Patent Grant
10821217
The current invention relates to devices and methods for forming a fistula. The devices and methods may be used to form a fistula between two blood vessels.
A fistula is generally a passageway formed between two internal organs. Forming a fistula between two blood vessels can have one or more beneficial functions. For example, the formation of a fistula between an artery and a vein may provide access to the vasculature for hemodialysis patients. Specifically, forming a fistula between an artery and a vein allows blood to flow quickly between the vessels while bypassing the capillaries. In other instances, a fistula may be formed between two veins to form a veno-venous fistula. Such a veno-venous fistula may be used to help treat portal venous hypertension. Generally, fistula formation requires surgical dissection of a target vein, and transecting and moving the vein for surgical anastomosis to the artery. It may therefore be useful to find improved ways to form a fistula between two blood vessels.
Described here are devices and systems for forming a fistula. In some variations, the systems described here may comprise a first catheter and a second catheter. The first catheter may comprise one or more fistula-forming elements. Additionally or alternatively, the second catheter may comprise one or more fistula-forming elements. The first and second catheters may comprise one or more magnetic elements, which may be used to move the first and second catheters in closer proximity to facilitate fistula formation. In some variations, the magnetic elements may have magnetization patterns such that the magnetic field generated by the magnetic elements is locally concentrated. In some instances, the system may comprise a magnetic control device, which may comprise a magnet, and may be used to increase or create an attractive force between the first and second catheters.
In some variations of the systems described here, the system may comprise a first catheter comprising a first magnetic element and a second catheter comprising a second magnetic element, such that at least one of the first and second catheters comprises a fistula-forming element. The fistula-forming element may be any suitable structure, such as an electrode. In some variations, the first magnetic element may be configured to produce a magnetic field that is stronger on a first side of the first magnetic element than on a second side of the magnetic element. In some variations, the first magnetic element may comprise a plurality of regions each having a polarity. The plurality of regions of the first magnetic element may be configured such that the polarity of each region is rotated a first angle relative to the polarity of an immediately-preceding region in a proximal-to-distal direction. In some of these variations, the second magnetic element may comprise a plurality of regions each having a polarity. The plurality of regions of the second magnetic element may be configured such that the polarity of each region is rotated a second angle relative to the polarity of an immediately-preceding region in a proximal-to-distal direction. The first angle may or may not be the same as the second angle. The first and second angles may be any suitable angles (e.g., about 30 degrees, about 45 degrees, about 90 degrees). In some variations, the first magnetic element may have a plurality of regions such that the polarity of each region is rotated a first angle clockwise relative to an immediately-preceding region, and the second magnetic element may have a plurality of regions such that each region is rotated a first angle counterclockwise relative to an immediately-preceding region.
In some variations, the systems may comprise a magnetic control device, which may comprise a housing having a contact surface for placement against the skin, a magnet, and a control element connected to the magnet and moveable relative to the housing such that the control element may move the magnet relative to contact surface. In some variations, the magnet may comprise a magnetic array having a magnetization pattern. In some variations, the housing and/or control element may comprise one or more finger rings.
Generally described here are systems, devices, and methods for forming a fistula between blood vessels. The fistula may be, for example, an arteriovenous fistula between an artery and a vein, or a veno-venous fistula between two veins. Generally, to form a fistula between two blood vessels, one or more catheters may be advanced in a minimally invasive fashion through the vasculature to a target fistula formation site. Typically, a catheter may be placed in each of the two blood vessels, such that a first catheter may be positioned in a first blood vessel and a second catheter may be positioned in a second blood vessel. Accordingly, the systems described here may comprise a first catheter and a second catheter.
The first and second catheters may have one or more magnetic elements, which may be configured to aid in positioning and/or alignment of the catheters. For example, in some instances the first catheter may comprise one or more magnetic elements which may be attracted to one or more magnetic elements of the second catheter, which may act to pull the first and second catheters toward each other. In some variations, the magnetic elements may have magnetization patterns such that the strength of a magnetic field generated by the magnetic element is greater on one side of the magnet than on an opposite side.
