Fire resistant tunnel expansion joint systems

Abstract

A fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system for installation between substrates of a tunnel. The system includes a fire protection barrier applied at a predetermined thickness to the substrates and a fire resistant tunnel expansion joint. The tunnel expansion joint includes a core and a fire retardant infused into the core. The core is configured to define a profile to facilitate the compression of the tunnel expansion joint when installed between the substrates. The fire protection barrier and the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint are each capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of at least about 540° C. or greater for about five minutes.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to joint systems for use in concrete and other building systems and, more particularly, to expansion joints for accommodating thermal and/or seismic movements in such systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Concrete structures and other building systems often incorporate joints that accommodate movements due to thermal and/or seismic conditions. These joint systems may be positioned to extend through both interior and exterior surfaces (e.g., walls, floors, and roofs) of a building or other structure.

In the case of a joint in an exterior wall, roof, or floor exposed to external environmental conditions, the expansion joint system should also, to some degree, resist the effects of the external environment conditions. As such, most external expansion joints systems are designed to resist the effects of such conditions (particularly water). In vertical joints, such conditions will likely be in the form of rain, snow, or ice that is driven by wind. In horizontal joints, the conditions will likely be in the form of rain, standing water, snow, ice, and in some circumstances all of these at the same time. Additionally, some horizontal systems may be subjected to pedestrian and/or vehicular traffic.

Many expansion joint products do not fully consider the irregular nature of building expansion joints. It is common for an expansion joint to have several transition areas along the length thereof. These may be walls, parapets, columns, or other obstructions. As such, the expansion joint product, in some fashion or other, follows the joint as it traverses these obstructions. In many products, this is a point of weakness, as the homogeneous nature of the product is interrupted. Methods of handling these transitions include stitching, gluing, and welding. In many situations, it is difficult or impossible to prefabricate these expansion joint transitions, as the exact details of the expansion joint and any transitions and/or dimensions may not be known at the time of manufacturing.

In cases of this type, job site modifications are frequently made to facilitate the function of the product with regard to the actual conditions encountered. Normally, one of two situations occurs. In the first, the product is modified to suit the actual expansion joint conditions. In the second, the manufacturer is made aware of issues pertaining to jobsite modifications, and requests to modify the product are presented to the manufacturer in an effort to better accommodate the expansion joint conditions. In the first situation, there is a chance that a person installing the product does not possess the adequate tools or knowledge of the product to modify it in a way such that the product still performs as designed or such that a transition that is commensurate with the performance expected thereof can be effectively carried out. This can lead to a premature failure at the point of modification, which may result in subsequent damage to the property. In the second case, product is oftentimes returned to the manufacturer for rework, or it is simply scrapped and re-manufactured. Both return to the manufacturer and scrapping and re-manufacture are costly, and both result in delays with regard to the building construction, which can in itself be extremely costly.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In an aspect, the present invention is directed to a fire and/or water resistant expansion joint system for installation between substrates of a tunnel. The system includes a coating applied at a predetermined thickness to the substrates and a fire and water resistant expansion joint. The expansion joint includes a core and a fire retardant infused into the core. The core is configured to define a profile to facilitate the compression of the expansion joint system when installed between the substrates. The coating and the fire and water resistant expansion joint are each capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. or greater for about five minutes.

In another aspect of the invention, the coating and the fire and water resistant expansion joint of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system are each capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 930° C. or greater for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. or greater for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. or greater for about eight hours.

In one embodiment, the core of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system includes a plurality of individual laminations assembled to construct a laminate, one or more of the laminations being infused with at least one of the fire retardant and a water-based acrylic chemistry.

In another aspect of the invention, the coating of the expansion joint system is applied at the predetermined thickness to achieve a substantially uniform layer on the substrates of the tunnel. In one embodiment, the fire and water resistant expansion joint is positioned in a gap between the substrates of the tunnel, an edge of the gap is chamfered as the edge abuts the expansion joint and the coating is applied to fill the chamfer.

In another aspect of the invention, the coating of the expansion joint system is applied at the predetermined thickness to achieve a substantially uniform layer on the substrates of the tunnel to a predetermined distance away from a gap between the substrates, and at a second predetermined thickness from the predetermined distance until an edge of the gap. In one embodiment, the coating is applied in an increasingly tapered manner from the predetermined thickness at the predetermined distance away from the gap until reaching the second predetermined thickness at the edge of the gap.

In another aspect, the present invention resides in a fire and water resistant vertical expansion joint system comprising a first section of core extending in a horizontal plane and a second section of core extending in a vertical plane. An insert piece of core is located between the first and second sections, the insert piece being configured to transition the first section from the horizontal plane to the vertical plane of the second section. The core is infused with a fire retardant. A layer of an elastomer is disposed on the core to impart a substantially waterproof property thereto. The vertical expansion joint system is pre-compressed and is installable between horizontal coplanar substrates and vertical coplanar substrates. Although the vertical expansion joint system is described as having an angle of transition from horizontal to vertical, it should be understood that the transition of the angles is not limited to right angles as the vertical expansion joint system may be used to accommodate any angle.

In another aspect, the present invention resides in a fire and water resistant expansion joint system, comprising a core; and a fire retardant infused into the core. The core infused with the fire retardant is configured to define a profile to facilitate the compression of the expansion joint system when installed between substantially coplanar substrates, and the expansion joint system is angled around a corner.

