulose is determined. The salt point is calculated from the following equation. ##EQU5##
Method Of Observing Fine Particles Of Viscose In The Dispersion
A small amount (less than 0.001 g) of viscose in the dispersion is collected by a very slender glass rod. Immediately then, 0.003 to 0.005 g of 2N-H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 is added dropwise by a slender glass rod so that it covers the collected viscose to immobilize the fine viscose particles. The fine viscose particles are photographed through a phase difference microscope (Olympus BHS) at a magnification of 400, and observed.
EXAMPLE 1
About 5 kg of pulp from a coniferous tree was immersed for 1 hour in 200 liters of a 18% by weight aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 20.degree. C., and compressed to 2.8 times. The pulp was crushed for 1 hour while heating it from 25.degree. C. to 50.degree. C., and aged. Then, 35% by weight, based on cellulose, of carbon disulfide (1.75 kg) was added, and the cellulose was xanthated at 25.degree. C for 1 hour. The cellulose xanthate was dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to prepare viscose having a cellulose concentration of 9.5% by weight and a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.8% by weight. The viscose had an average degree of polymerization of 320 as cellulose, a viscosity of 6,000 centipoises and a gamma value of 37.8.
Thirty grams of the viscose and 270 g of an aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (polymer concentration 21% by weight, molecular weight 500,000; tradename Ps-50, a product of Toyo Soda Co., Ltd.) as an anionic polymeric compound were put into a 500 ml flask.
While the mixture was maintained at 30.degree. C., it was stirred for 10 minutes by a homomixer (made by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.) at 4000 rpm to produce fine particles of viscose. Subsequently, with stirring, the temperature of the mixture was raised from 30.degree. C. to 70.degree. C. over 15 minutes, and it was maintained at for 30 minutes to coagulate the fine viscose particles. Subsequently, with stirring, the viscose particles were neutralized and regenerated with 100 g/liter of sulfuric acid to obtain a dispersion of fine particles of cellulose. The dispersion was passed through a glass filter (Model lG4) to separate fine cellulose particles from the mother liquor. The cellulose particles were then treated with about 2 liters of a 2 g/liter aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to remove sulfur, neutralized with a 2 g/liter aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, washed with a large excess of water and then with 50 cc of methanol, and dried at 80.degree. C. for 3 hours to obtain fine cellulose particles.
The properties of the viscose dispersion and the cellulose particles were measured by the above methods, and the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________Material Analysisanalyzed Item of analysis value______________________________________Viscose Shape True spheredispersion Maximum particle diameter 20.0 (micrometers) Crystal type Cellulose type II Crystallinity (%) 21.2 Shape True sphere Average particle diameter 6.64 (micrometers)Cellulose Proportion of particles 94particles having a particle diameter in the range of the average particle diameter .+-.5 micrometers (% by weight) Particle size distribution FIG. 1 Average degree of polymeri- 310 zation Degree of water swelling(%) 298 Copper value 0.7 Pore volume of particles 20 .times. 10.sup.-3 having a pore diameter of 0.01 to 0.5 micrometers (cc/g)______________________________________
EXAMPLE 2
Using a pulp from a broad-leaved tree, viscose having a cellulose concentration of 8.7% by weight, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.4% by weight, a viscosity of 7400 centipoises and a gamma value of 52 was prepared in the same way as in Example 1.
The viscose was subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water and drying in the same way as in Example 1 except that the amount of the viscose and the type of the anionic polymeric compound were changed as indicated in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Cellulose particlesAqueous solution of the anionic Average Portion of particles polymeric compound particle having a diameter Anionic Molec- Concen- Weight of diameter within the averageRun polymeric ular tration Weight the viscose (micro- diameter .+-. 5 micrometersNo. compound weight (wt. %) (g) (g) Shape meters) (wt. %)__________________________________________________________________________1 Poly- 1,000,000 10 270 30 Spherical 8.2 91 (sodium styrene- sulfonate)2 Poly- 450,000 5 270 30 Spherical 10.1 87 (sodium acrylate)3 Poly- 700,000 5 240 60 Spherical 9.4 84 (sodium meth- acrylate)__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 3
Viscose having a cellulose concentration of 9.3% by weight, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.9% by weight, a viscosity of 5,600 centipoises and a gamma value of 42 was prepared from a coniferous tree pulp as a starting material in the same way as in Example 1. Viscose particles were prepared in the same way as in Example 1 except that the molecular weight of the poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) and its concentration in the aqueous solution were changed as indicated in Table 3. The shapes of the viscose particles during dispersion and coagulation are shown in Table 3. The shape of the viscose particles during dispersion in Run No. 7 are shown in FIG. 2.