In some variations, the systems may also comprise a magnetic control device for applying a magnetic force to the first and second catheters using an external magnet positioned outside of the body. The magnetic control device may comprise a control element that may help to adjust the position of the external magnet in a controlled manner. In some instances, the external magnet may have a magnetization pattern such that the strength of the magnetic field generated by the external magnet is greater on one side of the magnet than on an opposite side. It should be appreciated that each catheter may or may not have the same configuration of elements, and that some catheters may be different from and/or complementary to other catheters.
Devices
Catheters
As mentioned above, the systems described here typically comprise a first catheter and a second catheter. Any suitable catheter or catheters may be used with the systems described here to form the fistulas using the methods described here. For example, in some variations the system may comprise one or more of the catheters described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, filed on Nov. 16, 2011 and titled “DEVICES AND METHODS FOR FORMING A FISTULA,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Generally, each catheter may have a proximal end, a distal end, and an intermediate portion connecting the proximal and distal ends. The proximal end may comprise one or more adaptors or handles, which may be utilized to help aid in advancement, positioning, and/or control of the catheter within the vasculature, and may further be used to actuate one or more components of the catheter and/or introduce one or more fluids or substances into and/or through the catheter. The catheter may comprise one or more elements that may aid in fistula formation. For example, one or more portions (e.g., the distal end and/or the intermediate portion) of the catheter may comprise one or more elements, such as magnets, that may help to align the catheter with another catheter positioned in a related blood vessel, and/or help to bring the catheters into closer approximation, as will be described in more detail below. As the catheters are brought in to closer approximation, the blood vessels within which the catheters are positioned may be brought into closer approximation, which may aid in fistula formation. Additionally or alternatively, one or more portions (e.g., the distal end and/or an intermediate portion) of the catheter may comprise one or more mechanisms for forming a fistula.
The catheters may additionally comprise one or more lumens or passageways extending at least partially along or through the catheter, and may be used to pass one or more guidewires, one or more drugs or fluids (e.g., contrast agents, perfusion fluids), combinations thereof, or the like at least partially along or through the catheter, but need not comprise these lumens or passageways. The distal tip of the catheter may be configured to aid in advancement of the catheter and/or to be atraumatic. In some variations, the tip may comprise one or more rapid exchange portions or other lumens for advancement of the catheter over a guidewire. In still other variations, the tip portion may have a guidewire attached to or otherwise integrally formed with the catheter.
Additionally, in some variations the catheters may further comprise one or more external expandable elements (e.g., a balloon, expandable cage, mesh, or the like) that may help position a catheter within a blood vessel, but need not comprise one or more external expandable elements. Additionally or alternatively, the one or more expandable elements may affect the flow of blood through one or more blood vessels (e.g., by temporarily occluding blood flow through the blood vessel, dilating one or more portions of a blood vessel, constricting one or more portions of a blood vessel, or the like). In some instances, one or more expandable elements may act to temporarily anchor a portion of the catheter relative to a blood vessel. In variations where the catheter comprises one or more shape-changing elements, as will be described in more detail below, the use of an expandable element to temporarily anchor a portion of the catheter relative to a blood vessel may aid in altering the shape of the catheter. It should be appreciated that the catheters described here may have any combination of the aforementioned elements.
As shown in
Fistula-Forming Elements
As mentioned above, the catheters described here may comprise one or more elements for forming a fistula. The fistula-forming element may comprise any element capable of forming a fistula between two vessels, such as those elements described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, the fistula-forming element may comprise one or more electrical mechanisms (e.g., electrodes or electrocautery mechanisms); one or more mechanical mechanisms (e.g., blades, lances, needles, or the like); one or more chemical devices (e.g., enzyme-releasing devices); one or more cryogenic-cautery devices; one or more laser ablation devices; and/or combinations thereof, and the like. A catheter may have any suitable number (e.g., zero, one, two, three, or four or more) and combination of these fistula-forming elements. The fistula-forming elements may be located in or on any suitable portion of the catheter (e.g., the distal end, an intermediate portion, or combinations thereof). In variations where a catheter comprises two or more fistula-forming elements, multiple fistula-forming elements may be used to create multiple fistulas, either simultaneously or sequentially. In other variations, multiple fistula-forming elements may interact to form a single fistula.
