Patent Application
20240059909
The present invention relates to compositions for additive manufacturing and, in particular, to compositions imparting flame resistant or flame retardant properties to articles printed or formed from the compositions.
Three-dimensional (3D) printers and systems employ materials of various kinds to form various 3D objects, articles, or parts in accordance with computer generated files. Such materials can include build materials used to form the objects themselves, as compared to sacrificial support materials which may be used to support an object during the additive manufacturing process but which are subsequently removed from the final printed object. Some build materials are also known as inks, for example in the case of polymerizable liquids or other fluids that are jetted or otherwise selectively deposited to form a 3D object. In some such instances, the build material is solid at ambient temperatures and converts to liquid at elevated jetting temperatures. In other instances, the build material is liquid at ambient temperatures. Build materials can also be powders or dry particulate materials, as opposed to polymerizable liquids. Such powders may be used in selective laser sintering (SLS) and similar additive manufacturing techniques.
Build materials can comprise a variety of chemical species. Chemical species to include in a build material can be selected according to various considerations including, but not limited to, desired chemical and/or mechanical properties of the printed article and operating parameters of the 3D printing apparatus or system. Unfortunately, some build materials and resultant articles printed from the build materials can be unsuitable for electronics and transportation applications and/or other applications necessitating flame resistance. As a result, 3D printing technology may find limited application in fields requiring flame resistant or flame retardant materials and articles, and there is a need for improved materials for forming flame resistant or flame retardant articles by additive manufacturing.
In view of the foregoing, compositions (or build materials) for additive manufacturing applications are described herein which, in some embodiments, impart flame resistant and/or flame retardant properties to articles printed or formed from the compositions. The compositions may also impart or preserve desirable mechanical properties to the articles. In some embodiments, a composition described herein comprises a sinterable powder in an amount of 10-99 wt. % or 10-99.9 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and an oxygen-deprivation additive in an amount of up to 25 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, or up to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The oxygen-deprivation additive comprises at least one of (a) an organophosphorus component, (b) a heptazine or melamine-derived component, and (c) a polymeric organobromine component. In some cases, the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises only the organophosphorus component and the heptazine or melamine-derived component. In other instances, the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the organophosphorus component, the heptazine or melamine-derived component, and also the polymeric organobromine component.
In some embodiments of a composition described herein, the organophosphorus component comprises a species as described further below, such as a species of Formula Ia, Formula Ib, Formula II, and/or Formula III below. Additionally, in some instances, an oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein comprises a combination of two, three, or all four of the species of Formula Ia, the species of Formula Ib, the species of Formula II, and the species of Formula III.
Additionally, in some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a heptazine derivative or heptazine-based species such as melem, melam, or melon. Other species may also be used, as described further below. In some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived component does not comprise melamine itself.
The polymeric organobromine component of a composition described herein can comprise a species described further below, such as a brominated polystyrene, a brominated polyacrylate, a brominated epoxy, an end-capped brominated epoxy, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.
The sinterable powder of a composition described herein, in some cases, comprises a semicrystalline polymer, including as a primary or majority component in some instances. For example, in some embodiments, the sinterable powder comprises a polyamide (PA), a polyester (PEs), a polyurethane (PU), a polyethyelene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), a poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), a poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), a poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), or a combination of two or more of the foregoing. A sinterable powder described herein, in some embodiments, further comprises a filler component or filler material, such as glass, ceramic, or carbon fiber.
Moreover, in some cases, a composition described herein is free or substantially free of phosphate.
Some compositions described herein are particularly suited for forming 3D articles using SLS and other additive manufacturing techniques employing a powder or dry particulate build material. However, compositions and methods described herein are not necessarily limited to SLS or other sintering applications or uses. The present disclosure also contemplates compositions and methods of forming articles using other additive manufacturing techniques. For example, in some instances, compositions and methods for fused deposition modeling (FDM) are also described. In such embodiments, the sinterable powder described above can be replaced with a different material, such as a thermoplastic polymer that can be extruded, jetted, or otherwise deposited in a layer-by-layer manner to form a 3D article.
Therefore, in some cases, a composition for additive manufacturing is described herein, wherein the composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer in an amount of 10-99 wt. % or 10-99.9 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and an oxygen-deprivation additive in an amount of up to 25 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, or up to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The oxygen-deprivation additive can comprise at least one of (a) an organophosphorus component, (b) a heptazine or melamine-derived component, and (c) a polymeric organobromine component. In some preferred embodiments, the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the organophosphorus component and the heptazine or melamine-derived component, but does not necessary include a polymeric organobromine species. Moreover, the oxygen-deprivation additive can comprise any of the components, species, or combinations of combinations and species described above for compositions that include a sinterable powder instead of a non-particulate or non-powder thermoplastic polymer. The thermoplastic polymer, in some embodiments, comprises an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polylactic acid (PLA), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a nylon, a polycarbonate, or a combination, block copolymer, or melt of two or more of the foregoing.
