This application is generally related to the field of displays and more particularly to flat panel displays using Thin Film Transistor (TFT) technology.
Flat panel display (FPD) technology is one of the fastest growing display technologies in the world, with a potential to surpass and replace Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) in the foreseeable future. As a result of this growth, a large variety of FPDs exist, which range from very small virtual reality eye tools to large hang-on-the-wall television displays.
It is desirable to provide a display device that exhibits a uniform, enhanced and adjustable brightness with good electric field isolation between pixels. Such a device would be particularly useful as a FPD.
A flat panel display comprising: an anode comprising: a plurality of electrically addressable pixels; a plurality of thin-film transistor (TFT) driver circuits each being electrically coupled to an associated at least one of the pixels, respectively; a passivating layer on the thin-film transistor driver circuits and at least partially around the pixels; and, a conductive frame on the passivating layer; and, a cathode; wherein, exciting the conductive frame and addressing one of the pixels using the associated driver circuit causes the cathode to emit electrons that induce the one of the pixels to emit light.
It is to be understood that the accompanying drawings are solely for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not drawn to scale. The embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings, and described in the accompanying detailed description, are to be used as illustrative embodiments and should not be construed as the only manner of practicing the invention. Also, the same reference numerals have been used to identify similar elements.
It is to be understood that the figures and descriptions of the present invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the present invention, while eliminating, for the purpose of clarity, many other elements found in typical FPD systems and methods of making and using the same. Those of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that other elements and/or steps are desirable and/or required in implementing the present invention. However, because such elements and steps are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the present invention, a discussion of such elements and steps is not provided herein.
Before embarking on a more detailed discussion, it is noted that passive matrix displays and active matrix displays are types of FPDs that are used extensively as various display devices, such as in laptop and notebook computers, for example. A passive matrix display utilizes a matrix or array of solid-state elements, where each element or pixel is selected by applying a potential voltage to corresponding row and column lines that form the matrix. An active matrix display further includes at least one transistor and capacitor that is also selected by applying a potential to corresponding row and column lines.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, each pixel element includes a phosphor pad, which emits light of a known wavelength when struck by emitted electrons, and an associated TFT circuit. A thin-film-transistor (TFT) is a type of field effect transistor (FET) having thin films as metallic contacts, a semiconductor active layer and a dielectric layer. TFT's are widely used in liquid crystal display (LCD) FPDs. In one embodiment of the present invention, each TFT circuit includes first and second active devices electrically cascaded and a capacitor in communication with an output of the first device and an output of the second device, that is used to selectively address pixel elements in the display. Various electron emission sources may be used with such a pixel and TFT circuit array.
According to an embodiment of the present invention, a control frame surrounds at least some of the pixels and associated TFT circuits in the array. In one configuration, the control frame surrounds each of the pixels and associated TFT circuits in the array. Such a control frame may typically lead to an improved display uniformity, brightness and electric field isolation between pixels, regardless of the type of electron source used, as compared to a comparable construct not incorporating the control frame. The control frame may be disposed in an inactive area of the array of pixels and associated TFT circuits, such as between the pixels (e.g., on an insulating substrate over respective column and row conductors).
The control frame enables display operation at low voltages, such as a maximum voltage of less than around 40 volts. Such a configuration is well suited for being operated as a flat display device. Further, incorporating a control frame enables a much simpler production method than that associated with prior art configurations, that utilize “suspended” or elevated grid structures. For example, the control frame may be applied lithographically as the final layer to the TFT device.
Referring now to
Anode 106 includes a plurality of conductive pads 170 fabricated in a matrix of substantially parallel rows and columns on a substrate 160 using known fabrication methods. Column conductors 177 are associated with each of the corresponding conductive pads 170. In this illustrated embodiment substrate 160 is a transparent material such as glass. Conductive pads 170 are also composed of a transparent material, such as ITO (Indium Titanium Oxide). It is of course recognized that the pixels may range from opaque to transparent according to the desired application and/or viewing perspective.