TABLE 3______________________________________Aqueous solution of poly(sodiumstyrenesulfonate) Concen- ShapeRun Molecular Diluting tration during duringNo. weight liquid (wt. %) dispersion coagulation______________________________________1 5,000 3 wt. % 5 Spherical Spherical NaOH aqueous solution2 5,000 3 wt. % 10 Spherical Spherical NaOH aqueous solution3 5,000 3 wt. % 21 Spherical Spherical NaOH and aqueous elongated solution spherical4 50,000 Water 5 Spherical Spherical5 50,000 Water 10 Spherical Spherical6 50,000 Water 21 Spherical Spherical7 500,000 Water 10 Spherical Spherical8 1,000,000 Water 5 Spherical Spherical______________________________________
EXAMPLE 4
Viscose having each of the cellulose concentrations indicated in Table 4 was prepared from linter pulp as a starting material in the same way as in Example 1. The viscose was subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water and drying in the same way as in Example 1 except that the concentrations of the viscose and the aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) were changed as indicated in Table 4.
The shapes of the viscose particles during dispersion and coagulation are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ Aqueous solution ConcentrationCellulose of poly(sodium of the polymeric Shape ofconcentration styrenesulfonate) compound/ particlesRun of the viscose Diluting Concentration concentration during duringNo. (wt. %) liquid (wt. %) of cellulose dispersion coagulation__________________________________________________________________________1 10.1 Water 2 1.8 Spherical Spherical and elongated spherical2 10.1 " 5 4.5 " Spherical3 1.0 3 wt. % 10 90 " Spherical aqueous and NaOH elongated solution spherical4 5.1 Water 10 18 " Spherical5 10.0 " 10 9 " "6 14.9 " 10 6 " "7 19.8 " 10 4.5 " "8 10.0 " 21 18.9 " "__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
In the same way as in Example 1, viscose was prepared from a broad-leaved tree pulp as a starting material, and subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water and drying at the varying alkali concentrations of the viscose as indicated in Table 5. The shapes of the viscose particles during dispersion and coagulation are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5______________________________________Composition of the viscoseAlkali Cellulose Shape of the viscoseconcen- concen- Alkali/ particlesRun tration tration cellulose during duringNo. (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %) dispersion coagulation______________________________________1 3.4 8.7 39.1 Spherical Spherical2 3.5 4.5 77.8 Spherical Spherical3 6.3 5.2 121.2 Spherical Spherical4 9.3 6.2 150.0 Spherical Spherical and elongated spherical______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6
In the same way as in Example 1, viscose having each of the average degrees of polymerization and viscosities indicated in Table 6 was prepared from linter pulp as a starting material, and subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water, and drying. The shapes of the viscose particles during dispersion and coagulation are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6______________________________________ViscoseAveragedegree Cellulose Shapes of viscoseof concen- particlesRun polymer- Viscosity tration during duringNo. ization (cp) (wt. %) dispersion coagulation______________________________________1 196 302 5.8 Spherical Spherical2 260 513 6.2 Spherical Spherical3 405 350 5.2 Spherical Spherical4 621 892 5.2 Spherical Spherical5 209 300 6.6 Spherical Spherical6 209 1500 10.0 Spherical Spherical7 209 10300 13.3 Spherical Spherical and elongated spherical______________________________________
EXAMPLE 7
Thirty grams of the viscose prepared in Example 1 and 270 g of an aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer concentration 21% by weight) were put into a 500 ml beaker and the temperature of the mixture was adjusted to 30.degree. C. The mixture was put in a stationary mixing agitator constructed by connecting 18 static mixer elements (made by Kenics Company) alternately to right and left and at right angles, and divided into 262144 layers and mixed. In the resulting mixed solution, viscose dispersed in spherical particles having a maximum particle diameter of 21 micrometers.