Methods of printing or forming a 3D article are also described herein. In some embodiments, such a method comprises providing a composition described herein and selectively solidifying layers of the composition to form the article. In some cases, the composition is provided in a layer-by-layer process. Moreover, in some instances, a composition and method described herein provide a printed article having flame resistant and/or fire retardant properties. For example, in some embodiments, an article formed from a composition and/or method described herein passes FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second).
In addition, an article formed from a composition and/or method described herein can provide flame resistance and/or fire retardation while also maintaining other desired mechanical properties. For example, in some instances, the article has a tensile modulus that is at least 90% of a tensile modulus of a reference article formed from a reference composition omitting the oxygen-deprivation additive. Additionally, in some embodiments, the article has tensile strength that is at least 70% of tensile strength of a reference article formed from a reference composition omitting the oxygen-deprivation additive. Further, in some embodiments, the article has an elongation at break that is at least 70% of an elongation at break of a reference article formed from a reference composition omitting the oxygen-deprivation component.
These and other embodiments are further described in the following detailed description
Embodiments described herein can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description and examples. Elements, apparatus and methods described herein, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description and examples. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
In addition, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of “1.0 to 10.0” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1.0 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10.0 or less, e.g., 1.0 to 5.3, or 4.7 to 10.0, or 3.6 to 7.9.
All ranges disclosed herein are also to be considered to include the end points of the range, unless expressly stated otherwise. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10” should generally be considered to include the end points 5 and 10.
Further, when the phrase “up to” is used in connection with an amount or quantity, it is to be understood that the amount is at least a detectable amount or quantity. For example, a material present in an amount “up to” a specified amount can be present from a detectable amount (or non-zero amount) and up to and including the specified amount.
Additionally, in any disclosed embodiment, the terms “substantially,” “approximately,” and “about” may be substituted with “within [a percentage] of” what is specified, where the percentage could be 0.1, 1, 5, or 10 percent, unless the use of such a term in a given instance indicates otherwise.
It is also to be understood that the article “a” or “an” refers to “at least one,” unless the context of a particular use requires otherwise.
The terms “three-dimensional printing system,” “three-dimensional printer,” “printing,” and the like generally describe various solid freeform fabrication techniques for making three-dimensional articles or objects by selective laser sintering (SLS), stereolithography (SLA), dynamic light projection (DLP), selective deposition, jetting, fused deposition modeling (FDM), multijet modeling (MjM), and other additive manufacturing techniques now known in the art or that may be known in the future that use a build material or ink to fabricate three-dimensional objects.
Further definitions include the following:
The term “alkyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon group optionally substituted with one or more substituents. For example, an alkyl can be C1 to C30, or C1 to C18.
The term “alkenyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond and optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
The term “alkynyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond and optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
The term “aryl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system optionally substituted with one or more ring substituents.
The term “heteroaryl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system in which one or more of the ring atoms is an element other than carbon, such as nitrogen, boron, oxygen and/or sulfur.
The term “heterocycle” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a mono- or multicyclic ring system in which one or more atoms of the ring system is an element other than carbon, such as boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur or phosphorus and wherein the ring system is optionally substituted with one or more ring substituents. The heterocyclic ring system may include aromatic and/or non-aromatic rings, including rings with one or more points of unsaturation.
The term “heteroalkyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl moiety as defined above, having one or more carbon atoms, for example one, two or three carbon atoms, replaced with one or more heteroatoms, which may be the same or different.
The term “heteroalkenyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl moiety as defined above, having one or more carbon atoms, for example one, two or three carbon atoms, replaced with one or more heteroatoms, which may be the same or different.
The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a non-aromatic, mono- or multicyclic ring system optionally substituted with one or more ring substituents.
In one aspect, compositions for use in additive manufacturing applications are described herein. The compositions, for example, can be employed in SLS and FDM printing applications.
A composition described herein, in some embodiments, comprises a sinterable powder in an amount of 10-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and an oxygen-deprivation additive in an amount of up to 25 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, or up to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The oxygen-deprivation additive comprises at least one of (a) an organophosphorus component, (b) a heptazine or melamine-derived component, and (c) a polymeric organobromine component. In some cases, the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises only the organophosphorus component and the heptazine or melamine-derived component. In other instances, the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the organophosphorus component, the heptazine or melamine-derived component, and also the polymeric organobromine component.
