Patent Grant
11692234
The present disclosure generally relates to flat steel products for hot forming that may include a steel substrate from a steel comprising, for example, 0.1-3% by weight Mn and 0.0005-0.01% by weight B and a protective coating, which is applied to the steel substrate, is based on Al, and may in some cases include up to 20% by weight of other alloy elements. The present disclosure also relates to methods for producing such flat steel products. The present disclosure further relates to steel components produced by hot press hardening and methods for producing steel components.
MnB steels are standardized in EN 10083-3. These steels are highly hardenable and allow a reliable regime during hot pressing that makes it possible economically to bring about martensite hardening while still in the mold in the course of hot forming, without additional cooling. A typical example of a steel of this kind is that known under the designation 22MnB5, which can be found in the 2004 German steel codex (Stahlschlüssel) under material number 1.5528.
Fully killed 22MnB5 steel available on the market, as well as containing iron and unavoidable impurities, typically contains (in wt %) 0.10-0.250% C, 1.0-1.4% Mn, 0.35-0.4% Si, up to 0.03% P, up to 0.01% S, up to 0.040% Al, up to 0.15% Ti, up to 0.1% Nb, in total up to 0.5% Cr+Mo, and also up to 0.005% B.
For hot-rolled MnB steel sheets provided with an Al coating and intended for production of steel components by hot press hardening, EP 0 971 044 B1 specifies an alloying protocol whereby an MnB steel, in addition to iron and unavoidable impurities, is to have (in wt %) a carbon content of more than 0.20% but less than 0.5%, a manganese content of more than 0.5% but less than 3%, a silicon content of more than 0.1% but less than 0.5%, a chromium content of more than 0.01% but less than 1%, a titanium content of less than 0.2%, an aluminum content of less than 0.1%, a phosphorus content of less than 0.1%, a sulfur content of less 0.05%, and a boron content of more than 0.0005% but less than 0.08%. The Al coating is what is called an AlSi coating, consisting of 9-10 wt % Si, 2-3.5 wt % iron and aluminum as the balance. The coated flat steel products of this nature are heated to a heating temperature of more than 700° C., then inserted into a press mold, formed therein while hot to give the steel component, and at the same time cooled at a rate such that hardened microstructure is developed in the steel substrate of the flat steel product.
In the as-supplied state, all grades of manganese-boron steels are low in hydrogen. The amounts of diffusible hydrogen therein are in each case below the detection limit of currently 0.1 ppm. As a consequence of this, MnB steels display in principle only a low propensity toward belated, hydrogen-induced cracking.
In practice, however, it has emerged that in the hot forming of manganese-boron steels coated with aluminum-based protective coatings, hydrogen accumulates in the steel substrate under relatively moist oven atmospheres. The reason identified for this is a reaction between metal and water vapor. This reaction occurs when the flat steel product for the hot forming, bearing the Al coating, is heated to relatively high temperatures in a heating oven in an atmosphere containing water vapor. In this environment, the water vapor present in the oven atmosphere reacts at the surface of the material to form hydrogen and a metal oxide. The hydrogen formed diffuses into the steel material, where it may result in delayed failure, by concentrating preferentially in regions of high intrinsic tensile stress. If a locally very high hydrogen concentration is reached, this weakens the binding of the grain boundaries of the steel substrate microstructure to an extent such that in use, as a result of the stress that occurs, there is cracking along the grain boundary.
In order to avoid the introduction of hydrogen as a consequence of the surface reaction in the oven, dew point regulators are frequently used. The objective here is to limit the supply of water vapor in the oven atmosphere.
One example of such an approach is the method described in EP 1 767 286 A1. With this method, a flat steel product bearing an Al or Zn coating is hot-formed by heating to a temperature which is not less than the Ac3 temperature and not more than 1100° C. under a dry atmosphere whose hydrogen content is not more than 6 vol %, preferably not more than 1 vol %, and whose dew point is maintained at not more than 10° C. While the steel substrate of the flat steel product thus heated consists preferably of an MnB steel with 0.05-0.5 wt % C, 0.5-3 wt % Mn, and up to 0.05 wt % B, there may be 0.1-1 wt % Cr, 0.5-10 wt % Mg, 0.1-1 wt % Ti or 1-5 wt % Sn in its Al and Zn coating for the purpose of improving the corrosion control. The Al coating in this case is preferably an AlSi coating with 3-15 wt % Si. Iron may be present as an impurity in the Al coating, in amounts of typically 0.05-0.5 wt %. None of the working examples presented in EP 1 767 286 Al, however, is concerned with an AlSi coating which as well as the unavoidable Fe impurities includes an additional alloy constituent.