In variations where a system comprising multiple catheters is used to create a fistula between two blood vessels, each catheter may comprise a fistula-forming element, but need not. Indeed, in some of these variations, only one catheter may comprise a fistula-forming element. In some of these instances, the other catheter may still help align the catheters and/or approximate the blood vessels, but may not directly contribute to tissue removal. In variations where multiple catheters each comprise a fistula-forming element, the catheters may have complimentary fistula-forming elements. For example, in variations where two or more catheters comprise electrodes, one catheter may comprise an electrode that acts as an active electrode, while another catheter may comprise an electrode that acts as a passive or ground electrode.
In some variations of the catheters described here, a catheter may comprise one or more electrodes for use in forming a fistula. When a fistula-forming element comprises an electrode, it may be used to ablate or otherwise remove the tissue in contact with the electrode in order to form the fistula. If a fistula-forming element comprises an electrode, the electrode may be configured as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In the embodiment shown in
Magnetic Elements
As mentioned above, the first and second catheters of the systems described here may comprise one or more magnetic elements. Generally, the magnetic elements may be configured to be attracted to one or more magnetic fields (e.g., produced by one or more magnetic elements of another catheter, produced by one or more magnets positioned external to the body). The magnetic element or elements may help to align or otherwise reposition the catheters when placed in the vasculature. In some instances, a system may comprise first and second catheters each having one or more magnetic elements, such that magnetic elements of the first catheter may be attracted to magnetic elements of the second catheter to bring the catheters in closer approximation. Additionally or alternatively, one or more external magnetic elements may be positioned outside of the body, and may attract the one or more magnetic elements of the first and/or second catheters to help reposition the first and/or second catheters, as will be described in more detail below. In other instances, one or more magnetic elements may help to ensure that one or more catheters are in proper axial or rotational alignment relative to another catheter or catheters, such as described in further detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety, which may facilitate alignment of one or more fistula-forming elements relative to a target fistula-formation site.
When the catheters described here comprise a magnetic element, it should be appreciated that the magnetic element may be configured to generate a magnetic field, but need not. For example, in some variations a catheter may have a magnetic element formed from one or more ferromagnetic materials configured to become temporarily magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field. In these variations, when the magnetic element is placed in a magnetic field (such as one produced by a magnetic element of another catheter), the temporary magnetization may provide an attractive force to the catheter to move or reposition the catheter. Examples of suitable ferromagnetic materials which may be temporarily, but are not limited to, cobalt, gadolinium, iron, nickel, alloys of these metals with or without other metals such as alnico, chemical compounds such as ferrites, and/or a combination of any of these metals or their alloys.
In instances where the magnetic element is configured to generate a magnetic field, the magnetic element may comprise a permanent magnet or an electromagnet. When a magnetic element comprises a permanent magnet, the magnet may be made of any suitable material capable of generating a magnetic field. In some instances, the magnetic elements may be permanent magnets made out of ferromagnetic materials. For example, in some variations, the magnetic elements may comprise one or more rare-earth magnets (e.g. samarium-cobalt magnets or neodymium magnets), and/or cobalt, gadolinium, iron, nickel, alloys of these metals with or without other metals such as alnico, chemical compounds such as ferrites, and/or a combination of any of these metals or their alloys. When a magnetic element comprises an electromagnet, the electromagnet may be selectively activated to produce a magnetic field. For example, when one or more catheters of the systems described here comprise one or more electromagnets, the electromagnets may be activated before fistula formation to bring the blood vessels within which the catheters are located in closer approximation; they may remain activated during fistula formation to hold the vessels in closer approximation during the fistula-formation procedure; and then they may be deactivated after the fistula-formation procedure is complete. When a catheter comprises multiple electromagnet-based magnetic elements, these magnetic elements may be independently activated or may be activated as a group.
When the systems described here comprise a first catheter and a second catheter each comprising one or more magnetic elements, each catheter may comprise any combination of permanent magnets, ferromagnetic elements, or electromagnets. For example, in some variations, the first catheter may include only permanent magnets. In these variations, the second catheter may include only permanent magnets, only ferromagnetic elements, only electromagnets, or a mix of some or all of these elements. In other variations the first catheter may include only ferromagnetic elements. Again, the second catheter may include only permanent magnets, only ferromagnetic elements, only electromagnets, or a mix of some or all of these elements. In still other variations, the first catheter may include a permanent magnets and ferromagnetic elements. In these variations, the second catheter may include only permanent magnets, ferromagnetic elements, only electromagnets, or a mix of some or all of these elements.