As described further herein, compositions according to the present disclosure can provide flame resistance and/or fire retardation while also maintaining other desired mechanical properties. More particularly, in some cases, compositions described herein can provide or impart oxygen-deprivation properties to articles formed from the compositions. Fire generally requires three components to start: fuel, oxygen, and flame or ignition. Flame or fire retardant or resistant solutions, such as those described herein, can remove or inhibit one or more of the foregoing components of the so-called “fire triangle.” In some embodiments, a composition or printed 3D article described herein removes or inhibits the provision of oxygen to a fire or flame, and is a “gas phase” or “vapor phase” fire retardant or fire resistant composition or article. Such an oxygen-deprivation composition or article can inhibit or disrupt the radical gas phase of a fire, which can result in cooling of the fire/flame/environment and reduction in the supply of flammable gas to the fire/flame/environment.
Turning now to specific components, the organophosphorus component of the oxygen-deprivation additive can comprise any organophosphorus species not inconsistent with the technical objectives described herein. In some embodiments, the organophosphorus component comprises one or a mixture of specific organophosphorus chemical species, including a mixture of particular chemical species described hereinbelow.
In some embodiments, the organophosphorus component comprises a
species of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl (e.g., having 1-20 carbon atoms or 1-10 carbon atoms); and
wherein R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl (e.g., having 1-20 carbon atoms or 1-10 carbon atoms);
M is a metal; and
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 3.
For example, in some cases, M is aluminum (Al) and n is 3. Other species of Formula Ib may also be used. For example, in some cases, Mn+ is Na+ or Zn2+. It is also possible to replace the counter ion Mn+ with a different cation that does not necessarily comprise or consist of a metal ion, such as an organic cation or a complex cation.
In still other cases, an organophosphorus component described herein comprises a phosphonate. In other instances, phosphonates are excluded or present in an amount of less than 0.5 wt. %. In some embodiments, the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula II or a species of Formula III:
In some instances, an organophosphorus component comprises an oligomeric, non-halogen phosphate ester, such as Fyrolflex® RDP available from ICL Industrial Products.
An organophosphorus component (or the combination of all of the organophosphorus components) of an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein can be present in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for example, the organophosphorus component is present in an amount of up to 10 wt. % or up to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight the composition. In some instances, the organophosphorus component is present in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-8 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, or 5-8 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
The oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein can also comprise a heptazine or melamine-derived component. Any heptazine or melamine-derived component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some instances, the heptazine or melamine-derived component is a derivative of or contains one or more structural units corresponding to heptazine or melamine. In some embodiments, for example, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises melem, melam, or melon. In some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived component does not comprise melamine itself.
In some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula IV:
wherein X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6R7; and wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl. For example, in some embodiments, X, Y, and Z are each H. In other cases, X, Y, and Z are each NH2.
It is further to be understood that a “Cn” (or “Cn”) species described herein (such as a “Cn” alkyl) is a species (such as an alkyl moiety) that comprises or includes exactly “n” carbon atoms. Thus, C1-C5 alkyl groups can respectively comprise any alkyl group having exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 carbons.
In some embodiments described herein, R6 and R7 are each H, such that one or more of X, Y, and Z comprise NH2. In some cases, R6 and R7 are each independently H, methyl, or ethyl.
In other embodiments, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula V:
wherein n is an integer from 2 to 1000.
In some embodiments, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula VI:
wherein W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6 R7; and wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl. For example, in some cases, W, X, Y, and Z are each NH2.
Additionally, in some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived component of an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein comprises a heptazine or melamine-derived oligomer. As known to the skilled artisan, an oligomer comprises a plurality of chemically linked monomers. Thus, a heptazine or melamine-derived oligomer comprises a plurality of chemically linked heptazine or melamine-derived units. In some cases, the heptazine or melamine-derived oligomer comprises highly condensed g-C3N4. In some embodiments, the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula VII:
wherein the dashed bonds indicate crosslinks between repeating units. Heptazine or melamine-derived oligomers such as highly condensed g-C3N4 can be made according to methods such as that found in Ping, N.; Zhang, L.; Gang, L.; Cheng; H. I., Graphene-Like Carbon Nitride Nanosheets for Improved Photocatalytic Activities, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012 (22), 4763-4770. Other heptazine or melamine-derived oligomers may also be used in a composition described herein.
