Patent Application
20140326358
The present invention relates to a flat wire used as a pipe or cable reinforcement and to a method of manufacturing the same.
The outer periphery of a transport pipe for transporting crude oil or gas or the like, or of a submarine (underwater) cable comprising bundled power transmission lines or communication lines or the like, or of other pipes and cables is provided with multiple layers for preventing the leakage or intrusion of water, oil and gas and the like or for reinforcement or cladding, etc. (for example, see International Publication No. WO2009/087348).
In order to increase the strength of a pipe or cable, a flat steel wire having a rectangular cross section is wound helically on the outer peripheral surface of the pipe or cable. Flat steel wire, which has a high strength on the order of 1,500 Mpa, is also capable of being preformed into a helical shape and has comparatively favorable properties as a reinforcing material for pipes or cables.
However, there are instances where steel wire is corroded when crude oil that flows through a pipe contains hydrogen sulfide. Further, steel wire has a specific gravity as high as 7.8 and is heavy. In view of the problem of dead load, there is a limitation upon the extent to which a pipe or cable using flat-shaped steel wire as a reinforcement can be lengthened.
An object of the present invention is to provide a flat wire that is light in weight and that will not corrode.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a flat wire the helical shape of which is resistant to change even with the passage of time.
A flat wire according to the present invention is characterized in that it comprises a multiplicity of carbon fibers impregnated with a thermosetting resin, the flat wire having a cross section of rectangular shape and being shaped into a helical form of constant diameter in the longitudinal direction so as to have an inner surface facing inward at all times and an outer surface facing outward at all times, the carbon fibers being of gradually increasing length from the inner surface toward the outer surface. The shape of the cross section may be one wherein the four corners of a rectangle are rounded or possess a somewhat arcuate curvature.
A flat wire according to the present invention has a multiplicity of carbon fibers, which have been impregnated with a thermosetting resin, bundled such that the cross section of the flat wire will be rectangular. The carbon fibers are shaped into a helical form of limited length and constant diameter in the longitudinal direction along the entire length thereof. The rectangular shape of the cross section is the same along the entire length of the flat wire. The long sides of the rectangle that appear in the cross section correspond to the width of the flat wire and the short sides correspond to the thickness of the flat wire.
The flat wire of the present invention comprises a multiplicity of carbon fibers of different lengths. That is, in the helical flat wire of predetermined length, the length of the carbon fibers constituting the inner surface of the flat wire is smallest and the length of the carbon fibers constituting the outer surface is greatest. The carbon fibers increase in length gradually from the inner surface toward the outer surface.
In accordance with the present invention, since the carbon fibers increase in length gradually from the inner surface toward the outer surface of the helical flat wire (the closer they are to the outer surface, the greater the length of the carbon fibers, and the closer they are to the inner surface, the smaller the length of the carbon fibers), the flat wire exhibits almost no or little strain (internal stress). The helical shape is maintained as is (the helical shape is resistant to change) even with the passage of time, and loss of shape will not readily occur.
The flat wire the cross section of which is rectangular, and which has been shaped into helical form having a constant diameter in the longitudinal direction, is such that the path length of a helix differs at each position in the thickness direction. In the flat wire of predetermined length, the path length of the helix at the inner surface is the smallest and the path length of the helix at the outer surface is the largest. The helix path length gradually increases from the inner surface toward the outer surface. In one embodiment, a carbon fiber at each position along the thickness direction has a length identical with the path length of the helix at this position. Since the helical flat wire comprises a multiplicity of carbon fibers in a state in which they will not elongate and contract, the flat wire obtained will be free of strain (internal stress) and the helical shape can be maintained over a long period of time.
Consider an x axis along the thickness of the flat wire, where it is assumed that the direction from the inner surface toward the outer surface is positive. If we let the center along the thickness direction (a point intermediate the inner and outer surfaces) be the origin (x=0) of the x axis, let L represent the length of a helical carbon fiber situated at the center along the thickness direction (the origin of the x axis) and let 1/κ represent the radius of curvature of the helical carbon fiber situated at the center along the thickness direction, then the length of a helical carbon fiber at each position along the thickness direction of the flat wire will be represented by L(1+κx). For example, if the thickness of the flat wire is t, then the length of a carbon fiber at the outer surface of the flat wire will be represented by L(1+κt/2), and the length of a carbon fiber at the inner surface will be represented by (1−κt/2). The length of a helical carbon fiber at each position along the thickness direction of the flat wire is defined in accordance with the helical curvature radius 1/κ and the thickness t of the flat wire.