EXAMPLE 8
Thirty grams of the same viscose as obtained in Example 1 and 270 g of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer concentration 21% by weight) were put into 500 ml flask. While the temperature of the mixture was maintained at 30.degree. C., the mixture was stirred at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes and subjected to the coagulating conditions shown in Table 7. The same work-up as in Example 1 was carried out to obtain particles. The shapes of the viscose particles during dispersion and coagulation are shown in Table 7.
Electron micrographs of the cellulose particles obtained in Run No. 2 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, and electron micrographs of the cellulose particles obtained in Run No. 3, in FIGS. 5 and 6.
TABLE 7__________________________________________________________________________Coagulating conditions Shapes of the viscose Temperature elevating conditions particlesRun Stirring Temperature Time Coagulation during duringNo. (rpm) (.degree.C.) (min.) with salt dispersion coagulation__________________________________________________________________________1 No 30 .fwdarw. 70 15 -- Spherical Aggregate2 Yes (4000) 30 .fwdarw. 70 15 -- " Spherical3 Yes (7000) 30 .fwdarw. 70 15 -- " Elongated spherical4 Yes (4000) 30 .fwdarw. 90 30 -- " Spherical5 Yes (4000) 30 60 Aqueous " " NaCl solution (50 g/l) was added in 6 portions__________________________________________________________________________ Run No. 1 was for comparison, and Run Nos. 2 to 5 were within the present invention.
EXAMPLE 9
Thirty grams of the same viscose as obtained in Example 1 and 270 g of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer concentration 21% by weight) were put into a 500 ml flask. As indicated in Table 8, the mixture was stirred at 4000 rpm by a homomixer under the dispersing conditions shown in Table 8. The shape of the viscose particles during dispersion is shown in Table 8.
TABLE 8______________________________________ Dispersing conditionsRun Temperature Time Shape duringNo. (.degree.C.) (min.) dispersion______________________________________1 0 10 Spherical2 10 0.5 Spherical3 10 1 Spherical4 10 10 Spherical5 10 30 Spherical6 20 0.5 Spherical7 30 0.5 Spherical8 40 0.5 Spherical______________________________________
EXAMPLE 10
Viscoses having a gamma value of 32 (salt point 3.7), 45 (salt point 6.1), 82 salt point 17.3), and 93 (salt point 20.2) were prepared from a broad-leaved tree as a starting material. Cellulose particles were prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 using the resulting viscoses and poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer concentration 21% by weight). All of these cellulose particles were spherical.
EXAMPLE 11
Thirty grams of the viscose obtained in Example 1 and 270 g of an aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrene-sulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer solution 21 % by weight) were put in a 500 ml flask, and agitated for 3 minutes at 4000 rpm by a homomixer while the temperature of the mixture was maintained at 30.degree. C. The resulting dispersion was subjected to simultaneously coagulation and regeneration by stirring it while 200 g of a mixture of 1N H.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and the above aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) in a weight ratio of 1:1 was added dropwise over 30 minutes. The resulting cellulose particles were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 11.3 micrometers.
EXAMPLES 12
Thirty grams of the viscose obtained in Example 1 was dissolved in 265 g of pure water. The diluted viscose was put into a 500 ml flask and while it was stirred by a homomixer at 4000 rpm at 30.degree. C., 5 g of flakes of poly(sodium acrylate) having a molecular weight of 2,000,000 were added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and the temperature of the mixture was elevated from 30.degree. to 70.degree. C. over 15 minutes to coagulate and regenerate the fine viscose particles, followed by washing with water and drying. The resulting cellulose particles were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 14.3 micrometers.
EXAMPLE 13
A water-soluble copolymer of methyl acrylate and sodium acrylate with each of the sodium acrylate contents indicated in Table 9 was prepared. Then, 270 g of a 15 % aqueous solution of the copolymer was kept at 20.degree. C. and stirred at 4000 rpm, and 30 g of the viscose obtained in Example 1 was added. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes. The state of dispersion of the viscose in the mixture was observed by the photographic method described hereinabove. The results are shown in Table 9.
