Patent Application
20200300706
The present application claims the benefit of and priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2019-051094, filed on Mar. 19, 2019, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to a flame detection system configured to detect presence or absence of a flame.
As an optical sensor configured to detect the presence or absence of a flame based on ultraviolet rays emitted from a light of the flame in a combustion furnace or the like, a photoelectric tube-type ultraviolet sensor may be used. It has been observed that an irregular discharge phenomenon (pseudo discharge) caused by a noise component other than a discharge occurring due to a photoelectric effect occurs in discharge from the photoelectric tube-type ultraviolet sensor.
Patent Literature 1 proposes a flame detection system in which a pulse width of a drive pulse to be applied to a flame sensor is controlled to obtain a received light quantity of discharge from the calculation, so that a life of the flame sensor can be determined based on the light quantity. However, the discharge from the actual flame sensor includes an irregular discharge caused by a noise, which is generally referred to as a failure, and thus there is a case where the discharge occurs even when light generated by the flame does not exist and causes erroneous detection. It is necessary to consider a method of measuring the received light quantity from which the discharge of such noise components is removed.
In contrast, in the flame detection system disclosed in Patent Literature 2, a method of obtaining the received light quantity in consideration of a discharge probability of a noise component other than a regular discharge is proposed, which enables accurate detection of the presence or absence of a flame. However, in a flame detection system disclosed in Patent Literature 2, the discharge probability of the noise component needs to be known, and derivation of the discharge probability is not easy.
Alternatively, in a failure detecting apparatus disclosed in Patent Literature 3, it has been proposed to provide a shutter mechanism configured to block an electromagnetic wave incident on the flame sensor to detect a failure due to self discharge of the flame sensor. However, in the failure detecting apparatus disclosed in Patent Literature 3, there is no method of distinguishing the regular discharge of the flame sensor based on the ultraviolet rays emitted from the flame from the irregular discharge of other factors, and there is a possibility that the flame sensor erroneously determines the life of the flame sensor from the light quantity due to the irregular discharge.
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a flame detection system and a received light quantity measuring method capable of calculating a received light quantity excluding noise components other than the regular discharge of an optical sensor.
A flame detection system according to the present invention comprises: an optical sensor configured to detect light emitted from a light source; an applied voltage generating portion configured to periodically apply a drive pulse voltage to an electrode of the optical sensor; a current detecting portion configured to detect a discharge current of the optical sensor; a discharge determining portion configured to detect a discharge of the optical sensor based on the discharge current detected by the current detecting portion; a discharge probability calculating portion configured to calculate a discharge probability based on a number of times of application of the drive pulse voltage applied by the applied voltage generating portion and a number of times of discharge detected by the discharge determining portion during the application of the drive pulse voltage for each of a first state in which the optical sensor is shielded from light and a second state in which the optical sensor can receive light; a storing portion configured to store a reference received light quantity received by the optical sensor, a reference pulse width of the drive pulse voltage, a discharge probability of a regular discharge when the pulse width of the drive pulse voltage is the reference pulse width, the received light quantity received by the optical sensor is the reference received light quantity and in the second state, a discharge probability of an irregular discharge in the second state caused by a noise component other than a discharge occurring due to a photoelectric effect of the optical sensor in advance as known sensitivity parameters of the optical sensor; and a received light quantity calculating portion configured to calculate the received light quantity received by the optical sensor in the second state based on the sensitivity parameter stored in the storing portion, the discharge probability calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion in the first state, and the discharge probability calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion in the second state.
In addition, one configuration example of the flame detection system of the present invention further includes: a light shielding means provided between the light source and the optical sensor; and a shutter control unit configured to cause the light shielding means to perform an opening and closing operation to switch the state between the first state and the second state, in which the discharge probability calculating portion calculates a discharge probability based on a number of times of application of the drive pulse voltage by the applied voltage generating portion and a number of times of discharge detected by the discharge determining portion during the application of the drive pulse voltage respectively in the first state created by the light shielding means and the second state created by the light shielding means.
Further, one configuration example of the flame detection system according to the present invention further includes a received light quantity determining portion configured to determine the presence or absence of the light source by comparing the received light quantity which is calculated by the received light quantity calculating portion with a received light quantity threshold value.
