FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to improved airfoil geometry, and more particularly to a high efficiency turbine airfoil for a gas turbine engine.
BACKGROUND
Gas turbine engine designers continuously work to improve engine efficiency, to reduce operating costs of the engine, and to reduce specific exhaust gas emissions such as NOx, CO2, CO, unburnt hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. The specific fuel consumption (SFC) of an engine is inversely proportional to the overall thermal efficiency of the engine, thus, as the SFC decreases the fuel efficiency of the engine increases. Furthermore, specific exhaust gas emissions typically decrease as the engine becomes more efficient. The thermal efficiency of the engine is a function of component efficiencies, cycle pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature. The present invention contemplates increased thermal efficiency for a gas turbine engine by improving turbine efficiency through a new aerodynamic design of the first stage turbine airfoil.
SUMMARY
The present invention provides an airfoil having an external surface with first and second sides. The external surface extends spanwise between a hub and a tip and streamwise between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the airfoil. The external surface includes a contour substantially defined by Table 1 as listed in the specification.
In another aspect of the present invention, a turbine blade for a gas turbine engine can be formed with a platform having an upper surface and a lower surface. The upper surface of the platform can partially define an inner flow path wall and the lower surface of the platform can have a connecting joint extending radially inward from the platform. The root of the blade is connectable to a rotatable disk, wherein the rotatable disk has an axis of rotation along a longitudinal axis of the gas turbine engine. An airfoil can extend radially outward from the upper surface of the platform relative to the axis of rotation. The airfoil includes an external surface having first and second sides extending between a hub and a tip in a spanwise direction and between a leading edge and a trailing edge in a streamwise direction. The external surface of the airfoil is substantially defined by a Cartesian coordinate array having X,Y and Z axis coordinates listed in Table 1 of the specification, wherein the Z axis generally extends radially outward from at least one of the upper surface of the platform and a longitudinal axis of the engine, the X axis generally extends normal to the Z axis in the streamwise direction, and the Y axis generally extends normal to both the X axis and the Z axis.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of forming an airfoil for a turbine blade. The turbine blade includes a contoured three-dimensional external surface forming an airfoil defined by Cartesian (X, Y and Z) coordinates listed in the specification as Table 1, wherein the Z axis coordinates are generally measured radially from a platform or a longitudinal axis, the X axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the Z axis in a streamwise direction, and the Y axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the Z axis and normal to the X axis.
Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of forming an airfoil for a turbine blade. The turbine blade includes a contoured three-dimensional external surface forming an airfoil defined by Cartesian (X, Y and Z) coordinates listed in the specification as Table 1, wherein the Z axis coordinates are generally measured radially from an engine centerline axis, the X axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the Z axis in a streamwise direction, and the Y axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the Z axis and normal to the X axis.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a gas turbine engine;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a turbine module for the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a front view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a back view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIG. 6 is a right view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a left view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a top view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3; and
FIG. 9 is a bottom view of the first stage turbine blade illustrated in FIG. 3.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, such alterations and further modifications in the illustrated device, and such further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein being contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.
Referring to FIG. 1, a schematic view of a gas turbine engine 10 is depicted. While the gas turbine engine 10 is illustrated with one spool (i.e. one shaft connecting a turbine and a compressor), it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular engine design or configuration and as such may be used in multi spool engines of the aero or power generation type. The gas turbine engine 10 will be described generally, however significant details regarding general gas turbine engines will not be presented herein as it is believed that the theory of operation and general parameters of gas turbine engines are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
The gas turbine engine 10 includes an inlet section 12, a compressor section 14, a combustor section 16, a turbine section 18, and an exhaust section 20. In operation, air is drawn in through the inlet 12 and compressed to a high pressure relative to ambient pressure in the compressor section 14. The air is mixed with fuel in the combustor section 16 wherein the fuel/air mixture burns and produces a high temperature and pressure working fluid from which the turbine section 18 extracts power. The turbine section 18 is mechanically coupled to the compressor section 14 via a shaft 22. The shaft 22 rotates about a centerline axis 24 that extends axially along the longitudinal axis of the engine 10, such that as the turbine section 18 rotates due to the forces generated by the high pressure working fluid, the compressor section 14 is rotatingly driven by the turbine section 18 to produce compressed air. A portion of the power extracted from the turbine section 18 can be utilized to drive a secondary device 26, which in one embodiment is an electrical generator. The electrical generator can be run at a substantially constant speed that is appropriate for a desired power grid frequency; a non-limiting example being 50 or 60 Hz. Alternatively the secondary device 26 can be in the form of a compressor or pump for use in fluid pipelines such as oil or natural gas lines.
Referring now to FIG. 2, a partial cross section of the turbine section 18 is shown therein. As the working fluid exits the combustor section 16, the working fluid is constrained between an inner flow path wall 31 and an outer flow path wall 33 as it flows through the turbine section 18. The turbine section 18 includes a turbine inlet or first stage nozzle guide vane (NGV) assembly 30. The first stage NGV assembly 30 includes a plurality of static vanes or airfoils 32 positioned circumferentially around a flow path annulus of the engine 10. The first stage NGV assembly 30 is operable for accelerating and turning the flow of working fluid to a desired direction, as the working fluid exits the combustor section 16 and enters the turbine section 18.
Each airfoil 32 of the first stage NGV assembly 30 extends between a leading edge 34 and a trailing edge 36 in the stream wise direction and between an inner shroud 38 and an outer shroud 40 in the spanwise direction. It should be understood that the terms leading edge and trailing edge are defined relative to the general flow path of the working fluid, such that the working fluid first passes the leading edge and subsequently passes the trailing edge of a particular airfoil. The inner and outer shrouds 38, 40 form a portion of the inner and outer flow path walls 31, 33 respectively at that location in the engine 10.