TABLE 9______________________________________ Content of sodium acrylate in the water-solubleRun copolymer Shape duringNo. (mole %) dispersion______________________________________1 100 Spherical2 70 Spherical3 40 Spherical4 20 Spherical and elongated spherical______________________________________
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
In the same way as in Example 1, viscose having a cellulose concentration of 9.0 % by weight, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.7 %, a viscosity of 5900 centipoises and a gamma value of 43 was prepared from a coniferous tree pulp. Three hundred milliliters of liquid paraffin (a product of Wako Pure Chemicals, Co., Ltd.; viscosity at 20.degree. C. 170-180 centipoises) was put in a 500 ml flask, and at 30.degree. C. under the stirring conditions shown in Table 10, 33 g of the viscose was added. The mixture was stirred further for 20 minutes to disperse the viscose. With stirring, the temperature of the dispersion was elevated from 30.degree. to 80.degree. C. over 20 minutes, and the mixture was maintained at 80.degree. C. for 1.5 hours to form viscose particles. The viscose particles were washed with xylene, methanol and warm water. The viscose particles were dispersed in 200 ml of an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (49 g/liter) and the dispersion was stirred for 1 hour to effect neutralization and regeneration and obtain a dispersion of cellulose particles. The dispersion was worked up in the same way as in Example 1 to obtain cellulose particles.
The resulting cellulose particles were observed under a microscope, and the results are shown in Table 10. The average particle diameters indicated in Table 10 were obtained from 100 cellulose particles. Under any of the conditions, cellulose particles having an average particle diameter of not more than 20 microns could be obtained.
TABLE 10______________________________________ Average Maximum Minimum particle particle particle Rotating diameter diameter diameterRun speed (micro- (micro- (micro-No. Stirrer (rpm) meters) meters) meters)______________________________________1 Three-one 600 1,070 1,530 320 motor made by Heidon Comp. Ltd.2 Three-one 800 425 580 85 motor made by Heidon Comp. Ltd.3 Three-one 1,000 285 380 34 motor made by Heidon Comp. Ltd.4 Homomixer 7,000 48 75 13 (made by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.)______________________________________
EXAMPLE 14
About 5 kg of pulp from a coniferous tree was immersed for 1 hour in 200 liters of a 18% by weight aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and compressed to 2.8 times. It was crushed for 1 hour while its temperature was raised from 25.degree. to 50.degree. C., and aged. Then, 35% by weight, based on the cellulose, of carbon disulfide (1.75 kg) was added and the cellulose was xanthated at 25.degree. C. for 1 hour to form cellulose xanthate. The xanthate was dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to prepare viscose having a cellulose concentration of 8.7% by weight, and a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.6% by weight. The viscose had an average degree of polymerization of 280 as cellulose, a gamma value of 36.5 and a viscosity of 6800 centipoises.
Thirty grams of the viscose and 270 g of an aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate) (molecular weight 40,000; polymer concentration 7% by weight) were put into a 500 ml flask. The mixture was stirred by a labostirrer (Model LR-51B, made by Yamato Science Co., Ltd.; rotating vanes 7 cm) for 10 minutes at 30.degree. C. to form fine viscose particles. Subsequently, the temperature of the dispersion was elevated from 30.degree. to 80.degree. C. over 15 minutes with stirring, and it was maintained at 80.degree. C. for 30 minutes to coagulate the fine viscose particles. Subsequently, with stirring, the fine viscose particles were neutralized and regenerated with sulfuric acid (100 g/liter) to obtain a dispersion of fine cellulose particles. The dispersion was passed through a glass filter (1G4 type) to separate the cellulose particles from the mother liquor. The fine cellulose particles were treated with about 2 liters of 2 g/liter aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at 50.degree. C. to remove sulfur, neutralized with a 2 g/liter aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, washed with a large excess of water and then with 50 cc of methanol, and dried at 80.degree. C. for 3 hours to form fine cellulose particles.
The properties of the fine cellulose particles obtained were measured, and the results are shown in Table 11.
TABLE 11______________________________________Crystal type Cellulose II-typeCrystallinity 28 (%)Shape True sphereAverage particle 75 micrometersdiameterAverage degree of 265polymerizationDegree of water 273%swellingCopper value 0.4______________________________________
EXAMPLE 15
Cellulose particles obtained under the same conditions as in Example 14 using viscoses from a broad-leaved tree pulp having a gamma value of 30 (salt point 3.4), 42 (salt point 5.8), 80 (salt point 17.0), and 93 (salt point 20.5) and poly(sodium acrylate) (molecular weight 40,000; polymer concentration 7% by weight) were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 50, 61, 75, and 80 micrometers, respectively.
