Flat high-tensile wire as hose reinforcement

Information

  • Patent Grant
  • 7487803
  • Patent Number
    7,487,803
  • Date Filed
    Tuesday, April 26, 2005
    19 years ago
  • Date Issued
    Tuesday, February 10, 2009
    15 years ago
Abstract
A flexible hose or pipe (42) is reinforced by means of at least one flattened steel wire (10, 20) with natural edges. The steel wire has a thickness-to-width ratio t/w below 0.95, a tensile strength Rm exceeding 3500−2000×d, where d is the diameter of a circle having the same cross-sectional surface and where Rm is expressed in Mpa and a permanent elongation at maximum load Ag of at least 0.70%. The flattening of the steel wire (10, 20) allows to recuperate ductility which has been lost as a result of the drawing until the final tensile strength Rm.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a flexible hose or pipe reinforced by means of at least one steel wire.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the art of flexible hoses or pipes, several attempts have been made to either decrease the diameter of the hose or pipe while keeping the amount of reinforcement equal or to keep the diameter of the hose or pipe constant while increasing the amount of reinforcement. In both cases steel wires or steel cords with higher tensile strengths have been tried. Up to now and in big contrast with rubber tires, however, tests with hoses or pipes having steel cords and steel wires with higher tensile strengths have not been successful. Applying a stress-relieving treatment as disclosed in EP-B1-0 790 349 to the higher tensile steel wires or steel cords, has proved to mitigate the drawbacks of the higher tensile reinforcement in hoses and pipes but, at the same time, has decreased the tensile strength of the steel wires or steel cords.


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to avoid the drawbacks of the prior art.


It is another object of the present invention to provide a high-tensile steel reinforcement in flexible hoses and pipes.


It is a further object of the present invention to decrease the external diameter of flexible hoses and pipes without decreasing the amount of reinforcement.


It is an alternative object of the present invention to increase the amount of reinforcement in a flexible hose or pipe without increasing the external diameter of these hoses or pipes.


According to the invention, there is provided a flexible hose or pipe reinforced by means of at least one flattened steel wire. The steel wire has following features:

    • a thickness-to-width ratio t/w below 0.95,
    • a tensile strength Rm exceeding 3500−2000×d, where d is the diameter of a circle having the same cross-sectional surface and where Rm is expressed in MPa,
    • a permanent elongation at maximum load Ag of at least 0.70%.


As a matter of preferable example, the flattened steel wire has natural edges. The terms “flattened steel wire with natural edges” refer to a flat steel wire, which has been rolled between two rolls: such a steel wire has two flat sides and two rounded edges, which are referred to as natural edges, since no force has been exercised there. The thickness t is the distance between the two flat sides. The width w is the longest cross-sectional distance between the two rounded edges.


It has taken some time to discover the reason for the lack of success of higher tensile wires and cords in hoses and pipes. Initially, the lack of success was attributed to the phenomenon that higher tensile wires are more vulnerable than normal tensile wires to lateral contact forces. While this phenomenon is true, from a general point of view, it is not the reason for the lack of success in flexible hoses and pipes. According to the inventors, the real reason is to be found in the decreasing ductility of higher tensile steel wires and steel cords: the higher the tensile strength, the lower the ductility. The flattening of round steel wires, e.g. by means of cold rolling, increases the ductility substantially while only slightly reducing the tensile strength. This phenomenon, known as such under the name of Bausinger effect, is now applied to higher tensile steel wires for hose and pipe reinforcement.


With a thickness-to-width ratio t/w of below 0.95 a substantial increase in ductility is already noticed. The lower the thickness-to-width ratio t/w, the higher the increase in ductility. So a t/w below 0.90 is better than a t/w below 0.95. Generally, the t/w ratio may range from 0.20 to 0.95, e.g. from 0.30 to 0.85.


Generally, the thickness t may range from 0.15 mm on, e.g. from 0.20 mm on. The width w may range up to 1.50 mm, e.g. up to 1.30 mm.


With respect to tensile strengths, a tensile strength Rm exceeding 3500−2000×d MPa, where d is the diameter of a circle having the same cross-sectional surface, is called a high-tensile strength. A tensile strength Rm exceeding 3900−2000×d MPa is called a super-high-tensile strength.


A tensile strength Rm exceeding 4300−2000×d MPa, is called an ultra-high-tensile strength.