Deposited on each conductive pad 170 is phosphor layer 175. Phosphor layer 175 may be selected from materials that emit light 195 of a specific color. In a conventional RGB display, phosphor layer 175 may be selected from materials that produce red light, green light or blue light 195 when struck by electrons 140. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the terms “light” and “photon” are used synonymously and interchangeably herein. A matrix organization of conductive pads and phosphor layers allows for X-Y addressing of each of the individual pixel elements in the display will be understood by one skilled in the pertinent arts.
Associated with each conductive pad 170/phosphor layer 175 pixel is a TFT circuit 180 that applies a known voltage to the associated conductive pad 170/phosphor layer 175 pixel. For example, TFT circuit 180 operates to apply either a first voltage to bias an associated pixel element to maintain it in an “off” state or a second voltage to bias an associated pixel element to maintain it in an “on” state, or an intermediate state. In this illustrated case, conductive pad 170 is inhibited from attracting electrons 140 emitted by cathode 104 when in an “off” state, and attracts electrons 140 when in an “on” state or an intermediate state.
The use of TFT circuitry 180 for biasing conductive pad 170 provides the dual function of addressing pixel elements and maintaining the pixel element in a condition to attract electrons for a desired time period, i.e. time-frame or sub-periods of time-frame. Co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/782,580 entitled “Hybrid Active Matrix Thin-Film Transistor Display” filed on Feb. 19, 2004 and assigned to Copytele, Inc. the assignee, describes various TFT, anode, and cathode configurations useful in implementing the present invention, the subject matter thereof incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In the illustrated embodiment, a control frame 200 is disposed on a passivation layer 179 of anode 106 and surrounds each of the pixel elements 170/175.
Cathode 104 is fabricated by progressively depositing onto substrate 110, conventionally a glass, an insulating material 115, such as SiO2, an edge emitter material 120 operable to emit electrons, a second insulating layer 125, such as SiO2, and a second conductive material 130, such as Mo. Emitter material 120 may be selected from known materials that have a low work function for emitting electrons 140. Emitter material 120 may comprise a metal such as Molybdenum, for example. Wells 136 are formed through the deposited second conductive layer 130, insulating layer 125, emitter layer 120, and insulating layer 115 using well-known techniques, such as photo-etching. In this case, edges 135 of emitter material 120 are exposed and generate electrons 140 under excitation. Second conductive material 130 operates as a gate electrode to draw electrons 140 from the edges of emitter material 120 when a sufficient potential difference exists between conductive material 130 and emitter layer 120.
Referring now also to
Referring now also to
Referring now to
The nanostructures may take the form of carbon nanotubes, for example. The nanostructures may take the form of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and/or multiple wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The nanostructures may be applied to substrate 110 using any conventional methodology, such as spraying, growth, electrophoresis or printing, for example.
By way of further non-limiting example only, where substrate 110 takes the form of a glass surface 112 may be metalized with Mo. Electrophoresis may then be used to apply nanotubes to the metalized surface 112 of substrate 110. For example, about 5 mg of commercially available carbon nanotubes may be suspended in a mixture of about 15 mL of Toluene and about 0.1 mL of a surfactant, such as polyisobutene succinamide (OLOA 1200). The suspension may be shaken in a container with beads for around 3-4 hours. Thereafter, the metalized surface 112 of substrate 110 may be immersed in the shaken suspension, while applying a DC voltage to the metalized surface 112 that is positive relative to a suspension electrode (where the nanotubes have a relatively negative charge).