Particularly in regions where high atmospheric humidity is the rule, the effort and complexity entailed in providing sufficient quantities of dry air or dry nitrogen give rise to considerable operating costs.
Although certain example methods and apparatus have been described herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the appended claims either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents. Moreover, those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that reciting ‘a’ element or ‘an’ element in the appended claims does not restrict those claims to articles, apparatuses, systems, methods, or the like having only one of that element, even where other elements in the same claim or different claims are preceded by “at least one” or similar language. Similarly, it should be understood that the steps of any method claims need not necessarily be performed in the order in which they are recited, unless so required by the context of the claims. In addition, all references to one skilled in the art shall be understood to refer to one having ordinary skill in the art.
It should be understood that the term ‘flat steel product’ encompasses all rolled products whose length is much greater than their thickness. They further include steel strips, sheets, blanks, and billets obtained from them as well. Further, references herein to amounts of an alloy should be understood as amounts in ‘percent by weight’ unless expressly indicated otherwise.
Against the background of the prior art, one example object of the present disclosure is to provide a flat steel product, similar to the example specified in the FIELD, wherein the absorption of hydrogen during heating required for hot forming is minimized. Furthermore, other example objects are to specify a method for producing such a flat steel product, a steel component hot-formed from the flat steel product, and a method for producing a steel component of this kind.
A feature of a steel component achieving the object identified above is that it is produced from a flat steel product of the invention.
A flat steel product of the invention comprises a steel substrate from a steel comprising 0.1-3 wt % Mn and 0.0005-0.01 wt % B and a protective coating, which is applied to the steel substrate, is based on aluminum, and contains optionally in total up to 20 wt % of other alloy elements.
In accordance with the invention, then, the Al-based protective coating comprises as additional alloy constituent in total 0.1-0.5 wt % of at least one alkaline earth metal or transition metal, an oxide of the alkaline earth metal or transition metal being formed on the outer surface of the protective coating during the hot forming of the flat steel product.
The Al-based protective coating comprises as additional alloy constituent preferably in total 0.1-0.5 wt % Mg, magnesium oxide (MgO) being formed on the outer surface of the protective coating after the hot forming of the flat steel product at a heating temperature of at least 700° C.
The additional alloy constituents admixed in small amounts to the Al coating in accordance with the invention are notable for a greater affinity for oxygen than the principal aluminum constituent of the protective coating. In the presence even of such small amounts of an alkaline earth metal or transition metal, a thin oxide layer is formed on the surface of the protective coating, and masks the aluminum situated between it and the steel substrate. On the heating that is required for the hot forming of the flat steel product, this thin layer hinders reaction of the aluminum with the moisture which is present in the atmosphere of the oven used to heat the flat steel product. In this way, oxidation of the aluminum in the coating is effectively prevented, as is an associated release of hydrogen that could diffuse into the coating and into the steel substrate of the flat steel product. This is the case in particular, surprisingly, even when the Al-based coating is in the form locally of a liquid melt, as a consequence of the heating, and its surface opens, causing coating material in the liquid melt to make contact with the oven atmosphere. With flat steel products of the invention, particularly in the case of relatively long annealing times, the hydrogen concentration found in the component hot-formed from the flat steel product is lower in comparison to that of flat steel products provided conventionally with an Al coating.
The invention proposes two different pathways for the production of flat steel products of the invention.
The method pathway preferred in accordance with the invention for producing a flat steel product of the invention envisages the generation of a flat steel product of the invention by providing a steel substrate in the form of a flat steel product produced from a steel which comprises 0.1-3 wt % Mn and up to 0.01 wt % B, more particularly 0.0005-0.01 wt % B, and coating this steel substrate with an Al-based protective coating which comprises 0.1-0.5 wt % of at least one alloy constituent taken from the group of the alkaline earth metals or transition metals and also, optionally, in total up to 20 wt % of other alloy elements. For this coating operation as well, hot dip coating is appropriate, in which case, here, the melt bath used for the hot dip coating has already been alloyed with the additional alloy constituent envisaged in accordance with the invention.