In one configuration example of the flame detection system of the present invention, the received light quantity calculating portion is configured to calculate a received light quantity Q by the optical sensor in the second state based on a reference received light quantity Q0 by the optical sensor, a reference pulse width T0 of the drive pulse voltage, a discharge probability PaA of the regular discharge, a discharge probability PbA of the irregular discharge, a discharge probability P* calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion in the first state, the discharge probability P calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion in the second state, a pulse width T of the drive pulse voltage in the first and second states.
A received light quantity measuring method of a flame detection system according to the present invention includes: a first step of periodically applying a drive pulse voltage to an electrode of an optical sensor when the optical sensor configured to detect light emitted from a light source is shielded from light in a first state; a second step of detecting a discharge current of the optical sensor in the first state; a third step of detecting the discharge of the optical sensor based on the discharge current in the first state; a fourth step of calculating a discharge probability in the first state based on a number of times of application of the drive pulse voltage in the first step and a number of times of discharge detected in the third step during the application of the drive pulse voltage; a fifth step of periodically applying a drive pulse voltage to the electrode of the optical sensor in the second state in which the optical sensor can receive light before or after the first to fourth steps; a sixth step of detecting discharge current of the optical sensor in the second state before or after the first to fourth steps; a seventh step of detecting the discharge of the optical sensor based on the discharge current in the second state before or after the first to fourth steps; an eighth step of calculating a discharge probability in the second state based on a number of times of application of the drive pulse voltage in the fifth step and a number of times of discharge detected in the seventh step during the application of the drive pulse voltage before or after the first to fourth steps; and a ninth step of calculating the received light quantity received by the optical sensor in the second state based on a reference received light quantity received by the optical sensor, a reference pulse width of the drive pulse voltage, a known discharge probability of a regular discharge when the pulse width of the drive pulse voltage is the reference pulse width, the received light quantity received by the optical sensor is the reference light quantity received and in the second state, a known discharge probability of an irregular discharge in the second state caused by a noise component other than a discharge occurring due to a photoelectric effect of the optical sensor, the discharge probability calculated in the fourth step, and the discharge probability calculated in the eighth step.
According to the present invention, the received light quantity excluding the noise component other than the regular discharge from the optical sensor (for example, thermal electrons, inrush current, residual ions, and the like) caused by light generated from the light source can be calculated. As a result, according to the present invention, the presence or absence of a flame can be detected with high degree of accuracy from the obtained received light quantity. In addition, according to the present invention, the possibility of erroneous determination of the life of the optical sensor caused by the received light quantity containing the noise component can be reduced.
A method of measuring the received light quantity from which a noise component is removed will be described below. An optical sensor using a photoelectric effect is a photoelectric tube, which is energized by a photon hitting an electrode. The energization proceeds under the following conditions.
When a photon hits one of the electrodes in a state in which a voltage is applied between a pair of electrodes of an optical sensor, photoelectrons are emitted at a certain probability, and an electron avalanche of electrons is produced to cause energization (discharge current flows between the electrodes).
While a voltage is applied between the electrodes, the optical sensor continues to be energized. Alternatively, when the energization of the optical sensor is confirmed, the voltage is lowered immediately, so that the energization is stopped. As described above, when the voltage between the electrodes decreases, the optical sensor terminates the energization.
The probability that the optical sensor discharges when one photon hits the electrode of the optical sensor is defined as P1. The probability that the optical sensor discharges when two photons hit the electrode of the optical sensor is defined as P2. Since P2 is opposite to the probability that neither the first photon nor the second photon discharges, a relationship between P2 and P1 is expressed by Expression (1).
(1−P2)=(1=P1)2 (1)
In general, where Pn is the probability that the optical sensor discharges when n photons hit the electrode of the optical sensor, and Pm is the probability that the optical sensor discharges when the m photons hit the electrode of the optical sensor (n and m are natural numbers), Expressions (2) and (3) are satisfied in the same manner as Expression (1).
(1−Pn)=(1=P1)n (2)
(1−Pm)=(1=P1)m (3)
From Expressions (2) and (3), Expression (4) is derived as a relationship between Pn and Pm.