When the catheters of the systems described here comprise one or more magnetic elements, each catheter may comprise any number of individual magnetic elements (e.g., one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or eight or more, etc.). In variations where a catheter comprises a plurality of magnetic elements, these magnetic elements may be grouped into one or more arrays. The magnetic elements or arrays may be located inside or outside of a catheter body or both. The magnetic elements or arrays may be positioned anywhere along the length of the catheter. In some variations where the system comprises a first catheter having a fistula-forming element (such as the first catheter (101) shown in
Each magnetic element included in the catheters described here may have any suitable size and shape. For example, each magnetic element may be cylindrical, semi-cylindrical, tube-shaped, box-shaped, planar, spherical, or the like. Generally, the dimensions of the magnetic elements may be constrained by size of the catheters carrying the magnetic elements, which in turn may be constrained by the anatomical dimensions of the vessels through which the catheters described here may be advanced. For example, if the catheter is to be advanced through a blood vessel having an internal diameter of about 3 mm, it may be desirable to configure any magnetic element to have an outer diameter of less than about 3 mm to reduce the risk of injury to vessel walls during advancement and manipulation of the catheter. Each magnetic element may have any suitable length (e.g., about 5 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, or the like), although it should be appreciated that in some instances longer magnets may limit the flexibility of the catheter to maneuver through tissue.
As mentioned above, when two catheters each comprise one or more magnetic elements, the magnetic elements of the catheters may produce an attractive force between the catheters which may act to pull the catheters into closer approximation. Once the first and second catheters have been positioned, the attractive force may also act to maintain the relative positioning between the catheters. When the first and second catheters are placed in respective blood vessels, tissue positioned between the blood vessels may limit the ability of the first and second catheters to be brought toward each other. Accordingly, it may be desirable to maximize the attractive force between the first and second catheters in order to help the first and second catheters to displace tissue between the blood vessels.
In some variations, in order to increase the attractive force between two catheters, it may be desirable to focus the strength of a magnetic field generated by a magnetic element or array of magnetic elements. In some instances, it may be desirable to focus the magnetic field produced by a magnetic element or array of magnetic elements such that the strength of the magnetic field is greater on one side of the magnet than the strength of the magnetic field produced on an opposite side of the magnet. In other words, these locally-concentrated magnetic elements may have a magnetic flux distribution that is greater on one side of the magnetic element than on an opposite side of the magnetic element. In some variations, one or more magnetic elements may be configured to have a substantially one-sided flux distribution. In these variations, the one or more magnetic elements may be configured such that the magnetic elements produce a magnetic field on a first side of the magnetic elements, but do not produce a significant magnetic field on a second side of the magnetic elements. Accordingly, the flux distribution of the magnetic elements is limited to the first side of the magnetic elements, also known as a “one-sided flux” arrangement. While a one-sided flux arrangement ideally produces no flux distribution on the second side of the magnetic elements, it should be appreciated that in practice a one-sided flux arrangement may produce negligible stray field on the second side of the magnetic elements (e.g., due to imperfections in the machining process or due to assembly of individually magnetic elements). When one or more magnetic elements are configured as a one-sided flux arrangement, the strength of the magnetic field produced on the first side of the magnetic elements may be twice the strength of a magnetic field produced by a standard magnet of a similar size, shape, and construction. In other variations, one or more magnetic elements may be configured to produce a magnetic field that is stronger on a first side of the magnetic elements than it is on a second side of the magnetic elements opposite the first side of the magnetic elements, but to a lesser extent than a one-sided arrangement. For example, in some variations, one or more magnetic elements may be configured to generate a magnetic field having a flux distribution on a first side of the magnetic elements that is about 1.5 times as much as the flux distribution on a second side of the magnetic elements, about 2 times as much as the flux distribution on a second side of the magnetic elements, about 3 times as much as the flux distribution on a second side of the magnetic elements, about 5 times as much as the flux distribution on a second side of the magnetic elements, or the like.