In any embodiment, the construction or assembly of the systems described herein is generally carried out off-site, but elements of the system may be trimmed to appropriate length on-site. By constructing or assembling the systems of the present invention in a factory setting, on-site operations typically carried out by an installer (who may not have the appropriate tools or training for complex installation procedures) can be minimized. Accordingly, the opportunity for an installer to effect a modification such that the product does not perform as designed or such that a transition does not meet performance expectations is also minimized.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vertical expansion joint system of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an end view of the vertical expansion joint system taken along line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2A is a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 is an end view of the vertical expansion joint system installed between two substrates.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an assembly of laminations being prepared to produce the vertical expansion joint system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the assembly of laminations being further prepared to produce the vertical expansion joint system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of four sections of the vertical expansion joint system used in a building structure.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a horizontal expansion joint system of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting an elastomer on one surface of the core and an intumescent material on another surface of the core.

FIG. 9 is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting alternative layering on the core.

FIG. 10 is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting further layering on the core.

FIG. 11 is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting a fire retardant layer in the core and no coatings located on two outer surfaces of the core.

FIG. 12 is an end view of a vertical and/or horizontal expansion joint system installed between two substrates, depicting a fire retardant material in the core and layering on two outer surfaces of the core.

FIG. 13 illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system, according to the embodiments.

FIG. 14A illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel 200 with a fire therein.

FIG. 14B illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel 200 showing loss of portions of concrete therein.

FIG. 15 illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system, according to the embodiments.

FIG. 16 illustrates a schematic view of a tunnel expansion joint system showing chamfered edges 204, according to the embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention provide a resilient water resistant and/or fire resistant expansion joint system able to accommodate thermal, seismic, and other building movements while maintaining water resistance and/or fire resistance characteristics. Embodiments of present invention are especially suited for use in concrete buildings and other concrete structures including, but not limited to, parking garages, stadiums, tunnels including tunnel walls, floors and tunnel roofs, bridges, waste water treatment systems and plants, potable water treatment systems and plants, and the like.

Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, embodiments of the present invention include an expansion joint system oriented in a vertical plane and configured to transition corners at right angles. This system is designated generally by the reference number 10 and is hereinafter referred to as “vertical expansion joint system 10.” It should be noted, however, that the vertical expansion joint system 10 is not limited to being configured at right angles, as the products and systems of the present invention can be configured to accommodate any desired angle. Moreover, as further explained below, embodiments herein are not limited to transition corners at right angles or other angles. For example, embodiments of the expansion joint systems and materials described herein for such systems can be configured in any suitable shape and configuration including, e.g., the use of straight sections, curved sections, coiled sections provided as, e.g., fixed length members or coiled on a roll, and so forth.

The vertical expansion joint system 10 comprises sections of a core 12′, e.g., open or closed celled polyurethane foam 12 (hereinafter “foam 12” for ease of reference which is not meant to limit the core 12′ to a foam material, but merely illustrate on exemplary material therefore) that may be infused with a material, such as a water-based acrylic chemistry, and/or other suitable material for imparting a hydrophobic characteristic. As shown in Detail FIG. 2A, for example, the core 12′ can be infused with a fire retardant material 60 such that the resultant composite fire and/or water resistant vertical expansion joint system 10 is capable of passing UL 2079 test program, as described in detail below. Moreover, it should be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to the use of polyurethane foam, as other foams are within the scope of the present invention, and other non-foam materials also can be used for the core 12′, as explained below.

As is shown in FIG. 2, the core 12′ and/or foam 12 can comprise individual laminations 14 of material, e.g., foam, one or more of which are infused with a suitable amount of material, e.g., such as the acrylic chemistry and/or fire retardant material 60. The individual laminations 14 can extend substantially perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends and be constructed by infusing at least one, e.g., an inner lamination with an amount of fire retardant 60. It should be noted that the present invention is not so limited as other manners of constructing the core 12′ and/or foam 12 are also possible. For example, the core 12′ and/or foam 12 of the present invention is not limited to individual laminations 14 assembled to construct the laminate, as the core 12′ and/or foam 12 may comprise a solid block of non-laminated foam or other material of fixed size depending upon the desired joint size, laminates comprising laminations oriented horizontally to adjacent laminations, e.g., parallel to the direction which the joint extends, or combinations of the foregoing.

Thus, foam 12 merely illustrates one suitable material for the core 12′. Accordingly, examples of materials for the core 12′ include, but are not limited to, foam, e.g., polyurethane foam and/or polyether foam, and can be of an open cell or dense, closed cell construction. Further examples of materials for the core 12′ include paper based products, cardboard, metal, plastics, thermoplastics, dense closed cell foam including polyurethane and polyether open or closed cell foam, cross-linked foam, neoprene foam rubber, urethane, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), silicone, a core chemistry (e.g., foam chemistry) which inherently imparts hydrophobic and/or fire resistant characteristics to the core; and/or composites. Combinations of any of the foregoing materials or other suitable material also can be employed. It is further noted that while foam 12 is primarily referred to herein as a material for the core 12′, the descriptions for foam 12 also can apply to other materials for the core 12′, as explained above.

The core 12′ can be infused with a suitable material including, but not limited to, an acrylic, such as a water-based acrylic chemistry, a wax, a fire retardant material, ultraviolet (UV) stabilizers, and/or polymeric materials, combinations thereof, and so forth. A particularly suitable embodiment is a core 12′ comprising open celled foam infused with a water-based acrylic chemistry and/or a fire retardant material 60.