Alternatively, the nanotubes may be self-assembled. Referring now also to
Referring now also to step 515, a layer 503 of SiOx, such as SiO2, may be deposited onto the patterned coating 502. Layer 503 may be at least about 0.1 μm thicker than coating 502, to provide for insulation between what will become the cathode conductors and gate electrodes. Referring now also to step 520, a positive resist layer 504, such as photo-resist, may be spun coat onto layer 503. Layer 504 may be about 1 μm thick, for example. Layer 504 may be patterned, again using photo-lithographic techniques for example, to provide openings roughly aligned with the remaining portions of layer 502. The patterned openings may be slightly smaller than the remaining portions of layer 502, by way of non-limiting example.
Referring now also to Step 525, patterned or exposed portions or regions of layer 503 may be removed, such as by buffered HF selective etching for example, to reveal at least portions of the remaining layer 502.
Referring now also to Step 530, a catalytic layer 505 may be deposited onto the exposed portions of layer 502. Catalytic layer 505 may include iron, cobalt or nickel, by way of non-limiting example only. Layer 505 may be substantially uniform or may be patterned for example. By way of further non-limiting example only, layer 505 may be deposited using amplitude and duration controlled pulse-current electrochemical deposition to form nanoparticles on layer 502. Formed nano-particles may typically be less than about 1.00 nm in size. The formed nanoparticles may have a density between about 106 and 108/cm2.
Referring now also to Step 535, nanostructures 506 may be formed on catalytic layer 505. Nanostructures 506 may take the form of self aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes. Nanotubes may be formed on catalytic layer 505 using any suitable methodology, such as that described in U.S. patent Publication No. 20040058153, the entire disclosure of which is hreby incorporated by reference herein.
Referring now also to Step 540, a resist coating layer 507, such as a 10 μm thick layer of SU-8 photo-resist, may be spun over nanostructures 506 and layer 503—to provide a standoff distance for the gate electrodes. Resist layer 507 may then be exposed, such as to UV through substrate 501. A post exposure baking step may also be effected. A metallization layer 508 may be deposited upon layer 507. Metallization layer 508 may be composed of chromium, for example. Layer 508 may form gate electrodes 130 (
Referring now also to
Referring now also to step 540B, a layer 541 of photo-resist may be deposited onto the construction of step 540A. The photo-resist of layer 541 may have improved lift-off operability as compared to the resist of layer 507. Layer 541 may be composed of 1805 photo-resist, for example. The 1805 photo-resist may be spun onto the construct of step 540A. Referring now also to step 540C, layer 541 may be back-exposed and developed, and thereby patterned. Again, as will be understood by those possessing an ordinary skill in the pertinent arts, via back-exposing the pattern of layer 541 is dependent upon the pattern of conductive islands of layer 502.
Referring now also to step 540D, a metallization layer 508A may be deposited over the construct of step 540C. Layer 508A may be composed of chromium, for example. Referring now also to step 540E, the construct of step 540D may then be subjected to a lift-off process, such as through the use of a developer like MF-319 or acetone—thereby providing metallization layer 508.
Referring again to
Processing consistent with that described with reference to
Alternatively, the emitting structures may take the form of tip emitters. Referring now also to
Referring now to step 720, a catalyst, such as nickel, may be deposited or sputtered over the layer 705, such that it coats the spheres of layer 705 and spaces 715. Referring now also to step 730, layer 705 may then be dissolved or selectively removed. This may be accomplished using a solvent that does not attack either Cr or Ni, such as Toluene. Processing may then proceed as shown in
Referring now also to
The control frame 800 serves as a metal layer above the TFT final passivation layer 179 (see e.g.