Where E is the number of photons coming to the electrode of the optical sensor per unit time, and T is the time duration during which a voltage equal to or higher than discharge starting voltage from the optical sensor is applied between the electrodes (hereinafter referred to as “pulse width”), the number of photons that hit the electrode per every application of the voltage is expressed by ET. Accordingly, the relationship among the number of photons E, the pulse width T, and a discharge probability P when the same optical sensor is operated under a condition B which is different from a certain condition A is expressed by the following Expression (5). Here, when the number of photons to be used as a reference is defined as E0 to establish Q=E/E0, Expression (6) is obtained. Here, Q is referred to as the “received light quantity”.
The optical sensor 1 is composed of a photoelectric tube comprising a cylindrical envelope having both end portions closed, two electrode pins passing through both ends of the envelope and two electrodes supported in parallel with each other by the electrode pins inside the envelope. In the optical sensor 1 having a configuration as described above, when one electrode disposed opposite to the light source 100 is irradiated with ultraviolet rays in a state in which a predetermined voltage is applied between the electrodes via the electrode pins, electrons are emitted from the electrode by the photoelectric effect, and discharge current flows between the electrodes.
The external power supply 2 is made of, for example, an AC commercial power supply having a voltage value of 100 [V] or 200 [V].
The calculating device 3 comprises a power supply circuit 11 connected to the external power supply 2, an applied voltage generating circuit 12 and a trigger circuit 13 connected to the power supply circuit 11, a voltage dividing resistor 14 comprising resistors R1 and R2 connected in series between a terminal 1b on the downstream side of the optical sensor 1 and a ground line GND, a current detecting circuit 15 configured to detect a voltage (reference voltage) Va generated at a connection point Pa between the resistors R1 and R2 of the voltage dividing resistor 14 as a current I flowing to the optical sensor 1, and a processing circuit 16 to which the applied voltage generating circuit 12, the trigger circuit 13 and the current detecting circuit 15 are connected.
The power supply circuit 11 supplies AC power input from the external power supply 2 to the applied voltage generating circuit 12 and the trigger circuit 13. The power for driving the calculating device 3 is acquired from the power supply circuit 11 (however, a configuration in which the power for driving is acquired from another power supply independently of AC/DC is also applicable).
The applied voltage generating circuit 12 (applied voltage generating portion) boosts the AC voltage applied by the power supply circuit 11 to a predetermined value to apply the voltage to the optical sensor 1. In the present embodiment, a pulse voltage (a voltage equal to or higher than a discharge starting voltage VST of the optical sensor 1) of 200 [V] synchronized with the rectangular pulse PS from the processing circuit 16 is generated as a drive pulse voltage PM, and the generated drive pulse voltage PM is applied to the optical sensor 1.
The trigger circuit 13 detects a predetermined value point of the AC voltage applied by the power supply circuit 11 and inputs a result of the detection to the processing circuit 16. In the present embodiment, the trigger circuit 13 detects a minimum value point at which the voltage value is minimum as a predetermined value point (triggering time point). Detection of one cycle of the AC voltage is enabled by detecting a predetermined value point of the AC voltage in this manner.
The voltage dividing resistor 14 generates a reference voltage Va as a divided voltage of the resistors R1 and R2 and inputs the reference voltage Va to the current detecting circuit 15. Here, since a voltage value of the drive pulse PM applied to a terminal 1a on an upstream side of the optical sensor 1 is as high as 200 [V] as described above, if a voltage generated at the terminal 1b on the downstream side when a current flows between the electrodes of the optical sensor 1 is input to the current detecting circuit 15 as is, a large load is applied to the current detecting circuit 15. Therefore, in the present embodiment, a reference voltage Va having a low voltage value is generated by the voltage dividing resistor 14, and the reference voltage Va is input to the current detecting circuit 15.
The current detecting circuit 15 (current detecting portion) detects a reference voltage Va input from the voltage dividing resistor 14 as discharge current I from the optical sensor 1 and inputs the detected reference voltage Va to the processing circuit 16 as a detected voltage Vpv.
A rectangular pulse generating portion 17 generates a rectangular pulse PS having a pulse width T at every cycle of the AC voltage applied to the trigger circuit 13 from the power supply circuit 11 every time when the trigger circuit 13 detects a triggering time point. The rectangular pulse PS generated by the rectangular pulse generating portion 17 is sent to the applied voltage generating circuit 12.