A heptazine or melamine-derived component (or the total amount of the heptazine or melamine-derived component) of an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein can be present in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for example, the heptazine or melamine-derived component is present in an amount of up to 24 wt. %, up to 20 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, up to 10 wt. %, or up to 5 wt. %, based on the total weight the composition. In some instances, the heptazine or melamine-derived component is present in an amount of 1-24 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-24 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-24 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, or 15-24 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
The oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein, in some embodiments, comprises a polymeric organobromine component. Any polymeric organobromine component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. Additionally, a “polymeric” organobromine component can comprise a polymer in which the repeat unit is an organobromine unit, as opposed, for example, to a polymer that is bromine-terminated but does not include an organobromine moiety in the repeating unit of the polymer itself. A polymeric organobromine species described herein, in some cases, has a weight average molecular weight ranging from 500 to 10,000; 500 to 5,000; 1000 to 10,000; or 1000 to 5,000. Moreover, it is to be understood that the polymeric organobromine component of a composition described herein can differ from the organophosphorus component of the compositions. In some cases, the polymeric organobromine component comprises one or more of FR-122P, FR-803P (brominated polystyrene), FR-1025 (brominated polyacrylate), F-2001 (brominated epoxy), F-2200 HM (brominated epoxy), F-1600 (brominated epoxy), F-2100L (brominated epoxy), F-2100 (brominated epoxy), F-2100H (brominated epoxy), F-2400E (brominated epoxy), F-2400 (brominated epoxy), F-2400H (brominated epoxy), F-3014 (end-capped brominated epoxy), F-3020 (end-capped brominated epoxy), and F-3100 (end-capped brominated epoxy), all of which are commercially available from ICI Industrial Products.
A polymeric organobromine component (or the combination of all polymeric organobromine species) of an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein can be present in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for example, the polymeric organobromine component is present in an amount of up to 10 wt. %, up to 5 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, or up to 1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. In some instances, the polymeric organobromine component is present in an amount of 1-25 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-25 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-25 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, or 15-25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
An oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein can also comprise one or more additional components, in some embodiments. For example, in some cases, the oxygen-deprivation additive further comprises a dispersion agent component. Any dispersion agent component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some cases, the dispersion agent component comprises fumed silica.
A dispersion agent component of an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein can be present in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for example, the dispersion agent component is present in an amount of up to 0.1 wt. %, up to 0.05 wt. %, or up to 0.01 wt. %, based on the total weight the composition. In some instances, the dispersion agent component is present in an amount of 0.01-0.1 wt. %, 0.01-0.05 wt. %, or 0.05-0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, an oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein does not comprise a dispersion agent component, or comprises less than 0.01 wt. % dispersion agent component.
Additionally, in some instances, an oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein does not comprise a blowing agent component, or comprises less than 0.1 wt. % blowing agent component. Such excluded or minimally included blowing agent components can comprise, for instance, urea, a urea-formaldehyde resin, or dicyandiamide.
The oxygen-deprivation additive of a composition described herein can be present in the composition in any amount consistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 1-25 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, or 1-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. In some cases, the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 1-9 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, or 15-25 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
Compositions described herein, in some embodiments, also comprise a sinterable powder. As understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art, a “sinterable” powder can be selectively sintered or fused by application of energy, such as provided by a laser beam or other source of electromagnetic radiation. The application of energy (e.g., a selectively applied laser beam) can selectively heat powder particles, with the result that the powder partially melts and adjacent particles fuse with one another. “Sintering” can thus in some cases include the heating of the powder to a temperature which causes viscous flow only at contiguous boundaries of the individual powder particles, with at least some portion of substantially all particles remaining solid. As described above, such sintering can cause coalescence of particles into a sintered solid mass, the bulk density of which is increased compared to the bulk density of the powder particles before they were sintered. Such fusing can provide a solidified portion (e.g., a cross-section or layer) of an article or object being printed or formed by the process. An article or object formed by layer-by-layer or “slice-wise” joining of vertically contiguous layers which are sintered into stacked “layers” or “slices” can thus be described as autogenously densified. Such slices or layers can have a thickness of, for example, up to about 250 μm, such as in the range of 50 μm to 180 μm.
A sinterable powder of the present disclosure can thus have optical properties, thermal properties, and other properties suitable for use with a 3D printing system or method that forms objects by fusing or sintering individual powder particles together in a selective way. For instance, a sinterable powder can have optical (e.g., absorbance) and/or thermal properties (e.g., glass transition temperature, Tg; melting point, MP; or crystallization temperature Tc) selected for sintering with a particular source of electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, a sinterable powder described herein has a non-zero absorbance or an absorbance peak at the wavelength used in the 3D printing process (e.g., at the peak wavelength of the laser, such as a CO2 laser, used in an SLS process). Moreover, in some cases, a sinterable powder described herein has a sintering window (defined as the metastable thermodynamic region between melting and crystallization, or the difference between the MP onset and Tc onset) of at least 10° C., such as a sintering window of 10-30° C., 10-25° C., or 10-20° C., when measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a heating rate of 10° C./min. Additionally, in some instances, a sinterable powder described herein has an MP of 120-270° C., 150-250° C., 150-200° C., 150-180° C., 170-250° C., 170-220° C., 170-200° C., 190-250° C., 190-220° C., or 200-250° C.