EXAMPLE 16
Cellulose particles prepared under the same conditions as in Example 14 using viscoses prepared from a broad-leaved tree pulp and having a cellulose concentration of 8.0% by weight and an alkali concentration of 3.5, 5.4, 6.5, and 11.2% by weight, respectively, were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 51, 59, 63 and 77 micrometers, respectively.
EXAMPLE 17
Cellulose particles obtained under the same conditions as in Example 14 using viscoses having the average degrees of polymerization as cellulose and viscosities indicated in Table 12 and prepared from linter pulp were all spherical, and had the average particle diameters indicated in Table 12.
TABLE 12______________________________________ Average diameterViscose of the Average Cellulose sphericalRun degree of Viscosity concentration particlesNo. polymerization (cp) (%) (micrometers)______________________________________1 201 920 7.3 712 405 2300 9.0 753 520 3100 7.0 724 653 900 5.2 785 280 300 4.1 706 280 1200 9.3 727 280 9300 13.8 77______________________________________
EXAMPLE 18
Example 14 was repeated except that each of the aqueous solutions of anionic polymeric compounds indicated in Table 13 was used instead of the aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate). The shapes and average particle diameters of the fine cellulose particles are shown in Table 13.
TABLE 13______________________________________ Cellulose particlesAqueous solution of an anionic Averagepolymeric compound particle Concen- diameterRun Polymeric Molecular tration (micro-No. compound weight (wt. %) Shape meters)______________________________________1 Poly(sodium 40,000 5 Spherical 102 acrylate)2 poly(sodium 50,000 7 Spherical 65 methacrylate)3 Poly(sodium 50,000 14 Spherical 81 styrene- sulfonate)______________________________________
EXAMPLE 19
Example 14 was repeated except that the molecular weight and concentration of poly(sodium acrylate) were changed as indicated in Table 14. The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 14.
TABLE 14______________________________________ Cellulose particlesAqueous solution of Averagepoly(sodium acrylate) particle Concen- diameterRun Molecular tration (micro-No. weight (wt. %) Shape meters)______________________________________1 40,000 7 Spherical 752 100,000 5 Spherical 503 400,000 5 Spherical 424 700,000 5 Spherical 20______________________________________
EXAMPLE 20
Cellulose particles were obtained by repeating Example 14 except that poly(sodium acrylate) having a molecular weight of 40,000 and a concentration of 10% by weight was used, and the rotating speed of the labostirrer was changed to 200, 400, and 800 rpm, respectively. The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 15.
TABLE 15______________________________________ Average particle Rotating Peripheral diameterRun speed speed (micro-No. (rpm) (m/min.) Shape meters)______________________________________1 200 44 Spherical 1532 400 88 Spherical 633 800 176 Spherical 25______________________________________
EXAMPLE 21
Viscose having each of the cellulose concentrations shown in Table 16 was prepared by the same method as in Example 14. Fine particles of the viscose were prepared under the same conditions as in Example 14 except that the concentrations of the viscose and the aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate) (molecular weight 40,000) were changed as shown in Table 16. The viscose particles were subjected to coagulation, regeneration, washing with water and drying. The resulting cellulose particles were spherical.
TABLE 16______________________________________ Concen- Average tration particle Concen- of poly- diameter Cellulose tration (sodium of the concen- of poly- acrylate)/ spherical tration of (sodium cellulose celluloseRun viscose acrylate) concen- particlesNo. (wt. %) (wt. %) tration (micrometers)______________________________________1 10.1 12 13.4 1522 5.1 12 21.2 1413 10.1 7 6.3 784 14.9 7 4.2 735 19.8 7 3.2 65______________________________________
EXAMPLE 22
Fine cellulose particles were prepared in the same way as in Example 14 except that an aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 500,000; polymer concentration 14% by weight) containing 0.04 g of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-methylene-piperizium chloride) (molecular weight 75,000) was used instead of the aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate). The results are shown in Table 17.