The invention applies both the spiraled hoses and to braided hoses. A braided hose usually has reinforcement wires with a thickness t below 0.45 mm, and a spiraled hose usually has reinforcement wires with a thickness t below 0.75 mm.


The matrix material of the hoses may be rubber, thermoplastic, polyurethane and the like.





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described into more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein



FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a flattened steel wire



FIG. 2 is a cross-section of another flattened steel wire



FIG. 3 is a tensile diagram explaining the different elongations;



FIG. 4 compares a prior art hose with an invention hose.





DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION AND OF A COMPARISON WITH PRIOR ART EMBODIMENTS

A prior art round wire has a limitation concerning the efficiently used space. Indeed, the space occupied by a round wire with diameter d is equal to d2 whereas the reinforced area is only πd2/4, so the degree of efficiently used space amounts to π/4=0.785.


The prior art round wire is now compared with a first flattened wire 10 as shown in FIG. 1. Flattened wire 10 has a thickness t of 0.485 mm and a width w of 0.604 mm. So the t/w ratio is equal to 0.803. The surface area of the rectangle in dotted lines is 0.293 mm2, while the reinforced area is 0.2462 mm2. So the degree of efficiently used space amounts to 0.84, which is greater than in the case of a prior art round wire.


Flattened wire 10 has natural edges 12′ and 12″, which are the edges formed by rolling a round steel wire between two rolls without obstructing the plastic flow in a direction perpendicular to the action of the two rolls.


The comparison with a prior art round wire is continued with the help of FIG. 2. Flattened wire 20 has a thickness t of 0.310 mm and a width w of 0.853 mm. So the t/w ratio is equal to 0.363. The surface area of the rectangle in dotted lines is 0.26443 mm2, while the reinforced area is 0.247 mm2. So the degree of efficiently used space amounts to 0.934, which is greater than in the case of a prior art round wire and greater than in the case of FIG. 1. The smaller the t/w ratio, the greater the degree of efficiently used space.


A flattened steel wire may be manufactured as follows. The source material is a wire rod with a steel composition along the following lines: a minimum carbon content of 0.60%, a manganese content ranging between 0.30 and 0.80%, a silicon content ranging between 0.10 and 0.45%, a maximum sulfur content of 0.04%, a maximum phosphorus content of 0.04% and possibly micro-alloying element such as nickel, chromium and vanadium in amounts ranging up to 0.40%.


The wire rod is drawn until a diameter of 0.35 mm. Thereafter, the drawn steel wire is flattened between a pair of rolls.


The degree of drawing, the steel composition, the number (if any) of intermediate heat treatments and the degree of flattening determine the final tensile strength.


Test


Three different degrees of flattening have been applied to a round steel wire of 0.35 mm:

    • A: 5% flattening until thickness t of 0.333 mm
    • B: 10% flattening until thickness t of 0.315 mm
    • C: 14% flattening until thickness t of 0.300 mm.


These three flattening degrees have been applied to three different levels of tensile strength : a normal tensile (NT) strength wire, a high-tensile (HT) strength wire and an ultra-high tensile (UHT) strength wire.


The permanent elongation at maximum load Ag has been measured for all cases and has been compared with the Ag value of comparable round wires.


Table 1 hereunder summarizes the results.












TABLE 1






Normal tensile
High-tensile
Ultra high-tensile


Degree of
NT
HT
UHT


flattening ↓
(Ag in %)
(Ag in %)
(Ag in %)


















A: 5%
1.13

0.90

0.66


B: 10%
1.22

0.98


0.77



C: 14%
1.38

1.19


1.00



Ref: round wire
0.90
0.70
0.65





The data in bold refer to embodiments of the invention.






The permanent elongation at maximum load Ag must be distinguished from other elongations such as the total elongation at fracture At. In order to clarify this, FIG. 3 gives a schematic drawing of a tensile strength—elongation curve 30 with various parameters that can be determined with the help of curve 30.


Abscissa is the elongation ε (%) and ordinate is the strength T (MPa or MegaPascal). Following parameters can be derived:

    • Rm (MPa) is the tensile strength
    • Rp 0,2 (MPa) is the yield strength at 0.2% permanent elongation
    • Rp 0,01 (Mpa) is the yield strength at 0.01% permanent elongation
    • Ag (%) is the permanent elongation at maximum load
    • A (%) is the percentage elongation after fracture
    • At (%) is the percentage total elongation at fracture
    • E (MPa) is the modulus of elasticity.