Additionally, in some cases, a sinterable powder can have an average particle size and a flowability suitable for use in such an additive manufacturing method. For example, in some embodiments, a sinterable powder described herein has an average particle size (D50) of 60-300 μm, 60-250 μm, 60-200 μm, 60-150 μm, 60-100 μm, 80-300 μm, 80-250 μm, 80-200 μm, 80-150 μm, 80-100 μm, 100-300 μm, 100-250 μm, 100-200 μm, 150-300 μm, 150-250 μm, 150-200 μm, 200-300 μm, or 200-250 μm. Particle sizes described herein can be measured using any suitable method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, in some preferred embodiments, particle size is determined using sieve analysis, including in accordance with ASTM D1921. A sinterable powder described herein, in some implementations, has a monomodal particle size distribution (PSD), as opposed to a bimodal or other higher order PSD.
Further, in some cases, a sinterable powder described herein has a normalized packing density of 20-45% or 25-40%. Moreover, in some embodiments, a sinterable powder described herein has an average roundness (defined as the ratio between the measured area of a particle and the area of an equivalent circle with the maximum length of the particle as diameter) of 0.4 to 0.6. Average roundness can be measured in any manner not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, for example, average roundness is measured using dynamic image analysis in accordance with ISO 13322-2:2021.
Moreover, in some embodiments, a sinterable powder described herein has a bulk density and/or a tap (or tapped or tamped) density above 0.35 g/mL or above 0.4 g/mL, such as a bulk and/or tap (or tapped or tamped) density between 0.35 and 1 g/mL or between 0.4 and 1 g/mL, when measured in accordance with ASTM D1 895B (bulk density) or ASTM B527 (tap density).
It is further to be noted that, in some cases, an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein does not significantly alter the sintering window of a sinterable powder described herein. For example, in some cases, the sintering window of a composition including an oxygen-deprivation additive described herein has a width (in degrees Celsius) and/or one or more end points (in degrees Celsius) that is within 1° C., within 2° C., or within 5° C. of an otherwise similar composition that does not include the oxygen-deprivation additive. Moreover, in some instances, a composition described herein that comprises the oxygen-deprivation additive does not smoke or generate smoke when heated by a laser or other source of heat in an additive manufacturing process, such as described herein. Thus, in some embodiments, carrying out a method described herein does not generate smoke observable to a human observer having average visual acuity when observing the method without any instruments or visual aids other than corrective lenses such as glasses or contact lenses.
Any sinterable powder not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, the sinterable powder comprises a semicrystalline polymer, including in some instances as a primary or majority component (by mass or weight) of the sinterable powder. Any semicrystalline polymer not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some implementations, the sinterable powder of a composition described herein comprises (or primarily comprises as the majority component) a polyamide (PA), a polyester (PEs), a polyurethane (PU), a polyethyelene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), a poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), a poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), a poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), or a combination of two or more of the foregoing. When the sinterable powder comprises a polyamide (PA), any PA not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some cases, the PA comprises polyamide-11 (PA 11), polyamide-12 (PA 12), or a combination of PA 11 and PA 12.
In some cases, a sinterable powder described herein comprises up to 100 wt. %, up to 99 wt. %, up to 95 wt. %, or up to 90 wt. % semicrystalline polymer, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder (not based on the total weight of the overall composition). In some instances, the sinterable powder comprises 50-100 wt. %, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 60-100 wt. %, 60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 70-100 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 80-100 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %, 80-95 wt. %, 85-100 wt. %, 85-99 wt. %, 85-95 wt. %, 90-100 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. % semicrystalline polymer, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder.
In addition to a primary or majority component such as described above, a sinterable powder described herein can also comprise one or more additional components. In some embodiments, for instance, the sinterable powder comprises a filler material. Any filler material not inconsistent with the objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some cases, the filler material comprises glass, ceramic, or carbon fiber. In some embodiments, the filler material is in the form of spheres, plates, or fibers, and the shape of any filler material is not particularly limited.
A filler material, if used, can be present in the sinterable powder in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, a sinterable powder described herein comprises up to 30 wt. %, up to 20 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, or up to 10 wt. % filler material, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder (not based on the total weight of the overall composition). In some instances, the sinterable powder comprises 1-30 wt. %, 1-25 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-15 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-25 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-15 wt. %, or 5-10 wt. % filler material, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder.
A sinterable powder described herein may also comprise a flowing agent. Any flowing agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some cases, a flowing agent comprises a nanoparticulate coating or other coating on the sinterable powder or on a semicrystalline polymer of the sinterable powder, such as a silica nanoparticle coating. One example of a flowing agent suitable for use in some embodiments described herein is Aerosil 200.
