Patent Grant
6867547
The invention relates to a flash lamp and a flash lamp design. In particular, it concerns flash lamps for applications within the U.V. region (wavelength <450 nm).
In particular with respect to U.V. applications, known flash lamps involve various problems:
Conventionally used glasses have a poor U.V. transmission. This means that although U.V. light is perfectly produced within flash lamp 50, it is already absorbed within the glass thus failing to reach the outside. Conventional flash lamps are made in particular of tempered boron silicate glass because the latter permits to use a particularly economical sealing technique for the electrodes. However, at a thickness of 0.5 mm such a tempered glass is no longer adequately transmitting for wavelengths of 320 nm and shorter so that it is not suited for U.V. applications.
In fact there are certain glasses having an improved U.V. transmission. Quartz glasses have a high melting point, thus requiring an expensive and time-consuming manufacturing process which is only justified in the case of flash lamps having a high flash energy (>100 Ws). However, this process cannot be used for flash lamps for U.V. applications with low flash energy (<100 Ws) since this would not be economical.
Another problem of known flash lamps is the blackening of the glass wall. During a discharge, the electrodes in the flash tube evaporate to a certain extent. The metal vapor deposits on the inside walls of glass tube 53. As a result, the transmission of the glass body is further impaired, in particular for U.V. light. As far as designs according to
Finally, the known reflector designs according to
It is the object of the invention to provide a flash lamp which can be produced easily and which is particularly well suited for U.V. applications.
The invention comprises several aspects which can be used as such but in particularly advantageous manner also in combination, namely:
A good U.V. yield of an economically producible flash lamp is obtained by using one or a combination of several of above features groups A to F. As a result, it is possible to reach U.V. light yield regions permitting to influence certain characteristics, in particular of the spectrum, by selecting the glass wall thickness. Contrary to the primary objective of making a glass wall as thin as possible to obtain the least possible absorption, the wall thickness can then be made thicker or the glass material can be chosen freely to obtain certain properties of the flash lamp.
Particularly advantageous combinations are pairings of above features B, C and D (B and C, B and D, C and D) or all of the three features groups together (B, C and D), the resulting flash lamps, where appropriate, in combination with one or both features groups E and F. In this way, it is possible to produce in particular flash lamps according to features group A.
Individual embodiments of the invention are described below with respect to the drawings, in which:
Quite generally the invention is in the creation of a flash lamp which emits over 30%, preferably over 50%, more preferably over 70%, of its radiant power within the U.V. region (wavelengths <450 nm) and whose energy per flash is below 100 Ws, preferably below 50 Ws, more preferably below 20 Ws. The energy per flash may be above 1 or 2 Ws. As a result, flash lamps are created which are suited for the domestic field, e.g. to disinfect objects.
The flash lamp may be designed as shown in FIG. 1.
The glass of the tubular body 11 has good U.V. transmission. It can be described as follows:
It has a low content of polyvalent ions, in particular of iron. The content is below 30%, in particular below 10%, of the value of glasses used for conventional flash lamps (photographic flash lamps). The same can apply as regards the oxides of aluminum and generally of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
As to the U.V. transmission the glass may be described on the basis of its transmission values Tw at certain wavelengths as follows: at 180 nm, Tw is greater than 5%, preferably greater than 9%, at 200 nm, Tw is greater than 30%, preferably greater than 45%, at 254 nm (mercury line), Tw is greater than 60%, preferably greater than 80%. A glass which meets the above transmission values is glass 8337B of Schott company, which according to the manufacturer's statements has a transmission value of 10% at 180 nm, a transmission value of 50% at 200 nm and a transmission value of 90% at 254 nm. The statements made on Tw in this description and in the claims are meant to be constants of the material in the sense that they refer to glasses having a thickness of 0.5 mm. In fact, actually built flash lamps may have different transmission values because of the wall thickness thereof, in particular they may have lower values in the case of thicker glasses and higher values in the case of thinner glasses.
The glass used meets one or more of the above mentioned conditions as regards U.V. transmission and/or the composition of the materials. The more difficult processing involved can be compensated by fusing electrodes 14 and 15 or electrode designs 14, 14a, 14b and 15, 15a and 15b to the glass body 11 by means of glass solder 13a, 13b. Electrodes 14 and 15 preferably include, or consist of, tungsten. The oblong pins 14, 15 piercing through glass body 11 may be surrounded by glass solder 13a, 13b in the area of passage through glass body 11 (not shown). The glass solder in turn is fused to glass body 11 which is composed as described above and/or has the above properties. In addition, a sealing ring (not shown) can be provided between glass solder 13a, 13b and glass body 11, which ring is also made of glass. Electrodes 14 and/or 15 may also be embedded in a glass plate 14a, 15b as shown in FIG. 1. The glass plate may be attached to glass body 11 by means of glass solder 13. With a suitable diameter of glass plate 14b, 15b the attachment may be made, as shown, to the cylindrical circumference of the glass tube 11.