The turbine section 18 further includes a first stage turbine assembly 42 positioned downstream of the first stage NGV assembly 30. The first stage turbine assembly 42 includes a first turbine wheel 44 which is comprised of a first turbine disk 46 having a plurality of first stage turbine blades 48 coupled thereto. It should be noted here that in one preferred embodiment the turbine blades 48 and the disk 46 can be separate components, but that the present invention contemplates other forms such as a turbine wheel having the blades and disk integrally formed together. This type of component is commonly called a “BLISK,” short for a “Bladed Disk,” by those working in the gas turbine engine industry.
Each turbine blade 48 includes an airfoil 50 that rotates with the turbine disk 46. Each airfoil 50 extends between a leading edge 52 and a trailing edge 54 in the stream wise direction and between an inner shroud or platform 56 and an outer shroud 58 in the spanwise direction. The disk 46 may include one or more seals 60 extending forward or aft in the streamwise direction. The seals 60, sometimes called rotating knife seals, limit the leakage of working fluid from the desired flowpath. The first stage turbine assembly 42 is operable for extracting energy from the working fluid via the airfoils 50 which in turn cause the turbine wheel 44 to rotate and drive the shaft 22. The first stage turbine blades 48 will be the described in more detail below.
Directly downstream of the first stage turbine assembly 42 is a second stage nozzle guide vane (NGV) assembly 70. The second stage NGV assembly 70 includes a plurality of static vanes or airfoils 72 positioned circumferentially around the flow path of the engine 10. The airfoils 72 of the second stage NGV assembly 70 are operable for accelerating and turning the working fluid flow to a desired direction as the working fluid exits the second stage NGV assembly 70. Each airfoil 72 extends between a leading edge 74 and a trailing edge 76 in the stream wise direction and between an inner shroud 78 and an outer shroud 80 in the spanwise direction. The inner and outer shrouds 78, 80 form a portion of the inner and outer flow path walls 31, 33 respectively at that location in the engine 10.
A second stage turbine assembly 82 is positioned downstream of the second stage NGV assembly 70. The second stage turbine assembly 82 includes a second turbine wheel 84 which is comprised of a second turbine disk 86 having a plurality of second stage turbine blades 88 coupled thereto. Each turbine blade 88 includes an airfoil 90 that rotates with the turbine disk 86 when the engine 10 is running. Each airfoil 90 extends between a leading edge 92 and a trailing edge 94 in the stream wise direction and between an inner shroud or platform 96 and an outer shroud 98 in the spanwise direction. The disk 86 may include one or more seals 100 extending forward or aft in the streamwise direction. In this particular embodiment of the invention, the second stage turbine assembly 82 is connected to the first stage turbine assembly 42 and therefore increases the power delivered to the shaft 22.
A third stage nozzle guide vane (NGV) assembly 110 is located downstream of the second stage turbine assembly 82. The third stage NGV assembly 110 includes a plurality of static vanes or airfoils 112 positioned circumferentially around the flowpath of the engine 10. The airfoils 112 of the third stage NGV assembly 110 are operable for accelerating and turning the working fluid flow to a desired direction as the working fluid exits the third stage NGV assembly 110. Each airfoil 112 extends between a leading edge 114 and a trailing edge 116 in the streamwise direction and between an inner shroud 118 and an outer shroud 120 in the spanwise direction. The inner and outer shrouds 118, 120 form a portion of the inner and outer flow path walls 31, 33 respectively at that location in the engine 10.
A third stage turbine assembly 130 is positioned downstream of the third stage NGV 110. The third stage turbine assembly 130 includes a third turbine wheel 132 which is comprised of a third turbine disk 134 having a plurality of third stage turbine blades 136 coupled thereto. Each turbine blade 136 includes an airfoil 138 that rotates with the turbine disk 134 when the engine 10 is running. Each airfoil 138 extends between a leading edge 140 and a trailing edge 142 in the stream wise direction and between an inner shroud or platform 144 and an outer shroud 146 in the spanwise direction. The third disk 134 may also include one or more seals 148 extending forward or aft of the disk 134 in the streamwise direction. Similar to the second stage turbine assembly 82, the third stage turbine assembly 130 can also be connected to the first stage turbine assembly 42 and therefore further increases the power delivered to the shaft 22.
Although not shown in each of the drawings it should be understood that the airfoils for both the turbine blades and turbine nozzle guide vanes may include internal cooling flow passages and apertures extending through portions of the external surfaces of the airfoil. Pressurized cooling fluid can then flow from the internal passages through the apertures to cool the external surface of the airfoils as would be known to those skilled in the art. In this manner, the engine 10 may be run at the higher turbine inlet temperatures, and thus produce higher thermal efficiencies while still providing adequate component life as measured by such parameters as high cycle fatigue limits, low cycle fatigue limits, and creep, etc.
It should be further noted that the airfoils may include coatings to increase component life. The coatings can be of the thermal barrier type and/or the radiation barrier type. Thermal barrier coatings have relatively low convective heat transfer coefficients which help to reduce the heat load that the cooling fluid is required to dissipate. Thermal barrier coatings are typically ceramic based and can include mullite and zirconia based composites, although other types of coatings are contemplated herein. Radiation barrier coatings operate to reduce radiation heat transfer to the coated component by having highly reflective external surfaces such that radiation emanating from the high temperature exhaust gas is at least partially reflected away and not absorbed by the component. Radiation barrier coatings can include materials from high temperature chromium based alloys as is known to those skilled in the art. The radiation barrier coatings and thermal barrier coatings can be used to coat the entire airfoil, but alternate embodiments include a partial coating and/or a coating with intermittent discontinuities formed therein.
