Patent Application
20080041611
The thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 in the terminal parts is at least 0.2 μm and not greater than 1.0 μm. The thickness of the zinc-containing tin-plating layers 13 is at least 0.2 μm and not greater than 1.5 μm. The total thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 and the tin plating layers 13 is at least 0.4 μm and not greater than 1.7 μm. When the thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 is less than 0.2 μm, the connections are less reliable, and when the thickness exceeds 1.0 μm, the effects of reducing the formation of whiskers are not reliable. When the thickness of the tin plating layers 13 is less than 0.2 μm, it is likely that some portions will not be plated, which may compromise wettability of solder or corrosion resistance, and when the thickness exceeds 1.5 μm, whiskers are likely to form. When the total thickness exceeds 1.7 μm, the amount of tin supplied increases, whiskers are therefore more likely to form, and the maximum length of the whiskers is greater. Specifically, it is possible to reliably reduce the formation of whiskers in the terminal parts of the flat conductors 2 by laminating tin-copper alloy layers 12 and zinc-containing tin-plating layers 13 having a specific maximum thickness.
The thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 can also be increased in relation to the thickness of the whisker-forming tin plating layers 13 to more effectively inhibit the formation of whiskers. The ratio of the thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 to the sum of the thicknesses of the tin plating layers 13 and tin-copper alloy layers 12 is preferably 50% or greater. The thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers 12 can be measured by cutting a cross section with a focused ion beam (FIB) and observing the cross section with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The tin-copper alloy layers 12 can be formed when the tin-plated flat conductors are softened by heat treatment, and inline heating or batch heating can be used as the method of heat treatment. With inline heating, the copper substrates 11 are covered with tin plating by means of electroplating, and the substrates are then passed through a heating furnace at 200° C. to 1000° C. for about 0.01 to about 30 seconds. More desirably, the substrates be passed through a heating furnace at 300° C. to 450° C. for 1 to 3 seconds. With batch heating, the rectangular copper substrates 11 covered with tin plating are either wound around bobbins or laminated with an insulating film, and then are heat-treated in a thermostatic oven at a specific temperature for a specific time. The copper substrates 11 may also be directly heated with an electric current. The percentage of tin-copper alloy layers 12 can be adjusted by the heating temperature and heating time.
The zinc content in the tin plating layers 13 is preferably at least 0.2% and not greater than 20%, because this content can reliably reduce the formation of whiskers without compromising corrosion resistance. When the zinc content is less than 0.2%, the effects of inhibiting whiskers are lessened, and when the zinc content is greater than 20%, corrosion resistance is compromised.
Since the flat cable of the present invention has thin tin plating layers 13, wettability of solder is sometimes reduced in cases in which the electrically connected portions are connected by soldering. In such cases, bismuth can be added to the zinc-containing tin plating to improve wettability of solder in relation to the tin-plating layers 13, which allows for similar soldered connections as in normal circumstances. In this case, the amount of bismuth added to the tin plating layers 13 is preferably at least 2% and not greater than 4%. In cases in which the bismuth content is less than 2%, wettability of solder is insufficient, and in cases in which the bismuth content is greater than 4%, the plating is brittle and likely to crack. Specifically, adding bismuth in an amount of at least 2% and not greater than 4% to the tin plating layers 13 makes it possible to reduce the formation of whiskers and to satisfactorily improve wettability of solder.
Since the flat cable of the present invention has thin tin plating layers 13, microscopic pores are likely to form in the plating surface. Therefore, hydrogen or oxygen enters into the surfaces of the copper substrates 11 via the tin-copper alloy layers 12 through microscopic pores, which causes oxidation and corrosion and may reduce the reliability of the connections. Therefore, the surfaces of the tin plating layers 13 are preferably coated with a sealant. A possible example of the sealant is benzotriazole or another such rust inhibitor dissolved in a solvent.
As flat cables in which flat conductors having tin-copper alloy layers and zinc-containing tin plating layers on copper substrates were aligned in parallel, samples (Working Examples 1, 2, 3; Comparative Examples 1, 2, 4) were prepared. The thickness of the tin-copper alloy layers in the samples was varied, as were the types and amounts of additives included in the tin plating layers (in the Working Examples and Comparative Examples, the copper substrates had tin-copper alloy layers and zinc-containing tin plating layers along the entire length). The terminal parts of the samples were test conductors that were designed to be inserted into jack connectors with the use of a reinforcing plate. The rate of whisker occurrence, the maximum whisker length, and the connection reliability (contact resistance values after the samples had been allowed to stand in high-temperature and high-humidity conditions) in the test conductors were evaluated. For the sake of comparison, samples were also prepared without tin-copper alloy layers (Comparative Examples 3, 5), and these samples were evaluated in the same manner.
The electrically connected portions were fitted into lead-free electrical connectors and allowed to stand at room temperature for 500 hours. The surfaces of the electrically connected portions were then observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the number of electrically connected portions observed to have whiskers was divided by 200, which was the total number of observations, to determine the rate of whisker occurrence. The maximum whisker length was measured by observation with an SEM. The connection reliability was determined with the following procedure. First, lead-free connectors were fitted on the ends of the flat conductors, and the terminals of these connectors were connected by soldering to connect the circuits in series. In this state, the connectors were allowed to stand for 500 hours at a temperature of 60° C. and a relative humidity of 95%, and the connector portions were then struck lightly to measure the contact resistance values. Table 1 shows the data (tin-copper alloy layer thickness, tin plating layer thickness, zinc content of tin plating layers, bismuth content of tin plating layers) and evaluation results of Working Examples 1 through 3 and Comparative Examples 1 through 5. In Table 1, resistance values of less than 100 mΩ were concluded to be good while resistance values of 100 mΩ or greater were concluded to be poor.
The fluctuations in contact resistance values after the connectors were left in high-temperature and high-humidity conditions were less than 100 mΩ in Comparative Examples 2, 4, and 5, but were 100 mΩ or greater in Comparative Examples 1 and 3, and reliability was poor in Comparative Examples 1 and 3. Comparative Examples 2, 4, and 5 had undesirable maximum whisker lengths of 70 to 90 μm.
In Working Examples 1 through 3, wherein the tin-copper alloy layer thickness was at least 0.2 μm and not greater than 1.0 μm, the zinc-containing tin plating layer thickness was at least 0.2 μm and not greater than 1.5 μm, and the total thickness of the tin-copper alloy layer and zinc-containing tin plating layers was at least 0.4 μm and not greater than 1.7 μm, the fluctuations in resistance values were less than 100 mΩ, stable electrical connections were obtained, and the connections were highly reliable. Additionally, the rate of whisker occurrence in Working Examples 1 through 3 was 20% at maximum, the maximum whisker length was 45 μm at maximum, and the rate of whisker occurrence was lowered while the lengths were reduced. Including bismuth in the tin plating layers as in Working Example 3 makes it possible to more satisfactorily inhibit the occurrence of whiskers and to reduce the length of the whiskers.
While this invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2006-000941 filed on Jan. 5, 2006, including the specification, claims, drawings, and summary, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-000941 | Jul 2006 | JP | national |