(Differently from what is shown) anode 14a may be a simple extension of the tungsten wire. The cathode 15 may have a sleeve over the tungsten wire, which contains tungsten and/or nickel and/or niobium and/or tantalum and/or titanium.
As regards its hardness glass solder 13 has a temperature characteristic with a very low temperature. In particular, it is several 10° C. below that of the already low-melting glass of glass body 11 (in particular e.g. as regards softening point and transformation point). The corresponding temperatures of the glass solder may be at least 60 or 80° C. below those of the glass of body 11. The glass solder also has a coefficient of thermal expansion which is closer to that of the tungsten wire than to that of the glass of body 11. The same applies as regards the temperature characteristic of the coefficient of thermal expansion, in particular within the range between room temperature, processing temperature and operating temperature.
By bringing the coefficient of thermal expansion of glass solder 13 into line with that of metal pins 14, 15, the transition between metal and glass is comparatively insensitive to cracks and leakages, which can occur in particular on account of alternating loads based on changing temperatures as the lifetime of a lamp proceeds or initially during the production thereof. The connection between glass solder 13 and glass body 11 is particularly intimate due to the similar materials, thus also being satisfactory. The low-temperature processing of the glass solder permits an operating cycle gentle for the also low-melting glass of body 11.
For the dimensioning instruction for inside diameter Di and arc diameter Dlb it has proved advantageous for Di to be greater than Dlb, in particular when Di>1,2 Dlb or preferably when Di>1.4 Dlb. Such a dimensioning instruction prevents the hot plasma from abutting against the inner wall of the glass so as to reduce the thermal load of the glass of body 11. This has an advantageous effect especially when the glass is a low-melting glass as mentioned above.
Another advantage follows when the ignition (triggered by electrode 16) is effected along a strictly defined line on the inner wall of the glass. This does not mean that the electrode should abut against the inner glass wall. Care should rather be taken that the electric field connected by trigger electrode 16 is due to a conductor as point-sized as possible (in the cross-section of
The line-like development of the trigger electrode has the advantage that the material, evaporated during the arc, of the electrodes deposits in a spatially confined manner in the vicinity of the trigger electrode (line-like blackening of the inner glass wall as the lifetime of the flash lamp proceeds). Combined with the above-mentioned diameter dimensions there is the advantage that the once deposited material is less likely removed by the arc again, thus being distributed over the interior space once more.
The trigger electrode is thus preferably designed such that in a sectional drawing it has no remarkable extension in the circumferential direction or in the tangential direction of the flash lamp in so far as it is not spaced from the flash tube. This may be effected by a conventional wire or as described below.
A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 3B. Here, the reflector 32 is formed as a folded sheet. The fold 33 in reflector sheet 32 is oblong and extends preferably along the longitudinal direction of flash lamp 10, preferably it abuts against body 11 of flash lamp 10 (in the installed condition). In this case, the reflector 32, in turn, should be incorporated into the wiring of the flash lamp and be wired suitably. Where necessary, it has to be kept in an insulated fashion.
The shape of the reflector 32 may be axisymmetric, viewed in the section of FIG. 3B. The reflector may have two, preferably symmetric concave halves which abut against each other along fold 33. The cross-sectional shape may be that of a “W”, wherein the shapes other than fold 33 may be rounded suitably in the center. The interior angle α at fold 33 may be 120° or less, preferably 90′ or less, more preferably 60° or less. The reflector halves may be shaped with respect to desired scattering and focusing properties of the overall design.
The reflector design described with respect to
Furthermore, the light efficiency is improved by avoiding multiple reflections since in the very glass of tube 11 U.V. radiation is absorbed with particular intensity. When there was only one back-reflection (originally out, then back again and finally out again), the coefficient of absorption of the glass would be three times as efficient, so that the corresponding light was lost with respect to the yield, on the one hand, and contributed to the undesired heating of the glass, on the other hand.
A reflector like that described with respect to
Its terminals are connected to terminals 14 and 15 of flash lamp 10 so that the capacitor voltage is available at the terminals thereof.