The amount of fire retardant material 60 that is infused into the core 12′ is such that the resultant composite can pass Underwriters Laboratories' UL 2079 test program, which provides for fire exposure testing of building components. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, the amount of fire retardant material 60 that is infused into the core 12′ is such that the resultant composite of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system 10 is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of at least about 540° C. for about five minutes, a temperature of about 930° C. for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. for about eight hours, without significant deformation in the integrity of the expansion joint system 10. According to embodiments, including the open celled foam embodiment, the amount of fire retardant material that is infused into the core 12′ is between 3.5:1 and 4:1 by weight in ratio with the un-infused foam/core itself. The resultant uncompressed foam/core, whether comprising a solid block or laminates, has a density of about 130 kg/m³ to about 150 kg/m³ and preferably about 140 kg/m³. Other suitable densities for the resultant core 12′ include between about 50 kg/m³ and about 250 kg/m³, e.g., between about 100 kg/m³ and about 180 kg/m³, and which are capable of providing desired water resistance and/or waterproofing and/or fire resistant characteristics to the structure. One type of fire retardant material 60 that may be used is water-based aluminum tri-hydrate (also known as aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH)). The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as other fire retardant materials may be used. Such materials include, but are not limited to, metal oxides and other metal hydroxides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides and hydroxides, iron compounds such as ferrocene, molybdenum trioxide, nitrogen-based compounds, phosphorus based compounds, halogen based compounds, halogens, e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, combinations of any of the foregoing materials, and other compounds capable of suppressing combustion and smoke formation. Also as is shown in FIG. 3, the vertical expansion joint system 10 is positionable between opposing substrates 18 (which may comprise concrete, glass, wood, stone, metal, or the like) to accommodate the movement thereof. In particular, opposing vertical surfaces of the core 12′ and/or foam 12 can be retained between the edges of the substrates 18. The compression of the core 12′ and/or foam 12 during the installation thereof between the substrates 18 and expansion thereafter enables the vertical expansion system 10 to be held in place between the substrates 18.

In any embodiment, when individual laminations 14 are used, several laminations, the number depending on the expansion joint size (e.g., the width, which depends on the distance between opposing substrates 18 into which the vertical expansion system 10 is to be installed), can be compiled and then compressed and held at such compression in a fixture. The fixture, referred to as a coating fixture, is at a width slightly greater than that which the expansion joint will experience at the greatest possible movement thereof. Similarly, a core 12′ comprising laminations of non-foam material or comprising a solid block of desired material may be compiled and then compressed and held at such compression in a suitable fixture.

In one embodiment in the fixture, the assembled infused laminations 14 or core 12′ are coated with a coating, such as a waterproof elastomer 20 at one surface. The elastomer 20 may comprise, for example, at least one polysulfide, silicone, acrylic, polyurethane, poly-epoxide, silyl-terminated polyether, combinations and formulations thereof, and the like, with or without other elastomeric components or similar suitable elastomeric coating or liquid sealant materials, or a mixture, blend, or other formulation of one or more the foregoing. One preferred elastomer 20 for coating core 12′, e.g., for coating laminations 14 for a horizontal deck or floor application where vehicular traffic is expected is PECORA 301 (available from Pecora Corporation, Harleysville, Pa.) or DOW 888 (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.), both of which are traffic grade rated silicone pavement sealants. For vertical wall applications, a preferred elastomer 20 for coating, e.g., the laminations 14 is DOW 790 (available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.), DOW 795 (also available from Dow Corning Corporation), or PECORA 890 (available from Pecora Corporation, Harleysville, Pa.). A primer may be used depending on the nature of the adhesive characteristics of the elastomer 20. For example, a primer may be applied to the outer surfaces of the laminations 14 of foam 12 and/or core 12′ prior to coating with the elastomer 20. Applying such a primer may facilitate the adhesion of the elastomer 20 to the foam 12 and/or core 12′.

During or after application of the elastomer 20 to the laminations 14 and/or core 12′, the elastomer is tooled or otherwise configured to create a “bellows,” “bullet,” or other suitable profile such that the vertical expansion joint system 10 can be compressed in a uniform and aesthetic fashion while being maintained in a virtually tensionless environment. The elastomer 20 is then allowed to cure while being maintained in this position, securely bonding it to the infused foam lamination 14 and/or core 12′.

Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5, in one embodiment when the elastomer 20 has cured in place, the infused foam lamination 14 and/or core 12′ is cut in a location at which a bend in the vertical expansion system 10 is desired to accommodate a corner or other change in orientation of the expansion system 10, e.g., a change in orientation from a horizontal plane to a vertical plane, as described below. The cut, which is designated by the reference number 24 and as shown in FIG. 4, is made from one side of the expansion system 10, referred to for clarity and not limitation, as an outside of the system 10, at the desired location of the bend toward an opposite side of the expansion system 10, referred to for clarity and not limitation, as an inside of the system 10, at the desired location of the bend using a saw or any other suitable device. The cut 24 is stopped such that a distance d is defined from the termination of the cut to the previously applied coating of the elastomer 20 on the inside of the desired location of the bend (e.g., approximately one half inch from the previously applied coating of elastomer 20 on the inside of the bend). Referring now to FIG. 5, the core 12′ is then bent to an appropriate angle A, thereby forming a gap G at the outside of the bend. Although a gap of ninety degrees (90°) is shown in FIG. 5, the present invention is not limited in this regard as other angles are possible.

Still referring to FIG. 5, a piece of core 12′ and/or infused foam lamination 14 constructed in a manner similar to that described above is inserted into the gap G as an insert piece 30 and held in place by the application of a similar coating of elastomer 20 as described above. In the alternative, the insert piece 30 may be held in place using a suitable adhesive. Accordingly, the angle A around the corner is made continuous via the insertion of the insert piece 30 located between a section of the open celled foam extending in the horizontal plane and a section of the open celled foam extending in the vertical plane. Once the gap has been filled and the insert piece 30 is securely in position, the entire vertical expansion system 10 including the insert piece 30 is inserted into a similar coating fixture with the previously applied elastomer 20 coated side facing down and the uncoated side facing upwards. The uncoated side is now coated with the same (or different) elastomer 20 as was used on the opposite face. Again, the elastomer 20 is then allowed to cure in position. Furthermore, the insert piece 30 inserted into the gap is not limited to being a lamination 14, as solid blocks or the like may be used.