Referring now to FIGS. 3 through 9, the first stage blade 48 will be described in more detail. As partially described previously, each blade 48 includes an inner shroud or platform 56 wherein an outer surface 150 of the platform defines a portion of the inner flow path wall 31 at that particular location in the engine 10. The airfoil 50 extends radially outward from the outer surface 150 of the platform 56 from a hub 152 toward a tip 154. The airfoil 50 is attached to the platform 56 proximate the hub 152 of the airfoil 50. The airfoil 50 can be integrally formed with the platform 56 through a casting process or the like or alternatively may be mechanically joined via welding, brazing or by any other joining method known to those skilled in the art.
An outer shroud 58 can be attached to the airfoil 50 proximate the tip 154 of the airfoil 50. The outer shroud 58 includes an inner surface 156 which forms a portion of the outer flow path 33 in the turbine section 18. An outer surface 158 of the outer shroud 58 can include at least one knife seal 160 and in this particular embodiment includes two knife seals 160. The knife seals 160 are operable for engaging a blade track seal (not shown) to minimize leakage of working fluid from the outer flow path 33.
An attachment member 170 extends radially inward from an inner surface 172 of the platform 56. The attachment member 170 includes a connecting joint 174 operable to provide a mechanical connection between the first stage turbine blade 48 and the first turbine disk 46. The connecting joint 174 can be formed from common connections such as a dovetail joint, or as this particular embodiment discloses a “fir tree” design as it is commonly referred to by engineers in this field of endeavor. A stalk 176 extends between the connecting joint 174 and the inner surface 172 of the platform 56. The stalk 176 may include one or more seal members sometimes referred to as angel wings 178. The angel wing seals 178 may extend axially upstream and/or axially downstream of the first turbine assembly 42. The angel wing seals 178 minimize the space between the rotating turbine wheel 44 and adjacent static components (not shown in FIG. 3). The minimized space reduces leakage of working fluid through the inner flow path wall 31. An axial abutment 180 can be positioned adjacent a lower portion of the attachment member 170 to provide alignment and proper positioning of the turbine blade 48 with respect to the first stage turbine disk 46 during assembly.
The first stage turbine airfoil 50 of the present invention is substantially defined by Table 1 listed below. Table 1 lists data points in Cartesian coordinates that define the external surface of the airfoil 50 at discrete locations. The Z axis coordinates are generally measured radially outward from a reference location. In one form the reference location is the engine centerline axis, and in another form the reference location is the platform 56 of the airfoil 50. The Z axis defines an imaginary stacking axis from which the contoured external surface is formed. The stacking axis, as it is typically used by aerodynamic design engineers, is nominally defined normal to the platform or radially from an axis of rotation, but in practice can “lean” or “tilt” in a desired direction to satisfy mechanical design criteria as is known to those skilled in the art. The lean or tilt angle is typically within 10°-25° of the normal plane in any direction relative to the normal plane. The X axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the stacking axis in a streamwise direction. The Y axis coordinates are generally measured normal to the stacking axis and normal to the X axis. The airfoil 50 defined by Table 1 improves the first stage turbine efficiency by 1.27% over prior art designs.