A flowing agent, if used, can be present in the sinterable powder in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, a sinterable powder described herein comprises up to 10 wt. %, up to 5 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, or up to 0.5 wt. % flowing agent, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder (not based on the total weight of the overall composition). In some instances, the sinterable powder comprises 0.01-10 wt. %, 0.01-5 wt. %, or 0.01-1 wt. % flowing agent, based on the total weight of the sinterable powder.
Additionally, in some cases, a composition described herein excludes or contains very small amounts of certain components. For instance, in some cases, a composition described herein is free or substantially free of phosphate. A composition described herein that is “substantially free of” phosphate can, in some embodiments, comprise or include less than 5 wt. %, less than 3 wt. %, less than 1 wt. %, or less than 0.5 wt. % phosphate, based on the total weight of the composition. In some cases, a composition that is substantially free of phosphate comprises less than 0.1 wt. % or less than 0.01 wt. % phosphate, based on the total weight of the composition.
In addition to compositions for additive manufacturing, methods of additive manufacturing are also described herein. Such methods of forming or printing a 3D article, object, or part can include forming the 3D article from a plurality of layers of composition described herein, as a build material, including in a layer-by-layer manner. Any composition described hereinabove may be used. Further, the layers of a composition can be formed or provided according to an image of the 3D article in a computer readable format, such as according to preselected computer aided design (CAD) parameters.
As stated previously, such methods can include SLS or other sintering methods. An SLS method, as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, can comprise retaining a composition described herein in a container (such as a build bed or powder bed) and selectively applying energy to the composition in the container to solidify (or consolidate or sinter) at least a portion of a layer of the composition, thereby forming a solidified (or consolidated or sintered) layer that defines a cross-section of the 3D article. Additionally, a method described herein can further comprise raising or lowering the solidified layer of the composition to provide a new or second layer of unsolidified composition at the surface of the composition in the container, followed by again selectively applying energy to the composition in the container to solidify (or consolidate or sinter) at least a portion of the new or second layer of the composition to form a second solidified layer that defines a second cross-section of the 3D article. Further, the first and second cross-sections of the 3D article can be bonded or adhered to one another in the z-direction (or build direction corresponding to the direction of raising or lowering recited above) by the application of the energy for solidifying (or consolidating or sintering) the composition. Moreover, selectively applying energy to the composition in the container can comprise applying electromagnetic radiation having a sufficient energy to solidify (or consolidate or sinter) the composition. In some instances, the electromagnetic radiation has an average wavelength of 300-1500 nm. In some cases, the solidifying (or consolidating or sintering) radiation is provided by a computer controlled laser beam. In addition, in some cases, raising or lowering a solidified layer of composition is carried out using an elevator platform disposed in the container. A method described herein can also comprise planarizing a new layer of the composition provided by raising or lowering an elevator platform, or rolling out a new layer of the composition. Such planarization or rolling can be carried out, in some cases, by a wiper or roller.
It is further to be understood that the foregoing process can be repeated a desired number of times to provide the 3D article. For example, in some cases, this process can be repeated “n” number of times, wherein n can be up to about 100,000, up to about 50,000, up to about 10,000, up to about 5000, up to about 1000, or up to about 500. Thus, in some embodiments, a method of printing a 3D article described herein can comprise selectively applying energy to a composition in a container to solidify (or consolidate or sinter) at least a portion of an nth layer of the composition, thereby forming an nth solidified layer that defines an nth cross-section of the 3D article, raising or lowering the nth solidified layer of the composition to provide an (n+1)th layer of unsolidified composition at the surface of the composition in the container, selectively applying energy to the (n+1)th layer of the composition in the container to solidify at least a portion of the (n+1)th layer of the composition to form an (n+1)th solidified layer that defines an (n+1)th cross-section of the 3D article, raising or lowering the (n+1)th solidified layer of the composition to provide an (n+2)th layer of unsolidified composition at the surface of the composition in the container, and continuing to repeat the foregoing steps to form the 3D article. Further, it is to be understood that one or more steps of a method described herein, such as a step of selectively applying energy to a layer of composition, can be carried out according to an image of the 3D article in a computer-readable format.
Thus, in some embodiments, a method of printing a 3D article described herein comprises providing a composition described hereinabove and selectively solidifying layers of the composition to form the article. Moreover, in some cases, the composition is provided in a layer-by-layer process. In some cases, the method is an SLS or other particle sintering method of additive manufacturing.
Compositions and methods described herein are not necessarily limited to selective laser sintering (SLS) or other sintering applications or uses. The present disclosure also contemplates compositions and methods of forming articles using other additive manufacturing techniques. For example, in some instances, compositions and methods for fused deposition modeling (FDM) are also described. In such embodiments, the sinterable powder described above can be replaced with a different material, such as a thermoplastic polymer that can be extruded, jetted, or otherwise deposited in a layer-by-layer manner to form a 3D article.
