This invention relates to a solar chimney for the passive reduction of the cooling load on a building during periods of elevated temperatures.
In hot and arid climates such as Saudi Arabia the electricity consumption drastically rises in the summer months as the domestic demand for air conditioning rises. According to the Joint Organizations Data Initiative (JODI), Saudi Arabia burned 0.9 million barrels per day (bbl/d) of crude oil in July 2014, the highest ever recorded in JODI data for the month of July and the highest overall since August 2010.
Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA), Saudi Arabia, reported that the residential sector in Saudi Arabia consumes more than half of the total electricity generated in Saudi Arabia, of this 70% of the energy is used to meet the air conditioning load.
The heat from the ambient is generally conducted through the concrete/brick walls inside the buildings. A significant amount of electricity is used to bring down the temperatures inside the building to comfortable levels. The cooling load can be reduced if the amount of heat penetrating inside the buildings through the outer walls can be reduced.
A U.S. Pat. No. 246,626A by Morse in 1881, describes a heating ventilation system, which allows solar radiation passing through a glass wall to fall on a metal/blackened surface. Air is circulated over the back of the blackened surface to heat it and the heated air is recirculated into the building. A modified version of the above described patent suggested by Trombe (French Pat. No. FR1152129, 1958), has gained popularity since the 1960s to heat the insides of a building in colder regions. A wall is built on the winter sun side of the building with an external layer of glass adjacent to the wall creating a channel between them. The wall of the building is blackened to enable solar radiation to be absorbed, converted to sensible heat and stored in the thermal mass of the wall. The outer glass layer serves two purposes: contain the air in the channel and reduces the thermal radiation loss from the wall. Air absorbs heat from the blackened wall thus its density is reduced and it starts moving upward by convection. This heated air is then passed into the building. Trombe in another patent (French Pat. No. FR7123778) suggested cooling of the enclosed building by exhausting hot air through the Trombe wall and inducting cold air inside the building through another opening located on a different wall. This method can only be used in cold climatic conditions to warm the insides of the buildings.
Another U.S. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,111,359, 1978) Trombe further discussed an improvement of the previous design for cooling by suggesting to place the collector enclosure on the top of an inclined roof mainly because the vertical collectors attached to vertical walls may not receive enough solar radiation, however this might not be so true for hot countries like Saudi Arabia which have ample of solar radiation throughout the year and where inclined roofs are not very common.
Haugeneder et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,373) discloses a casing for a building having an absorbing and heat exchange layer, wherein the operation for heating the building, has the function of stopping the loss of heat from the inside to the outside and, on cooling operation, of stopping the transfer of heat from the outside to the inside of the building. A clear glass or opaque outer casing may be placed spaced apart from the absorbing and heat exchange layer. The air either originates or terminates from inside the building. The proposed two air channels and the air moves across the absorber which is permeable to air movement which may contain horizontal movement.
Yang et al. (Chinese Patent No. 203628926) discloses a solar heating ventilation system of a building. It is mainly composed of a glass cover plate, a solar heat collecting plate attached to a heat storage wall which is the structural wall. The main purpose is to do ventilation from the building on back of convective air flow. This is done by have two sets of dampers on the internal wall connecting building interior to the air channel. Having the building wall as heat storage device makes it incompatible with hot climates.
Bushong (U.S. Pat. No. 9,318,996) has employed porous metal layer as a solar thermal collector of solar light. The air is then forced through this structured porous material to be heated then used in warming the building. The air does not travel in a large connected space that can be called an air channel.
Christensen (U.S. Pat. No. 7,694,672) invention is to do ventilation from the building on the back of convective air flow. He proposed that air comes from the building by crossing an air permeable solar absorber then re-enter the building from a specific vent. He employs an outer glass layer to trap the heat in the solar absorber.
The above-mentioned patents describe a method of either heating or cooling in cold climatic conditions, which may not be applicable in hot arid climates. As such the use of internal cooling equipment is a necessity. However, the current invention aims at bringing down the cooling load thus significantly reducing the electrical power consumption. The same equipment can also be used to heat the air inside the building as suggested by patents mentioned above. Before proceeding to describe the present invention, Applicants want to highlight points where their work is different from Morse & Trombe.
In Applicants' invention, a modified outer layer is used to reduce the amount of heat passing through an outer wall of the building. The sun's light is absorbed in a layer that is not in thermal contact with the building. An outer glass layer traps in heat by preventing infrared radiation from escaping. The air in the channel is heated by the absorbent layer. This air does not enter into the building but is circulated outside by natural convection. The process of venting the hot air away from the building, reduces the cooling load. Other variations include utilization of hot air in regeneration of an absorption cooling system.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention a flat solar chimney reduces a building's cooling load by dissipating solar energy outside the building as opposed to conducting it to the inside of the building. What Applicants have done is to construct an outer transparent or translucent wall having an inner surface spaced from a sun-facing outer wall of a building and providing a foam metal layer fixed to an inner surface of the outer transparent wall and forming an upwardly extending channel on the outside of the building. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flat solar chimney includes a porous foam metal layer fixed to an inner surface of the outer transparent wall. In a first and second modification the layer of porous metal are replaced by a layer of porous stone and a layer of porous cement, respectively.
The channel includes an opening near the bottom of the building and a second opening near the top of the building so that cooler air near the base of the building moves upwardly in the channel by convection. This heated air exits the channel at or near the top of the building without entering the building and exits away from the building. In the preferred embodiment of the invention a plurality of heat transmitting fins extend from a porous metal heat absorber into the channel for increasing the heat transfer to air within the channel.
In one embodiment of the invention, the solar chimney includes a plurality of venetian type blinds horizontally or vertically disposed in the solar chimney.
The invention will now be described in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers are used to identify like parts.
In a first embodiment of the invention, a flat solar chimney for reducing the cooling load on a building during periods of excessive heat includes a flat solar chimney as shown in
As illustrated in
In
In
The porous metal absorber 18 is immediately in back of and behind and/or in contact with the rear surface of the glass wall 14 and may include a conventional array 19 of metal fins extending rearwardly from the porous metal absorber 18 and extending rearwardly from a layer 20 of black paint on the rear surface of the absorber 19 and into the upwardly extending channel 16.
The outwardly extending fins are shown schematically as a series of short stubs 21 in
As shown in
The aerogel layer is followed by a layer of foam metal absorbers 18 with a coating of black paint 19 on a rear surface thereof and finally an array 22 of thin metal sheet material 21 that is similar in thickness to the metal in an automotive radiator. Aerogel increases the temperature of the metal foam which eventually improve the natural convection.
As illustrated in
Further embodiments of the invention are shown in
As shown, each of the chambers include a plurality of rotatable rectangular wooden, metal or plastic blades that are rotatable about parallel axes that may be horizontally or vertically disposed to rotate about the leading or trailing or midsection of each blind. The blinds which are basically rectangular shaped are rotatable about a leading edge, trailing edge or the midsection of each blind.
For example,
While the invention has been illustrated for cooling a building during periods of elevated temperatures it should be recognized that the invention may be used for other applications without departing from the scope of the claims.
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