Patent Grant
10633789
This invention relates to woven flame retardant fabrics and a method for treating such fabrics. Particularly, this invention relates to fabrics from which many types of garments are made, including those that are worn by industrial workers, military personnel, or people engaged in recreational activities that may be exposed to hazardous conditions where sparks or flame might ignite their garments.
One of the most widely used fibers for industrial garments is cotton because of its availability, cost, comfort, and the well-developed methods for spinning, weaving, and knitting, and fabricating garments from it. However, because of the abusive working or recreational conditions that such garments may be subjected to, it has been found advantageous to blend the cotton fibers with other materials, such as thermoplastic fibers (such as nylon or polyester) or thermoset fibers (such as aramid fibers). One method for treating fabrics from such blended fibers to give them flame retardant characteristics is to treat the fabrics with an aqueous solution of an organo phosphorous compound such as tetrakis (hydroxyorgano) phosphonium compound especially with a tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium which will be hereinafter called “THP”. The use of such treatment compounds is summarized in Technical Bulletin TRI 4002 from Cotton Incorporated of Cary, N.C., Copyright 2003 entitled: Fabric Flame Retardant Treatment “Precondensate”/NH3Process. Among the many other examples in the prior art are U.S. Pat. No. 4,909,805 to Geoffrey W. Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,613 to James R. Green, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,545 to George R. Fleming, et al.
The process for using THP in an aqueous solution to treat fabrics of cotton blends to impart flame retardant characteristics as described in the above-mentioned Smith and Fleming patents begins when the fabric to be treated is dipped into a bath containing THP in a specified concentration and pulled therethrough.
Other methods to hold and convey fabrics in order to apply a variety of treatments include dyeing a fabric on a frame as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,717,391 by spraying the dye onto the fabric and coating as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,989 to Delmar D. Long, where fabric is held by a pin tenter frame to receive a coating layer and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,637,409 to Ludwig Hartman, where a non-woven fabric is coated and is impregnated with a flame retardant after being first stretched longitudinally followed by re-wetting and stretching transversely. In addition, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,699 to John Carpenter, a process is described where fabric is held on a pin drive to maintain tension while liquid ammonia is applied to the fabric. Accordingly, it is one object of the present invention to provide a novel method of treating a woven or knitted fabric with a flame retardant while being conveyed.
In US Patent Publication 2005/0272838 A1 to Charles Yang, et al. the treatment of cotton and/or cotton blends containing Nomex®, Kevlar®, nylon, and polyester fiber in a flame retardant material is described. The treatment employs a melamine-formaldehyde resin. Accordingly, it is another object of the invention to provide a woven or knitted fabric of novel cotton/thermoplastic/thermoset fiber blends which are treated by a unique method of applying flame retardant.
Another hazard encountered with apparel fabrics, particularly in cool, dry environments, is electrostatic discharge or “sparking.” Also, many other environments can cause a buildup of electrostatic charge because of the proximity to high voltage lines or equipment. The inadvertent discharge or spark from a charged garment while the wearer is near a volatile substance can result in serious fire or explosion. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,968 to Thornton et al., issued Dec. 10, 1985, a directional electrostatic discharging fabric is described that employs carbon and polyester fibers with the purpose of conducting away any charge before it can build up. Accordingly, it is another object of the present invention to provide a garment that reduces the hazards of electrostatic buildup and discharge.
The foregoing and other objects are accomplished by the invention described below.
In one aspect, the present invention is a method of treating a woven or knitted fabric of cotton blended with a thermoset, or with a thermoplastic, or with both with a flame retardant composition comprising the steps of stretching the fabric up to 12% greater than its un-stretched dimensions and, while so stretched, applying a flame retardant to the fabric and then allowing the fabric to shrink back to its approximate original dimensions. The flame retardant may either be applied to the fabric or the fabric may be immersed in an aqueous bath containing flame retardants. The preferred flame retardant for an aqueous bath is THP, but other suitable flame retardants may be used. The stretching may be longitudinal, transverse, or both longitudinal and transverse. However, transverse stretching is preferred, and the preferred thermoset materials are the aramid and the para-aramid and meta-aramids. A preferred thermoplastic is nylon.