The flat wire of the present invention typically is used as reinforcement for transport pipes which transport crude oil or gas or the like or for submarine (underwater) cables in which power transmission lines or communication lines or the like are bundled. A number of the flat wires are arranged longitudinally on the outer peripheral surface of the transport pipe or submarine cable in the longitudinal direction of the transport pipe or submarine cable. The number of helical flat wires are wound helically upon the outer peripheral surface of the transport pipe or submarine cable so that the periphery of the transport pipe or submarine cable is covered by the number of flat wires. As mentioned above, the flat wire according to the present invention is such that its helical shape is resistant to change even with the passage of time. As a result, the helical form into which the flat wire has been shaped is maintained as it was at the time of manufacture even in a case where the flat wire is provided on the outer peripheral surface of a transport pipe or submarine cable after time has elapsed from the time of manufacture of the flat wire. The flat wire can be wound easily upon the outer peripheral surface of a transport pipe or submarine cable.
Since the flat wire according to the present invention is obtained by bundling a multiplicity of carbon fibers, it is lighter in weight than steel wire of the same shape and dimensions and presents no problems in terms of corrosion with time and vulnerability to hydrogen that are specific to metal materials. A pipe or cable that uses such a flat wire as reinforcement is light in weight and excels in durability and strength. Since a light-weight pipe or cable reinforced by flat wire can be fabricated, pipe or cable elongation is achieved as well.
A method of manufacturing a flat wire according to the present invention comprises delivering carbon fibers from respective ones of a plurality of delivery reels, upon which the carbon fibers have been wound, while tensioning all of the carbon fibers equally; impregnating with a thermosetting resin the carbon fibers delivered from the delivery reels; shaping and forming the thermosetting-resin-impregnated carbon fibers into a bundle by a die in such a manner that the cross section thereof becomes rectangular in shape; winding the shaped bundle of thermosetting-resin-impregnated carbon fibers upon a cylindrical grooved roll, a drum portion of which has been formed to have a helical groove, multiple times while applying heat thereto, and thereafter feeding the bundle from the grooved roll; and taking up onto a take-up reel the bundle of carbon fibers, which have been shaped into helical form, fed from the grooved roll.
Before the thermosetting resin cures, the bundle of thermosetting-resin-impregnated carbon fibers is wound multiple times upon the cylindrical grooved roll, which is formed to have the helical groove in the drum portion thereof, along the helical groove. With the thermosetting resin in a state in which it has not yet cured, it is possible for the carbon fibers to move (shift positionally) in the longitudinal direction thereof. Since the drum portion of the grooved roll is cylindrical, the carbon fibers situated on the outer surface of the bundle of carbon fibers (the surface farthest away from the grooved roll) pass through a position spaced away from the center line of the helix (the axis of rotation of the grooved roll) more than the carbon fibers situated on the inner surface of the bundle of carbon fibers (the surface in contact with the grooved roll), so that the length of the path traveled increases. As a result, there is manufactured a flat wire that includes carbon fibers of greater length toward the outer surface and carbon fibers of smaller length toward the inner surface. All of the carbon fibers are delivered from the delivery reels at an equal tension, and the carbon fibers are delivered from delivery reels, which deliver the carbon fibers that constitute the outer surface of the bundle of carbon fibers, at a speed greater than that at which the carbon fibers are delivered from delivery reels which deliver the carbon fibers that constitute the inner surface. A flat wire with no or little strain can be obtained without producing almost any elongation or contraction in any of the carbon fibers that constitute the flat wire, and it is possible to manufacture a flat wire whose helical shape will not change or will resist change over a long period of time.
Epoxy resin, for example, is used as the thermosetting resin.
The conduit 2 is disposed at the center of the flexible pipe 1. The inner sheath 3, pressure layer 4, two tensile layers 5, 6 and an outer sheath 7 are provided on the outer periphery of the conduit 2 in the order mentioned.
The conduit 2 is formed by arranging a number of stainless steel, identically shaped annular members 2a in a row with their inner peripheral surfaces in agreement and with their outer peripheral surfaces in agreement. Mutually adjacent annular members 2a are adapted so as to form a cylinder and the circumferential end portions thereof are engaged with each other by a meshing mechanism (not shown). The interior of the conduit 2 is hollow and crude oil, gas or the like passes therethrough.