An A/D converting portion 18 performs A/D conversion on the detected voltage Vpv from the current detecting circuit 15 and sends it to a central processing unit 20.
The central processing unit 20 is implemented by hardware comprising a processor and a storage device and a program configured to achieve various functions in cooperation with the hardware, and functions as a discharge determining portion 201, a discharge probability calculating portion 202, a received light quantity calculating portion 203, a number of times of pulse application accumulating portion 204, a number of times of application determining portion 205, and a received light quantity determining portion 206.
In the central processing unit 20, the discharge determining portion 201 detects the discharge from the optical sensor 1 based on the discharge current from the optical sensor 1 detected by the current detecting circuit 15. Specifically, each time the drive pulse voltage PM is applied to the optical sensor 1 (each time the rectangular pulse PS is generated), the discharge determining portion 201 compares a detected voltage Vpv input from the A/D converting portion 18 with a threshold voltage Vth determined in advance (see
When the number of times of application N of the drive pulse voltage PM applied to the optical sensor 1 reaches a predetermined number (when the number of pulses of the rectangular pulse PS reaches a predetermined number), the discharge probability calculating portion 202 calculates the discharge probability P of the optical sensor 1 based on the number of times of discharge n detected by the discharge determining portion 201 and the number of times of application N of the drive pulse voltage PM.
The discharge probability P is output as a flame signal. It is assumed that a certain operating condition, that is, a received light quantity Q0 (Q0≠0) and a discharge probability P0 at a pulse width T0 are known. For example, a shipping inspection of the flame detection system includes a method of measuring the discharge probability P in predetermined received light quantity and pulse width. At this time, the relationship among the received light quantity Q, the pulse width T, and the discharge probability P is expressed by Expression (7). However, P=0 is assumed to be Q=0. In the present invention, cases where P=0 and P=1 are excluded from the calculation processing of the received light quantity Q.
Now, Q0, T0 and P0 are known, and T is known because T is a pulse width controlled by the flame detection system. By applying the drive pulse voltages PM to the optical sensor 1 by a plurality of times, measuring the number of times of discharge n, and calculating the discharge probability P, the received light quantity Q which is an unknown number can be calculated from Expression (7). The received light quantity Q may be output as a flame signal.
[Operation of Flame Detection System Taking Noise into Account]
From Expression (7), when it is assumed that a discharge probability PaA, in a certain operation condition, that is, with a received light quantity Q0 and a pulse width T0 being known, the relationship among the received light quantity Q, the pulse width T, and the discharge probability P is given by Expression (8).
The relationship between the discharge of the optical sensor 1 and time is considered to be two types given below.
(a) Discharge appearing at a uniform probability during an application of the drive pulse voltage PM (Expression (8)).
(b) Discharge appearing at a rising edge of the drive pulse voltage PM.
Next, the relationship between the discharge of the optical sensor 1 and the received light quantity is considered to be two types given below.
(A) Discharge appearing in accordance with the relationship between the received light quantity and Expression (8).
(B) Discharge which appears independently of the received light quantity.
As in a matrix in Table 1, the noise discharge from the optical sensor 1 can be classified by the combination of (a), (b) and (A), (B). In the present invention, it is considered that high possibility of observation is achieved in a combination (aA) of (a) and (A), a combination (aB) of (a) and (B), a combination (bA) of (b) and (A), and a combination (bB) of (b) and (B).
The discharge of the combination of aA is called “sensitivity” and is a normal discharge (which has been incorporated into Expression (8)). The discharge of the combination of aB is discharge independent of a quantity of the ultraviolet rays, which may be triggered by thermal electrons or the like. The discharge in the combination of bA is discharge which depends on the light quantity among discharges, which occur in a limited way at an initial stage of a pulse due to an inrush current and residual ions. Here, the initial stage of a pulse means a time period shorter than a lower limit of an adjustment range of the pulse width T. The discharge in the combination of bB is discharge which does not depend on the light quantity among discharges, which occur in a limited way at an initial stage of a pulse due to the inrush current and the residual ions.
It should be noted that the types classified in Table 1 are not all UV (ultraviolet) failure modes. For example, there are failure modes not shown in Table 1, such as a mode in which the discharge cannot be discontinued, and a mode in which the sensitivity wavelength is different.