In another aspect, the present invention is a process comprising the steps of: providing a woven or knitted fabric having predominately cotton fibers and 10% to 30% meta-aramid fibers; dyeing the fabric; stretching the fabric from about 5% to about 12% greater than its initial width; immersing the stretched fabric in a bath containing a phosphorous polymer of THPS or THPC; squeezing the fabric after immersion to obtain a moisture pickup in the range of 80% to 120%; drying the fabric to a moisture content in the range of less than 8%, preferably to about 6% to 8%; treating the fabric with an ammonia gas; oxidizing the fabric with hydrogen peroxide and allowing the fabric to shrink back to and approach its pre-stretched dimensions. One novel feature of the invention is a flame retardant material with a thermoset fiber in the fill yarn.
In another aspect, the invention is a woven fabric comprising a blend of at least 60% cotton fibers with at least 10% meta-aramid fibers, said fabric being treated with a flame retardant in sufficient amount to meet the applicable Federal, state, and local regulations.
In another aspect, the fabric blend comprises 75% to 80% cotton and 20% to 25% meta-aramid; or in still another aspect, the fabric blend is 70% cotton and 20% meta-aramid and 10% nylon; or another thermoplastic; and in a still further aspect, the blend is about 70% cotton, 20% meta-aramid and 5% para-aramid. The preferred meta-aramid is the Nomex® polymer sold by DuPont and the preferred para-aramid is the Kevlar®, also sold by DuPont.
In a still further aspect, the present invention is an industrial, military, or recreational apparel fabric that is not only flame retardant but also dissipates electrostatic charge and has anti-static properties. To accomplish this, carbon/polyester filaments are preferably wrapped around the fill yarn. A particularly preferred filament is one with a carbon core surrounded by a polyester sheath.
The invention is applicable to knitted as well as woven fabrics, especially jersey, interlock and fleece knits.
Turning first to
Referring now to
In more detail, the steps of the preferred process begin with providing a fabric 1 woven with yarns that have a major amount of cotton and a minor amount of meta-amid fibers. A knitted fabric can also be subjected to this same process. The fabric is first dyed (not shown) using a vat or naphthol dyestuff and pH is controlled to be between 7.0 and 9.0. Next, the fabric is conveyed to a tenter frame where the edges of the fabric are held by pins or clips and the fabric is stretched from about 4 inches to about 7 inches over its original width.
While stretched, the fabric is immersed in an aqueous bath with a concentration of 25% to 40% of THPS (tetrakis hydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate) or THPC (hydroxymethyl phosphonium chloride) to produce a concentration level of 1.5% to about 4.0% phosphorous content by weight in the finished fabric. Preferably, the bath concentration can be confirmed by chemical titration during treatment and the phosphorous content may be verified by X-ray analysis after treatment. “THP” broadly includes THPS and THPC.
After the fabric leaves the immersion bath, it is then squeezed through the nip or pad rollers to achieve a wet pickup of about 80% to 120% of the fabric by weight. The fabric is then dried in a forced air dryer followed by infrared heating. Moisture level after drying is preferably below 8% and more preferably the moisture level would be 6 to 8%.
Next, the fabric is bathed with ammonia gas in a controlled atmosphere chamber for a short period sufficient to cross-link the THP while the fabric is in the stretched position. Afterwards, the fabric is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to stop the cross-linking process and then it is washed with a neutralizing soda solution. The treatment with ammonia followed by oxidation is well-known in the art and is described in detail in the above-mentioned patents to Smith and Fleming, which are incorporated herein by reference. The fabric is now allowed to shrink back to its pre-stretched dimensions.
A novel feature of the present invention is that the fabric receives its flame retardant treatment while stretched. The stretching opens up the fabric so that the THP can penetrate the tightly twisted and woven yarns and contact the cotton fibers. This is unique and is advantageously accomplished with the assistance of thermoset fibers which are resilient and will stretch and then shrink back to pre-stretched dimensions. The shrink-back of the entire fabric is enhanced by the thermoset materials, which then help the cotton to compress back to its original dimensions. The penetration of the THP deep into each cotton fiber of the yarn causes the THP to be evenly deposited in the fabric; and, while in this stretched position, the ammonia is applied so that it cross-links the evenly deposited THP. The subsequent application of the hydrogen peroxide will also evenly shut down the cross-linking process so that the degree of cross-linking is controlled and the fabric will not become unacceptably and unevenly stiff.