The outer peripheral surface of the conduit 2 is covered with a thermosetting resin such as nylon, which constitutes the inner sheath 3.
The pressure layer 4 is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the inner sheath 3. In a manner similar to that of the conduit 2, the pressure layer 4 also is constituted by a number of stainless steel, identically shaped annular members 4a. Mutually adjacent annular members 4a are adapted so as to form a cylinder and the circumferential end portions thereof are engaged with each other by a meshing mechanism (not shown).
The two tensile layers 5, 6 are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the pressure layer 4. The tensile layer 5 is constituted by a number of flat wires 10 shaped into helical form. The tensile layer 5 is constructed by arranging and winding the number of helically shaped flat wires 10 longitudinally around the pressure layer 4 in the longitudinal direction of the flexible pipe 1, thereby covering the periphery of the pressure layer 4. The tensile layer 6 also is constituted by a number of flat wires 20 shaped into helical form. The tensile layer 6 is constructed by arranging and winding the number of helically shaped flat wires 20 around the tensile layer 5, thereby covering the periphery of the tensile layer 5. The flat wires 10, 20 are wound in such a manner that the directions of the helixes oppose each other. When the flexible pipe 1 is viewed from one end toward the other, the flat wires 20 are seen to be wound on the outer peripheral surface of the tensile layer 5 in the form of a counter-clockwise helix if the flat wires 10 have been wound on the outer peripheral surface of the pressure layer 4 in the form of a clockwise helix, by way of example.
The outer peripheral surface of the tensile layer 6 is covered with a thermosetting resin such as nylon, which constitutes the outer sheath 7.
The flexible pipe 1 is used in order to transport crude oil, gas or the like from an offshore oil field to a ship, by way of example. The flexible pipe 1 exhibits flexibility, is water-tight or air-tight and has a strength that is capable of withstanding both external pressure (water pressure) and internal pressure.
The flat wire 10 is made of so-called Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) composed of a large number (on the order of 180,000 to 480,000) of carbon fibers 31 impregnated with a thermosetting resin (epoxy resin, for example), has a limited length and possesses a periodic shape in the form of a helix. That is, in terms of the overall configuration of the flat wire 10, its shape extends along a center line S of a helix (the center line is indicated by a black circle in
The flat wire 10 is flat in shape and the cross section thereof is substantially rectangular, with the two long sides and two short sides that appear in the cross section corresponding to the width and thickness of the flat wire 10, respectively. The flat wire 10 is formed so as to have a width of 6 to 20 mm and a thickness of 2 to 6 mm, by way of example, and the overall length thereof depends upon (or preferably matches) the length of the flexible pipe 1 (
The flat wire 10 is such that, over the entire length thereof, one surface 11 forming the width of the flat wire 10 faces outward at all times (in the direction away from the center line S of the helix) while a surface 12 on the opposite side faces inward at all times (in the direction toward the center line S of the helix). Hereinafter, the surface 11 of the flat wire 10 that faces outward at all times will be referred to as outer surface 11, and the surface 12 that faces inward at all times will be referred to as inner surface 12. For the sake of clarity, the outer surface 11 of flat wire 10 is indicated in black in
As mentioned above, the flat wire 10 is formed by bundling the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31, and the carbon fibers also are arranged helically along the helical form of the flat wire 10. For example, carbon fibers 31 situated on the outer surface 11 of the flat wire 10 are always situated on the outer surface 11 of the flat wire 10. Carbon fibers 31 situated on the inner surface 12 of the flat wire 10 are always situated on the inner surface 12 of the flat wire 10. That is, each of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 has the same position in the cross section regardless of the position of the cross section of the flat wire 10. Each of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 has a diameter of 7 μm, by way of example. For the sake of clarity, in
The flat wire 10 is such that the lengths of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 differ from position to position along the thickness direction of the flat wire.