While the external surface of airfoil 50 is defined by discrete points the surface can be “smoothed” between these discrete points by parametric spline fit techniques and the like. One such method called numerical uniform rational B-spline (NURB-S) is employed by software run on Unigraphics® computer aided design workstations. The data splines can be formed in the streamwise direction and or the spanwise direction of the airfoil 50. Other surface smoothing techniques known to those skilled in the art are also contemplated by the present invention.
The airfoils of the present invention can be formed from any manufacturing process known to those skilled in the art. One such process is an investment casting method whereby the entire blade is integrally cast as a one-piece component. Alternatively the turbine blade can be formed in multiple pieces and bonded together. In another form the turbine blade can be formed from wrought material and finished machined to a desired specification.
The present invention includes airfoils having an external surface formed within a manufacturing tolerance of +/−0.025 inches with respect to any particular point in Table 1 or spline curve between discrete points. Furthermore, if the airfoil-of the present invention has a material coating applied, the tolerance band can be increased to +/−0.050 inches.
TABLE 1
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Coordinates for first stage turbine airfoils (in)
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A. Section Height 11.625
X1 = −0.591539Y1 = 0.100147Z1 = 11.625
X2 = −0.538476Y2 = −0.004062Z2 = 11.625
X3 = −0.461383Y3 = −0.092964Z3 = 11.625
X4 = −0.370231Y4 = −0.167345Z4 = 11.625
X5 = −0.266316Y5 = −0.222379Z5 = 11.625
X6 = −0.152321Y6 = −0.250796Z6 = 11.625
X7 = −0.035031Y7 = −0.246284Z7 = 11.625
X8 = 0.076146Y8 = −0.208447Z8 = 11.625
X9 = 0.174389Y9 = −0.143846Z9 = 11.625
X10 = 0.257844Y10 = −0.060916Z10 = 11.625
X11 = 0.328108Y11 = 0.033568Z11 = 11.625
X12 = 0.388533Y12 = 0.134672Z12 = 11.625
X13 = 0.441764Y13 = 0.239762Z13 = 11.625
X14 = 0.49092Y14 = 0.346832Z14 = 11.625
X15 = 0.537062Y15 = 0.455234Z15 = 11.625
X16 = 0.569979Y16 = 0.537919Z16 = 11.625
X17 = 0.570611Y17 = 0.540306Z17 = 11.625
X18 = 0.570754Y18 = 0.542711Z18 = 11.625
X19 = 0.57040Y19 = 0.545087Z19 = 11.625
X20 = 0.569569Y20 = 0.547364Z20 = 11.625
X21 = 0.568299Y21 = 0.54946Z21 = 11.625
X22 = 0.566645Y22 = 0.551289Z22 = 11.625
X23 = 0.564676Y23 = 0.552775Z23 = 11.625
X24 = 0.56247Y24 = 0.553852Z24 = 11.625
X25 = 0.56011Y25 = 0.554476Z25 = 11.625
X26 = 0.557686Y26 = 0.554621Z26 = 11.625
X27 = 0.555283Y27 = 0.554285Z27 = 11.625
X28 = 0.552989Y28 = 0.553485Z28 = 11.625
X29 = 0.550886Y29 = 0.552252Z29 = 11.625
X30 = 0.54905Y30 = 0.550629Z30 = 11.625
X31 = 0.521732Y31 = 0.510817Z31 = 11.625
X32 = 0.471103Y32 = 0.431452Z32 = 11.625
X33 = 0.417884Y33 = 0.353818Z33 = 11.625
X34 = 0.359118Y34 = 0.280306Z34 = 11.625
X35 = 0.295255Y35 = 0.211163Z35 = 11.625
X36 = 0.226197Y36 = 0.147236Z36 = 11.625
X37 = 0.151407Y37 = 0.090127Z37 = 11.625
X38 = 0.07055Y38 = 0.042049Z38 = 11.625
X39 = −0.015986Y39 = 0.005172Z39 = 11.625
X40 = −0.106994Y40 = −0.01852Z40 = 11.625
X41 = −0.200656Y41 = −0.026644Z41 = 11.625
X42 = −0.29416Y42 = −0.017201Z42 = 11.625
X43 = −0.383964Y43 = 0.010585Z43 = 11.625
X44 = −0.468102Y44 = 0.052634Z44 = 11.625
X45 = −0.546606Y45 = 0.104512Z45 = 11.625
X46 = −0.568157Y46 = 0.118052Z46 = 11.625
X47 = −0.570565Y47 = 0.118917Z47 = 11.625
X48 = −0.573067Y48 = 0.119392Z48 = 11.625
X49 = −0.575614Y49 = 0.119462Z49 = 11.625
X50 = −0.57815Y50 = 0.119132Z50 = 11.625
X51 = −0.580616Y51 = 0.118421Z51 = 11.625
X52 = −0.582954Y52 = 0.117353Z52 = 11.625
X53 = −0.585107Y53 = 0.115957Z53 = 11.625
X54 = −0.587023Y54 = 0.114265Z54 = 11.625
X55 = −0.588655Y55 = 0.112309Z55 = 11.625
X56 = −0.589965Y56 = 0.110124Z56 = 11.625
X57 = −0.590923Y57 = 0.107754Z57 = 11.625
X58 = −0.59151Y58 = 0.10525Z58 = 11.625
X59 = −0.591715Y59 = 0.102682Z59 = 11.625
X60 = −0.591539Y60 = 0.100147Z60 = 11.625
B. Section Height 12.175
X1 = −0.554148Y1 = 0.027254Z1 = 12.175
X2 = −0.501167Y2 = −0.066357Z2 = 12.175