TABLE 17______________________________________Crystal type Cellulose II-typeCrystallinity 29 (%)Shape True sphereAverage particle 10.2 micrometersdiameterAverage degree of 270polymerizationDegree of water 231%swellingCopper value 0.4______________________________________
EXAMPLE 23
Cellulose particles obtained under the same conditions as in Example 22 using viscoses having a gamma value of 30 (salt point 3.4), 42 (salt point 5.8), 80 (salt point 17.0), and 93 (salt point 20.5), respectively, and prepared from a broad-leaved tree pulp as a starting material and an aqueous solution of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (molecular weight 1,000,000; polymer concentration 14% by weight) containing 0.04 g of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-methylene-piperizium chloride) were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 8.0, 8.5, 9.8, and 10.5 micrometers.
EXAMPLE 24
Cellulose particles obtained under the same conditions as in Example 22 using viscoses having a cellulose concentration of 8.0% by weight and an alkali concentration of 3.5, 5.4, 6.5, and 11.2% by weight and prepared from a broad-leaved tree pulp were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 9.5, 10.2, 11.0, and 12.2 micrometers, respectively.
EXAMPLE 25
Example 22 was repeated except that each of viscoses prepared from linter pulp and having the properties indicated in Table 18 was used as the viscose. The average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles which were all spherical are shown in Table 18.
TABLE 18______________________________________ Average diameterViscose of the Average Cellulose sphericalRun degree of Viscosity concentration particlesNo. polymerization (cp) (%) (micrometers)______________________________________1 201 920 7.3 10.22 405 2300 9.0 10.63 520 3100 7.0 9.34 653 900 5.2 8.85 280 300 4.1 10.16 280 1200 9.3 10.57 280 9300 13.8 11.0______________________________________
EXAMPLE 26
Example 14 was repeated except that an aqueous solution of each of the anionic polymeric compounds shown in Table 19 containing 0.04 g of poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-methylene-piperizium chloride) (molecular weight 75,000) was used instead of the aqueous solution of poly(sodium acrylate). The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 19.
TABLE 19______________________________________ Cellulose particlesAqueous solution of an anionic Averagepolmeric compound particle Anionic Concen- diameterRun polymeric Molecular tration (micro-No. compound weight (wt. %) Shape meters______________________________________1 Poly(sodium 80,000 5 Spherical 15.8 acrylate)2 poly(sodium 50,000 7 Spherical 14.3 methacrylate)3 Poly(sodium 500,000 17 Spherical 9.4 styrene- sulfonate______________________________________
EXAMPLE 27
Example 22 was repeated except that the molecular weight and concentration of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) were changed as indicated in Table 20. The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 20.
TABLE 20______________________________________Aqueous solution of Cellulose particlespoly(sodium styrene- Averagesulfonate particle Concen- diameterRun Molecular tration (micro-No. weight (wt. %) Shape meters)______________________________________1 500,000 10 Spherical 8.52 500,000 17 Spherical 10.53 1,000,000 10 Spherical 8.04 1,000,000 17 Spherical 9.8______________________________________
EXAMPLE 28
Example 22 was repeated except that poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) having a molecular weight of 1,000,000 was used in a concentration of 14% by weight as the anionic polymeric compound, and the stirring by the labostirrer was carried out at a rotating speed of 200, 400, and 800 rpm, respectively. The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 21.
TABLE 21______________________________________ Average particle Rotating Peripheral diameterRun speed speed (micro-No. (rpm) (m/min.) Shape meters)______________________________________1 200 44 Spherical 14.02 400 88 Spherical 8.53 800 176 Spherical 5.2______________________________________
EXAMPLE 29
Example 22 was repeated except that each of the cationic polymeric compounds indicated in Table 22 was used instead of the cationic polymeric compound used in Example 22. The average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 22.