The discharge of aA and the noise discharge of the 3 types of aB, bA, and bB can be expressed in the form of the following Expression (9).
In Expression (9), PaB is a discharge probability of aB with the received light quantity Q and the pulse width T, PbA is a discharge probability of bA with the received light quantity Q and the pulse width T, and PbB is a discharge probability of bB with the received light quantity Q and the pulse width T. Individual values of the noise components PaB, PbA and PbB in Expression (9) can be detected by the combination of the shutter 21, the light source having a known brightness, and the pulse width adjustment. If there is a known or negligible component, the measurement conditions may be relaxed.
Moreover, when the discharge probability PaA is known, the discharge probability PaA is already measured, for example, in the shipping inspection of the flame detection system, and thus the dispersion of the measurement sensitivity is small, so that a representative value can be used. When it is considered that the discharge probability PaA remains unchanged during the life of the product of the system, the received light quantity Q with the noise components PaB, PbA, PbB removed can be measured by the combination of the shutter 21 and the pulse width adjustment. With the shutter 21 only, the noise components PaB and PbB can be removed. With the pulse width adjustment only, the noise components PbA and PbB can be removed.
When the discharge probability PaA is known and the discharge probability PbA is known or negligible and the shutter 21 is used in parallel, a negligible element can be substituted by 0. By applying Q=0 (by measuring with the shutter 21 closed) in Expression (9), Expression (10) is obtained. Here, P* is a discharge probability measurement value when the shutter is closed.
The shutter 21 is opened and measurement is performed without changing the pulse width T. By substituting Expression (9) by Expression (10), the received light quantity Q is obtained as in Expression (11).
The operation of the flame detection system of the present embodiment will now be described in more detail.
The shutter control unit 23 selectively outputs a SHUTTER OPEN signal (voltage) for causing the shutter 21 to perform an opening and closing operation, whereby switching between SHUTTER CLOSE (the first state in which the optical sensor 1 is shielded from the light source 100) and SHUTTER OPEN (the second state in which the optical sensor can receive light from the light source 100) is achieved.
In the present embodiment, the SHUTTER OPEN signal is not output in an initial state at the time of shipping inspection of the flame detection system or on site where the flame detection system is installed. Therefore, the shutter drive unit 22 closes the shutter 21 (Step S100 in
As described above, the applied voltage generating circuit 12 applies the drive pulse voltage PM between the pair of terminals 1a and 1b of the optical sensor 1 (Step S101 in
The discharge determining portion 201 compares the detected voltage Vpv from the current detecting circuit 15 with a threshold voltage Vth determined in advance and determines that the optical sensor 1 discharges when the detected voltage Vpv exceeds the threshold voltage Vth. When the discharge determining portion 201 determines that the optical sensor 1 discharges once, the discharge determining portion 201 counts this discharge as a number of times of discharge n* (Step S102 in
The number of times of pulse application accumulating portion 204 counts the rectangular pulse PS output from the rectangular pulse generating portion 17 to count the number of times of application N* of the drive pulse voltage PM.
The number of times of application determining portion 205 compares the number of times of application N* of the drive pulse voltage PM with the predetermined number Nth*.
When the number of times of application determining portion 205 determines that the number of times of application N* of the drive pulse voltage PM from the start of application of the drive pulse voltage PM in Step S101 exceeds the predetermined number Nth* (YES in Step S103 in
P*=n*/N* (12)
The shutter control unit 23 outputs a SHUTTER OPEN signal when the number of times of application determining portion 205 determines that the number of times of application N* of the drive pulse voltage PM exceeds the predetermined number Nth* and the calculation of the discharge probability P* is ended.