X3 = −0.421748Y3 = −0.140848Z3 = 12.175
X4 = −0.329073Y4 = −0.198031Z4 = 12.175
X5 = −0.226549Y5 = −0.234628Z5 = 12.175
X6 = −0.118312Y6 = −0.245836Z6 = 12.175
X7 = −0.010757Y7 = −0.229359Z7 = 12.175
X8 = 0.089812Y8 = −0.187744Z8 = 12.175
X9 = 0.179834Y9 = −0.126358Z9 = 12.175
X10 = 0.258902Y10 = −0.05134Z10 = 12.175
X11 = 0.328177Y11 = 0.032866Z11 = 12.175
X12 = 0.390138Y12 = 0.122633Z12 = 12.175
X13 = 0.446512Y13 = 0.216013Z13 = 12.175
X14 = 0.498842Y14 = 0.31173Z14 = 12.175
X15 = 0.547853Y15 = 0.409185Z15 = 12.175
X16 = 0.581692Y16 = 0.484361Z16 = 12.175
X17 = 0.582364Y17 = 0.486727Z17 = 12.175
X18 = 0.58255Y18 = 0.489116Z18 = 12.175
X19 = 0.582242Y19 = 0.491486Z19 = 12.175
X20 = 0.581458Y20 = 0.493767Z20 = 12.175
X21 = 0.580235Y21 = 0.495877Z21 = 12.175
X22 = 0.578625Y22 = 0.49773Z22 = 12.175
X23 = 0.576696Y23 = 0.499248Z23 = 12.175
X24 = 0.574523Y24 = 0.500366Z24 = 12.175
X25 = 0.572189Y25 = 0.501037Z25 = 12.175
X26 = 0.56978Y26 = 0.501235Z26 = 12.175
X27 = 0.567382Y27 = 0.500955Z27 = 12.175
X28 = 0.565081Y28 = 0.500211Z28 = 12.175
X29 = 0.56296Y29 = 0.499033Z29 = 12.175
X30 = 0.561095Y30 = 0.49746Z30 = 12.175
X31 = 0.534437Y31 = 0.460444Z31 = 12.175
X32 = 0.483163Y32 = 0.387935Z32 = 12.175
X33 = 0.429347Y33 = 0.317305Z33 = 12.175
X34 = 0.369943Y34 = 0.251325Z34 = 12.175
X35 = 0.305388Y35 = 0.190367Z35 = 12.175
X36 = 0.236379Y36 = 0.134498Z36 = 12.175
X37 = 0.163126Y37 = 0.084333Z37 = 12.175
X38 = 0.085641Y38 = 0.041005Z38 = 12.175
X39 = 0.004144Y39 = 0.00582Z39 = 12.175
X40 = −0.080826Y40 = −0.019821Z40 = 12.175
X41 = −0.168371Y41 = −0.034375Z41 = 12.175
X42 = −0.257069Y42 = −0.03643Z42 = 12.175
X43 = −0.344988Y43 = −0.0245Z43 = 12.175
X44 = −0.430161Y44 = 0.000344Z44 = 12.175
X45 = −0.510576Y45 = 0.037905Z45 = 12.175
X46 = −0.533155Y46 = 0.045623Z46 = 12.175
X47 = −0.53541Y47 = 0.045846Z47 = 12.175
X48 = −0.537667Y48 = 0.045775Z48 = 12.175
X49 = −0.539895Y49 = 0.045406Z49 = 12.175
X50 = −0.542062Y50 = 0.044749Z50 = 12.175
X51 = −0.544138Y51 = 0.043826Z51 = 12.175
X52 = −0.546091Y52 = 0.04266Z52 = 12.175
X53 = −0.547891Y53 = 0.041275Z53 = 12.175
X54 = −0.549508Y54 = 0.039692Z54 = 12.175
X55 = −0.550916Y55 = 0.037928Z55 = 12.175
X56 = −0.55209Y56 = 0.036002Z56 = 12.175
X57 = −0.553011Y57 = 0.033933Z57 = 12.175
X58 = −0.553665Y58 = 0.031751Z58 = 12.175
X59 = −0.554044Y59 = 0.029502Z59 = 12.175
X60 = −0.554148Y60 = 0.027254Z60 = 12.175
C. Section Height 12.725
X1 = −0.520657Y1 = −0.015078Z1 = 12.725
X2 = −0.471525Y2 = −0.108377Z2 = 12.725
X3 = −0.391975Y3 = −0.180469Z3 = 12.725
X4 = −0.298026Y4 = −0.232424Z4 = 12.725
X5 = −0.1943915 = −0.260317Z5 = 12.725
X6 = −0.087083Y6 = −0.259952Z6 = 12.725
X7 = 0.01639Y7 = −0.231329Z7 = 12.725
X8 = 0.110338Y8 = −0.179324Z8 = 12.725
X9 = 0.192851Y9 = −0.110359Z9 = 12.725
X10 = 0.264941Y10 = −0.030541Z10 = 12.725
X11 = 0.328322Y11 = 0.056381Z11 = 12.725
X12 = 0.385228Y12 = 0.147725Z12 = 12.725
X13 = 0.437106Y13 = 0.242Z13 = 12.725
X14 = 0.485157Y14 = 0.338304Z14 = 12.725
X15 = 0.530086Y15 = 0.436098Z15 = 12.725
X16 = 0.560932Y16 = 0.511364Z16 = 12.725
X17 = 0.561561Y17 = 0.513754Z17 = 12.725
X18 = 0.561691Y18 = 0.516157Z18 = 12.725
X19 = 0.561316Y19 = 0.518528Z19 = 12.725
X20 = 0.560458Y20 = 0.520795Z20 = 12.725
X21 = 0.559157Y21 = 0.522871Z21 = 12.725
X22 = 0.55747Y22 = 0.524671Z22 = 12.725
X23 = 0.55547Y23 = 0.526113Z23 = 12.725
X24 = 0.553238Y24 = 0.527135Z24 = 12.725
X25 = 0.550861Y25 = 0.527692Z25 = 12.725
X26 = 0.548432Y26 = 0.52776Z26 = 12.725
X27 = 0.546043Y27 = 0.527341Z27 = 12.725
X28 = 0.543781Y28 = 0.526455Z28 = 12.725
X29 = 0.541731Y29 = 0.525137Z29 = 12.725
X30 = 0.53997Y30 = 0.523434Z30 = 12.725
X31 = 0.515186Y31 = 0.485903Z31 = 12.725
X32 = 0.467537Y32 = 0.412527Z32 = 12.725
X33 = 0.418072Y33 = 0.340372Z33 = 12.725
X34 = 0.364377Y34 = 0.271319Z34 = 12.725
X35 = 0.305901Y35 = 0.206268Z35 = 12.725
X36 = 0.242878Y36 = 0.14561Z36 = 12.725
X37 = 0.175462Y37 = 0.089883Z37 = 12.725
X38 = 0.103404Y38 = 0.040324Z38 = 12.725
X39 = 0.026638Y39 = −0.001556Z39 = 12.725