After both sides have cured, the vertical expansion system 10 as the final uninstalled product is removed from the coating fixture and packaged for shipment. In the packaging operation the vertical expansion system 10 is compressed using a hydraulic or mechanical press (or the like) to a size below the nominal size of the expansion joint at the job site. The vertical expansion system 10 is held at this size using a heat shrinkable poly film. The present invention is not limited in this regard, however, as other devices (ties or the like) may be used to hold the vertical expansion system 10 to the desired size.

Referring now to FIG. 6, portions of the vertical expansion system 10 positioned to articulate right angle bends are shown as they would be positioned in a concrete expansion joint 18c between substrates 18a and 18b located in a tunnel, archway, or similar structure. Each portion defines a foam laminate that is positioned in a corner of the joint 18c. As is shown, the vertical expansion joint system 10 is installed in the joint 18c between horizontal coplanar substrate 18a and vertical coplanar substrate 18b.

Referring now to FIG. 7, an alternate embodiment of the invention is shown. In this embodiment, the infused core 12′ and/or foam 12, the elastomer coating 20 on the top surface, and the elastomer coating 20 on the bottom surface are similar to the above described embodiments. However, in FIG. 7, the expansion joint system designated generally by the reference number 110 is oriented in the horizontal plane rather than vertical plane and is hereinafter referred to as “horizontal expansion system 110.” As with the vertical expansion system 10 described above, the horizontal expansion system 110 may be configured to transition right angles. The horizontal expansion system 110 is not limited to being configured to transition right angles, however, as it can be configured to accommodate any desired angle.

In the horizontal expansion system 110, the infused core 12′ and/or foam lamination 14 is constructed in a similar fashion to that of the vertical expansion system 10, namely, by constructing a core 12′ and/or foam 112 assembled from individual laminations 114 of suitable material, such as a foam material, one or more of which is infused with, e.g., an acrylic chemistry and/or a fire retardant material 60. Although the horizontal expansion system 110 is described as being fabricated from individual laminations 114, the present invention is not so limited, and other manners of constructing the core 12′ and/or foam 112 are possible (e.g., solid blocks of material, e.g., foam material, as described above).

In fabricating the horizontal expansion system 110, two pieces of the core 12′ and/or foam 112 are mitered at appropriate angles B (45 degrees is shown in FIG. 7, although other angles are possible). An elastomer, or other suitable adhesive, is applied to the mitered faces of the infused foam laminations 114. The individual laminations 114 are then pushed together and held in place in a coating fixture at a width slightly greater than the largest joint movement anticipated. At this width the top is coated with an elastomer 20 and cured, according to embodiments. Following this, the core 12′ and/or foam 112 is inverted and then the opposite side is likewise coated.

After both coatings of elastomer 20 have cured, the horizontal expansion system 110 is removed from the coating fixture and packaged for shipment. In the packaging operation, the horizontal expansion system 110 is compressed using a hydraulic or mechanical press (or the like) to a size below the nominal size of the expansion joint at the job site. The product is held at this size using a heat shrinkable poly film (or any other suitable device).

In a horizontal expansion system, e.g., system 110, the installation thereof can be accomplished by adhering the core 12′ and/or foam 112 to a substrate (e.g., concrete, glass, wood, stone, metal, or the like) using an adhesive such as epoxy. The epoxy or other adhesive is applied to the faces of the horizontal expansion system 110 prior to removing the horizontal expansion system from the packaging restraints thereof. Once the packaging has been removed, the horizontal expansion system 110 will begin to expand, and the horizontal expansion system is inserted into the joint in the desired orientation. Once the horizontal expansion system 110 has expanded to suit the expansion joint, it will become locked in by the combination of the core 12′ and/or foam back pressure and the adhesive.

In any system of the present invention, but particularly with regard to the vertical expansion system 10, an adhesive may be pre-applied to the core 12′ and/or foam lamination. In this case, for installation, the core 12′ and/or foam lamination is removed from the packaging and simply inserted into the expansion joint where it is allowed to expand to meet the concrete (or other) substrate. Once this is done, the adhesive in combination with the back pressure of the core 12′ and/or foam will hold the foam in position.

The vertical expansion system 10 is generally used where there are vertical plane transitions in the expansion joint. For example, vertical plane transitions can occur where an expansion joint traverses a parking deck and then meets a sidewalk followed by a parapet wall. The expansion joint cuts through both the sidewalk and the parapet wall. In situations of this type, the vertical expansion system 10 also transitions from the parking deck (horizontally) to the curb (vertical), to the sidewalk (horizontal), and then from the sidewalk to the parapet (vertical) and in most cases across the parapet wall (horizontal) and down the other side of the parapet wall (vertical). Prior to the present invention, this would result in an installer having to fabricate most or all of these transitions on site using straight pieces. This process was difficult, time consuming, and error prone, and often resulted in waste and sometimes in sub-standard transitions.

In one example of installing the vertical expansion system 10 in a structure having a sidewalk and a parapet, the installer uses several individual sections, each section being configured to transition an angle. The installer uses the straight run of expansion joint product, stopping within about 12 inches of the transition, then installs one section of the vertical expansion system 10 with legs measuring about 12 inches by about 6 inches. If desired, the installer trims the legs of the vertical expansion system 10 to accommodate the straight run and the height of the sidewalk. Standard product is then installed across the sidewalk, stopping short of the transition to the parapet wall. Here another section of the vertical expansion system 10 is installed, which will take the product up the wall. Two further sections of the vertical expansion system 10 are used at the top inside and top outside corners of the parapet wall. The sections of the vertical expansion system 10 are adhered to each other and to the straight run expansion joint product in a similar fashion as the straight run product is adhered to itself. In this manner, the vertical expansion system 10 can be easily installed if the installer has been trained to install the standard straight run product. It should be noted, however, that the present invention is not limited to the installation of product in any particular sequence as the pieces can be installed in any suitable and/or desired order.