When the SHUTTER OPEN signal is output from the shutter control unit 23, the shutter drive unit 22 opens the shutter 21 (Step S105 in
The applied voltage generating circuit 12 applies the drive pulse voltage PM between the pair of terminals 1a and 1b of the optical sensor 1 in the same manner as Step S101 (Step S106 in
In the same manner as Step S102, the discharge determining portion 201 compares the detected voltage Vpv from the current detecting circuit 15 with the threshold voltage Vth, determines that the optical sensor 1 discharges when the detected voltage Vpv exceeds the threshold voltage Vth, and the number of times of discharge n increments by one (Step S107 in
When the number of times of application determining portion 205 determines that the number of times of application N of the drive pulse voltage PM from the start of application of the drive pulse voltage PM in Step S106 exceeds the predetermined number Nth (YES in Step S108 in
P=n/N (13)
The sensitivity parameter storing portion 19 stores a reference received light quantity Q0 by the optical sensor 1, a reference pulse width T0 of the drive pulse voltage PM, the discharge probability PaA of the regular discharge in a state in which the pulse width of the drive pulse voltage PM is the reference pulse width T0, the received light quantity received by the optical sensor 1 is the reference received light quantity Q0 and the optical sensor 1 can receive light, and the discharge probability PbA of the irregular discharge in a state in which the optical sensor 1 can receive light, which is caused by a noise component other than a discharge occurring due to a photoelectric effect, as known sensitivity parameters of the optical sensor 1 in advance. These sensitivity parameters are assumed to be measured in advance, for example, in the shipping inspection of the flame detection system.
When the discharge probability P calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion 202 is greater than 0 and less than 1 (YES in Step S110 in
In addition, when the discharge probability P calculated by the discharge probability calculating portion 202 is 0 (NO in Step S110), the received light quantity calculating portion 203 sets the received light quantity Q to 0 or performs an exception process which disables calculation of the received light quantity Q (Step S112 in
Next, the received light quantity determining portion 206 compares the received light quantity Q calculated by the received light quantity calculating portion 203 with the predetermined received light quantity threshold value Qth (Step S113 in
As is understood from the description given thus far, according to the present embodiment, the received light quantity Q from which the noise component other than the regular discharge from the optical sensor 1 caused by ultraviolet rays emitted from light from the light source 100 is removed can be calculated. As a result, in the present embodiment, the presence or absence of a flame can be detected accurately from the obtained received light quantity Q. In addition, according to the present embodiment, the possibility of erroneous determination of the life of the optical sensor 1 caused by the received light quantity Q containing the noise component can be reduced.
In the present embodiment, the processing in Steps S105 to S109 is performed after the processing in Steps S100 to S104. However, the present embodiment is not limited thereto, and the processing in Steps S100 to S104 may be performed after the processing in Steps S105 to S109 is performed.
Although the present invention is applied to the flame detection system having a shutter mechanism in the present embodiment, the present invention can also be applied to a flame detection system without a shutter mechanism.
In this case, when the processing in Steps S101 to S104 is performed at the time of shipping inspection of the flame detection system or on site where the flame detection system is installed, the optical sensor 1 may be shielded from the light source 100 by attaching a cover to the optical sensor 1, for example. At this time, a signal indicating that the optical sensor 1 is shielded from the light source 100 is input to the flame detection system, for example, by a user's operation. Accordingly, the central processing unit 20 of the flame detection system performs the processing in Steps S101 to S104.
When the processing of Steps S106 to S109 is performed, the state in which the optical sensor 1 is shielded from the light source 100 may be released to achieve a state in which the optical sensor 1 can receive light. At this time, a signal indicating the state in which the optical sensor 1 can receive light is input to the flame detection system, for example, by a user's operation. Accordingly, the central processing unit 20 of the flame detection system performs the processing in Steps S106 to S109.
The sensitivity parameter storing portion 19 and the central processing unit 20 described in the present embodiment can be implemented by a computer comprising a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a storage device, and an interface, and a program configured to control these hardware resources.
A configuration example of the computer is illustrated in
The present invention can be applied to a flame detection system.
1: optical sensor, 2: external power supply, 3: calculating device, 11: power supply circuit, 12: applied voltage generating circuit, 13: trigger circuit, 14: voltage dividing resistor, 15: current detecting circuit, 16: processing circuit, 17: rectangular pulse generating portion, 18: A/D converting portion, 19: sensitivity parameter storing portion, 20: central processing unit, 21: shutter, 22: shutter drive unit, 23: shutter control unit, 201: discharge determining portion, 202: discharge probability calculating portion, 203: received light quantity calculating portion, 204: number of times of pulse application accumulating portion, 205: number of times of application determining portion, 206: received light quantity determining portion
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-051094 | Mar 2019 | JP | national |