X40 = −0.054525Y40 = −0.034058Z40 = 12.725
X41 = −0.139261Y41 = −0.055579Z41 = 12.725
X42 = −0.226163Y42 = −0.064895Z42 = 12.725
X43 = −0.313401Y43 = −0.05976Z43 = 12.725
X44 = −0.398407Y44 = −0.039647Z44 = 12.725
X45 = −0.478364Y45 = −0.004287Z45 = 12.725
X46 = −0.500952Y46 = 0.001529Z46 = 12.725
X47 = −0.502979Y47 = 0.00155Z47 = 12.725
X48 = −0.504988Y48 = 0.001343Z48 = 12.725
X49 = −0.506959Y49 = 0.000902Z49 = 12.725
X50 = −0.508872Y50 = 0.000238Z50 = 12.725
X51 = −0.510708Y51 = −0.000633Z51 = 12.725
X52 = −0.512445Y52 = −0.001688Z52 = 12.725
X53 = −0.514066Y53 = −0.002911Z53 = 12.725
X54 = −0.51555Y54 = −0.004288Z54 = 12.725
X55 = −0.516877Y55 = −0.005808Z55 = 12.725
X56 = −0.518032Y56 = −0.007463Z56 = 12.725
X57 = −0.518997Y57 = −0.009243Z57 = 12.725
X58 = −0.51976Y58 = −0.011132Z58 = 12.725
X59 = −0.520314Y59 = −0.013096Z59 = 12.725
X60 = −0.520657Y60 = −0.015078Z60 = 12.725
D. Section Height 13.275
X1 = −0.509778Y1 = −0.075801Z1 = 13.275
X2 = −0.453634Y2 = −0.16623Z2 = 13.275
X3 = −0.369091Y3 = −0.233705Z3 = 13.275
X4 = −0.271092Y4 = −0.279374Z4 = 13.275
X5 = −0.164579Y5 = −0.297631Z5 = 13.275
X6 = −0.057332Y6 = −0.28448Z6 = 13.275
X7 = 0.042099Y7 = −0.242049Z7 = 13.275
X8 = 0.128842Y8 = −0.177332Z8 = 13.275
X9 = 0.202809Y9 = −0.098184Z9 = 13.275
X10 = 0.266327Y10 = −0.01038Z10 = 13.275
X11 = 0.32189Y11 = 0.082706Z11 = 13.275
X12 = 0.371579Y12 = 0.179056Z12 = 13.275
X13 = 0.416993Y13 = 0.277509Z13 = 13.275
X14 = 0.459419Y14 = 0.377285Z14 = 13.275
X15 = 0.499497Y15 = 0.478029Z15 = 13.275
X16 = 0.527408Y16 = 0.555086Z16 = 13.275
X17 = 0.527913Y17 = 0.557533Z17 = 13.275
X18 = 0.527919Y18 = 0.559971Z18 = 13.275
X19 = 0.527421Y19 = 0.562351Z19 = 13.275
X20 = 0.526443Y20 = 0.5646Z20 = 13.275
X21 = 0.525029Y21 = 0.566635Z21 = 13.275
X22 = 0.523242Y22 = 0.568373Z22 = 13.275
X23 = 0.521157Y23 = 0.56974Z23 = 13.275
X24 = 0.518858Y24 = 0.570675Z24 = 13.275
X25 = 0.516433Y25 = 0.571137Z25 = 13.275
X26 = 0.513976Y26 = 0.571107Z26 = 13.275
X27 = 0.511575Y27 = 0.570589Z27 = 13.275
X28 = 0.50932Y28 = 0.569604Z28 = 13.275
X29 = 0.507294Y29 = 0.568195Z29 = 13.275
X30 = 0.505573Y30 = 0.566411Z30 = 13.275
X31 = 0.481539Y31 = 0.52748Z31 = 13.275
X32 = 0.436816Y32 = 0.450508Z32 = 13.275
X33 = 0.391089Y33 = 0.37413Z33 = 13.275
X34 = 0.342845Y34 = 0.299321Z34 = 13.275
X35 = 0.291099Y35 = 0.226898Z35 = 13.275
X36 = 0.23553Y36 = 0.157364Z36 = 13.275
X37 = 0.175496Y37 = 0.091662Z37 = 13.275
X38 = 0.109977Y38 = 0.031446Z38 = 13.275
X39 = 0.038497Y39 = −0.021536Z39 = 13.275
X40 = −0.038911Y40 = −0.065361Z40 = 13.275
X41 = −0.121781Y41 = −0.097652Z41 = 13.275
X42 = −0.208857Y42 = −0.115474Z42 = 13.275
X43 = −0.297714Y43 = −0.114976Z43 = 13.275
X44 = −0.384567Y44 = −0.096226Z44 = 13.275
X45 = −0.467047Y45 = −0.062811Z45 = 13.275
X46 = −0.49016Y46 = −0.057041Z46 = 13.275
X47 = −0.492327Y47 = −0.057043Z47 = 13.275
X48 = −0.49447Y48 = −0.057306Z48 = 13.275
X49 = −0.496564Y49 = −0.057834Z49 = 13.275
X50 = −0.498584Y50 = −0.058614Z50 = 13.275
X51 = −0.500507Y51 = −0.059626Z51 = 13.275
X52 = −0.502307Y52 = −0.060846Z52 = 13.275
X53 = −0.503961Y53 = −0.062253Z53 = 13.275
X54 = −0.505446Y54 = −0.063828Z54 = 13.275
X55 = −0.506739Y55 = −0.065555Z55 = 13.275
X56 = −0.507821Y56 = −0.067422Z56 = 13.275
X57 = −0.508675Y57 = −0.069413Z57 = 13.275
X58 = −0.509288Y58 = −0.071503Z58 = 13.275
X59 = −0.509655Y59 = −0.073654Z59 = 13.275
X60 = −0.509778Y60 = −0.075801Z60 = 13.275
E. Section Height 13.825
X1 = −0.48335Y1 = −0.131062Z1 = 13.825
X2 = −0.423878Y2 = −0.215627Z2 = 13.825
X3 = −0.337369Y3 = −0.274698Z3 = 13.825
X4 = −0.23829Y4 = −0.30861Z4 = 13.825
X5 = −0.133706Y5 = −0.313659Z5 = 13.825
X6 = −0.032104Y6 = −0.288266Z6 = 13.825
X7 = 0.059273Y7 = −0.236921Z7 = 13.825
X8 = 0.137912Y8 = −0.167446Z8 = 13.825
X9 = 0.20513Y9 = −0.086775Z9 = 13.825
X10 = 0.263135Y10 = 0.000795Z10 = 13.825
X11 = 0.31415Y11 = 0.092635Z11 = 13.825
X12 = 0.359892Y12 = 0.187219Z12 = 13.825
X13 = 0.401721Y13 = 0.283607Z13 = 13.825