So the value of Ag is smaller than the value of At.


Referring back to Table 1, it is known and the results in the Table confirm this, that an increasing tensile strength lowers the permanent elongation Ag at maximum load. This is the reason why simply increasing the tensile strength has been unsuccessful up to now in the reinforcement of hoses. Flattening round steel wires, however, lead to higher values of the permanent elongation At, due to the already mentioned Bausinger effect. So the combination of increasing the tensile strength Rm together with the flattening of steel wires enables an efficient and improved reinforcement of hoses.


A hose according to the invention may be manufactured as follows. An inner liner is extruded around a mandrel. A reinforcing layer of flattened high-tensile steel wires is made around the inner layer. This can be done either by means of a braiding machine or by means of a spiraling machine. The reinforcing layer is possibly followed by one or more intermediate layers and other reinforcing layers. A hose may comprise from one to four or even more reinforcing layers. The radially outer reinforcing layer is extruded by means of a cover layer.



FIG. 4 compares a prior art hose 40 with an invention hose 42. Both hoses have the same sequence of layers.


Prior art hose 40 has an inner liner 402, a single reinforcement layer 404 and a cover layer 406.


Invention hose 42 has an inner liner 422, a single reinforcement layer 424 and a cover layer 426.


The difference between the two layers lies in the type of reinforcement. Prior art hose 40 is reinforced by means of round steel wires with a diameter 0.56 mm, whereas invention hose 42 is reinforced by means of flattened steel wires with a thickness t of 0.310 mm and a width w of 0.853 mm. Table 2 hereunder mentions the thicknesses of the various layers and of the accumulated diameters.












TABLE 2









Prior art hose
Invention hose













Accumulated

Accumulated



Thickness
diameter
Thickness
diameter



(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)















Inner
9.525
9.525
9.525
9.525


diameter


Inner liner
2 × 1.5
12.525
2 × 1.5
15.525


Reinforcement
2 × 4 × 0.37
15.485
2 × 4 × 031
15.005


layer


Cover layer
1.2
17.885
1.2
17.405









It can be derived from Table 2 that the reinforcement layer of an invention hose has a decreased thickness due to the use of flattened steel wires. This decreased thickness in reinforcement layer leads to a reduced outer diameter of the hose and to a reduced amount of rubber. In the case of Table 2 a reduction in amount of rubber of about 3% has been obtained.

Claims
  • 1. A flexible hose or pipe reinforced by means of at least one flattened steel wire with natural edges, said steel wire havinga thickness-to-width ratio t/w below 0.95,a tensile strength Rm exceeding 3500−2000×d, where d is the diameter of a circle having the same cross-sectional surface and where Rm is expressed in MPa,a permanent elongation at maximum load Ag of at least 0.70%.
  • 2. A flexible hose or pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein said tensile strength Rm exceeds 4300−2000×d.
  • 3. A flexible hose or pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein said thickness-to-width ratio t/w is below 0.90.
  • 4. A flexible hose or pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein said at least one steel wire is wound helically to form a spiraled hose or pipe.
  • 5. A flexible hose or pipe as claimed in claim 1, wherein more than one steel wire is provided.
  • 6. A flexible hose or pipe as claimed in claim 5, wherein said more than one steel wire is braided to form a braided hose or pipe.
Priority Claims (1)
Number Date Country Kind
04102060 May 2004 EP regional
PCT Information
Filing Document Filing Date Country Kind 371c Date
PCT/EP2005/051858 4/26/2005 WO 00 11/9/2006
Publishing Document Publishing Date Country Kind
WO2005/108846 11/17/2005 WO A
US Referenced Citations (7)
Number Name Date Kind
4200126 Fish Apr 1980 A
4241763 Antal et al. Dec 1980 A
5630806 Inagaki et al. May 1997 A
6098667 Odru Aug 2000 A
6192941 Mallen-Herrero et al. Feb 2001 B1
6390141 Fisher et al. May 2002 B1
6511462 Itou et al. Jan 2003 B1
Foreign Referenced Citations (3)
Number Date Country
0 790 349 Jun 2000 EP
6-201077 Jul 1994 JP
8-187796 Jul 1996 JP
Related Publications (1)
Number Date Country
20080047626 A1 Feb 2008 US