Generally, to create a focused magnetic field as described immediately above, a catheter may comprise one or more magnets having a magnetization pattern, such as a Halbach array, configured to generate the desired magnetic field. Generally, the one or more magnets may comprise an array of regions, where each region has a specific polarity. The direction of the polarity of each respective region may be selectively arranged to produce a pattern of magnetic polarities, which may alter overall magnetic field produced by the array. The array may be formed from one or multiple discrete magnets, as will be discussed in more detail below.
Generally, each of the magnetic arrays (201) and (203) are divided into a plurality of regions (215), wherein each region has a magnetic polarity (represented by arrows (213)). The direction of the polarities of the regions (215) may change from one region to the next according to a magnetization pattern. For example, in the variation of the first magnetic array (201) depicted in
Similarly, in the variation of the second magnetic array (203) depicted in
While the first and second magnetic arrays (201) and (203) are shown in
The magnetic arrays described here having magnetization patterns may be formed from one or more magnets. For example, in some variations, a magnetic array may comprise a single magnet. In these variations, the magnet may be magnetized such that it has distinct regions with differing polarities. For example, in the some instances, the first magnetic array (201) and/or the second magnetic array (203) may be formed from a single magnet, such that each region of the magnet is magnetized with a specific polarization. In other variations, a magnetic array may comprise a plurality of magnets. In these variations, each region of the array may be formed from a single magnet, or from multiple magnets. For example,
In the magnetization patterns depicted in
For example, in other variations, one or more magnetic arrays may have a magnetization pattern in which there is a 15 degree rotation between the polarities of adjacent regions.
In still other variations, one or more magnetic arrays may have a magnetization pattern in which there is a 45 degree rotation between the polarities of adjacent regions.
The ability to generate locally concentrated magnetic fields may allow the catheters described here to increase the attractive force between the catheters when the size of the catheters (and the magnetic elements thereof) is otherwise constrained. Because the magnetic elements of the catheters described may be advanced into the body, the patient's anatomy may place constraints on the dimensions of the catheters and the magnetic elements, such as discussed. Accordingly, a magnetic array which generates a local magnetic field may help to maximize the attractive force between two catheters, which may allow the catheters to overcome additional compliance and/or resistance (e.g., by tissue between the vessels) to help bring the catheters into apposition.
It should be appreciated that although the magnetic arrays discussed above with respect to
Magnetic Control Device
In another embodiment, the systems described may comprise a magnetic control device. This magnetic control device may be positioned externally to the body, and may provide one or more magnetic forces to one or more catheters positioned in the body. Generally, the magnetic control device may comprise a magnet configured to increase the attractive force between two catheters to help bring the catheters toward each other.
Generally, the magnet (507) of the magnetic control device (501) may be at least partially housed within the housing (503). The magnet (507) may be moveable relative to the housing (503) (as will be described below), and may be configured to increase the attractive force between two catheters that may be positioned in the body when the magnet (507) is positioned near the catheters. Because the magnet (507) is configured to be positioned external to the body, the magnet (507) may not be subject to the same size constraints as the magnetic elements of the catheters described here.
The magnet (507) of the magnetic control device may include an arrangement of one or more individual magnets, which may be configured to generate any suitable magnetic field. For example,
For example, when a first catheter (601) and a second catheter (603) are positioned in the body beneath the surface of the skin (represented in
Each of the first magnetic element (609) and the second magnetic element (611) may be formed from one or more individual magnets. For example, in the variation of the magnetic arrangement (607) depicted in
The magnetic array (607) may have any suitable dimensions. For example, the magnet array may have any suitable height, such as for example, between about 5 mm and about 25 mm, between about 10 mm and about 20 mm, or the like. Similarly, the array may have any suitable width, such as, for example, between about 5 mm and 35 mm, between about 8 mm and 28 mm, between about 10 mm and about 20 mm, or the like. The array may further have any suitable depth, such as, for example, between about 5 mm and about 40 mm, about 8 mm and about 28 mm, between about 10 mm and about 20 mm, or the like. While the variation of magnetic array (607) shown in
In other embodiments, the magnetic array may have a magnetization pattern which may generate a locally-concentrated magnetic field on one side of the array. For example,
For example, when a first catheter (701) and a second catheter (703) are positioned in the body beneath the surface of the skin (represented in
In the magnetic array (707) shown in
While the polarities in adjacent regions of the magnetic array (707) are rotated by 90 degrees, it should be appreciated that the magnetic arrays described here may have magnetization patterns in which adjacent regions have polarizations that are rotated any suitable angle (e.g., about 15 degrees, about 30 degrees, about 45 degrees, about 60 degrees or the like). For example,
In instances when the two catheters positioned in the body lie in a plane that is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the skin, it may be difficult to position an external magnet such that a centerline of the magnet passes between the catheters. Accordingly, some of the magnets suitable for use with the magnetic control devices described here may be configured to bring the magnets in closer approximation when the catheters are aligned substantially perpendicular to a skin surface. For example,