In order to express the lengths of the carbon fibers 31 quantitatively, consider an elastic body, which has a rectangular cross section, in a state in which it has been deformed into a helical shape of constant diameter in the longitudinal direction so as to have an inner surface facing inward at all times and an outer surface facing outward at all times. With reference to
strain ε(x)={(1/κ+x)−1/κ}/(1/κ)=κx Equation 1
If the thickness of the elastic body 70 is represented by t, then, by way of example, strain (hereinafter referred to as outer-surface strain 81) produced on the outer surface 71 due to the above-mentioned tensile force and strain (hereinafter referred to as inner-surface strain ε2) produced on the inner surface 73 due to the above-mentioned compressive force will be represented by the following equations:
outer-surface strain ε1={(1/κ+t/2)−1/κ}/(1/κ)=κt/2 Equation 2
inner-surface strain ε2={(1/κ−t/2)−1/κ}/(1/κ)=−κt/2 Equation 3
The lengths of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 of the flat wire 10 differ in such a manner that the above-mentioned strain (compressive force and tensile force) will not be produced. A position-to-position difference in length along the thickness direction is produced to an extent that eliminates the above-mentioned strain. The carbon fibers 31 constituting the flat wire 10 move (shift) in position in the longitudinal direction, when the flat wire 10 is manufactured, in such a manner that this difference in length will occur. (The details regarding manufacture of the flat wire 10 will be described later.) Another way to express this is to say that each of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 constituting the flat wire 10 has a length identical with the path length of the helix at each position in the thickness direction of the flat wire 10, all of the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 are free of elongation and contraction and, hence, the flat wire 10 is free of strain.
With reference to
length of carbon fiber 31=L(1+κx) Equation 4
For example, carbon fiber 31 at position A on the outer surface 11 of flat wire 10 and carbon fiber 31 at position B on the inner surface 12 will have lengths, which are represented by the following equations, based upon the above-mentioned outer-surface strain ε1 (Equation 2) and inner-surface strain ε2 (Equation 3):
length of carbon fiber 31 at position A on outer surface 11=L{1+(κt/2)} Equation 5
length of carbon fiber 31 at position B on inner surface 12=L{1−(κt/2)} Equation 6
Further, if we let φ represent the twist angle (see
curvature κ=sin2φ/a Equation 7
As mentioned above, the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 constituting the flat wire 10 have a difference in length, which will not give rise to strain in the flat wire 10, from one position to another along the thickness direction of the flat wire. The length of carbon fiber 31 from position to position along the thickness direction can be expressed quantitatively by Equation 4 above. If Equation 4 is expressed from the standpoint of the structure of the flat wire 10, then we can say that the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 constituting the flat wire 10 become greater in length toward the outer surface 11 and, conversely, become smaller in length toward the inner surface 12. Since the flat wire 10 is free of strain, the helical shape of the flat wire 10 will not change even with the passage of time and the original curvature κ (radius of curvature 1/κ), twist angle φ and pitch radius a that prevailed at the time of manufacture will be maintained from manufacture of the flat wire 10 to manufacture of the flexible pipe 1. In the process for manufacturing the flexible pipe 1, the flat wire 10 can be wound upon the outer peripheral surface of the pressure layer 4 as per the original design.
With regard also to the helical flat wire 20 that constitutes the tensile layer 6, it is composed of a multiplicity of carbon fibers 31, the multiplicity of carbon fibers 31 differ in length in such a manner that the above-mentioned strain will not be produced in the flat wire 20, the carbon fibers become greater in length toward the outer surface of the flat wire 20 and, conversely, become smaller in length toward the inner surface, in a manner similar to that of the above-mentioned flat wire 10. Since the flat wire 20 is free of strain, the helical shape of the flat wire 20 will be maintained over a long period of time.
Carbon fibers 31 have been wound around respective ones of a plurality (15 to 40) of delivery reels 41. (Only six of the delivery reels 41 are illustrated in
After passing through guide rolls 51, 52, the carbon fibers 31 that have been delivered from the plurality of delivery reels 41 at equal tension advance to a guide roll 53 and, at the location of the guide roll 53, are immersed into liquid epoxy resin 56 pooled in an epoxy resin bath 55. The carbon fibers 31 are impregnated with the epoxy resin 56 in the epoxy resin bath 55. The carbon fibers 31 impregnated with the epoxy resin 56 advance to a die 57 via a guide roll 54.