In one example of installing the horizontal expansion system 110, the system is installed where there are horizontal plane transitions in the expansion joint. This can happen when the expansion joint encounters obstructions such as supporting columns or walls. The horizontal expansion system 110 is configured to accommodate such obstructions. Prior to the present invention, the installer would have had to create field transitions to follow the expansion joint.

To extend a horizontal expansion system, e.g., system 110, around a typical support column, the installer uses four sections of the horizontal expansion system. A straight run of expansion joint product is installed and stopped approximately 12 inches short of the horizontal transition. The first section of the horizontal expansion system 110 is then installed to change directions, trimming as desired for the specific situation. Three additional sections of horizontal expansion system 110 are then joined, inserting straight run pieces as desired, such that the horizontal expansion system 110 extends around the column continues the straight run expansion joint on the opposite side. As with the vertical expansion system 10, the sections may be installed in any sequence that is desired.

The present invention is not limited to products configured at right angles, as any desired angle can be used for either a horizontal or vertical configuration. Also, the present invention is not limited to foam or laminates, as solid blocks of foam or other desired material and the like may alternatively or additionally be used.

Moreover, while a core 12′ coated with an elastomer 20 on one or both of its outer surfaces has been primarily described above, according to embodiments, the present invention is not limited in this regard. Thus, the vertical and horizontal expansion joint systems described herein are not limited in this regard. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the surface of the infused foam laminate and/or core 12′ opposite the surface coated with elastomer 20 is coated with an intumescent material 16, according to further embodiments. One type of intumescent material 16 may be a caulk having fire barrier properties. A caulk is generally a silicone, polyurethane, polysulfide, sylil-terminated-polyether, or polyurethane and acrylic sealing agent in latex or elastomeric base. Fire barrier properties are generally imparted to a caulk via the incorporation of one or more fire retardant agents. One preferred intumescent material 16 is 3M CP25WB+, which is a fire barrier caulk available from 3M of St. Paul, Minn. Like the elastomer 20, the intumescent material 16 is tooled or otherwise configured to create a “bellows” or other suitable profile to facilitate the compression of the foam lamination and/or core 12′. After tooling or otherwise configuring to have, e.g., the bellows-type of profile, both the coating of the elastomer 20 and the intumescent material 16 are cured in place on the foam 12 and/or core 12′ while the infused foam lamination and/or core 12′ is held at the prescribed compressed width. After the elastomer 20 and the intumescent material 16 have been cured, the entire composite is removed from the fixture, optionally compressed to less than the nominal size of the material and packaged for shipment to the job site. This embodiment is particularly suited to horizontal parking deck applications where waterproofing is desired on the top side and fire resistance is desired from beneath, as in the event of a vehicle fire on the parking deck below.

A sealant band and/or corner bead 19 of the elastomer 20 can be applied on the side(s) of the interface between the foam laminate (and/or core 12′) and the substrate 18 to create a water tight seal.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an alternate expansion joint system of the present invention illustrates the core 12′ having a first elastomer 14 coated on one surface and the intumescent material 16 coated on an opposing surface. A second elastomer 15 is coated on the intumescent material 16 and serves the function of waterproofing. In this manner, the system is water resistant in both directions and fire resistant in one direction. The system of FIG. 9 is used in applications that are similar to the applications in which the other afore-referenced systems are used, but may also be used where water is present on the underside of the expansion joint. Additionally, it would be suitable for vertical expansion joints where waterproofing or water resistance is desirable in both directions while fire resistance is desired in only one direction. The second elastomer 15 may also serve to aesthetically integrate the system with surrounding substrate material.

Sealant bands and/or corner beads 19 of the first elastomer 20 can be applied to the sides as with the embodiments described above. Sealant bands and/or corner beads 24 can be applied on top of the second elastomer 15, thereby creating a water tight seal between the substrate and the intumescent material 16.

Referring now to FIG. 10, in this embodiment, the foam 12 and/or core 12′ is similar to or the same as the above-described foam and/or core 12′, but both exposed surfaces are coated first with the intumescent material 16 to define a first coating of the intumescent material and a second coating of the intumescent material 16. The first coating of the intumescent material 16 is coated with a first elastomer material 32, and the second coating of the intumescent material 16 is coated with a second elastomer material 34. This system can be used in the same environments as the above-described systems with the added benefit that it is both waterproof or at least water resistant and fire resistant in both directions through the joint. This makes it especially suitable for vertical joints in either interior or exterior applications.

Sealant bands and/or corner beads 38 of the elastomer can be applied in a similar fashion as described above and on both sides of the foam 12 and/or core 12′. This creates a water tight elastomer layer on both sides of the foam 12 and/or core 12′.

Referring now to FIG. 11, shown therein is another system, according to embodiments. In FIG. 11, the core 12′ is infused with a fire retardant material, as described above. As an example, the fire retardant material can form a “sandwich type” construction wherein the fire retardant material forms a layer 15′, as shown in FIG. 11, between the material of core 12′. Thus, the layer 15′ comprising a fire retardant can be located within the body of the core 12′ as, e.g., an inner layer, or lamination infused with a higher ratio or density of fire retardant than the core 12′. It is noted that the term “infused with” as used throughout the descriptions herein is meant to be broadly interpreted to refer to “includes” or “including.” Thus, for example, “a core infused with a fire retardant” covers a “core including a fire retardant” in any form and amount, such as a layer, and so forth. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “infused with” would also include, but not be limited to, more particular embodiments such as “permeated” or “filled with” and so forth.