As with the magnetic arrays discussed above, the magnetic arrays (907) and (1007) shown in
Returning to
As mentioned above, the magnetic control device (501) may comprise a control element (509) configured to selectively move the magnet (507) relative to the housing (503) and the contact surface (505). Specifically, the magnet (507) may be fixed to the control element (509) (e.g., via one or more adhesives, bonding, welding or the like), and the control element (509) may comprise a slider that is slidably connected to the housing (503). The control element (509) may be advanced toward the contact surface (505) to move the magnet (507) toward the contact surface (505), and may be withdrawn away from the contact surface (505) to move the magnet (507) away from the contact surface (505). It should be appreciated that while shown in
In some variations, the magnetic control device (501) may comprise a spring (521) configured to bias the control element (509) away from the contact surface (505). In these variations, a user may apply a force to the control element (509) to overcome the bias provided by the spring (521) and advance the control element (509) and magnet (507) toward the contact surface (505). When the force is released, the spring (521) may return the control element (509) and magnet (507) to their original positions. Additionally or alternatively, the magnetic control device (501) may comprise one or more mechanisms configured to temporarily maintain a position of the control element (509). For example, in some variations the housing may comprise a series of teeth (not shown) which may be configured to allow one-way movement of the control element (509) relative to the teeth. In this variation, the teeth may engage the control element (509) and/or the magnet (507) such that the control element (509) may move incrementally toward the contact surface (505), but may be prevented from moving away from the contact surface (505). Each incremental advancement may create an audible sound as the control element (509) and/or magnet (507) advances beyond each individual tooth, which may provide feedback to the user. The teeth may also be moveable to release the engagement between the teeth and the control element (509) and/or magnet (507), which may allow for retraction of the control element (509) and magnet (507) relative to the contact surface (505). In variations where the magnetic control device (501) comprises a spring (521) as shown in
The housing and/or control element may have one or more grips or finger rings configured to help allow a user to grab or hold the housing and/or control elements, which may allow for an intuitive and ergonomic user interface, and in some instances may allow the magnetic control device (501) to be manipulated with a single hand. For example, in the embodiment shown in
In some variations, the magnetic control device may comprise one or more elements configured to releasably secure the magnetic control device to the body. For example, in some variations the magnetic control device may comprise one or more straps (e.g., an elastic strap or the like) which may be connected to the housing, such that the strap may be positioned around a limb (e.g., an arm) of a patient to temporarily connect the magnetic control device to the limb, which may allow the magnetic control device to remain in place without needing to be held by a user.
Systems
Also described here are systems for forming a fistula between two blood vessels. Generally, the systems may comprise a first catheter, which may comprise one or more fistula-forming elements and one or more magnetic elements. The first catheter may comprise any one or more of any of the fistula-forming elements or combination of fistula-forming elements as described in more detail above and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety. The first catheter may comprise one or more magnetic elements, which may be any of the magnetic elements described in more detail above. In some variations, the magnetic element may be a permanent magnet or electromagnet generating a locally concentrated magnetic flux, or it may be a ferromagnetic material which may be temporarily magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. The first catheter may comprise any suitable catheter body and may comprise one or more other elements, such as one or more shape-changing elements or balloons such as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The systems described here may also comprise a second catheter. In some variations, the second catheter may comprise a fistula-forming element and one or more magnetic elements, but need not. In variations where the second catheter does comprise a fistula-forming element, the second catheter may comprise any one or more of any of the fistula-forming elements or combination of fistula-forming elements as described in more detail above and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety. The fistula-forming element of the second catheter may be the same as or different from the fistula-forming element of the first catheter. The second catheter may comprise one or more magnetic elements, which may be any of the magnetic elements described in more detail above. In some variations, the magnetic element may be a permanent magnet or electromagnet generating a locally concentrated magnetic flux, or it may be a ferromagnetic material that may be temporarily magnetized in the presence of a magnetic field. The first catheter may comprise any suitable catheter body and may comprise one or more other elements, such as one or more shape-changing elements or balloons such as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The systems described here may further comprise a magnetic control device, such as described in more detail above which can be used to control one or more magnetic elements of the first and/or second catheters from a position external to the body. The magnetic control device may comprise any elements or combinations of elements as described in more detail above.