Another small capacitor 43 serves for producing the starting voltage. It is also charged. It is short-circuited by actuating the switch 45. The change in current and/or voltage resulting from this in the primary coil 42a of a transformer 44 has alternating current portions which are stepped up by a suitably dimensioned transformer 44. Its secondary coil 44b is connected to the starting electrode 16 (e.g. according to
Thus, switch 45 serves for firing the flash. It may be an electrically, electronically or manually actuated switch. The starting voltage is only required for firing the flash. Correspondingly, capacitor 43 may also have relatively small dimensions. Once flash lamp 10 has fired (by applying the starting voltage to the starting electrode 16), the ohmic resistance of flash lamp 10 will drop significantly on account of the resulting plasma so that the capacitor voltage of flash capacity 42 as such suffices to keep the discharge going. The discharge may die away (capacitor 42 partially empty) or be actively stopped by suitable wiring structures (not shown).
The flash capacitor is designed for a charging voltage/operating voltage of above 370 volts, preferably above 400 volts, and below 450 volts, preferably below 430 volts. A comparatively high operating voltage causes a comparatively high discharge current which by the way is superproportionally high on account of the non-linearity of the plasma. Due to this a comparatively hot plasma results which emits a lot of energy in particular within the U.V. region. Corresponding to formula E=0.5 CU2 (E=energy in the capacitor, C=capacitance, U=voltage) it is also possible to select a smaller flash capacitor with equal flash energy. Furthermore, a comparatively “small” flash capacitance 42 is advantageous also because in this case the time constant t for the discharge (t=R*C42) becomes small so that the discharge duration is short, the temperature is elevated and thus the U.V. portion is higher. Considerations as to economic efficiency of flash capacitor 42 form the upper limit of the selectable voltage (and thus, where appropriate, indirectly the lower limit of the selectable capacitance). Very high capacitor voltages require expensive capacitors so that an upper limit of 450 or 430 volts charging voltage may appear useful. The capacitance of the flash capacitor is preferably below 500 pF, more preferably below 300 μF.
Another possibility of increasing the U.V. yield is to increase the filling pressure in the flash lamp 10, in particular the xenon filling pressure. By raising the filling pressure, the plasma channel during the flash becomes narrower without the peak current and thus the flash power and flash energy being markedly reduced. By narrowing the plasma channel, the plasma becomes hotter so that more energy is emitted within the ultraviolet region. An increased xenon filling pressure, however, also raises the necessary starting voltage at starting electrode 16. Since this voltage cannot be raised as desired because flash-overs should be avoided, the starting conditions also set a limit to the xenon filling pressure. The xenon filling pressure may be above 0.5 bar, preferably above 1.5 bars, more preferably above 2 bars.
If several of the above described features are combined, comparatively high U.V. yields may result. They may be so high that it is ultimately possible to use absorption parameters as to the glass of body 11 of the flash lamp for adjusting certain properties of the flash lamp. For example, the thickness of the glass wall may finally be selected such that it is thicker than should be with respect to mechanical stability, and also as regards thermal voltage load, to obtain certain spectra and/or distributions.
Typical dimensions and data of a flash lamp may be as follows:
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 39 383 | Aug 2000 | DE | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCTEP01/09226 | 8/9/2001 | WO | 00 | 8/6/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO0215213 | 2/21/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3733599 | Fantozzi | May 1973 | A |
| 3860853 | Ludloff | Jan 1975 | A |
| 4004189 | Cosco et al. | Jan 1977 | A |
| 4156890 | Hebert et al. | May 1979 | A |
| 4550275 | O'Loughlin | Oct 1985 | A |
| 4897572 | Plofchan | Jan 1990 | A |
| 5170091 | Wekhof | Dec 1992 | A |
| 5945790 | Schaefer | Aug 1999 | A |
| 6008583 | Breuer et al. | Dec 1999 | A |
| 6087783 | Eastlund et al. | Jul 2000 | A |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| PS 1 204 746 | Nov 1965 | DE |
| 1 948 399 | Aug 1966 | DE |
| 2 120 777 | Nov 1972 | DE |
| OS 2 248 132 | Apr 1973 | DE |
| 2 210 948 | Sep 1973 | DE |
| OS 2 222 365 | Nov 1973 | DE |
| 22 64 377 | Mar 1975 | DE |
| 25 08 008 | Sep 1976 | DE |
| 33 36 421 | May 1984 | DE |
| 41 41 675 | Jul 1992 | DE |
| 0 371 164 | Nov 1988 | EP |
| 2 599 890 | Jun 1986 | FR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040032218 A1 | Feb 2004 | US |