Moreover, it is noted that layer 15′ is not limited to the exact location within the core 12′ shown in FIG. 11 as the layer 15′ may be included at various depths in the core 12′ as desired. Moreover, it is further noted that the layer 15′ may extend in any direction. For example, layer 15′ may be oriented parallel to the direction in which the joint extends, perpendicular to the direction in which the joint extends or combinations of the foregoing. Layer 15′ can function as a fire resistant barrier layer within the body of the core 12′. Accordingly, layer 15′ can comprise any suitable material providing, e.g., fire barrier properties. No coatings are shown on the outer surfaces of core 12′ of FIG. 11.

Accordingly, by tailoring the density as described above to achieve the desired water resistance and/or water proofing properties of the structure, combined with the infused fire retardant in layer 15′, or infused within the core 12′ in any other desired form including a non-layered form, additional layers, e.g. an additional water and/or fire resistant layer on either or both outer surfaces of the core 12′, are not be necessary to achieve a dual functioning water and fire resistant system, according to embodiments.

It is noted, however, that additional layers could be employed if desired in the embodiment of FIG. 11, as well as in the other embodiments disclosed herein, and in any suitable combination and order. For example, the layering described above with respect to FIGS. 1-10 could be employed in the embodiment of FIG. 11 and/or FIG. 12 described below.

As a further example, FIG. 12 illustrates therein an expansion joint system comprising the layer 15′ comprising a fire retardant within the body of the core 12′ as described above with respect to FIG. 11, and also comprising an additional coating 17 on a surface of the core 12′. Coating 17 can comprise any suitable coating, such as the elastomer 20 described above, a fire barrier material including an intumescent material 16 described above or other suitable fire barrier material, e.g., a sealant, a fabric, a blanket, a foil, a tape, e.g., an intumescent tape, a mesh, a glass, e.g., fiberglass; and combinations thereof. Moreover, embodiments include various combinations of layering and fire retardant infusion (in layer and non-layer form) to achieve, e.g., the dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion joint systems described herein, according to embodiments. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates coating 17 on one surface of the core 12′ and a dual coating 17′ on an opposite surface of the core 12′. The dual coating 17′ can comprise, e.g., an inner layer 17′a of elastomer 20, as described above, with an outer layer 17′b of a fire barrier material including, e.g., an intumescent material. Similarly, the layers 17′a and 17′b of the dual coating 17′ can be reversed to comprise an inner layer of fire barrier material and an outer layer of elastomer 20.

Alternatively, only one layer may be present on either surface of core 12′, such as one layer of a fire barrier material, e.g., sealant, on a surface of the core 12′, which is infused with a fire retardant material in layer 15′ or infused in a non-layer form. Still further, other combinations of suitable layering include, e.g., dual coating 17′ on both surfaces of the core 12′ and in any combination of inner and outer layers, as described above.

It is additionally noted that the embodiments shown in, e.g., FIGS. 8-12 can be similarly constructed and installed, as described above with respect to, e.g., the embodiments of FIGS. 1-7, modified as appropriate for inclusion/deletion of various layering, and so forth. Thus, for example, as described above, while a “bellows” construction is illustrated by the figures, the embodiments described herein are not limited to such a profile as other suitable profiles may be employed, such as straight, curved, and so forth.

Accordingly, as further evident from the foregoing, embodiments of the dual functioning fire and water resistant expansion joint systems can comprise various ordering and layering of materials on the outer surfaces of the core 12′. Similarly, a fire retardant material can be infused into the core 12′ in various forms, to create, e.g., the above described layered “sandwich type” construction with use of, e.g., layer 15′.

In the embodiments described herein, the infused foam laminate and/or core 12′ may be constructed in a manner which insures that the amount of fire retardant material 60 that is infused into the core 12′ is such that the resultant composite can pass Underwriters Laboratories' UL 2079 test program regardless of the final size of the product. For example, in accordance with various embodiments, the amount of fire retardant material 60 that is infused into the core 12′ is such that the resultant composite of the fire and water resistant expansion joint system 10 is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of at least about 540° C. for about five minutes, a temperature of about 930° C. for about one hour, a temperature of about 1010° C. for about two hours, or a temperature of about 1260° C. for about eight hours, without significant deformation in the integrity of the expansion joint system 10. According to embodiments, including the open celled foam embodiment, the amount of fire retardant material that is infused into the core 12′ is between 3.5:1 and 4:1 by weight in ratio with the un-infused foam/core itself. For example, considering the amount of infusion as it relates to density, the starting density of the infused foam/core is approximately 140 kg/m³, according to embodiments. Other suitable densities include between about 80 kg/m³ and about 180 kg/m³. After compression, the infused foam/core density is in the range of about 160-800 kg/m³, according to embodiments. After installation the laminate and/or core 12′ will typically cycle between densities of approximately 750 kg/m³ at the smallest size of the expansion joint to approximately 360-450 kg/m³, e.g., approximately 400-450 kg/m³ (or less) at the maximum size of the joint. A density of 400-450 kg/m³ was determined through experimentation, as a reasonable value which still affords adequate fire retardant capacity, such that the resultant composite can pass the UL 2079 test program. The present invention is not limited to cycling in the foregoing ranges, however, and the foam/core may attain densities outside of the herein-described ranges.

It is further noted that various embodiments, including constructions, layering and so forth described herein can be combined in any order to result in, e.g., a dual functioning water and fire resistant expansion joint system. Thus, embodiments described herein are not limited to the specific construction of the figures, as the various materials, layering and so forth described herein can be combined in any desired combination and order.

Moreover, as explained above, embodiments of the invention are not limited to transition corners at angles. For example, embodiments of the joint systems and materials described therefore can be configured in any suitable shape and configuration including straight sections, curved sections, coiled sections provided as, e.g., fixed length members or coiled on a roll, and so forth.