As an alternative, a flat steel product of the invention can also be produced by a method pathway wherein a steel substrate is provided in the form of a flat steel product produced from a steel which comprises 0.1-3 wt % Mn and up to 0.01 wt % B, more particularly 0.0005-0.01 wt % B, and, moreover, may conventionally comprise further alloy constituents in order to adjust its properties, after which this steel substrate is coated with an Al-based protective coating which may optionally comprise further alloy elements in amounts which may in total be up to 25 wt %, and finally a layer is applied to the resultant protective coating that consists of at least one alloy constituent taken from the group of the alkaline earth metals or transition metals, the thickness of the applied layer being such that the amount of the additional alloy constituent, based on the total weight of protective coating and applied layer, is 0.1-0.5 wt %. The layer thicknesses suitable for this purpose are typically in the range of 5-35 μm, more particularly 10-25 μm. A feature of this method variant is that it allows the application of such layer thicknesses with the stated additional alloy constituents which may be admixed deliberately to the coating, in a manner known per se, in order to set particular properties of the coating.
In the production of a flat steel product of the invention, provision may be made in particular for the additional alloy constituent taken from the group of the alkaline earth metals or transition metals to be formed by Mg.
The Al-based protective coating may be applied to the flat steel product in a particularly economic way by hot dip coating, also referred to in the jargon as “hot dip aluminizing”.
For application of the layer consisting of the inventively envisaged additional alloy constituent, it is appropriate to use any known method that enables the deposition of sufficiently thin layers on the Al-based coating. Such methods include the known PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) or CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) methods. It is likewise conceivable for the additional layer to be applied by the roller application of an Al foil to the steel substrate in the manner of a roll-bonding operation.
Occupying first place among the alkaline earth metals envisaged additionally, for the purposes of the invention, in the protective coating of a flat steel product of the invention is magnesium—also suitable, as a replacement or a supplement, is calcium, strontium, sodium or barium.
Of the transition metals, use may be made, for example, of Zr and Ti. With the hydrogen that is present in or penetrates the Al protective coating, these transition metals form metallike hydrides, the cleaving of which takes significantly longer than the heating of the flat steel product to the heating temperature to which the flat steel product is heated for hot forming, meaning that the flat steel product at the start of the respective hot forming has the requisite hot forming temperature. To achieve hot forming temperatures in the range of 700-900° C., accordingly, the heating temperature is in practice not less than 700° C.
The total amount of additional alloy elements envisaged in accordance with the invention for the purpose of hindering the uptake of hydrogen by the flat steel product is to be in the range of 0.1-0.5 wt %.
Experiments have revealed here that even small amounts of the at least one additional alloy constituent envisaged in accordance with the invention can be sufficient for the purposes of the invention. Minimal amounts of alloy constituents envisaged additionally for the invention prove favorable here, since in that case the oxidation of the additional alloy constituents is concluded quickly, the surface of the protective coating is passivated with corresponding rapidity, and nor is there any excessive formation of hydrogen owing to the additional alloy constituent.
Consequently, the amounts of the additional alloy constituents envisaged in accordance with the invention for the purpose of hindering the uptake of hydrogen by the flat steel product are limited preferably to less than 0.5 wt %, more particularly less than 0.45 wt % or at most 0.4 wt %. This is valid in particular against the background that experiments here have shown that even with amounts of up to 0.35 wt %, good effects sufficient for the purposes of the invention are achieved.
Where the Al coating is applied as a hot dip coating and the inventively envisaged amount of additional alloy constituents is alloyed into the melt bath, the addition of small amounts has the advantage, besides the optimized hindering of hydrogen uptake, that the risk of formation of substantial quantities of slag on the melt bath, a risk otherwise triggered by the presence of these additional alloy constituents in the melt bath, is minimized. Increased slag formation could be detrimental to coating quality.