Therefore, in some cases, a composition for additive manufacturing is described herein, wherein the composition comprises a thermoplastic polymer in an amount of 10-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, and an oxygen-deprivation additive in an amount of up to 25 wt. %, up to 15 wt. %, or up to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. The oxygen-deprivation additive comprises at least one of (a) an organophosphorus component, (b) a heptazine or melamine-derived component, and (c) a polymeric organobromine component. In such embodiments, it is to be understood that the oxygen-deprivation additive and the components thereof (e.g., the organophosphorus component, heptazine or melamine-derived component, and polymeric organobromine component) can be the same or have the same characteristics as described above for compositions comprising a sinterable powder instead of a thermoplastic polymer. Additionally, the thermoplastic polymer of the composition can comprise any thermoplastic polymer not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, the thermoplastic polymer comprises an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polylactic acid (PLA), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a nylon, a polycarbonate, or a combination, block copolymer, or melt of two or more of the foregoing.
Such a composition as described above can be used in material deposition methods of additive manufacturing, such as FDM. In a material deposition method, one or more layers of a composition described herein are selectively deposited onto a substrate as a build material and solidified. Solidifying, in some cases, comprises rapid cooling of the composition or the composition's undergoing of a phase transition (e.g., from liquid to solid).
Thus, in some instances, a composition (or build material) described herein is selectively deposited in a fluid state onto a substrate, such as a build pad of a 3D printing system. Selective deposition may include, for example, depositing the build material according to preselected CAD parameters. For example, in some embodiments, a CAD file drawing corresponding to a desired 3D article to be printed is generated and sliced into a sufficient number of horizontal slices. Then, the build material is selectively deposited, layer by layer, according to the horizontal slices of the CAD file drawing to print the desired 3D article. A “sufficient” number of horizontal slices is the number necessary for successful printing of the desired 3D article, e.g., to produce it accurately and precisely.
Further, in some embodiments, a preselected amount of build material described herein is heated to the appropriate temperature and extruded or expelled from a nozzle or print head or a plurality of nozzles or print heads of a suitable printer to form a layer on a print pad in a print chamber. In some cases, each layer of build material is deposited according to preselected CAD parameters. As stated above, in some embodiments, a composition (or build material) described herein exhibits a phase change upon deposition and/or solidifies upon deposition. Moreover, in some cases, the temperature of the printing environment can be controlled so that the deposited portions of build material solidify on contact with the receiving surface. Additionally, in some instances, after each layer is deposited, the deposited material is planarized prior to the deposition of the next layer. Optionally, several layers can be deposited before planarization. Planarization corrects the thickness of one or more layers by evening the dispensed material to remove excess material and create a uniformly smooth exposed or flat up-facing surface on the support platform of the printer. In some embodiments, planarization is accomplished with a wiper device, such as a roller, which may be counter-rotating in one or more printing directions but not counter-rotating in one or more other printing directions. In some cases, the wiper device comprises a roller and a wiper that removes excess material from the roller. Further, in some instances, the wiper device is heated. It should be noted that the consistency of the deposited build material described herein, in some embodiments, should desirably be sufficient to retain its shape and not be subject to excessive viscous drag from the planarizer. Layered deposition of the build material can be repeated until the 3D article has been formed.
Compositions and methods (e.g., SLS or FDM methods) described herein can form 3D articles that exhibit flame or fire resistant or retardant properties. For example, in some cases, the article passes FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second). Testing sample thickness passing FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second) can be less than 2 mm or less than 1 mm, such as 0.8 mm or 0.4 mm, in some embodiments.
Moreover, compositions and methods described herein can be used to provide 3D articles that also have desirable mechanical properties, in addition to exhibiting flame or fire resistant or retardant properties. For instance, 3D articles printed from compositions described herein (and the compositions themselves, upon solidifying as described herein) can have certain mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (TM), tensile strength (TS), and elongation at break (EOB) that are close to those exhibited by otherwise similar 3D articles (or compositions) that do not comprise an oxygen-deprivation additive as described herein. For example, in some cases, a 3D article or composition described herein can (due to its composition/microstructure) exhibit one, two, or all three of the following metrics:
The above metrics are based on comparing the identified property (TM, TS, or EOB) of a 3D article formed from a composition described herein to the identified property (TM, TS, or EOB) of an otherwise identical 3D article formed in an otherwise identical manner from a composition that is the same as described herein, except omitting the oxygen-deprivation additive of the present invention. The relevant property (i.e., tensile modulus, tensile strength or elongation at break) of a test sample (e.g., the 3D article formed from the composition) is measured following printing of the 3D article (e.g., within 12 hours) and at the same time point post-printing for comparison purposes. The same test method (e.g., ASTM D638) is also used for testing both samples/3D articles in a compared set of samples/3D articles. The Ratios above are based on the numerator being the property value (e.g., TM, TS, or EOB) of the 3D article that includes the oxygen-deprivation additive; the denominator is thus the corresponding property value (e.g., TM, TS, or EOB) of the otherwise similar 3D article that does not include the oxygen-deprivation additive.