Thus, the descriptions set forth above with respect to, e.g., the core 12′ and any coatings/materials thereon and/or therein, also apply to non-corner transition configurations. Such a configuration is shown, e.g., in FIG. 13, which illustrates a tunnel expansion joint system 210, according to embodiments, positioned along structural joint 202 in one or more of a roof, a floor and a wall of a tunnel 200 and thereby extending from a straight section configuration along the roof or floor to a curved section configuration as the construction transitions to extend up down or up to the wall of the tunnel 200. As with the above described embodiments, the tunnel expansion joint system 210 may be used to securely fill, with non-invasive, non-mechanical fastening, the structural joints 202 to accommodate seismic, thermal, concrete shrinkage and other movement in the roof, floor and wall of the tunnel 200, while maintaining fire rating of surfaces of the tunnel.

As is known in the art, Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) is a tunnel fire standard created as a result of testing done in 1979 by the Rijkswaterstaat, the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, in the Netherlands. As illustrated in FIGS. 14A and 14B, the RWS standard is based, in part, on a worst case scenario of a typical fuel tanker having a full payload of about 1765 ft³ (50 m³) of fuel igniting within the relatively small confines of a tunnel. The resultant heat load was determined to be approximately 300 MW, with temperatures reaching 2012° F. (1100° C.) after about five (5) minutes, peaking at about 2462° F. (1350° C.), with a fire burn duration of about two (2) hours. Products that meet the RWS standard are able to keep an interface between the fire protection and the concrete surface below about 716° F. (380° C.) for the entire two (2) hour duration of the RWS fire curve. As illustrated in FIG. 14B, concrete that is not coated with a fire proofing can spall due to exposure to the above noted temperatures resulting in a loss of portions of the concrete, as shown generally at 220, and thus compromise the structural integrity of the tunnel 200. Significant spalling may require costly remediation post-fire to restore structural integrity and if left unchecked, may result in complete tunnel collapse.

Linings or coatings such as, for example, a high density cement based fireproofing material sold under the brand name Monokote® Z146T by W. R. Grace & Co., Columbia Md., or Isolatek® Type M-II by Isolatek International, Stanhope, N.J., may be used to treat the surface of the concrete of the roof, the floor and the walls of the tunnel 200 and to provide the interface, described above, between the fire protection and the concrete surface. However, the structural joints 202 in the roof, floor and wall of the tunnel 200 have been found to create a gap in this layer of fire protection. Accordingly, the embodiments of the expansion joint systems 10, 110 and 210 depicted herein in FIGS. 1-16, especially the tunnel expansion joint system 210 of FIGS. 13-16, are particularly suitable for tunnel applications and in conjunction with the coatings such as, e.g., the aforementioned Monokote® Z146T coating, seal the gap in the layer of fire protection of the tunnel 200.

FIGS. 15 and 16 depict embodiments of the tunnel expansion joint system 210 used in conjunction with a coating 230, such as the Monokote® Z146T coating, to provide the layer of fire protection to the tunnel 200. In one embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 15, the tunnel expansion joint system 210 is positioned within the structural joint 202 in one or more of the roof, the floor and the wall of the tunnel 200. Through experimentation and finite element analysis a preferred thickness of the coating 230 is determined relative to use with the tunnel expansion joint system 210 to provide a fire protection barrier that meets the RWS standard. As shown in FIG. 15, a first thickness of the coating 230 labeled CT1 is applied (e.g., spray applied and/or troweled) over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel 200 until the coating 230 reaches a predetermined distance CD1 from one of the structural joints 202. In one embodiment, the first thickness CT1 of the coating 230 is about one (1) inch (25 mm) until reaching the predetermined distance CD1 of about six (6) inches (150 mm) from an edge of the structural joint 202, and thus an edge of the tunnel expansion joint system 210 positioned within the joint 202. As shown in FIG. 15, over the predetermined distance CD1 to the tunnel expansion joint system 210, the thickness of the coating 230 is gradually increased to a second thickness of the coating 230 labeled CT2 at the edge of the structural joint 202, e.g., the edge of the tunnel expansion joint system 210 disposed in the joint 202. In one embodiment, the second thickness CT2 of the coating 230 is about one and one half (1.5) inches (40 mm). As shown in a partially enlarged portion of FIG. 15, a sealant band and/or corner bead 19 of the elastomer 20 or equivalent fire rated sealant, can be applied on the sides of the interface between the tunnel expansion joint system 210, the coating 230 and the edge of the joint 202 to create a water tight and/or fire rated seal and thus ensure a continuity in the layer of fire protection for the tunnel 200.

FIG. 16 illustrates another embodiment where the roof, the floor and/or the wall of the tunnel 200 include chamfered edges 204 at the transition to the structural joint 202. As shown in FIG. 16, providing the chamfered edges 204 permits application of a uniform thickness of the coating 230 labeled CT3 over the concrete surfaces of the tunnel 200 until the coating 230 reaches the structural joints 202. At the structural joints 202, the chamfered edges 204 are filled with the coating 230.

As illustrated in FIGS. 13-16, embodiments of the present invention provide an expansion joint that, among other characteristics, fills a gap in the tunnel floor, wall or roof, provides movement and supports RWS fire rating, e.g., performs within RWS time/temperature curve and other tunnel fire standards. However, other fire resistant, fireproof coatings could also be employed with the expansion joint systems described herein to provide, e.g., a build up of thickness of the coating 230 and protect the tunnel or other desired structure.

Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention, and further that the features of the embodiments described herein can be employed in any combination with each other. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system, comprising: a fire protection barrier applied at a predetermined thickness to substrates of a tunnel; anda fire resistant tunnel expansion joint including:a core; anda fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the tunnel expansion joint between the substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3;wherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint are capable of keeping an interface between the tunnel expansion joint system and the substrates below about 380° C. when subjected to fire exposure of about 1100° C. after about five minutes and for a duration of about two hours.

2. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint are capable of keeping the interface between the tunnel expansion joint system and the substrates below about 380° C. for about two hours upon exposure to temperatures reaching about 1100° C. after about five minutes and peaking at about 1350° C. with the fire exposure duration of about two hours.

3. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire protection barrier is applied to the substrates, which are concrete, by at least one of spraying and troweling.

4. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint fills the gap in at least one of a tunnel floor, a tunnel wall and a tunnel roof, provides movement and supports a fire rating.

5. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the core comprises a plurality of individual laminations assembled to construct a laminate, one or more of the laminations being infused with at least one of the fire retardant and a water-based acrylic chemistry.

6. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the core comprises foam.

7. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the core comprises open celled polyurethane foam.

8. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein a first layer of a water resistant material is disposed on the core, the water resistant material comprising a silicone.

9. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 8, wherein the water resistant material disposed on the core is selected from the group consisting of polysulfides, acrylics, polyurethanes, poly-epoxides, silyl-terminated polyethers, and combinations of one or more of the foregoing.

10. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 8, further comprising a second layer disposed on the first layer of the water resistant material, wherein the second layer is selected from the group consisting of another water resistant material, a fire barrier layer and combinations thereof.

11. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein a first layer of a water resistant material is disposed on the core and tooled to define at least one of a bellows profile and a rounded profile.

12. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the fire retardant infused into the core is in a range of about 3.5:1 to about 4:1 by weight.

13. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein a layer comprising the fire retardant is within the core.

14. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire retardant infused into the core is selected from the group consisting of water-based alumina tri-hydrate, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, aluminum oxides, antimony oxides and hydroxides, iron compounds, ferrocene, molybdenum trioxide, nitrogen-based compounds, phosphorus based compounds, halogen based compounds, halogens, and combinations of the foregoing materials.

15. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the core uncompressed has a density of about 50 kg/m3 to about 250 kg/m3.

16. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire protection barrier is applied at the predetermined thickness to achieve a substantially uniform layer on the substrates of the tunnel.

17. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 16, wherein the fire and water resistant expansion joint is positioned in the gap between the substrates of the tunnel, an edge of the gap is chamfered as the edge abuts the expansion joint and the fire protection barrier is applied to fill the chamfer.

18. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 1, wherein the fire protection barrier is applied at the predetermined thickness to achieve a substantially uniform layer on the substrates of the tunnel to a predetermined distance away from the gap between the substrates, and at a second predetermined thickness from the predetermined distance until an edge of the gap.

19. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 18, wherein the fire protection barrier is applied in an increasingly tapered manner from the predetermined thickness at the predetermined distance away from the gap until reaching the second predetermined thickness at the edge of the gap.

20. A fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system, comprising: a fire protection barrier applied at a predetermined thickness to substrates of a tunnel; anda fire resistant tunnel expansion joint including:a core; and a fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint between the substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3; andwherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint are capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. at about five minutes.

21. A fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system, comprising: a core; anda fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system between tunnel substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3; andwherein the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. at about five minutes, and the fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system is configured to transition in at least one of: curved sections, straight sections, coiled sections and angled sections.

22. The fire resistant tunnel expansion joint system of claim 21, further comprising a fire protection barrier applied to the tunnel substrates.

23. A fire resistant bridge expansion joint system, comprising: a fire protection barrier applied at a predetermined thickness to substrates of a bridge; anda fire resistant bridge expansion joint including:a core; anda fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the bridge expansion joint between the substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3;wherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant bridge expansion joint are capable of keeping an interface between the bridge expansion joint system and the substrates below about 380° C. when subjected to fire exposure of about 1100° C. after about five minutes and for a duration of about two hours.

24. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant bridge expansion joint are capable of keeping the interface between the bridge expansion joint system and the substrates below about 380° C. for about two hours upon exposure to temperatures reaching about 1100° C. after about five minutes and peaking at about 1350° C. with the fire exposure duration of about two hours.

25. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein the core comprises a plurality of individual laminations assembled to construct a laminate, one or more of the laminations being infused with at least one of the fire retardant and a water-based acrylic chemistry.

26. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein the core comprises foam.

27. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein the core comprises open celled polyurethane foam.

28. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein a first layer of a water resistant material is disposed on the core, the water resistant material comprising a silicone.

29. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 23, wherein a layer comprising the fire retardant is within the core.

30. A fire resistant bridge expansion joint system, comprising: a fire protection barrier applied at a predetermined thickness to substrates of a bridge; anda fire resistant bridge expansion joint including:a core; and a fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the fire resistant bridge expansion joint between the substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3; andwherein the fire protection barrier and the fire resistant bridge expansion joint are capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. at about five minutes.

31. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 30, further comprising a fire protection barrier applied to the bridge substrates.

32. A fire resistant bridge expansion joint system, comprising: a core; anda fire retardant infused into the core, the core configured to facilitate compression of the fire resistant bridge expansion joint system between bridge substrates, and the fire retardant infused core compressed has a density of about 160 kg/m3 to about 800 kg/m3; andwherein the fire resistant bridge expansion joint system is capable of withstanding exposure to a temperature of about 540° C. at about five minutes, and the fire resistant bridge expansion joint system is configured to transition in at least one of: curved sections, straight sections, coiled sections and angled sections.

33. The fire resistant bridge expansion joint system of claim 32, further comprising a fire protection barrier applied to the bridge substrates.