Methods
Also described here are methods for creating a fistula between two blood vessels. The two blood vessels may be two closely-associated blood vessels, such as a vein and an artery, two veins, etc. Generally, in these methods one or more fistula-forming elements may be activated to bore through, perforate, or otherwise create a passageway between the two blood vessels such that blood may flow directly between the two adjoining blood vessels. When such a fistula is formed, hemostasis may be created without the need for a separate device or structure (e.g., a suture, stent, shunt, or the like) connecting or joining the blood vessels.
Generally, the methods described here comprise accessing a first blood vessel with a first catheter, and advancing the first catheter to a target location within a blood vessel. A second blood vessel may be accessed with a second catheter, and the second catheter may be advanced to a target location within the second vessel. In some of these methods, a first catheter may be advanced into an artery, and a second catheter is advanced into a vein. In other methods, a first catheter may advanced into a first vein and a second catheter is advanced into a second vein. In yet other methods, a first catheter may be advanced into a first artery and a second catheter is advanced into a second artery. The catheters may be advanced in any suitable manner, as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety, and any of the catheters described in that application may be used.
Once the first and/or second catheters have been advanced into the respective blood vessels, the catheters may be adjusted to affect the positioning of the catheters within the blood vessels and/or the positioning of the blood vessels relative to each other. In variations where a first catheter has been advanced into a first blood vessel and a second catheter has been advanced into a second blood vessel, the first and second catheters may be adjusted to bring at least a portion of the first and second catheters toward each other, which may act to bring the blood vessels in closer approximation. Adjusting the catheters may comprise using one or more magnetic alignment elements, shape-changing members, markers, or balloons or expandable members, as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In variations where the first and second catheters comprise one or more magnetic elements, the magnetic elements may result in an attractive force between the first and second catheters, which may pull the catheters toward each other. For example, the first and/or second catheters may comprise one or more magnetic elements having a magnetization pattern such as described in more detail above. Additionally or alternatively, a magnet may be positioned externally to the body and may act to bring the first catheter closer to the second catheter. For example,
The magnet (507) may be configured to generate a magnetic field configured to move the first catheter (1101) toward the second catheter (1103) laterally, relative to the magnet, such as described in more detail above. Specifically, the magnet (507) may be advanced (e.g., using a control element (509) as discussed above) toward the contact surface (505) from a retracted position (as shown in
Once the first and second catheters (1101) and (1103) have moved into closer proximity, the magnet (507) can be moved away from contact surface (505) (e.g., by retracting a control element (509), allowing the spring-bias provided by spring (521) to retract the control element (509), etc.) to move the magnet (507) away from the catheters (1101) and (1103), such as shown in
Once the catheter or catheters have been positioned and adjusted, one or more fistula-forming elements may be used to create a fistula between the two blood vessels. For example, in some variations, one of the first and second catheters comprises a fistula-forming element (e.g., an electrode, a cutting blade, or the like), while the other catheter does not comprise a fistula-forming element. In other variations, both catheters comprise a fistula-forming element. In some of these variations, the fistula-forming elements of the first and second catheters act to form different fistulas. In other variations, the fistula-forming elements of the first and second catheters interact to form the same fistula. For example, in some variations the first and second catheters each comprise at least one electrode. Any of the methods for using fistula-forming elements to create one or more fistulas described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be used. Additionally, one or more balloons may be used to modify a fistula after the fistula has been formed, to affect the blood flow relative to the fistula, or to determine that the fistula has been properly formed, as described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/298,169, which was previously incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/785,509, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, and titled “FISTULA FORMULATION DEVICES AND METHODS THEREFOR,” the content of which is hereby incorporated in its entirely.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140276335 A1 | Sep 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61785509 | Mar 2013 | US |