Tables 1-4 provide examples of some possible formulations of compositions according to some embodiments described herein, in which sinterable powders can be used (Tables 1 and 2) or in which non-particulate or non-powder thermoplastic polymers can be used (Tables 3 and 4). The amounts listed in Tables 1 and 3 are weight percents, based on the total weight of the relevant composition. Dashes (--) indicate a certain component is not included.
Some additional non-limiting example embodiments are described below.
Embodiment 1. A composition for additive manufacturing comprising:
Embodiment 2. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the heptazine or melamine-derived component.
Embodiment 3. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the organophosphorus component.
Embodiment 4. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the polymeric organobromine component.
Embodiment 5. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
wherein R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
M is a metal; and
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 3.
Embodiment 6. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula II:
Embodiment 7. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula III:
Embodiment 8. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 9. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula IV:
wherein X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6R7;
wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl.
Embodiment 10. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula V:
wherein n is an integer from 2 to 1000.
Embodiment 11. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula VI:
wherein W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6R7; wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl.
Embodiment 12. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component does not comprise melamine.
Embodiment 13. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the polymeric organobromine component comprises a brominated polystyrene, a brominated polyacrylate, a brominated epoxy, an end-capped brominated epoxy, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.
Embodiment 14. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 15. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the composition is free or substantially free of phosphate.
Embodiment 16. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the sinterable powder comprises a semicrystalline polymer.
Embodiment 17. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the sinterable powder comprises a polyamide (PA), a polyester (PEs), a polyurethane (PU), a polyethyelene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), a poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), a poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK), a poly(etherketoneketone) (PEKK), or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.
Embodiment 18. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the sinterable powder comprises a polyamide.
Embodiment 19. The composition of any of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the sinterable powder comprises a filler material.
Embodiment 20. A method of printing a three-dimensional article comprising:
Embodiment 21. The method of Embodiment 20, wherein the composition is provided in a layer-by-layer process.
Embodiment 22. The method of Embodiment 20 or 21, wherein the article passes FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second).
Embodiment 23. The method of any of Embodiments 20-22, wherein the article has one, two, or three of the following:
Embodiment 24. A composition for additive manufacturing comprising:
Embodiment 25. The composition of Embodiment 24, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the heptazine or melamine-derived component.
Embodiment 26. The composition of Embodiment 24, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the organophosphorus component.
Embodiment 27. The composition of Embodiment 24, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive comprises the polymeric organobromine component.
Embodiment 28. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-27, wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula Ia or Formula Ib:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl; and
wherein R4 and R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
M is a metal; and
n is an integer ranging from 1 to 3.
Embodiment 29. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-28, wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula II:
Embodiment 30. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-29,
wherein the organophosphorus component comprises a species of Formula Ill:
Embodiment 31. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-30, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 32. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-31, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula IV:
wherein X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6R7;
wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl.
Embodiment 33. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-32, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula V:
wherein n is an integer from 2 to 1000.
Embodiment 34. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-33, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component comprises a species of Formula VI:
wherein W, X, Y, and Z are each independently selected from H and NR6R7; wherein R6 and R7 are each independently selected from H and a C1-C5 alkyl.
Embodiment 35. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-34, wherein the heptazine or melamine-derived component does not comprise melamine.
Embodiment 36. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-35, wherein the polymeric organobromine component comprises a brominated polystyrene, a brominated polyacrylate, a brominated epoxy, an end-capped brominated epoxy, or a combination of two or more of the foregoing.
Embodiment 37. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-36, wherein the oxygen-deprivation additive is present in the composition in an amount of 10-30 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
Embodiment 38. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-37, wherein the composition is free or substantially free of phosphate.
Embodiment 39. The composition of any of Embodiments 24-38, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), a polylactic acid (PLA), a polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), a nylon, a polycarbonate, or a combination, block copolymer, or melt of two or more of the foregoing.
Embodiment 40. A method of printing a three-dimensional article comprising:
Embodiment 41. The method of Embodiment 40, wherein the composition is provided in a layer-by-layer process.
Embodiment 42. The method of Embodiment 40 or 41, wherein the article passes FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second).
Embodiment 43. The method of any of Embodiments 40-42, wherein the article has one, two, or three of the following:
a Tensile Strength (TS) Ratio of at least 0.7; and
All patent documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Various embodiments of the invention have been described in fulfillment of the various objectives of the invention. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
This application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/397,628, filed Aug. 12, 2022, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 63397628 | Aug 2022 | US |