The die 57 is formed to have a passageway 57a. The passageway 57a, which has a rectangular cross section, is formed so as to taper from the entrance to the exit thereof. The carbon fibers 31 impregnated with the epoxy resin 56 are passed through the passageway 57a of the die 57 from the entrance toward the exit and here a multiplicity of the carbon fibers 31 are bundled together. The shape of the cross section of the bundled carbon fibers 31 is a shape that corresponds to the cross-sectional shape of the passageway 57a, namely a rectangle.
The carbon fibers 31 that have passed through the die 57 advance to a heating furnace 59. The heating furnace 59 is provided with a cylindrical grooved roll (forming roll) 58 the drum portion of which is formed to have a helical groove 58a. The bundle of carbon fibers 31 is wound multiple times upon the drum portion of the groove roll 58 along the helical groove 58a and is thereafter fed from the grooved roll 58.
The interior of the heating furnace 59 is heated to a high temperature so that the epoxy resin 56 impregnating the carbon fibers 31 is gradually cured within the heating furnace 59. However, it is possible for the carbon fibers 31 to move (shift positionally) in the longitudinal direction thereof without the curing of the epoxy resin 56 on the carbon fibers 31 immediately upon their entry into the heating furnace 59. The grooved roll 58 is cylindrical in shape. When the carbon fibers 31 are wound upon the grooved roll 58 in the helical groove 58a of the drum portion, therefore, the carbon fibers 31 situated on the outer surface of the bundle of carbon fibers 31 (the surface farthest away from the groove 58a of the grooved roll 58) pass through a position spaced away from the center line of the helix (the axis of rotation of the grooved roll) more than the carbon fibers 31 situated on the inner surface of the bundle of carbon fibers 31 (the surface in contact with the groove 58a of the grooved roll 58). As a result, when the carbon fibers 31 are wound upon the grooved roll 58, the carbon fibers 31 situated on the outer surface of the bundle of carbon fibers 31 incorporate carbon fibers 31 of greater length in comparison with the carbon fibers 31 situated on the inner surface. The carbon fibers 31 gradually increase in length from the inner surface toward the outer surface.
Since all of the carbon fibers 31 are delivered from the delivery reels 41 under equal tension, as mentioned above, multiple carbon fibers 31 constituting the bundle of carbon fibers 31 develop no difference in length ascribable to stretching of the fibers. In actuality, the multiple carbon fibers 31 develop almost no elongation and contraction. The difference in length of the carbon fibers 31 is produced by winding them upon the cylindrical grooved roll 58 as described above. With reference to
The epoxy resin 56 gradually cures in the heating furnace 59, as mentioned above. The bundle of carbon fibers 31 is shaped into helical form by winding it multiple times in the helical groove 58a on grooved roll 58. When the bundle of carbon fibers 31 is fed from the grooved roll 58 and exits to the exterior of the heating furnace 59, the epoxy resin 56 is almost completely cured and the result is the flat wire 10 that has been shaped into helical form (see
The flat wire 10 shaped into helical form is taken up on a take-up reel 60 while the helical form into which it has been shaped is maintained intact. For example, flat wire 10 having a length of 3,000 m is taken up on the take-up reel 60. The take-up reel 60 onto which the flat wire 10 has been taken up is subsequently transported to a manufacturing plant or the like for the flexible pipe 1, the flat wire 10 is cut to the desired length as necessary and the flexible pipe 1 (see
The flat wire 20 also is fabricated through a manufacturing process similar to the process for manufacturing the above-mentioned flat wire 10.
The flat wires 10, 20 have a weight which is less than (on the order of 1/5) the weight of steel wire of the same shape and dimensions and exhibit no problems in terms of corrosion with time and vulnerability to hydrogen that are specific to metal materials. Further, the flat wires exhibit a high strength of 2,000 Mpa or greater. The flexible pipe 1 that uses such flat wires 10, 20 is light in weight and excels in durability and strength. Since reducing the weight of the flexible pipe 1 equipped with the flat wires 10, 20 is achieved as well, lengthening of the flexible pipe 1 is realized.
In being taken up by the take-up reel 60, the flat wires 10, 20, which have been shaped into helical form, undergo elastic deformation. In order to suppress the occurrence of internal cracks and a creep phenomenon (helical deformation due to long-term stress load) in the flat wires 10, 20, the take-up reel 60 used is one having a diameter (drum diameter) capable of keeping strain, which is produced in the overall flat wires 10, 20, below 0.005 (0.5%).
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2011/080552 | 12/22/2011 | WO | 00 | 6/19/2014 |