X14 = 0.440832Y14 = 0.381129Z14 = 13.825
X15 = 0.47799Y15 = 0.479414Z15 = 13.825
X16 = 0.504072Y16 = 0.554463Z16 = 13.825
X17 = 0.504527Y17 = 0.556936Z17 = 13.825
X18 = 0.504479Y18 = 0.559387Z18 = 13.825
X19 = 0.503928Y19 = 0.561769Z19 = 13.825
X20 = 0.502898Y20 = 0.564011Z20 = 13.825
X21 = 0.501436Y21 = 0.566032Z21 = 13.825
X22 = 0.499606Y22 = 0.567748Z22 = 13.825
X23 = 0.497482Y23 = 0.569084Z23 = 13.825
X24 = 0.495152Y24 = 0.569982Z24 = 13.825
X25 = 0.492704Y25 = 0.570404Z25 = 13.825
X26 = 0.490231Y26 = 0.570331Z26 = 13.825
X27 = 0.487826Y27 = 0.56977Z27 = 13.825
X28 = 0.485575Y28 = 0.568746Z28 = 13.825
X29 = 0.48356Y29 = 0.5673Z29 = 13.825
X30 = 0.481855Y30 = 0.56548Z30 = 13.825
X31 = 0.458698Y31 = 0.526822Z31 = 13.825
X32 = 0.415919Y32 = 0.450341Z32 = 13.825
X33 = 0.372794Y33 = 0.374065Z33 = 13.825
X34 = 0.327724Y34 = 0.298916Z34 = 13.825
X35 = 0.280029Y35 = 0.225418Z35 = 13.825
X36 = 0.229387Y36 = 0.153919Z36 = 13.825
X37 = 0.174792Y37 = 0.085388Z37 = 13.825
X38 = 0.114792Y38 = 0.021567Z38 = 13.825
X39 = 0.048912Y39 = −0.03614Z39 = 13.825
X40 = −0.022828Y40 = −0.086394Z40 = 13.825
X41 = −0.100669Y41 = −0.126417Z41 = 13.825
X42 = −0.184456Y42 = −0.151513Z42 = 13.825
X43 = −0.271737Y43 = −0.156117Z43 = 13.825
X44 = −0.358Y44 = −0.141622Z44 = 13.825
X45 = −0.441424Y45 = −0.114775Z45 = 13.825
X46 = −0.46451Y46 = −0.110136Z46 = 13.825
X47 = −0.466773Y47 = −0.11025Z47 = 13.825
X48 = −0.468996Y48 = −0.110643Z48 = 13.825
X49 = −0.471152Y49 = −0.111318Z49 = 13.825
X50 = −0.473212Y50 = −0.112259Z50 = 13.825
X51 = −0.475151Y51 = −0.113443Z51 = 13.825
X52 = −0.476942Y52 = −0.114844Z52 = 13.825
X53 = −0.47856Y53 = −0.116436Z53 = 13.825
X54 = −0.479982Y54 = −0.118198Z54 = 13.825
X55 = −0.481182Y55 = −0.12011Z55 = 13.825
X56 = −0.482143Y56 = −0.122152Z56 = 13.825
X57 = −0.482846Y57 = −0.124304Z57 = 13.825
X58 = −0.483283Y58 = −0.126538Z58 = 13.825
X59 = −0.483448Y59 = −0.128812Z59 = 13.825
X60 = −0.48335Y60 = −0.131062Z60 = 13.825
F. Section Height 14.375
X1 = −0.445714Y1 = −0.185798Z1 = 14.375
X2 = −0.381934Y2 = −0.259781Z2 = 14.375
X3 = −0.294159Y3 = −0.305553Z3 = 14.375
X4 = −0.19686Y4 = −0.323689Z4 = 14.375
X5 = −0.098392Y5 = −0.313272Z5 = 14.375
X6 = −0.006532Y6 = −0.276095Z6 = 14.375
X7 = 0.074294Y7 = −0.21859Z7 = 14.375
X8 = 0.144116Y8 = −0.148012Z8 = 14.375
X9 = 0.204811Y9 = −0.069389Z9 = 14.375
X10 = 0.258139Y10 = 0.014423Z10 = 14.375
X11 = 0.305704Y11 = 0.101654Z11 = 14.375
X12 = 0.348839Y12 = 0.191161Z12 = 14.375
X13 = 0.388527Y13 = 0.282255Z13 = 14.375
X14 = 0.4256Y14 = 0.374445Z14 = 14.375
X15 = 0.460808Y15 = 0.467365Z15 = 14.375
X16 = 0.485435Y16 = 0.538385Z16 = 14.375
X17 = 0.485867Y17 = 0.540873Z17 = 14.375
X18 = 0.485793Y18 = 0.543336Z18 = 14.375
X19 = 0.485213Y19 = 0.545724Z19 = 14.375
X20 = 0.484151Y20 = 0.547965Z20 = 14.375
X21 = 0.482656Y21 = 0.549977Z21 = 14.375
X22 = 0.480794Y22 = 0.551676Z22 = 14.375
X23 = 0.478641Y23 = 0.552987Z23 = 14.375
X24 = 0.476286Y24 = 0.553854Z24 = 14.375
X25 = 0.47382Y25 = 0.554238Z25 = 14.375
X26 = 0.471336Y26 = 0.554124Z26 = 14.375
X27 = 0.468929Y27 = 0.553518Z27 = 14.375
X28 = 0.466685Y28 = 0.552448Z28 = 14.375
X29 = 0.464688Y29 = 0.550956Z29 = 14.375
X30 = 0.463012Y30 = 0.549094Z30 = 14.375
X31 = 0.441234Y31 = 0.511157Z31 = 14.375
X32 = 0.401061Y32 = 0.436287Z32 = 14.375
X33 = 0.360862Y33 = 0.361431Z33 = 14.375
X34 = 0.318691Y34 = 0.287669Z34 = 14.375
X35 = 0.274003Y35 = 0.215408Z35 = 14.375
X36 = 0.226672Y36 = 0.144848Z36 = 14.375
X37 = 0.175964Y37 = 0.076683Z37 = 14.375
X38 = 0.120747Y38 = 0.012129Z38 = 14.375
X39 = 0.060602Y39 = −0.047856Z39 = 14.375
X40 = −0.004808Y40 = −0.102022Z40 = 14.375
X41 = −0.076726Y41 = −0.147119Z41 = 14.375
X42 = −0.155666Y42 = −0.178059Z42 = 14.375
X43 = −0.239678Y43 = −0.189361Z43 = 14.375
X44 = −0.324252Y44 = −0.182618Z44 = 14.375
X45 = −0.407314Y45 = −0.164783Z45 = 14.375
X46 = −0.430074Y46 = −0.163489Z46 = 14.375
X47 = −0.432198Y47 = −0.16393Z47 = 14.375
X48 = −0.434247Y48 = −0.164621Z48 = 14.375
X49 = −0.436196Y49 = −0.165559Z49 = 14.375