The pads 860 and metal conductors that form control frame 800 should remain free from passivation. In an exemplary configuration, the control frame metal layer has a thickness of less than about 1 micrometer (μm), although it is understood that other thicknesses may be used depending on the particular application. An appropriate voltage applied to the control frame prevents appearance of mutual field effects on neighboring pixels, and thus enables a more uniform and greater brightness of each individual pixel. Prior art configurations are susceptible to the effects of undesirable electric fields between pixels, particularly when control voltages are operated to activate one pixel (“high”) while a neighboring pixel is inactive (“low”). The exemplary control frame 800 operates as a shield to suppress such undesirable electric fields between pixel structures and better isolate and stabilize each of the pixels.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the vertical line conductors 830 and horizontal line conductors 840 are framing each pixel 170/175 and are above the plane of the pixels 170/175. However, it is understood that other configurations are contemplated where the conductors are disposed in the same plane as the pixels. Further, the conductors 830 and 840 may be connected in a number of configurations. For example, in one configuration, all horizontal and vertical conductors are joined together as shown in
Other configurations are also contemplated, including for example, a configuration of all horizontal conductors only, or a configuration of all vertical conductors only. In these configurations, the device shields the pixels from undesirable electric fields in only one direction.
A control frame voltage of about one half the corresponding anode voltage has been found to produce good brightness and uniformity conditions, however, other voltages may be employed to optimize other aspects and features of the TFT based display, such as contrast, gray scale, and color combinations, for example. The anode voltage of each pixel determines the brightness or color intensity of each pixel. In order to enable greater control with respect to gray scale and/or color combinations, it may be desirable to change the control frame voltage of each pixel depending on an applied characteristic, such as the data amplitude applied to that pixel.
According to an aspect of the present invention, control of one or more of the pixels may be accomplished using the circuit 900 of
In general, the row voltage is used to select the row is equal to the fully “on” voltage (Vc) of the column. The voltage Row in this case causes the pass transistor 910 to conduct. The resistance of transistor 910, the capacitor 920 and the write time of each selected row determines the voltage at the gate of transistor 930 as compared to Vc. Using a row voltage higher than the fully “on” voltage (Vc) increases the conduction of transistor 910, reducing its resistance and resulting in an increase in pixel voltage and enhanced brightness. The same advantage will also apply to the control frame voltage applied to transistors 940, 960. Thus, the selection voltage for the row is higher than the highest column voltage, thereby causing the transistors 910, 930 to conduct with a reduced resistance, thereby providing a greater voltage on the gates of transistors 940, 950.
It is further understood that other circuit configurations may also be utilized. For example, the voltage applied to the control frame structure around each pixel may also be generated by using a voltage divider circuit at each pixel which produces a voltage which is proportional to the pixel voltage.
As discussed, the control frame configuration associated with the present invention is particularly well suited for flat CRT display technology, although not limited thereto. In an exemplary embodiment, a display element is composed of a cathode that acts as a low-voltage source of electrons, and an anode that employs TFT technology to control the attraction of electrons to corresponding pixel elements on a surface of a display, and the control frame 200 surrounding the pixels elements as discussed above.
It is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements that perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention. Substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated.
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119 (e) of U.S. Provisional Applications Nos. 60/698,047, filed Jul. 11, 2005 and 60/715,191, filed Sep. 8, 2005, the entire disclosures of each of which are all hereby incorporated by reference herein. This application also claims priority to as a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/974,311 entitled “Hybrid Active Matrix Thin-Film Transistor Display,” filed on Oct. 27, 2004, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/782,580 entitled “Hybrid Active Matrix Thin-Film Transistor Display”, filed on Feb. 19, 2004, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/763,030, entitled “Hybrid Active Matrix Thin-Film Transistor Display, filed on Jan. 22, 2004, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/102,472, entitled “Pixel Structure For An Edge-Emitter Field-Emission Display, filed on Mar. 20, 2003.
Number | Date | Country | |
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60698047 | Jul 2005 | US | |
60715191 | Sep 2005 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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Parent | 10974311 | Oct 2004 | US |
Child | 11484889 | Jul 2006 | US |
Parent | 10782580 | Feb 2004 | US |
Child | 10974311 | Oct 2004 | US |
Parent | 10763030 | Jan 2004 | US |
Child | 10782580 | Feb 2004 | US |
Parent | 10102472 | Mar 2002 | US |
Child | 10763030 | Jan 2004 | US |