TABLE 22______________________________________ Average particle diameterRun Molecular (micro-No. Cationic polymeric compound weight meters)______________________________________1 Poly(N,N--dimethyl-3,5-methylene- 9,000 10.2 piperizuium chloride)2 Poly(methacryloxyethyl ammonium 28,000 12.5 chloride)3 Poly(vinylbenzyl trimethyl 3,000 9.1 ammonium chloride)______________________________________
EXAMPLE 30
Example 22 was repeated except that poly(N,N-dimethyl-3,5-methylenepiperizium chloride) having a molecular weight of 9,000 was used as the cationic polymeric compound in each of the amounts indicated in Table 23. The average particle diameters of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in Table 23. Electron micrographs of the resulting cellulose particles are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
TABLE 23______________________________________ Average Amount of the cationic polymeric particle compound (parts by weight per diameterRun part by weight of poly(sodium (micro-No. styrenesulfonate)) meters)______________________________________1 0.005 16.32 0.01 10.63 0.05 8.04 0.1 5.15 0.3 3.3______________________________________
EXAMPLE 31
About 5 kg of pulp from a coniferous tree was immersed for 1 hour in 200 liters of an 18% by weight aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and compressed to 2.8 times. It was crushed for 1 hour while its temperature was raised from 25.degree. to 50.degree. C., and aged. Then, 35% by weight, based on cellulose, of carbon disulfide (1.75 kg) was added and the cellulose was xanthated at 25.degree. C. for 1 hour. The resulting cellulose xanthate was dissolved in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to form a viscose having a cellulose concentration of 9.0% by weight and a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.5% by weight. The viscose had an average degree of polymerization of 304 as cellulose, a viscosity of 7,200 centipoises and a gamma value of 37.0.
Sixty grams of the viscose and 240 g of an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000; polymer concentration 30% by weight) were put into a 500 ml flask. The mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 40.degree. C. by a labostirrer (Model LR-51B made by Yamato Science Co., Ltd.) at 1000 rpm. Subsequently, with stirring, the temperature of the mixture was raised from 40.degree. to 80.degree. C. over 15 minutes to form a dispersion of viscose. The dispersion was then maintained at 80.degree. C. for 30 minutes to coagulate the fine viscose particles. Subsequently, the fine viscose particles were neutralized and regenerated with sulfuric acid (100 g/liter) with stirring to obtain a dispersion of fine cellulose particles. The dispersion was passed through a glass filter (IG4-type) to separate the fine cellulose particles form the mother liquor. The fine cellulose particles were treated with about 2 liters of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (2 g/liter) to remove sulfur, neutralized with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (2 g/liter), washed with a large excess of water and then with 50 cc of methanol, and dried at 80.degree. C. for 3 hours to obtain fine cellulose particles. The properties of the cellulose particles measured by the methods described hereinabove are shown in Table 24. An electron micrograph of the resulting cellulose particles is shown in FIG. 9.
TABLE 24______________________________________Crystal type Cellulose II-typeCrystallinity 25 (%)Shape True sphereAverage particle 9.3 micrometersdiameterAverage degree of 280polymerizationDegree of water 217%swellingCopper value 0.5______________________________________
EXAMPLE 32
Cellulose particles obtained under the same conditions as in Example 31 using viscoses prepared from a broad-leaved pulp and having a gamma value of 32 (salt point 3.7), 45 (salt point 6.1), 82 (salt point 17.3), and 93 (salt point 20.2) and polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000; polymer concentration 30% by weight) were all spherical.
EXAMPLE 33
Example 31 was repeated except that each of the viscoses shown in Table 25 was used. The viscose particles were spherical during coagulation.
TABLE 25______________________________________Viscose composition Alkali Cellulose AlkaliRun concentration concentration celluloseNo. (wt. %) (wt. %) (wt. %)______________________________________1 3.4 8.7 40.22 5.5 10.3 51.53 6.3 9.0 70.04 12.5 13.9 89.9______________________________________
EXAMPLE 34
Example 31 was repeated except that each of the viscoses shown in Table 26 prepared from linter pulp was used. At the time of coagulation, the viscose particles were spherical in all runs.
TABLE 26______________________________________Viscose Average degree CelluloseRun of polymer- Viscosity concentrationNo. ization (cp) (wt. %)______________________________________1 196 302 5.82 260 513 6.23 405 350 5.24 621 892 5.25 209 300 6.66 209 1500 10.07 209 10300 13.3______________________________________
EXAMPLE 35
Viscose having a cellulose concentration of 8.7% by weight, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.4% by weight, a viscosity of 7400 centipoises and a gamma value of 52 was prepared from a broad-leaved tree pulp as a starting material in the same way as in Example 31.
The viscose was subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water and drying in the same way as in Example 31 except that the amount of the viscose was changed as shown in Table 27, and each of polyethylene glycol (POE) or its derivatives shown in Table 27 was used. The shapes and average particle diameters of the resulting fine cellulose particles are shown in Table 27.