The finished fabric can be tested for flame resisted characteristics using the char length test according to ASTM D6413. After the testing, the fabric is washed according to Underwriters Laboratories 100 IL (industrial laundering) criteria and tested again for char length using the ASTM standard for comparison purposes to determine if the flame retardant compound tends to wash out. The char length resulting from the test will be less than the 6″ maximum which is considered flame resistant under ASTM F1506.
The preferred fabric, according to the present invention, comprises 50 to 95% by weight of cotton fiber with the preferred percentage being 70 to 75%. The other fibers range between 5% and 30% of the weight of the fabric. All fibers should be the same length, typically 1 ¼″ to 1 ½″. These fibers are blended together in yarn manufacturing and are either blended together in both warp and fill yarns fabric or simply in with the warp yarn only or in fill yarns only. The balance of the fiber composition would be 20 to 25% meta-aramid of the Nomex brand.
Both Nomex, a meta-aramid, and Kevlar, a para-aramid, are heat and flame resistant and have been used extensively because of these properties.
In the best mode of the invention, a woven fabric about 60″ wide comprising 70% cotton, 20% meta-aramide, and 10% nylon is prepared. The fabric is stretched transversely in the fill direction as in
In another preferred embodiment, the fabric of the above described best mode includes sufficient carbon/polyester fibers in the fill to impart anti-static properties to the fabric. Specifically, it is preferred that a carbon fiber be the core of a yarn strand with a polyester covering sheath.
In the specification above, there has been set forth a preferred embodiment of the invention and although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined by the claims that follow.
This application claims priority from U.S. application Ser. No. 12/803,713, filed Jul. 2, 2010 and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/337,982, filed Feb. 16, 2010 having the same title, and from U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/276,748, filed Sep. 16, 2009, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3637409 | Hartman | Jan 1972 | A |
| 3664158 | Skaathun et al. | May 1972 | A |
| 3771952 | Holm | Nov 1973 | A |
| 3891386 | Reid, Jr. et al. | Jun 1975 | A |
| 4051699 | Carpenter, Jr. | Oct 1977 | A |
| 4055971 | Hermes | Nov 1977 | A |
| 4062289 | McNair | Dec 1977 | A |
| 4062989 | Long | Dec 1977 | A |
| 4376632 | Codecasa | Mar 1983 | A |
| 4533592 | Bingham | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4557968 | Thornton et al. | Dec 1985 | A |
| 4717391 | Daniel et al. | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4842609 | Johnson | Jun 1989 | A |
| 4866957 | Daniel et al. | Sep 1989 | A |
| 4900613 | Green | Feb 1990 | A |
| 4909805 | Smith | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4941884 | Green | Jul 1990 | A |
| 4970039 | Long | Nov 1990 | A |
| 5102726 | Gabbay | Apr 1992 | A |
| 5252386 | Hughes et al. | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5468545 | Fleming | Nov 1995 | A |
| 5935637 | Caldwell et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 5942006 | Cole | Aug 1999 | A |
| 7168140 | McKee et al. | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 20050025962 | Zhu | Feb 2005 | A1 |
| 20050181124 | Hoersch | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050272838 | Yang et al. | Dec 2005 | A1 |
| 20060030227 | Hairston et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20070190872 | Weber et al. | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070224902 | Hilleary et al. | Sep 2007 | A1 |
| Entry |
|---|
| Cotton Incorporated, Fabric Flame Retardant Treatment “Precondensate”/NH3 Process, Technical Bulletin TRI 4002, Copyright 2003, Cotton Incorporated, Cary, NC (USA) (12 pages). |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20170067203 A1 | Mar 2017 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61337982 | Feb 2010 | US | |
| 61276748 | Sep 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12803713 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Child | 15342608 | US |