X50 = −0.438024Y50 = −0.166727Z50 = 14.375
X51 = −0.43971Y51 = −0.168101Z51 = 14.375
X52 = −0.441238Y52 = −0.169653Z52 = 14.375
X53 = −0.442586Y53 = −0.171359Z53 = 14.375
X54 = −0.443738Y54 = −0.173195Z54 = 14.375
X55 = −0.444674Y55 = −0.175143Z55 = 14.375
X56 = −0.445378Y56 = −0.177186Z56 = 14.375
X57 = −0.445836Y57 = −0.179306Z57 = 14.375
X58 = −0.446042Y58 = −0.181478Z58 = 14.375
X59 = −0.445996Y59 = −0.183662Z59 = 14.375
X60 = −0.445714Y60 = −0.185798Z60 = 14.375
G. Section Height 14.925
X1 = −0.404161Y1 = −0.24539Z1 = 14.925
X2 = −0.33208Y2 = −0.302373Z2 = 14.925
X3 = −0.242583Y3 = −0.329849Z3 = 14.925
X4 = −0.149032Y4 = −0.330582Z4 = 14.925
X5 = −0.059192Y5 = −0.304274Z5 = 14.925
X6 = 0.02117Y6 = −0.256005Z6 = 14.925
X7 = 0.090862Y7 = −0.193176Z7 = 14.925
X8 = 0.151329Y8 = −0.121367Z8 = 14.925
X9 = 0.204403Y9 = −0.043897Z9 = 14.925
X10 = 0.251942Y10 = 0.037101Z10 = 14.925
X11 = 0.295173Y11 = 0.120485Z11 = 14.925
X12 = 0.335342Y12 = 0.20539Z12 = 14.925
X13 = 0.373066Y13 = 0.291412Z13 = 14.925
X14 = 0.408659Y14 = 0.378337Z14 = 14.925
X15 = 0.442381Y15 = 0.466006Z15 = 14.925
X16 = 0.465595Y16 = 0.533199Z16 = 14.925
X17 = 0.465984Y17 = 0.535713Z17 = 14.925
X18 = 0.46586Y18 = 0.538189Z18 = 14.925
X19 = 0.465224Y19 = 0.54058Z19 = 14.925
X20 = 0.464105Y20 = 0.542812Z20 = 14.925
X21 = 0.462553Y21 = 0.544802Z21 = 14.925
X22 = 0.460635Y22 = 0.546465Z22 = 14.925
X23 = 0.458434Y23 = 0.547728Z23 = 14.925
X24 = 0.456039Y24 = 0.548534Z24 = 14.925
X25 = 0.453545Y25 = 0.548847Z25 = 14.925
X26 = 0.451049Y26 = 0.548654Z26 = 14.925
X27 = 0.448645Y27 = 0.547966Z27 = 14.925
X28 = 0.446424Y28 = 0.546815Z28 = 14.925
X29 = 0.444468Y29 = 0.545245Z29 = 14.925
X30 = 0.442849Y30 = 0.543311Z30 = 14.925
X31 = 0.422962Y31 = 0.505265Z31 = 14.925
X32 = 0.386861Y32 = 0.430162Z32 = 14.925
X33 = 0.350923Y33 = 0.354994Z33 = 14.925
X34 = 0.312951Y34 = 0.280818Z34 = 14.925
X35 = 0.271845Y35 = 0.208357Z35 = 14.925
X36 = 0.227376Y36 = 0.137894Z36 = 14.925
X37 = 0.179777Y37 = 0.069508Z37 = 14.925
X38 = 0.129238Y38 = 0.003266Z38 = 14.925
X39 = 0.075302Y39 = −0.060204Z39 = 14.925
X40 = 0.015817Y40 = −0.118517Z40 = 14.925
X41 = −0.051573Y41 = −0.167338Z41 = 14.925
X42 = −0.126724Y42 = −0.202975Z42 = 14.925
X43 = −0.20748Y43 = −0.223098Z43 = 14.925
X44 = −0.290541Y44 = −0.226884Z44 = 14.925
X45 = −0.373273Y45 = −0.217552Z45 = 14.925
X46 = −0.394782Y46 = −0.222549Z46 = 14.925
X47 = −0.396426Y47 = −0.223522Z47 = 14.925
X48 = −0.397957Y48 = −0.224656Z48 = 14.925
X49 = −0.399358Y49 = −0.225946Z49 = 14.925
X50 = −0.400618Y50 = −0.227378Z50 = 14.925
X51 = −0.401733Y51 = −0.22893Z51 = 14.925
X52 = −0.402698Y52 = −0.230582Z52 = 14.925
X53 = −0.403507Y53 = −0.232315Z53 = 14.925
X54 = −0.404154Y54 = −0.23411Z54 = 14.925
X55 = −0.404628Y55 = −0.235954Z55 = 14.925
X56 = −0.404918Y56 = −0.237835Z56 = 14.925
X57 = −0.405016Y57 = −0.239739Z57 = 14.925
X58 = −0.404917Y58 = −0.241652Z58 = 14.925
X59 = −0.404625Y59 = −0.243548Z59 = 14.925
X60 = −0.404161Y60 = −0.24539Z60 = 14.925
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While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment(s), but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as permitted under the law. Furthermore it should be understood that while the use of the word preferable, preferably, or preferred in the description above indicates that feature so described may be more desirable, it nonetheless may not be necessary and any embodiment lacking the same may be contemplated as within the scope of the invention, that scope being defined by the claims that follow. In reading the claims it is intended that when words such as “a,” “an,” “at least one” and “at least a portion” are used, there is no intention to limit the claim to only one item unless specifically stated to the contrary in the claim. Further, when the language “at least a portion” and/or “a portion” is used the item may include a portion and/or the entire item unless specifically stated to the contrary.