TABLE 27__________________________________________________________________________ Cellulose particles AverageAqueous solution of POE or its derivative Weight particle Concen- of the diameterRun Molecular tration Weight viscose (micro-No. POE or its derivative weight (wt. %) (g) (g) Shape meters)__________________________________________________________________________1 Polyethylene glycol 6,000 50 240 60 Spherical 652 POE (50) lauryl ether 2,500 30 240 60 Spherical 413 POE (40) nonylphenyl 1,900 30 240 60 Spherical 53 ether4 Polypropylene glycol 4,000 40 240 60 Spherical 11 ethylene oxide block copolymer__________________________________________________________________________
EXAMPLE 36
Viscose having a cellulose concentration of 9.3% by weight, a sodium hydroxide concentration of 5.9% by weight, a viscosity of 600 centipoises and a gamma value of 42 was prepared from a coniferous tree pulp as a starting material in the same way as in Example 31. From the viscose, viscose particles were prepared in the same way as in Example 31 except that each of the aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol indicated in Table 28 was used. The shape of the viscose particles during coagulation was spherical in all runs.
TABLE 28______________________________________ Aqueous solution of polyethylene glycolRun Molecular ConcentrationNo. weight (wt. %)______________________________________1 2,000 402 6,000 403 20,000 304 100,000 55 350,000 2______________________________________
EXAMPLE 37
Viscose having each of the cellulose concentrations indicated in Table 29 was prepared from linter pulp in the same way as in Example 31. The viscose was subjected to dispersion, coagulation, regeneration, washing with water, and drying in the same way as in Example 31 except that an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000) in each of the concentrations shown in Table 29 was used.
At the time of coagulation, the viscose particles were spherical in all runs.
TABLE 29______________________________________ Concentration Cellulose of polyethylene Concentration of concentration glycol in the polyethylene glycol/Run in the viscose aqueous solution concentration ofNo. (wt. %) (wt. %) cellulose______________________________________1 10.0 20 7.92 10.1 50 19.83 6.0 40 26.74 5.1 30 23.55 10.0 30 126 14.9 30 8.1______________________________________
EXAMPLE 38
Sixty grams of the viscose obtained in Example 31 was dissolved in 180 g of pure water. The diluted viscose was put in a 300 ml flask, and while the solution was stirred at 1000 rpm by a labostirrer at a solution temperature of 40.degree. C., 60 g of flakes of polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 20,000 were added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and then the temperature of the mixture was raised from 40.degree. to 80.degree. C. over 15 minutes to form a dispersion of the viscose. The fine viscose particles were coagulated and regenerated, followed by washing with water and drying to form cellulose particles. The resulting cellulose particles were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 12.5 micrometers.
EXAMPLE 39
Sixty grams of the viscose (about 20.degree. C.) prepared in Example 1 was put into 240 g of an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000; concentration 30% by weight) heated to 80.degree. C. The mixture was heated for 30 minutes with stirring at 1000 rpm by a labostirrer. The resulting fine viscose particles were spherical and had an average particle diameter of 11.3 micrometers.
EXAMPLE 40
Sixty grams of the viscose prepared in Example 1 was put into 240 g of an aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000; concentration 30% by weight). The mixture was then stirred at 1000 rpm for 10 minutes at 40.degree. C. by a labostirrer. The temperature of the mixture was then raised from 40.degree. to 60.degree. C. over about 10 minutes to prepare true spherical fine particles of viscose. At this time, an aqueous solution of ethylene glycol (molecular weight 20,000; concentration 30% by weight) containing 5 g/liter of sulfuric acid was heated to 60.degree. C., and put into the dispersion of the viscose particles. Subsequently, the mixture was heated for 30 minutes to obtain coagulated fine viscose particles. The resulting viscose particles had an average diameter of 9.8 micrometers, and a smooth surface.

Number	Date	Country
60-82632	Apr 1985	JPX
60-218135	Oct 1985	JPX
60-259832	Nov 1985	JPX
61-38382	Feb 1986	JPX

Number	Name	Date
3336144	Bridgeford et al.	Aug 1967
3536697	Kolosh et al.	Oct 1970
4098996	Ryan et al.	Jul 1978

Number	Date	Country
269002	Apr 1964	AUX
48-43082	Jun 1973	JPX
938743	Oct 1963	GBX

Fine cellulose particles and process for production thereof

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