An additional alloy constituent having proven particularly suitable for hindering hydrogen uptake is magnesium, which can be alloyed effectively into protective Al coatings of the type in question here. The amount of Mg added is ideally such that the protective coating contains at least 0.1 wt % and not more than 0.5 wt % Mg; for the reasons already elucidated above, Mg contents of less than 0.5 wt %, more particularly less than 0.45 wt % or up to 0.4 wt % or up to 0.35 wt %, have proven particularly favorable in practice for the purposes of the invention.
Calcium in the Al coating of the invention for the purposes of the invention may be present as an additional alloy constituent in amounts of 0.01-0.5 wt %; here as well, for the reasons already elucidated, it is the case that small Ca amounts of up to 0.02 wt % may be advantageous.
For the same reasons, strontium as well may be present as an additional alloy element in a protective coating of the invention, in amounts of 0.005-0.25 wt %. Here again it may be advantageous to limit the amount of Sr to up to 0.15 wt %, more particularly up to 0.10 wt %.
Barium can be added to the protective coating of the invention, as an additional alloy constituent for the purposes of the invention, in amounts of 0.005-0.25 wt %, where, for the reasons elucidated, Ba contents of 0.005-0.05 wt % have proven particularly favorable.
If zirconium and titanium are to be added to the protective coating as additional alloy elements for the purposes of the invention, this may be done in amounts of in each case 0.15-0.7 wt %; for the reasons already elucidated, amounts of not more than 0.5 wt %, more particularly not more than 0.4 wt % or not more than 0.35 wt %, are particularly favorable.
The protective coating of a flat steel product of the invention is typically an AlSi coating which as well as Al comprises 3-15 wt % Si. Typical Si contents of AlSi coatings of this kind are in the range of 9-12 wt %; a standard AlSi coating known from the art contains 10 wt %.
In addition to or as an alternative to the Si content, further alloy constituents may be present in the Al-based protective coating. This includes, in particular, up to 5 wt % Fe, which may enter the coating as an impurity or may be added deliberately for optimized bonding of the coating to the steel substrate of the flat steel product. The level of impurities in the coating may be up to 0.5 wt %.
As already mentioned, no later than during the heating of the flat steel product, the additional alloy constituent envisaged in accordance with the invention forms a thin oxide layer with the water with which the atmosphere of the oven is laden, on the surface of the protective coating, and this oxide layer hinders the penetration of hydrogen into the flat steel product and hinders further, hydrogen-releasing oxidation of the aluminum in the protective coating. In the case of the steel component hot-formed from a flat steel product of the invention, the thickness of this layer is only up to 200 nm; in practice, layer thicknesses of up to 100 nm have proven sufficient.
A steel component of the invention can be produced by generating a flat steel product of the invention in the manner elucidated above, then heating the flat steel product to a hot forming temperature, the heating taking place under ambient atmosphere or H2O-reduced atmosphere, and, finally, hot-forming the heated flat steel product to give the steel component.
Hot forming here may be performed in a known manner by the hot forming temperature being such that the microstructure of the steel substrate is austenitic, and by the flat steel product after forming (two-stage operation) or in the course of forming, i.e., while still in the forming mold (one-stage operation), being quenched, so that hardened microstructure is formed in the microstructure of the steel substrate of the flat steel product.
The experiments carried out to verify the effect of the invention were conducted using four samples, E1, E2, E3, and V, of a steel strip consisting of an MnB steel, with a composition as reported in table 1.
Samples E1, E2, E3, and V, which at this point in time are hydrogen-free, are each provided by hot dip coating with a protective AlSi coating having a composition as reported in table 2.
The minimum add-on weight of the protective coating was 120 g/m2 in each case.
The flat steel product samples E1, E2, E3, and V thus provided with a protective coating were each heated on travel through an oven, for an annealing time GD of 360 s, 600 s or 800 s (see
As shown schematically in
For the sample E1,
A comparison of
For the steel components generated in this way from the samples E1, E2, E3, and V, the hydrogen content Hdiff was determined, being the amount of hydrogen diffused into the steel substrate in the course of the heat treatment.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14183757 | Sep 2014 | EP | regional |
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/509,167 filed Mar. 6, 2017, which is a U.S. National Stage Entry of International Patent Application Serial Number PCT/EP2015/069550, filed Aug. 26, 2015, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 14183757.5 filed Sep. 5, 2014, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20200255916 A1 | Aug 2020 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 15509167 | US | |
| Child | 16859729 | US |
